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http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004583526
MEMOIRS
OP
THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.
lalajmtfolfljjia duto,
BEING
FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ORGANIC REMAINS PROCURED DURING
THE PROGRESS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.
PUBLISHED BY ORDER OP HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR GENERAL OF INDIA IN COUNCIL.
Ser. Xni.
SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
Vol. I.
PRODTJCTUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS.
By WILLIAM WAAGEN, Ph.D., F.G.S.,
Ober Bergrath, Professor of Mineralogy and Geology at the I. R. German Polytechnic University
of Prag.
CALCUTTA:
SOLD AT THB
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OFFICE, AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS:
LONDON : TRUBNER & CO.
MDCCCLXXXVII.
rimiBD BT IHX SUPBBiNTBNDINT OF QOVBBHUBRT PBlimBQ, INDIA, 8, HASTINGS 8IBBBT, CALCUTTA.
CONTENTS.
4
PAGE
Preface ................. i
List of Parte of Text, with dates of publication ........... ix
List of Plates in Parts, with dates of publication ........... xi
List of photozincographs ............... xiii
Introduction ................. 2
Pisces .................. 9
Crustacea ................. 20
Cephalopoda 21
Pisces, Cephalopoda j Supplement 73
Gasteropoda ................ 86
Pelecypoda 185
Brachiopoda 329
Bryozoa 771
Annelida 814
Echinodermata 818
Ccelenterata : Anthozoa 835
Do. : Hydrozoa ............. . . 925
Supplement to the Bryozoa 963
Amorphozoa ... 3 ............ . 967
Protozoa by Dr. C. Schwager 983
index .......»»*»*»*»••• 99&
PREFACE.
In finishing the last part of the extensive volume now entirely before
the public, the first duty that devolves on me is to express publicly my
most sincere thanks to all those who have contributed in any way to
the completion of the work.
Among these my greatest thanks are due to Mr. H. B. Medlicott,
Director of the Geological Survey of India, who was mainly influential in
originating and in sustaining the work. Upon him too fell the task of
correcting all the proofs, seeing them through the Press, and editing the
whole. I am glad to be able to express this gratitude to him publicly,
just at the time when he is about to retire from his service in India.
The volume now completed, and the numerous other volumes of the
Palseontologia Indica published since 1876, show how earnestly he
endeavoured to make his Directorship as fruitful as possible to the Geo-
logical Survey of India.
Whilst Mr. Medlicott had a principal influence in the publication of
this volume, there were several others who had more or less influence on
its contents. Among these were two who, in the meantime, have gone
away from among us, Thomas Davidson and Prof. King of Galway.
Who could ever have been engaged on the description of Brachio-
poda without coming into personal relations with Mr. Davidson ? and who
could have had that experience without being struck with the extreme
amiability of that learned author. Notwithstanding the great amount
of work that he always had in hand, yet he invariably found time to
answer all questions addressed to him, to write long and most instructive
letters, to give long extracts from books which were not available to his
correspondents, with the fullest advice whenever he could. Thus, there
is a universal feeling of gratitude towards him among scientific workers
by whom his death has been felt most keenly as a severe loss. It was
Mr. Davidson who brought about a long correspondence between Prof.
King and myself.
Prof. King, it cannot be doubted, was one of the most eminent
Palaeontologists England ever possessed, and it must be a permanent regret
that his palseontological publications were, besides his classical work on
the Permian fossils, so limited in number. His letters, addressed to me
11 PREFACE.
regarding some difficult cases I had to treat of in the class of the Brachio-
poda, were of the utmost value and importance, and I am proud to be
able to quote his name among those who have materially helped me in
the execution of the present work. His death also has been felt as a
severe loss.
Others who helped me in many ways were mentioned in the intro-
duction to this work, but who also are now no longer among the living —
Joachim Barrande and Geheimrath v. Abich. Both were most intimate
friends of mine, and it is with the utmost regret that I mention them
here as passed away before they could see the end of their own funda-
mental works.
To the list, given in the introduction (page 6"), of men of science who
have contributed in many ways mora or less materially towards the exe-
cution of the present work, must now be added the following : —
General Intendant Hofrath v. Hauer of Vienna.
Prof. A. Tritsch of Prague.
Geheimrath Geinitz of Dresden.
Hofrath Liebe of Gera.
Geheimrath Beyrich j rf Berlin
Prof. Pames j
Prof, Kayser of Marburg.
Prof. r. Zittel of Munich.
Prof. liindstrom of Stockholm.
££&}***■-*«*
Prof. Barrois of Lille,
Prof. James Hall of Albany, N. Y.
Dr, White, Palaeontologist, G. S. U, S, Washington.
Prof. Worthen of Springfield, 111.
To all these my most sincere thanks are due.
There have yet to be mentioned the labours of my fellow-workers.
In this respect I must before all offer my very best thanks to Dr, Conrad
Schwager of Munich, who undertook the description of the Foraminifera.
His name is sufficient security for the qua that the work he has done will
be found excellent, much better than it would have been if done by my-
self. To my two Assistants, Dr. Joseph Pichl and Dr. Joseph Wentzel,
I am also under many obligations. Without their very material help
it would have been impossible to finish the volume by the present
date, and I may fairly say that their work has saved me several years of
labour.
PREFACE. HI
Thus, helped oii to a great extent by the kind intervention of all
these friends, the description of the entire fauna contained in the palaeo-
zoic beds of the Salt-range (with the exception of some things recently
discovered by Dr. Warth, which I propose to describe in detail in the geolo-
gical part, as they are chiefly of geological rather than of palaeontological
interest) has now been completed, and fills a volume of much greater ex-
tent than had ever been anticipated.
It would be extremely desirable now to enter directly upon the full
discussion of the several species and their geological bearing, but the
volume has extended already to such stupendous bulk that it does not
seem practicable to give here all those details. This event was indeed
anticipated by me when in the Introduction to the present volume I
proposed to unite all the geological results in a separate volume, which
would form the end of the series. A great part of the manuscript in-
tended to form the first part of the fourth volume has already been
sketched out, and it is only to be hoped that the Government will con-
sent to the continuation of the work, so that I may be able to publish
the geological results regarding the palaeozoic strata at an early date.
In the Introduction to the Productus-limestone-Fossils, pp. 6 — 8 of
the present volume, I stated my opinion that among the palaeozoic
strata of the Salt-range two extensive series should be distinguished :
one lower, containing the " Saline series" and the " Purple sandstone "
of Mr. Wynne, and one upper series, composed of the " Obolus beds
(silurian)," the " Magnesian sandstone," the " Speckled sandstone," and
the " lower limestone (carboniferous)" of Mr. Wynne's tables. For the
upper series in general I have used the name of Productus-limestone, as
the last of the members, quoted above, is the richest in fossils, and thus
most conspicuous.
Thus, the whole volume receives the name " Productus-limestone-
Fossils." Of subdivisions I at that time accepted five, but now, after the
fossils have been described in detail, the number can be considerably
augmented. The beds contained in this large series can be brought con-
veniently into three groups, each of which can be further subdivided.
We arrive thus at the following scheme : —
f i Topmost beds.
I Upper Productus-limestone. < Cephalopoda bed.
I— Silicious limestone group. J jLLotter beds.
I \ vvfet beds,
f Middle Productus-limestone. •? Middle beds.
V (.Lower beds.
IV PREFACE.
TT 0 , , t , . f Lower Productus-limestone.
II-Speckled sandstone group. j Speckled 8andstone>
TTT ,, . , , f Magnesian sandstone.
III-Magnesian sandstone group. j Neobolus beds.
We thus arrive altogether at twelve subdivisions, of which six are of
the first and six of the second order. In the lower two groups subdivi-
sions of a second order cannot be distinguished, as fossils are very scarce.
Of all these divisions the upper and middle Productus-limestone are
richest in fossils, and thus further subdivisions can easily be separated,
each having a certain number of characteristic species. If we consider
the fauna contained in these divisions quite in general, it cannot be
denied that its aspect is entirely carboniferous, and a superficial inspec-
tion will lead every observer to suspect the beds in which such a fauna is
contained to be of carboniferous age. But, on a closer examination, one
will soon find that the several species are similar but not identical with
carboniferous forms. Among the smaller and less conspicuous fossils one
will soon detect a number of permian species ; the number increases more
and more, and at last one arrives at the conviction that the fauna is in
reality permian — a permian fauna that is richer in forms and richer in
conspicuous species than any one that has been described up to the
present in the whole world.
At the same time its close relationship to the carboniferous fauna
cannot be denied ; and the thought cannot quite be rejected that the
singular deviation of the European permian fauna from the carbonifer-
ous type is caused more by local influence than by a thorough change of
the organic life over the whole world, and that in reality the permian
organic life is in by far closer connection with the carboniferous than
was anticipated by Murchison.
But, though on the whole the permian age of the upper and middle
Productus-limestone cannot be doubted, yet its relation in detail to the
European and American permian deposits cannot be made out until the
geological relations of the several species have been worked out in detail,
and I cannot at present give any indications in this direction.
In the lower Productus-limestone division the number of carboni-
ferous species increases considerably, whilst of permian species only
very few are met with. We thus may be justified if we consider these
beds as transitional between permian and carboniferous and about cor-
responding in age to the sandstones of Artinsk, or to the beds of
Nebraska city.
PREFACE. V
Regarding the beds still lower in position but very few indications
as to their real age have come to light from the study of the fossils. I
have tried to make it probable from the relations of the forms contained
in the Neobolus-beds that these also were of carboniferous age ; but this
view was only reluctantly accepted, and from time to time objections
were made against such a supposition.
I should not have been able to bring forward any new views in the
matter were it not that my friend Dr. H. Warth has recently made some
discoveries in the Salt-range, placing the whole question in a new light.
Some time ago in the Salt-range he detected in glacial deposits, in-
cluded by Mr. Wynne in his "Olive Group," roundish nodules containing a
rich fauna. I have given a preliminary notice of these contents in the
Records, Geological Survey of India for last year, when I came to the con-
clusion that the species were partly identical with some fossils of the Aus-
tralian carboniferous beds, and that they indicated with great probability
a carboniferous age for the beds of the Salt-range in which they were found.
Moreover, I brought the glacial deposit in which these nodules had been
found into connection with other glacial deposits, which were not of rare
occurrence in the Salt-range, and which generally were met with on the
horizon of the speckled sandstone, and I arrived at the suggestion that
both were of about the same geological age. All these suggestions were
strongly and with some animosity objected to by Mr. R. D. Oldham, and
the further conclusions I had drawn from all this were treated by him
with contempt.
In the meantime, Dr. Warth continued his investigations with much
success, and in a paper printed in the Records, 1887, part 2, page 117,
he published the results of his new studies. What I had anticipated about
two years ago, that the Conularice, when they were present in the Western
Salt-range, could only be found there in the speckled sandstone
(Wynne), has been fully proved now. Dr. Warth has traced the Conu-
laria-bed into the Nila Wan, where he found the boulder-bed with Conu-
larice underlying the sandstones of the lower Productus-limestone,
which there make their first appearance. The boulder-bed itself has its
position at the base of the speckled sandstone.
Dr. Warth, therefore, does not hesitate to place the boulder-bed of
the Olive series and that of the speckled sandstone on the same horizon
and to correlate with these the remaining boulder-beds of the Salt-range,
all which he brings under the heading "crystalline boulder series" — a
VI PEEFACE.
proceeding which I consider most appropriate. With this, it seems to
me, a definite proof is now attained, that the speckled sandstone for its
whole extent, or, as I perhaps should rather say, the crystalline boulder
series, is of the age of the upper coal-measures.
Though this is a discovery of great importance in many respects, for
which science will be greatly indebted to Dr. Warth, yet the question of
the exact age of the Neobolus-beds has not yet been brought to a defini-
tive solution by it. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied, that this discovery
has at least a certain bearing upon that question. Up to the present it
has always been possible for those, who did not wish to accept my views
in this respect, to pronounce the speckled sandstones as an equivalent
of the lower carboniferous, wherewith it would have been necessary to
declare the lower following beds as older than carboniferous, and I must
confess, that, though such a view would have hurt my palseontologieal
feelings very much, I should not have been in a position to oppose it on
very strong material grounds. Now, after Dr. Warth's discovery, it is
impossible to make such a stand. The crystalline boulder series is proved
to be of upper carboniferous age !
The rock-groups, which follow below are the (1) Pseudomorphic Salt-
crystal Zone, (2) Magnesian sandstone, (3) Neobolus-beds. Of these the
two latter are so intimately connected, that they can only be considered
as forming subdivisions of one and the same horizon, and the first is of
rather local occurrence, and has been formed under quite peculiar circum-
stances. Of the three the Neobolus-bed is the only one which is found to
occur regularly over large tracts of country, the other two are more or less
developed only locally, and must be taken as constituting only a local in-
crease in thickness of the Neobolus-bed. This increase was brought about,
as has been stated by me already on a former occasion, probably by the
formation of dunes and back-waters at the mouth of a large river, which
entered the sea in carboniferous times, coming from the south-east or
south, somewhere in the region which is now occupied by the Eastern
Salt-range.
If such was the case the three must be considered as forming
one compact inseparable group. We can fairly say this group follows
immediately below upper carboniferous beds, and must thus be of lower
carboniferous age. I cannot see anything unreasonable in these deduc*
tions ; and among all possibilities these seem to me again and again the
most probable ones. The pakeontological facts are decidedly in opposition
PREFACE. Vll
to the view of these beds being silurian, not a single species or even
genus being identical ; and the geological facts, without straining them
in any way, can be interpreted so as to let these beds appear as of
carboniferous age.
Thus, as long as no direct proofs can be adduced, that these beds are
really older than carboniferous, I consider myself justified in retaining
my view, expressed already a long time ago.
After all that has been said, the name " Productus-limestone " can
now as well be applied to the whole series as in the beginning of the
work. The term must now be considered as a synonym of " Carboniferous "
in the widest sense, if one considers the Permian as nothing but a sub-
division of the carboniferous, as Bunter Musche kalk is a subdivision
of the Trias.
With this I take leave of the public in expressing the hope that it
may fall to my lot later on to treat more in detail of the more recent
fauna of the Salt-range.
Prof. Dr. W. WAAGEN,
Oberbergraih.
Prague, May 1887.
IX
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Series XIII.
Vol. I.— PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE FOSSILS.
Text.
With 32 Photozincograjphs.'
Part I
CO)
ataining
pages 1 to 72
published 23rd May 1879.
„ II
31
a
73 to 183
«
4th June 1880.
„ HI
11
a
185 to 328
i)
28th September 1881.
„ IV fas.
1
11
!■>
329 to 390
»
22nd December 1882.
11 11
11
2
11
»
391 to 546
it
30th August 1883.
11 91
11
3
>»
11
547 to 610
»
1st May 1884.
11 11
11
4
11
»
611 to 728
t>
10th December 1884.
11 11
11
5
11
1}
729 to 770
a
2nd July 1885.
„ v
11
»
771 to 834
»
1st October 1885.
„ VI
11
11
835 to 924
«
10th December 1886.
„ VII
1)
11
925 to 998
>»
February 1888.
21
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Series Xm.
Vol. I.— PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE FOSSILS.
Plates.
Part I
containing
Platss I to
VI published 23rd May 1879
,. II
„
VII to
XVI
a
4th June 1880
„III
>»
XVII to
XXIV
tt
28th Sept. 1881
» iv
fas. 1
»
XXV to
XXVIII
H
22nd Dec. 1882
» J9
„ 2
»
XXIX to
XLIX
w
30th Aug. 1883
it »
„ 3
«
„ L to
LVII
a
1st May 1884
a a
«.*
„
LVIII to
LXXXI
it
JOth Dec. 1884
a »
„ 5
»
„ LXXXII to
LXXXVI
it
2nd July 1885
„ v
»
„ LXXXVII to
XCVI
tt
1st Oct. 1885
„ VI
„
XCVII to
CXVI
tt
10th Dec. 1886
»vn
t]
CXVII to
CXXVIII
1)
Feb. 1888
xi n
LIST OF PHOTOZINCOGRAPHS.
(In Text.)
PAGE
Fig. 1. -j
j Uncinulus posterus, Waagen ,...,..,... 428
3. Camerophoria humbletonensis, Howse ...... ..... 440
4. Camerophoria piDguis, Waagen ......... , 442
5. Spirigerella derbyi, Waagen ............ 455
6. Spirigerella grandis, Waagen ......... . . 463
7. Eumetria grandicosta, Waagen ........ ... 488
8. Unoinella indica, Waagen . . 494
9. Martiniopsis inflata, Waagen ..... 525
10. Surface sculpturing of Martiniopsis subpentagonaliii, Waagen ...... 527
11. Surface sculpturing of Martinia glabra ....... . . 529
12. Eeticularia indica, Waagen ............ 543
13. Enteletes kayseri, Waagen . ........... 553
14. Enteletes lsevissimus, Waagen ...... ....... 555
15. Streptorhyncus deltoideus, Waagen ........... 585
16. Chonetes strophomenoides, Waagen ........... 628
17. Chonetes compressa, Waagen . 630
1 8. Stropbalosia horrescens, Vern. ............ 643
19. Strophalosia indica, Waagen ............. 649
20. Chonetella nasuta, Waagen 657
21. Productus lineatus, Waagen 673
22. Productus semireticulatus, Mart. 680
23. Marginifera typica, Waagen 718
24. Bichthofenia lawrenciana, Kon. ............ 738
25. Hyolithes wynnei, Waagen 781
26. Michelinia abicbi, Waagen & Wentzel ........... 850
27. Micbelinia placenta, Waagen & Wentzel 852
28. Schematic figures of intermural gemmation of a Monticuliporid ; tangential sections . . . 861
29. Schematic figures'showing intermural gemmation of a Monticuliporid ; longitudinal section . . 861
30. Schematic figures showing fissiparity as occurring in the Monticuliporids ..... 862
31. Monotrypa mastoidea, Waagen & Wentzel 877
32 Orbipora ambiensis, Waagen & Wentzel .......... 879
33. Ehombopora obliqua, Waagen . . . . . . . . , . . . 964
34. Ehombopora polyporata, Waagen 965
ERRATA.
On page 964, immediately after the wood-cut, read Fig, 33 instead of Fig. 31.
On page 965, immediately after the wood-cut, read Fig. 31 instead of Fig. 32.
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS,
By WILLIAM WAAGEN, Ph.D.
I.-PR0DUCTU8-LIMEST0NE FOSSILS.
I.— PISCES— CEPHALOPODA.
INTRODUCTION.
The Salt-range is one of those parts of India which, have already long since
attracted the attention of palaeontologists, on account of the great number of
fossils which are known to exist there. In a country like India where marine
deposits are the exception, and most localities exhibit only a series of beds more
or less void of animal remains, the few exceptional places, like the central
Himalaya, the Salt-range, Kachh or Trichinopoly, where remains of marine
mollusks abound, are of double interest, as they alone can furnish a clue to a right
understanding of the geological history of so large a tract of land as India is. It
cannot be denied, that the Salt-range, on the whole, is not so rich in organic remains
as is, for instance, the Trichinopoly district, but there is another factor which
attaches even a greater interest to the Salt-range series from a geological point of
view ; this is, the representation there of a large number of different formations
which form a continuous series, and which thus represent together a by far more
extensive period of the earth's history than is to be found united in any other
country of India except in the north-western Himalaya. The geological evidence
hitherto published as to the occurrence of such a series of formations has been
tolerably completely recorded and discussed in Wynne's report1; thepalteontological
evidence, on the other hand, is much more scanty, and from a palaeontological point
of view, only four different formations had previously been fixed in the Salt-range :
one palaeozoic formation, containing several carboniferous species mixed up with
a number of forms hitherto attributed to much younger formations ; one Jurassic
formation, indicated solely by the description by Professor Oppel of Bel. gerardi
and an Ammonite allied to Stephanoceras macrocephalum from Kalabagh ; one
nummulitic formation, from which d'Archiac and Haime described a number of
1 Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. XIV.
2 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
species; and a younger tertiary formation, as fixed by the description of fossil
mammals by the late Dr. Falconer and recently by Mr. Lydekker. As this volume
is designed only for the description of the fossils up to the base of the nummu-
litic formation, I have to treat here only of the older deposits, and for these the
palseontological evidence showed previously only two formations, with a large break
between them. Though by the present work this gap will be filled up to a great
extent, yet it will be seen that the continuity of the series of formations, as proved
by the geological investigations, is not so evident from palaeontological facts, as
many unfossiliferous beds intervene, which cause a break in the palseontological
series. But even in the case where f ossiferous beds follow each other in perfect
geological continuity, a very decided break in the forms is sometimes observable,
whereby very distinct boundary lines between formations are marked off.
There are two principal boundary lines which will scarcely escape any observer
travelling along the barren valleys of the range, and keeping his eyes open to ihe
palaeontological conditions of the strata of which the range is composed ; they are
the limit between the Productus-limestone and the ceratite beds, and that between
the latter and the newer mesozoic formations. There are only very few genera
crossing these limits and extending from the lower formation into the higher, and
therefore the boundary lines between those formations mark large stages in the
development of life in the country under consideration.
If we take a look at the table of formations as drawn up by Wynne in his
report on the Salt-range 1, we find that he distinguishes a great number, ranging
from lower silurian or cambrian up to the most recent deposits. There is certainly
no harm in distinguishing all these formations, and the map can only gain in value
by the delineation of so many sub-divisions ; but there may be some question as
to the general value of these divisions in comparison with the table of formations
commonly adopted in science, and as to the propriety of treating these local divisions
as real formations, equal in importance to "silurian, devonian," &c, used so exten-
sively in European geology.
There is certainly no doubt that the presence or absence of fossils cannot be
used as a criterion to mark off the boundaries between two formations ; neither
is the change in the lithological character of single beds of such a fundamental
importance as to warrant the distinction of formations from this character alone ;
nor is the thickness of the beds, especially if they consist of sandstone or other clastic
materials, at all a clue to the right understanding of the question of what ought
to be considered as separate formations ; and thus it is quite possible that several
of Wynne's " formations" may simply be sub-divisions of one or the other " form-
ation" as such are known to exist in Europe and elsewhere. The principal
reason in favour of such a supposition would be, that the only criterion upon which
the separation of formations within series of unfossiliferous rocks can be based, viz.,
total unconformity at certain places, is absolutely wanting in the Salt-range.
' l. c, p. 69.
INTRODUCTION.
This question, however, can only he solved hy means of the organic remains
in concert with the stratigraphical and lithological facts ; and for the present, until
the fossils shall have been worked out in detail, it will be practicable to establish
three extensive series, which are well distinguished by the organic remains they
include, and each of which will be treated of separately in the following work.
These are : one lower series, the most conspicuous member of which palseontologically
is the " Productus-limestone" ; one middle series, not very thick, and little conspic-
uous in the general features of the range, but highly interesting from a palgeonto-
logical point of view, entirely singular in its fossil fauna, and resting on the lower
series without the intercalation of transitional beds ; one upper series, very variable
in its composition, never very rich in fossils, and -very difficult to study. The top
beds of this series pass without interruption into the nummulitic strata above, in
such a manner, that it seems barely possible to indicate exactly the boundary
between this latter formation and the older deposits.1
The series here adopted will include the following divisions of Wynne's table.
Mem. G-. S. I., vol. XIV, p. 69 :—
Upper series
c 10. Olive series
I 9. Variegated group
... Cretaceous
(Newer mesozoic formations).
... Jurassic
Middle series
(Ceratite beds).
< 7. Ceratite beds ...
( 6. Lower limestone of Salt-range
... Trias
... Carboniferous
Lower series
J 5. Speckled sandstone
1 4. Magnesian sandstone
... ?
(Productus-limestone).
... P
(. 3. Obolus or Siphonotreta beds
— Silurian
2. Purple standstone
-. ?
1 Saline series
,.. P
•of Wynne.
The two lowest divisions of "Wynne's I do not include in my lower series, as
they have hitherto been found perfectly void of organic remains.
The attention of the reader must, however, be called to a point which requires
some caution : the parallelism of the large series, which have been distinguished at
present by me for practical purposes, with Mr. Wynne's sub-divisions, is to be under-
stood as correct in a general way ; but in the detail of the sections published in
Wynne's Memoir, the single beds as grouped under his headings are not always
rightly placed, though the sections are partly my own. Owing to the unfortunate
circumstance of my illness and absence, the Salt-range report had to be published
independently, and some sections taken down and measured by me have been
arranged by Mr. Wynne in a manner differing materially from the classification that
I adopt.
I propose therefore to republish in the concluding chapters of this work my
sections as I have taken them down in the field, and then to draw from them the
1 Among the uppermost beds composing this series, there occur the beds containing Terebr. (WaldheimiaJ
flemingi, Dav., which had been considered by Fleming and Wynne carboniferous, but which were already suspected
by Davidson to be newer, a view confirmed afterwards on the ground, and pointed out to Mr. Wynne by me.
4 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
conclusions as to the development of the several formations at different localities
in the Salt-range.
From what I have said on the foregoing pages, it will appear that this work on
the Salt-range fossils can very conveniently be divided into several parts, if we take
the natural boundaries of the faunas in time as the base for such a division ; and
in this manner the work will gain in practical value for the geologist, for whom it is
designed in the first place. I therefore propose to divide the present work into four
parts, which I shall designate as follows : —
Part I. Fossils from the Productus-limestone.
„ II. Fossils from the Ceratite beds.
„ III. Fossils from the Newer Mesozoic formations.
„ IV. General conclusions.
Before concluding these introductory notes, one pleasant duty is yet left to me,
to express my most sincere thanks to all the scientific bodies and men of science
who have aided me in undertaking the present work.
First, and above all, I have to offer my most sincere gratitude to His Excellency
Lord Lytton, who of his own accord, with his well-known interest for scientific
and literary endeavours, turned bis attention to the execution of this work, and
through his kind influence I am now in a position to continue, without the
disturbing anxieties of pecuniary wants, the labours I had begun in sorrow
and difficulties. Before this arrangement had been effected, it was a great boon
to me that some scientific bodies had taken an interest in the work, and in this
respect I have to mention before all the Royal Society of London, who made me a
grant of £50, and the London Geological Society, who awarded me the proceeds
of the Lyell Geological Fund, and sent me all the materials from the Salt-range
in their possession for comparison and description. Here in Vienna I owe the
greatest thanks to the Imperial Geological Institute, whose Director, Hofrath
Ritter von Hauer, put a separate room in the Geological Institute buildings at my
disposal, as my special office, and for the safe keeping of the valuable materials in my
hands ; the Director General and officers of the Imperial Mineralogical Museum of
Vienna aided me in many ways, by the loan of books and by furnishing me with
materials for comparison.
But also many private gentlemen in England, Austria, Germany, France and
Russia have given me their lively support by the communication of books, advice,
and in many other ways. In this respect I mention in the first place with the
utmost gratitude Dr. T. Oldham, who has passed away from us recently, but whose
memory will five in science for ever for all that he has done during his long tenure
of office in India to promote scientific enquiries in that country, and to aid every
scientific endeavour to the utmost of his power. To me he has always been the
truest of friends. Next to him I owe the greatest thanks to Mr. H. B. Medlicott,
Dr. Oldham's successor, who not only procured the permission of Government to
have the materials sent to me, but has also undertaken the unpleasant task of
INTEODUCTION. 5
reading the manuscript, correcting the proofs, and editing the whole work. Of
other names I may be allowed to mention —
W. T. Blanford of the Geological Survey of India.
Prof. Joseph Prestwich of Oxford.
Jules Marcou, Salins, France.
Prof. E. Suess ... ■)
Prof. M. Neumayr ... j University, Vienna.
Oberbergrath D. Stur ...""
Oberbergrath G. Stache
-d +1, -\t • • • r Austrian Geological Institute.
Bergrath von Mojsisovics ,' °
Dr. E. Tietze ... j
Th. Fuchs ... •••lof the Imperial Mineralogical
T. Karrer ... ... j Museum, Vienna.
Director von Steindachner of the Imperial Zoological Museum,
Vienna.
Joachim Barrande of Prague.
Prof. O. Praas in Stuttgardt.
Prof. P. v. Eichthofen, Berlin.
Geheimrath Prof. P. Boemer, Breslau.
Staatsrath H. Abich of Tiflis, now in Vienna.
Prof. Valerin v. Moeller of St. Petersburg.
Prof. L. de Koninck, University, Liege.
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
PART I.
FOSSILS FROM THE PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.
The lower series of rocks composing the Salt-range has been divided by Wynne
in the following groups : —
Paleozoic.
6. Lower limestone of Salt-range
(Carboniferous.)
5. Speckled sandstone
4. Magnesian sandstone
3. Obolus or Siphonotreta beds
(Silurian.)
2. Purple sandstone
Diorite (?) and ash
(Eruptive.)
1. Saline series ...
Gray and magnesian limestone, calcareous sandstone
and argillaceous beds, numerous Producti, Sjpiri-
feri, Sellerojohontes, Goniatites and many other
fossils
Speckled reddish and white sandstone, red and
lavender clay ... ...
Light-coloured magnesian sandstone, dolomite-sand-
stone and shales
Black shales with glauconitic calcareous layers and
sandy bands, Obolus or Siphonotreta
Deep purple sandstones
A few exposures connected with the salt-marl close
up to base of No. 2
Bright scarlet gypseous marls, with thick beds of
rock-salt, gypsum, thin dolomitic layers
Thickness.
Feet.
300 to 500
250 to 450
150 to 250
30 to 150
250 to 450
Lenticular.
800 to 1,500
Total unknown.
As appears from this table, Wynne considered the different divisions distinguished
as equivalent to the formations from silurian to carboniferous, that is to say, as
equivalent to the whole palaeozoic series, as it has been defined in Europe and
elsewhere. In thus assigning an age to his sub-divisions, he relies chiefly on the
organic remains ; but it still remains to be demonstrated, whether the organic
remains justify such a homotaxis, and that will only be apparent at the close of
the present work.
The deposit, which gives most promise of a definitive solution of this question,
is the " Productus-limestone," as it abounds in organic remains, and we must start
from this member of the series" if we want to ascertain how far the preceding
deposits might be considered rightly as separate formations.
It has been one of the chief objects of my investigations in the Salt-range to
settle the questions about the vertical range of the single fossil species, as this alone
PRODUCTS S-LIMESTONE FOSSILS. 7
might furnish data for the right understanding of the value of the single divisions,
and for this sole purpose I have measured those detailed sections published by
"Wynne, and have collected the contents of each single bed separately. I there-
fore am in a position to indicate the exact geological horizon of each single speci-
men collected by me, and I can vouch for every indication in this direction in the
following work.
If we study with some attention the sections published in Wynne's report, it
is not very difficult to come to the conclusion, that within that division of rocks
called by Wynne and previous writers " carboniferous," and which I designate for
the present as " Productus-limestone," three groups can easily be distinguished as
conspicuous in most sections, but which are not all three developed everywhere.
If we begin at the western end of the range and proceed towards the east, we find
the first traces of Productus-limestone in the Lun valley, west of the Indus, where
a huge mass of limestone, accompanied by a bed of conglomerate, sticks out in a
vertical position in the middle of the valley. Possils are very scarce in this lime-
stone, and thus its exact position within the series could not be ascertained.
Regular sections through the different beds composing the Productus-lime-
stone are first observed about Khyrabad, and from this point towards the east I
have measured many sections as far as the Nilwan, to the east of which the fossi-
liferous beds of the group have disappeared. The best and most extensive sections
are to be met with in that part of the range called by Wynne the " Son Plateau," and
in these sections everywhere the three sub-divisions of the Productus-limestone
are easily observed : a brownish-yellow sandy calcareous, partly dolomitic series,
about 100 to 200 feet in thickness, often, however, very much less, forming the
upper sub-division ; a light gray thoroughly calcareous series, mostly limestones in
very thick beds, partly silicious, and as much as 400 feet in thickness, forming the
middle sub-division ; and lastly a sandy, light gray or dark carbonaceous series,
never very thick, forming the lower sub-division. Further eastwards, however, the
upper sub-division already disappears a short distance east of Khund-ghat ; the
last traces of the middle division are met with to the north of Katta ; and in the
Nilwan ravine the last remnants of the fossiliferous beds of the lower division are
lost among the sandstones which have been designated by Wynne as the " speckled
sandstone group."
Even in the most typical sections the lower boundary of the Productus-
limestone is by no means beyond doubt. There exists a perfect transition from the
fossiliferous sandstones to the unf ossilif erous lavender clays ; the whole lower sub-
division is locally sometimes replaced by unf ossiliferous sandstone, and lavender clays
appear sometimes above the fossiliferous beds, thus unquestionably indicating the
close connection in which the "speckled sandstone group" stands to the lower sub-
division of the Productus-limestone. If we therefore wish to retain Wynne's group
No. 5, it will be by far more natural to class the lower sub-division of the Produc-
tus limestone with this speckled sandstone group, and to draw the boundary line
8 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
between groups Nos. 5 and 6 at the base of tbe compact limestone, the latter being
the most conspicuous member of group No. 6. It seems therefore more than likely
that Wynne's "speckled sandstone group" is not to be considered as a separate
formation, but forms only a sub-division of the same formation to which the
" Productus-limestone" belongs. Very likely the same fate is in store for his
" Magnesian sandstone," which in its western extension is so closely connected with
group No. 5 that a separation seems barely practicable, although such separation is
yery markedly drawn in the diagrammatic section figured in Plate IX, p. 69. It is
only further towards the east that this group attains any distinctiye characters,
which justify its separation on petrological grounds as a conspicuous member of the
series of rocks exposed in the Salt-range. But this alone is barely sufficient to
separate the group as a distinct formation from the rocks to the west, which seem
more or less to pass horizontally into the magnesian sandstone.
The next lower member in the series, the " Obolus" beds of Wynne, is again so
closely connected with the one above it, that even Wynne admits that they might
be treated as members of one and the same formation.
A by far more marked break in the continuity of the rocks, than has been in-
dicated by any of the boundary lines down to the division last mentioned, exists
between this latter and the " Purple sandstone" of Wynne. This purple sandstone
and the " Saline series" together may rightly be placed in opposition to all the
overlying strata, from the " Productus-limestone" downwards.
There can be but little doubt that the " Purple sandstone" must be considered
only as a sub-division of the same formation to which the " Saline series" belongs ;
and thus, following up the clue afforded by the stratigraphical relations, we are
enabled to divide the palaeozoic rocks of the Salt-range into two series, about equal
in importance, and even about equal in thickness, as, according to Wynne's indica-
tions, the upper one ranges from 730 to 1,3.50 feet, the lower one (so far as exposed)
from 1,050 to 1,050 feet, in thickness.
Only the upper of the two series is fossiliferous, and the species contained
therein will be treated of on the following pages. I may be justified, from what has
been said, in including all the beds from group No. 6 down to No. 3 under a common
heading, for which I have chosen the most conspicouus member of the whole series
the Productus-limestone. Of sub-divisions or groups within this series I shall
retain and use in the description of the fossils the following :—
1. Upper Productus-limestone.
2. Middle Productus-limestone.
3. Lower Productus-limestone and speckled sandstone.
4. Magnesian sandstone.
5. Dark shaly beds below the Magnesian sandstone.
How far these sub -divisions may correspond to one or several of the formations
as they have been distinguished in Europe, will only be apparent at the end of this
work.
PRO DUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PISCES.
DESCRIPTION OF FOSSILS.
Sub-Kingdom : VERTEBRATA.
Class: PISCES.
Sub-Class : PAL.EICHTHYES.
Order: GANOIDEI.
Pamily: SAUBOIDII.
Genus: SIGMODUS, Waagen.
There is one single tooth preserved among the materials from the Salt-range
which has puzzled me very much, and the determination of which is even now not
very satisfactory. The tooth is figured PL I, fig. 7, and from its general appearance,
if it had been found in mesozoic strata, nobody, I think, would have hesitated to
attribute it to some large Saurian Reptile. The case is, however, different here, as
the fossil has been discovered in undoubtedly palaeozoic deposits, and thus the
general appearance must be distrusted, and upon closer examination some char-
acters are detected which seem to point to the supposition that this tooth is not a
Reptile's, but that of a Pish.
If we look up the remains of Ganoid fishes (the teeth of the Selachii or Dipnoi
are out of the question) which have been hitherto described, the three genera
which bear most resemblance to the fossil under consideration are : Cricodus and
Lamnodus, Agassiz, from the Old-red-sandstone, and Centrodus, McCoy, from the
carboniferous limestone. All three have in the first place a simple, undivided
pulp cavity; besides this, the first bears many longitudinal ridges, the second
has a more or less cutting edge with sharp lateral ridges and many inter-
mediate ones near the base ; the third has none at all ; the first two have got no
distinct enamel layer, the third has. If we compare now our tooth with these three,
we find that it is clearly distinct, specifically and generically, from them, and thus
we must consider our fossil as belonging to a new genus, which we may define in
the following manner :
Tooth large, somewhat sigmoidal, with a tolerably large pulp cavity. Surface
smooth, only in some places a fine striation visible with the lens, two sharp lateral
ridges extend from the apex down to the middle of the tooth. A distinct enamel
layer absent or very thin, except possibly along the lateral ridges, which are some-
what transparent. The genus is distinguished from Cricodus by the absence of many
longitudinal ridges, from Lamnodus by the want of those ridges near the base,
and from Centrodus by the absence of a distinct enamel layer, by the smaller pulp
cavity, and the two lateral ridges.
10 SALT RANGE FOSSILS.
The dimensions of the tooth are so very large, that it must be supposed to be
a laniary tooth, and that the fish, like Bhizodus, possessed some of these in each jaw,
interposed between many smaller teeth of common size.
Though the general appearance of the tooth in question may tend to show that
it came from some Saurian Reptile, yet the nearly entire absence of a distinct
enamel layer covering the surface of the tooth goes far to prove that it was to a fish
that this tooth originally belonged.
1. — Sigmodus DUBius, Waagen, n. sp. PI. I, fig. 7.
The general form of the single tooth which exists of this species is elongately
conoidal, gradually tapering towards the apex, which in the specimen is not sharply
pointed, but slightly worn or broken off. It is curved backwards below, and again
slightly in front at the apex, so as to give the tooth a slightly sigmoidal curvature.
The whole surface is covered with a shining layer of ganoine, which shows in cer-
tain places under the lens a fine longitudinal striation. Towards the apex there
appears on each side of the tooth a sharp ridge, which commences a little below the
middle of the tooth and is most developed near the apex. The pulp cavity is not very
large, only reaching about halfway up the tooth, forming a somewhat eccentric
cone. The section of the tooth is not entirely round, but somewhat compressed from
front to back, so as to cause the lateral parts of the tooth to project further.
As there was only one specimen at disposal, it was not possible to make a micro-
scopical section across the whole tooth ; and only splinters taken off from different
parts of the fossil could be used for that purpose ; but even these were sufficient to
show that the structure of the tooth was very simple. The transverse section
(PL I, fig. 7e, magnified 240 times) exhibits very numerous dentine tubes closely
packed together, radiating in straight lines from the centre of the tooth ; in the longi-
tudinal section (PI. I, fig. 7/, also magnified 240 times) those dentine tubes also are
visible ; they pass very slightly undulating from the centre of the tooth towards the
surface, in a somewhat ascending way, and reach near the surface a clear trans-
parent layer, at which they are suddenly turned up, forming thus very likely
minute calcigerous cells. The clear layer must probably be considered as consist-
ing of ganoine, it includes a great number of black bodies, which might be hollows
(calcigerous cells ?), or might also be a product of fossilization. Beyond this layer
there seems to be in some places also a very slight indication of a thin coating of
glassy enamel, which is, however, nowhere sufficiently distinct.
The dimensions of the tooth are as follows : —
Length of the tooth (ahout 2 mm. at apex being broken off) . . . . 30 mm.
„ of the pulp cavity about .......... 14
Thickness at base from front to back ;q
at base from side to side ......... » 13 p
a little below the apex of pulp cavity from front to back .... 8
„ „ „ from side to side 10
1 mm. below the apex from front to back ... ... 4
„ from side to side 5-5
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PISCES. 11
Locality and geological position. — On page 145 of his report, "Wynne mentions
some small broken fish teeth, out of the magnesian sandstone of Chel hill (eastern
Salt-range). These are the only organic remains which have been detected in the
course of the survey in this particular division of rocks, and it is, therefore, of great
importance to state anything in connection with them. When I was looking for
the first time through the collection of Salt-range fossils, I paid particular attention
to these teeth, and found after some search a piece of a dark sandstone which con-
tained apparently a small pointed tooth in a rather unsatisfactory state of preserva-
tion, a label of blue paper attached to it calling particular attention to this piece,
as being of special interest. It came from the magnesian sandstone of Chel hill.
In examining the specimen more closely, I found that the apparently small fish tooth
was only the upper portion of a large tooth which was entirely covered up by the
rock, and in following up the fossil I succeeded at last with great care and labour to
set free from the adhering rock the whole tooth above described. Thus, I think,
there cannot be any doubt that the tooth just described under the designation of
Sigmodus dubius is one and the same as the small fish tooth mentioned by Mr.
Wynne. On the other hand, it is only natural that Mr. Wynne, in subsequently go-
ing through the Salt-range fossils, did not recognise again his specimen in the entire-
ly changed condition in which he found it ; this may probably account for his attach-
ing a new ticket to the specimen, stating that there must have been a miscarriage
of labels. After the foregoing statement, however, of the facts, there can remain,
I think, no doubt, that this tooth is in reality the one which was found by Mr.
Wynne in the magnesian sandstone (group No. 4 of my table, p. 8) of Chel hill.
Bemarks. — This remarkable tooth is so far different from all the fish teeth hither-
to described that it seems not to be necessary to give any distinctive characters. It
would be far more difficult to distinguish it from the teeth of some mesozoic
Saurian Reptiles. Only the absence or excessive thinness of the covering enamel
layer seems to indicate a fundamental difference.
Order: DIPNOI.
Pamily: COCELIODONTIB^!.
Genus : POECILODUS, Agassiz.
It is not without doubt that I introduce this genus here, as the tooth which I
have to describe, though showing many characters of Poecilodus, yet is somewhat
extreme in their development, and thus might possibly better be considered as a
separate genus. However, the single tooth which has been obtained seems not suffi-
cient to found a new genus upon, and thus it is better to retain this form in the old
genus.
12 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
The position of the genus in the order Dipnoi seems not to be beyond doubt,
but its general relations seem to point in this direction, and thus I have placed it
here.1
1. Poecilodtjs pabadoxtjs, "Waagen, n. sp. PI. I, fig. 1.
The general form of the single tooth we possess of this species is elongate,
rectangular, with parallel sides, the upper surface in appearance very different from
the lower. The whole length of the tooth is not preserved, and there is no means
of knowing how long it may have been.
The surface, which I consider to be the lower one, is smooth, moderately
rounded, with slight depressions along both margins. At the well preserved end
there is a conical protuberance, which has, however, been broken off in cleaning the
tooth from the adhering rock, but which is indicated in fig. 1 c by a dotted line.
The whole surface is finely punctured.
The other surface shows the characteristic sculpture of Poecilodus in a very
exaggerated manner. There are several high, thick, step-like ridges crossing the
tooth in, an oblique direction. They are low and sharp, and form an arch on the
unbroken margin of the tooth, but become gradually higher towards the middle of its
length. The crest of these ridges is very unequal in height, and from this they
appear somewhat coarsely serrated. In the depths of the furrows, which separate
the ridges, there are slight grooves, arranged in a row along each furrow. The sur-
face of the ridges is also punctured.
The most remarkable feature of the tooth is its internal structure. In its
middle there is an elongated body of calcigerous cells, very irregularly distributed.
This' is circumscribed all round towards the surface by a row of larger cells, which
are heaped together, and thus form a very distinct line of separation towards the
outer layer of the tooth. This outer layer consists all round of very numerous
dentine tubes, which originate from the cells and terminate on the surface, causing
the punctured appearance of the latter as mentioned above. The outer layer is very
thin in the grooves between the ridges on the upper surface, but very thick on the
lower, and thus I am quite at a loss to say which of the two surfaces of the
tooth has been the side of the crown and which the side of the root. I have placed
the tooth in the figures as Fcecilodi are generally placed, but I cannot tell if thia
position is right, and if it should not be reversed.
The dimensions of the specimen are as follows : —
mm.
Length of the tooth from preserved margin to the fracture ...... 28
Breadth of the tooth at preserved end 20
„ „ „ at fracture .......... 19
Height of the tooth in the middle , 9.5
1 Prof. Huxley's paper in the Decades of the Geological Survey of Great Britain has been inaccessible to me,
as no copy of the " Decades " exists in Vienna.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PISCES. 13
Locality and geological position. — The single specimen which is contained in
the collection was found by me at Virgal, in a coral limestone, in the upper region
of group No. 2.
Remarks. — There is no other species of Poecilodus to which our tooth could
possibly be compared except Pcec. jonesi, Ag., or P. foveolatus, McCoy, of the car-
boniferous limestone of Armagh. However, both the species mentioned have the
projecting ridges on the surface much more obliquely arranged, and are thus easily
distinguishable. In this respect P. paradoxus resembles even more a JElimaxodtis
than a Pcecilodus.
Order: SELACHII.
Eamily: CESTRACIONTES.
Genus : HELODOPSIS, Waagen, n. g.
This genus in its general appearance very much resembles Ilelodus, which
genus has been established by Agassiz for teeth of which the enamelled portion is
more or less elongated, and bears in the middle a conical protuberance. The teeth of
the genus here proposed differ, however, in several important points from this diag-
nosis, and may be described as follows : —
Teeth in several rows in both jaws, each tooth transversely elongated, more or
less rectangular, and consisting of two very distinct portions, one hard, shining,
enamelled portion, the crown, and one osseous portion, the root.
The crown is more or -less saddle-shaped, with a slight depression in the middle,
a very slight elevation on the external margin of the tooth, and a very strong broadly
elevated part on the inner margin. The external part of the tooth is often very
short, and then the whole tooth seems to consist only of a broadly rounded elongated
callosity, surrounded on its external side by a flattened margin. The whole surface
of the crown is covered by a tine punctation, as is the case in all Psammodontidce,
caused by the termination on the surface of the very numerous dentine tubes which
traverse the substance of the crown in a radiating direction.
The root is about as large as the crown portion of the tooth, but is not often
well preserved, and there is only one specimen in which it is nearly entire. Erom
this specimen it is apparent, that the root does not lie vertically under the
crown, but is inclined backwards, so as to project largely from under the crown on
the posterior margin of the tooth ; Avhilst on the anterior margin a part of the crown
projects largely above the retracted part of the root. There is created thus on the
anterior margin of the tooth a deep hollow, in which a number of transverse grooves
can be observed, separated by low, somewhat irregular ridges. On the projecting
back part of the root, on the contrary, there are ten or more high elevated trans-
verse ridges, separated by deep furrows, commencing at the margin of the crown
and terminating at the posterior margin of the root.
U SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Erom these peculiarities it becomes apparent that in each jaw stood several
teeth, or several rows of teeth, articulating with each other by their roots in such a
manner that the projecting parts of the roots of each row of teeth fitted into the
grooves of the next row behind, the teeth thus covering each other partly like the
scales of a fish.
Erom this description it may easily be gathered, that the genus under consi-
deration differs from the old genus Helodus in several important points, the most
conspicuous of which is perhaps that the highest part of the tooth is not in the
middle of the crown, but at the internal margin, and that the root is of a quite
peculiar form.
Other genera are still far less allied to the teeth just described.
1. Helodopsis elongata, "Waagen, n. sp. PL I, figs. 3, 4.
This species is not very rare in the Productus-limestone of the Salt-range, and
though the single teeth vary greatly as to size, yet in their general form they are
all much alike.
The general form of the teeth is somewhat trapezoidal, with a high elongated
callosity placed transversely upon the tooth on the inner margin, and with a narrower
flattened external part, again slightly elevated towards the external margin in some
of the smaller specimens. This flattened part is about equal in length to the breadth
of the callosity.
The anterior and posterior margins converge towards the outer end of the
tooth, and thus the tooth seen from above is broadest at the elevated callous inner
extremity and tapering gradually thence towards the outer flatter end.
The whole surface of the crown, which is very sharply defined towards the root,
is covered by a fine punctation.
The root part in all the specimens of this species is more or less broken away ;
in most of them, however, the deep hollow is still observable, which was destined
to contain the projecting ribbed part of the root of the tooth next in front, and
which extends below the anterior margin of the crown.
The dimensions of two specimens are as follows : —
i. n.
mm. mm.
Entire length of tooth 19 ig
Breadth of tooth at the callous inner end ... 20 13
,, „ at the flattened outer end . . . 13-5 9
Height of tooth at the inner callosity . . , . 11 6
„ „ at the outer end ..... 6 6
„ „ in the middle 6 4-5
The measurements here given do not, however, indicate the maximum size the
,eeth can attain. There are fragments in the collection, consisting only of part of
the callous extremity and measuring from back to front about 30 mm. in diameter
indicating thus a tooth of about that length.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PISCES. 15
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether four teeth of this
species in the Salt-range collection, two of which are tolerably well preserved. One
of them was collected by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat together with a great many
other fossils in the beds of group No. 1 (see p. 8) ; another specimen was found
by myself west of Khura (Khoora) at the base of the same group; two frag-
mentary specimens were collected by me at Jabi, in the same bed with the
Cephalopoda formerly described by me from that locality. Erom this it appears
that the species is restricted to the upper division of the Productus-limestone, or to
group No. 1 of the list of sub-divisions (see p. 8).
Remarks. — This species can only be compared to some specimens of Helodus
planus, Ag., which, however, are never as inflated as the Salt-range specimens, and
never have so developed a root ; the latter peculiarity distinguishes Helodopsis
elongata from all the species of Helodus.
A species which also bears some resemblance to the one just described is Psam-
modus angustus, Promanowsky, and indeed, from its general form, it appears most
likely that this must be considered as a Helodopsis. From H. elongata it can be
distinguished by the narrower and more regularly rectangular form of the teeth.
JPsammodus angustus was described originally from the upper carboniferous lime-
stone of Miatchkowa near Moscow.
2. Helodopsis abbreviata, Waagen, n. sp. PI. I, fig. 6.
There is a tooth preserved in the collection of Salt-range fossils which indicates
a second species of Helodopsis, and which I describe under the above name.
The general form of the tooth is approximately square, with a broadly rounded,
thick, elevated part, covering nearly the whole space of the square, and a narrow
flattened margin at the external extremity. Besides this general form, the crown
of the tooth shows a very fine punctation, and is very sharply defined from the
root part of the tooth, which is very well preserved in this specimen.
The root, as mentioned in the description of the genus, is shifted backwards,
so as to project behind from under the crown some millimeters, this part of it
being covered on its upper surface by high angular vertical ridges, which are
separated from each other by deep furrows commencing at the margin of the
crown and terminating at the posterior margin of the root. Corresponding to this
projecting posterior part of the root, there is on the front part of the tooth a deep
hollow, also covered by ridges, which are, however, less high than those on the
posterior part. The furrows which separate the narrow ridges are broader, and the
whole arrangement of them is as if made from an impression taken from the pro-
jecting posterior part of the root.
The internal structure of the tooth, as exposed in a fracture by which a part
of the elevated callosity is broken off, shows closely arranged dentine tubes travers-
16 . SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
ing the crown in a radiating direction, causing the fine punctation on the surface
of it, and a porous spongy texture of the root.
The dimensions of the single tooth in the collection are as follows : —
mm.
Entire length of tooth (approximately) 13 to 14 mm., of which are preserved . . 11
Breadth of tooth at internal extremity 14
„ „ „ at external extremity 11
Height of tooth on the elevated part 7
„ ,. „ on the flattened external part 5'5
Locality and Geological Position. — The single specimen existing of this species
was collected by me in the Nilwan ravine, in the lowest beds of the fossiliferous
lower strata of the Productus-limestone (bed No. 11 of my section), and must thus
be attributed to division No. 3 (p. 8).
Remarks. — The species here described is easily distinguishable from the fore-
going species, Helodopsis elongata, by the nearly square form of the tooth, and
the broadness of the callosity at the inner margin as well as the small develop-
ment of the flattened external part.
Genus: PSAMMODUS, Agassiz.
This genus is very poorly represented among the Salt-range fossils, but as
traces of it have been detected among the materials in my hands they must be
mentioned. •
1. Psammodtjs, sp. indet.
There is a single fragment of a tooth of Psammodus in the collection of Salt-
range fossils, which, however, allows of no doubt as to its generic position. The
fragment consists of a .piece of the crown, the root being quite broken off. The
surface is perfectly smooth, covered by numerous fine pores, as in Psammodus
porosus, Ag. ; the internal structure shows numerous dentine tubes radiating to-
wards the surface as in other Psammodi. The fragment seems to indicate a tooth
of a rather arched surface ; but of the general outline of this tooth nothing definite
can be ascertained.
Locality and Geological Position. — The fragment was collected by myself at
Kafir-kot on the Indus, in the beds of compact limestone composing the middle
region of the Productus-limestone, and forming group No. 2 of the series (p. 8).
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PISCES. 17
Family: PETALODONTID^!.
Genus : PETALORHYNCHTJS, Agassiz.
This genus is represented among the Salt-range fossils by a single tooth, which
is not even in a good state of preservation, but yet it is sufficient to determine
with every possible certainty the genus as well as the species.
1. Petaloehtnchtjs indicus, Waagen, n. sp. Plate I, fig. 8.
The general form of the single tooth in our possession is oval, higher than
broad, convex on the outer, concave on the inner side. The whole extent of
the outer or convex side of the tooth is finely granulated, except the upper or
crown part, which is very much worn down by use, and presents in the middle a
trapezoidal smooth surface, and on both sides triangular parts bearing a fine radiat-
ing striation. Erom the lower end of the smooth middle part of the crown extend
two low slightly divergent ridges across the whole outer surface of the root end
of the tooth. The upper sharp cutting end of the crown has been broken away,
and also the root is defective all round. The natural margin of the tooth has been
preserved only on both sides, where for a short distance it can be observed.
The original length of the tooth may have been 19 mm., of which, however,
only 15 mm. are preserved.
The structure of the tooth is very well seen at the broken edges ; and it ap-
pears that the crown part shows the same numerous radiating dentine tubes, which
can be observed also in the Psammodontidcs, etc. ; but the root part has got a very
compact texture, and no such tubes can be observed there with the lens. I had,
however, no opportunity to make a microscopical section of any part of this tooth,
on account of the insufficiency of the existing material, and thus the minor features
of the structure of it are unknown to me.
The dimensions of the tooth, as far as they can be measured, are as follows : —
mm.
Whole length of existing fragment (upper and lower ends being broken off) .... 14'5
Entire breadth of the tooth 15'0
Height of the crown part so far as preserved 4-0
„ root part „ „ • . . . 12'0
Greatest thickness of the tooth 3-0
Locality and Geological Position. — The only specimen existing of this species
was collected by me at Chidru, in the uppermost division of the Productus lime-
stone, group No. 1 of the list (p. 8).
Remarks. — The position of the species just described, in the genus Petalorhyn-
chus, seems to require some remarks. The principal distinction between the genera.
Petalodus and Petalorhynchus seems to be, that in the former the crown, on the
whole, is transversely oval, broader than high, and the root, ot that part of the
B
18 SALT-EANGE EOSSILS.
tooth which is covered up by the following one behind, is not much longer than the
crown ; whilst in the latter the crown is generally more pointed, and only one-third
or one-half as long as the root. Now, though the cutting margin of the crown is
broken off in the tooth here described, and thus the form of that part cannot be
ascertained, yet it can easily be seen, that the crown occupied only about one-third
of the entire length of the tooth, and from this it seems probable that this tooth
must be placed in the genus PetalorJiynchus.
As to species, it is not difficult to distinguish this one from all the others as yet
described. Though there have been figured a great many species by St. John and
Worthen from the coal-measures of Illinois, yet there is none among them which
can be compared with our species. More similar appears to be Petalorhynchus
sagittatus, McCoy, from the carboniferous limestone of Armagh, especially the
specimen fig. 2 bears some resemblance, but this seems to be due also more to the
state of preservation of the specimen, it being also an old much worn tooth, than
to a specific resemblance. The Indian species can always be easily distinguished
by its much broader form in comparison to its length.
IQHTSYOD OB ULITHES.}
Genus: XYSTEACANTHI7S, Leidy.
It is a well known fact that nothing can be more difficult and less reliable
than the determination of small fragments of the fin-rays of sharks, when the basal
portion, the one inserted in the flesh, is wanting, and nothing remains but a small
part of the upper portion without upper or lower end. Nevertheless, these bodies
are of sufficient interest to mention even small fragments, if better materials are
not procurable, but then the determination of them must be taken for what it is
worth, and much stress must not be laid upon the name.
In the present case there are three small fragments of fin-rays before me which
can be determined only by the peculiarities of the ornamentation they offer, and in
this respect no genus can be compared but Xysti 'acanthus, Leidy. As in Xystr. acina-
ciformis, St J. and W., the tubercles covering the surface of the ray in lon<ntudinal
rows are smooth, with a shining surface, and on the anterior margin there are four rows
of larger tubercles in an alternating position, as in Xystr. mirabilis, St. J. and W.
Thus it appears to be safest to refer these fragments to Leidy's genus, which wa&
described originally from the upper coal-measures of Kansas.
As to species I am able to distinguish two among the fragments at my disposal,
one large, coarsely and sparingly ornamented, and one much smaller, covered by
a very fine and close granulation.
These spines were found in company with the teeth of Selodopsis, and I am
therefore inclined to consider both as of the same derivation. There is however
no proof for such an assertion.
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PISCES. 19
1. Xystracanthus gracilis, Waagen, n. sp. PL I, figs. 2 & 5.
General form of spine unknown, as only two fragments of the species have
been found. Section very compressed, sagittate, pulp-cavity slightly indicated, but
nearly quite broken away. Sides flatly rounded ; anterior margin obtuse with two
rows of vertically elongated large tubercles, one row on each side of the middle
line, the tubercles alternating, smooth, shining, slightly constricted at base. Next
behind those two anterior rows comes on each side a row of round, medium-sized
tubercles. They are smooth like the others, shining like a string of pearls, and
also constricted at their base. These are followed by numerous, closely arranged
rows of alternating little smooth tubercles, which are smallest on the middle of the
side and increase again slightly in size towards the posterior margin.
This is all that can be observed on the larger of the two fragments. The other
fragment shows only some of the smaller rows of tubercles, and furnishes only
proofs that the tubercles again increase in size towards the posterior margin, with-
out ever attaining the size of those near the anterior margin. The posterior margin
of the spine, preserved for a short distance on the smaller fragment, seems to be
smooth.
Locality and Geological Position. — The larger of the two fragments (PL I,
fig. 2) was collected by me at Virgal, in the top beds of the compact Productus
limestone belonging to group No. 2 of the list (p. 8), The smaller fragment
was collected by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat, together Avith Helodopsis elongata, in
the beds of group No. 1.
Remarks. — Though the fragments of this species give a very imperfect know-
ledge of it, yet all that can be seen is so peculiar that a new species can safely be
established. Altogether there are up to the present only four species of Xystracan-
thus known, and from three of them our species can be easily distinguished by its
smooth tubercles ; the fourth (Xystr. acinaciformis) has got smooth tubercles, but
only a single rOw of them on the anterior margin, and thus our species seems also
distinct from this one by the two alternating rows of tubercles which it bears on
this margin.
All the species of Xystracanthus hitherto described have been found in the
upper coal-measures of America.
2. Xystracanthus major, Waagen, n. sp. PL II, fig. 9.
A small fragment of a very large fin-ray has been sent to me out of the old
collection at Calcutta, which represents a species of Xystracanthus distinct from the
one just described, and which I designate under the above name.
The general form of the entire ray can be as little ascertained in this species
as in the foregoing one, but the fragment is sufficiently large to show that
the whole ray was re^ersedly curved, that is to say, that the anterior margin
20 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
presented a concave instead of a convex outline, quite the same as is the case in
the other species of Xystr acanthus. The sides are slightly convex, perhaps a little
more so than in Xystr. gracilis, forming a sharp edge on the anterior margin. On
both sides of this sharp edge large smooth elongated tubercles are situated at rather
irregular distances, forming two longitudinal rows. These are followed by other
irregular rows of tubercles, gradually diminishing in size as they are more and more
distant from the anterior margin. The greater number of the tubercles are worn off,
but those remaining show that they have been very irregular in size and distribution.
They all are smooth, without crest or ridges, and all are strongly constricted at their
base. Where the tubercles are worn away, the surface of the sides is covered by
low nodular ridges, which show under the lens a fine longitudinal striation.
The internal structure of the ray is cellular, the cells being very minute in
the outer region and coarser towards the middle. There is no trace of the pulp-
cavity preserved.
Locality and Geological Position. — The single fragment of this species which
is preserved in the Salt-range collection was found at Miisakhel ; it is, however,
unknown from which particular bed or group the specimen may have come. From
its general manner of preservation, it seems to me likely that it was collected in the
higher beds of the Productus-limestone, in group No. 1.
Meinarhs. — This species can be only compared with Xystr. gracilis, described
above ; but it can be easily distinguished from this latter species by its clumsier
form, its more irregular and less close ornamentation, and the sharp edge on the
anterior margin, which is absent in Xystr. gracilis. The tubercles are also much
more constricted at their base in Xystr. major than in Xystr. gracilis, whereby
also they much more easily fall off in the former than in the latter species.
Sub-kingdom: ARTHK0P0DA.
Class: CRUSTACEA.
Order: BRANCHIOPODA.
Sub-Order: OSTBACODA.
Family: CYPBIDID^.
Genus : CYTBERE, Midler.
In cleaning the beautiful set of JSIautili brought by Mr. Wynne from Khund
Ghat, I detected, on one of the pieces chipped off, a specimen of an Ostracod, which
has remained up to the present the only piece of a Crustacean observed among the
Salt-range fossils. I do not doubt, that if carefully searched for on the spot many
of these small organisms would be found, but neither I nor Mr. Wynne had suffi-
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 21
cient time at our disposal to hunt for merely microscopical objects. On the different
specimens of fossils now in hand for description, no other but this single specimen
could be detected.
It is a fact worthy of notice, that all other Orders of the Crustacea, principally
the Trilobites, are absolutely absent in the Salt-range strata.
The specimen I have now to describe is yery indifferently preserved, and thus
it can be determined only with approximate accuracy. The figure which seems best
to agree in its general form with our fossil is Cythere elongata, Mnst., and thus I
can only compare it with Minister's species.
1. Cythebe cf. elongata, Minister. PI. VII, fig. 1.
1830. Cythere elongata, Minister : Bronn's Jahrbuch f . Min. 1830, p. 65.
1850. Cythere elongata (Mnst.) : Kupert Jones in King : Permian Fossils, p. 62, PI. XVIII, fig. 5.
The general form of the fossil, which seems to represent the right valve of a
carapace, is about that of a bean, both borders, the ventral as well as the dorsal, being
slightly incurved, the incurvation is, however, stronger on the ventral than on the
dorsal border. Both extremities are perfectly rounded.
The valve is convex and perfectly smooth.
Locality and Geological Position. — The piece of rock to which the specimen
adheres was chipped off by me from a specimen of a Nautilus collected by Mr.
Wynne in the upper division of the Productus-limestone at Khund Ghat.
Remarks. — Cythere elongata was originally described by Minister from the
mountain limestone of Pegnitzlosau. M. Rupert Jones has found another specimen
in a magnesian limestone, probably permian. Thus the species seems to range
from carboniferous into permian strata.
Sub-kingdom: MOLLUSCA.
Class: CEPHALOPODA.
Order : ?
Family: AMMONITIDJE.
Genus : CYCLOLOBUS, Waagen, n. gen.
It is with very great doubt indeed that I introduce tbe present genus, but
several considerations have led me, though very reluctantly, to the definition
of it.
We may characterise the genus as follows : Shell spiral, smooth, with a small
deep umbilicus ; whorls numerous, somewhat compressed, with a broadly rounded
external side, deeply embracing each other so as to envelope the preceding whorl,
22 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
nearly entirely covered on the sides with not very numerous contractions of the
shell (varices), indicating very likely the remnants of old apertural margins. The
form of these varices is somewhat falciform, with a strong bend towards the front in
the middle of the sides of the whorl, and being bent considerably backwards towards
the external margin, entirely disappearing on the siphonal side of the shell. The
increase in height of tbe whorls is very slow.
The most characteristic part of the whole shell is the sutures, which from their
position alone may be taken to indicate the generic distinction of the shell under
consideration from all the other genera of Ammonitidce. The first glance at the
drawing, Plate I, fig. 9, will show how peculiar the position of the sutures is, as
they form a strongly curved parabolical arch, the summit of which is situated next
to the umbilical margin ; whilst the longer branch of the arch descends towards the
siphonal part of the shell, the shorter branch, with only a few small lobes on it,
reaches the umbilical margin in a somewhat radial direction. The whole suture is
composed of a great many lobes and saddles, which are largest near the siphonal
part of the shell, and decrease slowly in size as they approach the umbilical region.
The principal lobes, first and second lateral, are in no way distinct from the follow-
ing auxiliary lobes, and can be recognised solely by their relative position and size.
The siphonal lobe is broad and fan-shaped. From the peculiar position of the
sutures some strange features are the result. Though on the sides of the whorls the
sutures stand so close together that the most prominent points of the lobes touch
nearly the saddles of the preceding suture, yet along the siphonal part of the shell
the distance of the septa from each other is about equal to half the height of the
whole whorl from the siphonal margin to the umbilicus. Further, the position of
the single lobes is shifted with the increase of the shell in the following manner :
the siphonal lobe touches with its most prominent fingers the lowest parts of the
first and second lateral saddles of the preceding suture ; the first lateral lobe touches
the second lateral and first auxiliary saddles, and so on, a peculiarity which has up
to the present not been observed in any shell belonging to the family of Ammonitidce.
The siphon is not well observable, but seems to be very narrow ; of the manner,
however, in which it breaks through the septa, nothing can be seen.
In the only specimen of this genus which I have got for description, the body
chamber has been broken away, and thus I am unable to state how long that part of
the shell may have been, neither is it possible for me to state what form the aper-
tural margin may have possessed, though the outline which is indicated by the
course of the varices on the sides of the shells makes it probable that the apertural
margin had about the form of those varices.
In the year 1872 I was of opinion that the affinities of the shell under consi-
deration were more in the direction of the genus Phylloceras than any other of the
Ammonites, as at that time also Amm. jarbas, Mnst., was counted with that genus,
and thus the variety of forms then included in it was by far greater than it is now
considered to contain. Dr. V. Mojsisoyics has shown that my Thylloceras oldhami,
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE— CEPHALOPODA. 23
as "well as Amm. jarbas, could not be considered any longer as belonging to that
genus, but be placed my species in the genus Arcestes, whilst he created for A.
jarbas a new genus Megaphyllites.
There is no doubt that the genus I have just characterised shows a certain
affinity to Arcestes, Suess., and Mojsisovics was thus justified in putting the only
species it as yet contains in that genus.
The genus Arcestes can easily be divided into three large groups, which very
likely must be considered as having sprung from different roots, and which will
possibly in the future have to be considered as composing different genera. The
first group is composed of the Tornati, the " group of Arcestes tornatus" of Moj-
sisovics ; the second group comprises the by far greatest number of the species of
Arcestes, containing the groups of Arc. extralabiatus, Mojs., Arc. sublabia-
tus, Mojs., Arc. bicarinatus, Mnst., Arc. colonus, Mojs., Arc. intuslabiatus,
Mojs., Arc. galeoti, and of Arc. subumbilicatus, Bronn ; the third division of the
genus contains only one group, that of Arc. cymbiformis, Wulfen.
Only the last of those three divisions can be compared with our genus. The
general form of the shell is much alike ; varices occur, but the most striking feature
is the sutures, which form an arch with the apex turned towards the mouth of the
shell like in Cyclolobus, though this character is much less developed in the triassic
species. Beyond this, however, the resemblance ceases. The single lobes are much
more ramified, and secondary lobes appear between the principal ones. The distance
of the septa is about equal throughout their extension and not much larger on the
siphonal part of the shell, as is the case in Cyclolobus, and the lobes of the succeed-
ing septa are not shifted sideways as I have described it above.
That the two shells Arcestes cymbiformis and Cyclolobus are distinct is obvious,
and as long as connecting links between the two are wanting, a generic distinction
can barely be avoided. It is quite a different question whether the newer has not
taken its origin from the older form, and it cannot be denied that there is some
probability of this being so ; up to the present, however, any proof of such an
assertion is absolutely wanting. Now I think it more advisable to create a new gene-
ric designation for the palaeozoic form, and run the risk of it being proved that it
is in intimate connection with the triassic species and must be considered as belong-
ing to the same genus, than to unite generically the palaeozoic fossil, showing such
peculiar features, with the triassic Ammonite, and thus to anticipate discoveries
which can only be established in the future. On the other hand, if Arc. cymbiformis
should be proved to be in close connection with Cyclolobus, this species would very
likely have to be placed in my genus, and could not be retained in the genus
Arcestes.
The only species of the genus which has been discovered up to the present
has been found in the palaeozoic strata of the Salt-range.
24 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
1. Cyclolobtjs oldhami, Waagen. PI. I, fig. 9.
1872. Phylloceras oldhami, Waagen : Mem. Geol. Surv. of India, Vol. IX, p. 353, pi. I, fig. 1.
1873. Areestes oldhami (Waagen) Mojsisovies : Gebirge um Hallstadt, I, p. 72.
The general form of the shell is somewhat flattened, lenticular, with a broadly,
rounded siphonal part. The umbilicus is small and deep, surrounded by perpendi-
cular walls which unite with the external parts of the shell without forming a dis-
tinct umbilical edge. The inner whorls are almost entirely concealed by the last
one, and only a narrow margin of them remains visible within the umbilicus. The
involution of the whorls is very large, so much so that nearly two-thirds of the
room within the last whorl are filled up by the preceding one. The shell thus
increases very slowly both in diameter and in thickness.
On the flattened sides of the shell several contractions or varices can be observ-
ed, and on the last whorl of the specimen under consideration I count six of them.
They begin at the umbilical margin, in about a radial direction, are then strongly
bent backwards a little below the middle height of the whorl, and turned again a
little towards the front near the siphonal part of the shell, where, however, they dis-
appear almost entirely. I have only got the cast for description, and therefore I am
unable to tell whether, when the shell is preserved, these varices will be visible or not.
The general arrangement of the lobes is as mentioned in the description of the
genus. There are altogether fourteen lobes between the siphonal side and the umbili-
cal margin, with one or two very small ones on the umbilical wall. The siphonal
lobe, taken as a whole, is the largest of all ; and, rightly considered, nearly the whole
suture forms but one large siphonal lobe extending from the siphonal part of the shell
down to the bend, where the direction of the suture becomes approximately radial,
that is, down to the eighth lobe from the siphonal proper. The latter is fan-shaped,
very broad, and extended at the lower ramified end, and rather narrow at its upper
end, where the external saddles from both sides approach each other. The lower end
shows three branches on each side, of which the outer two on each side are not strongly
separated, whilst the inner ones are long and narrow, bordering a deep narrow sipho-
nal indentation. The external saddle is narrow, only about half as broad as the sipho-
nal lobe at its base, terminating with one undivided, roundish phyllum. The first
lateral lobe is about as broad as the external saddle, terminating at its lower end in
three unequal short branches, and being provided along both sides with several short
little dentated branches, which are in about a rectangular position towards the axis of
the lobe. The first lateral saddle is very similar to the external one, only narrower
and shorter. The second lateral as well as the following two auxiliary lobes are very
similar in shape to the first lateral, terminating in three more or less symmetrical
branches. The third auxiliary lobe is the only one with two branches at its lower
extremity. The next following auxiliary lobes have again three terminal branches,
or are simply pointed as they near the umbilicus. The saddles from the second
lateral down to the last auxiliary have all a monophyllic termination.
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 25
The measurements of the specimen I have got for description are as follows : —
mm.
Diameter of the shell 107
„ of the umbilicus 16
Height of the last whorl from the umbilical suture 55
., » „ „ „ from the siphonal part of the preceding whorl ... 20
„ „ „ preceding whorl from the umbilical suture 38
i, » „ „ „ from the siphonal part of the next whorl ... 14
Thickness of the last whorl 35
„ „ „ whorl before the last 23
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species which
has hitherto heen found was collected by myself at Jabi. I have described this
locality on a former occasion as follows : " The locality whence I extracted the
fossils with my own hands out of the rock is near Jabi north of Shahpoor, on the
southern slope of the Salt-range. The rocks at this locality are, however, not well
adapted for tracing out an extensive section, because the ground is greatly broken
up and faulted in every direction. Ascending the mountain range north of Jabi,
by the road which leads round the well of the village, one finds, after having
crossed a little plateau, a well bedded series of thin limestone bands, intercalated
with shaly marls, the whole about 20 to 25 feet in thickness, and in the upper
part of this series one calcareous band principally is rich in fossils. JBrachiopoda
occur plentifully in the whole series, but Cephalopoda are only found in this thin
bed." I can add very little now to this description, as not much more can be said
about the locality, and what has been said seems sufficiently clear and distinct to
admit of no doubt. Nevertheless some doubt has been thrown recently on my
discovery. Thus I read in Barrande's Systeme Silurien, C^phalopodes, Extrait du,
Vol. II, Texte V, p. 240, the following passage : —
" Pour les Ammonides, suivant 1' opinion jusqu ' ici generalement admise dans
la science, les premieres especes ont apparu dans le Trias, abstraction faite d'une
recente d^couverte par M. le Doct. "Waagen dans les Indes et qui exige confirma-
tion." I do not know how I have deserved this distrust of my observations, as I
do not remember any case in which an observation I had once clearly and distinctly
stated had been found afterwards to be untrustworthy. I can only affirm once
more, that I extracted the specimen under consideration with my own hands out
of the rock in situ, together with many palaeozoic fossils, none of them having
been found loose on the surface. Nobody at all acquainted with the rocks and
formations in the Salt-range, glancing only for a moment at the specimen, could
doubt its coming from the upper division of the Productus-limestone, as from its
preservation alone it is evident that this is the only possible rock and formation
where it could have come from.
Thus the only specimen of this species which has hitherto been found comes
from division No. 1 of the classification of the Salt-range rocks as proposed by me
in the Introduction.
G
26 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Remarks. — There attaches no little interest to this species, as it is the oldest true
Ammonite hitherto described; but though the occurrence of such forms could
have barely been looked for in truly palaeozoic strata, yet the isolation of the single
form found by me, and the peculiarity of its features, make it difficult to draw all
the conclusions as to the development of the Cephalopoda in time, which such a
discovery seems to warrant. As the matter stands, we can only say, that the
occurrence of Cyelolobus oldhami in palaeozoic strata is a proof that ancestors of
different groups of Ammonites are of very different geological age, and that all the
Ammonites do not spring from one, but from very different roots. The branch to
which Cyelolobus oldhami belongs is certainly very much older than those branches
which take their rise from the genus which I shall describe next below ; but so
long as no more ample materials are at our disposal, any speculation as to what
forms of Ammonites might be in genetic connection with our species, or as to what
form of Ooniatite might be the ancestor of Cyelolobus, is as fruitless, as all such
assertions if not founded on direct observations of specimens are absolutely hypo-
thetical.
Discoveries like that of a true Ammonite in palaeozoic strata are singularly
adapted to show how little we yet know of the real development of organic forms
in time, and what ample materials in that direction a close examination of strata
in distant countries will yet bring to light. But only with such materials at hand
will it be possible to write in the end a developmental history of single classes, for
instance, that of the Cephalopoda.
Genus : ARCESTES, Suess.
There are two Ammonites among the materials I collected in the Salt-
range, which I cannot separate generically from Suess' genus, though on a first
glance the form of the lobes in both specimens seems so far different from that
occurring generally in the genus, that it requires some explanatory remarks as to
the grounds on which these forms are united with the above genus.
It is a fact, which has been proved by so many and careful observations that
the correctness of it cannot be doubted, that in the Ammonites the most general
tendency of development is that to the greater complication of the sutures. What-
ever group of Ammonites we may take for observation, we will find that the sutures
are more complicated in the geologically newer species than in the older ones.
This law holds good also for the genus Areestes, as has been proved by Dr. v. Mojsis-
ovics, though the changes he was able to observe were rather minute, only
forms from a very short period of the earth's history having been accessible to him
for observation.
Now, if we descend the scale of development, proceeding from newer to older
forms, we can easily imagine that we at last reach a stage when the suture is
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 27
nothing but a variously curved line, as is the case in the former genus Ooniatites :
only the transitional forms, which would unite the extremes on both ends of the
scale, have been but partly' detected as yet, and thus the supposition, that such a
continuity of development in the sutures exists, remains more or less hypothetical.
Within narrower limits, however, we may safely say that forms with more compli-
cated sutures, and those with more simple ones, can very well, if other characters do
not interfere, belong to one and the same genus ; as the complication of the sutures
indicates only a distinction in degree, and not in kind. We will be so much the more
entitled to say this, if there exist some transitional forms which bring the extremes
nearer together. This is the case with the two species I shall have to describe
on the following pages ; they are linked to the more typical forms of the Arcestidce
by the species Arcestes megaphyllus of Beyrich, which has the sutures already con-
siderably more complicated than my species. Thus we can say that in their general
character the lobes of our species do not differ from those of Arcestes, except by their
greater simplicity, as the arrangement of the single lobes and their relative develop-
ment is identical with those of the genus mentioned.
It remains to consider whether the other characters of the species under consi-
deration justify their union -with. Arcestes. Neither the length of the body chamber
nor the form of the aperture can be observed, as both are broken away ; the general
form of the shell, however, agrees perfectly with the genus. The only difference
I can observe rests in the siphon, which has its funnel passing through the
septa, in one case apparently directed backwards, in the other towards the front.
How little reliable, however, this character is, appears again from Abich's1 speci-
men of Goniatites striatus, which has the funnel most distinctly directed towards
the front.
We have thus, for the species under consideration, the general form of the
shell and the general character of the sutures identical with the genus Arcestes.
Prom what I have said, it appears, however, that these species represent transitional
members between the older Ooniatites and the newer forms of Arcestes.
It remains now to discuss how far they are connected with the Ooniatites.
There is but little doubt that most palaeontologists would have considered these
forms to belong to the genus Goniatites, on account of the simplicity of the saddles
and the little ramification of the lobes, to which is added in one species the back-
ward direction of the siphonal funnel. If we look through the forms of Goniatites
hitherto described, we do not find any more closely allied to our species than those
described by Verneuil, and later on by Karpinsky from the sandstone of Artinsk,
of which chiefly Gon. koninkianus, Gon. soboleskianus, and Gon. kingianus seem
to be near allies to the Salt-range forms. Nevertheless there exists a difference
which seems so essential that I cannot in the least advocate to unite these species
with Suess' genus, but am of opinion that between the Prussian fossils and our
1 Abich : Geologische Forschungen in den Kaukasischen Landern I, pi. XI, fig. 2.
28 SALT-RANGE POSSILS.
species there exists a deep gap, which will only he filled up by future discoveries.
If we consider the Salt-range species, we find that, as in all species of Ammonites,
there can he easily distinguished three principal lobes, a siphonal and two lateral
ones, of which the interior margin of the second lateral lobe coincides with the
involution of the shell ; that is to say, a horizontal line drawn transversely across the
septum touching the siphonal part of the preceding whorl, reaches the surface of
the whorl at the interior or lower margin of the second lateral lobe, or (as in most
Arcestes) in the middle of the first auxiliary one. This is not the case in the
Artinsk Ooniatites. If we consider attentively the drawing of the sutures of these
species as they are represented in the Geology of Prussia, or in the Proceedings of
the Prussian Mineralogical Society, Vol. IX, we find, as far as it can be made out
from the drawing alone, that there exists either no proper siphonal lobe, or the first
lateral is united with the siphonal, and only the second lateral is distinct, or finally
the second lateral is entirely absent. This difference seems to me so essential, that
I think it barely advisable to unite the Artinsk Ooniatites generically with Arcestes,
as Mojsisovics seems inclined to do ; they will have to be kept separate, under a
distinct generic designation.
The two species I have to describe from the Salt-range cannot be united
with any of the developmental groups hitherto distinguished within the genus
Arcestes, as all connecting links between them and the triassic species which have
been described up to the present are as yet unknown.
Both the Salt-range species have been found in the upper region of the Pro-
ductus-limestone.
1. Arcestes antiqutjs, Waagen, sp. PI. I, fig. 10.
The only specimen I have collected of this species is not entire, nearly
half of it being broken away, and even what remains is greatly weather-worn, and
nothing can be observed but the general form of the cast, and the sutures, as no
trace of the shell remains.
The general form of the specimen is somewhat lenticular, higher than broad,
with a broadly rounded siphonal part, which appears a very little narrower on the
last whorl, than in the preceding ones. What remains of the last whorl belongs
to the body chamber. The umbilicus is very small and deep, with walls which are
a little bent inwards near the umbilical suture, and form no umbilical edge, where
they unite with the side parts of the shell. The involution of the shell is, in con-
sequence of the small umbilicus, very great (not as large, however, as in Qyclolobm
oldhami), and also the increase of the whorls is more rapid than in the mentioned
species. Varices, or any other ornamentation of the shell, are entirely absent.
The sutures, which I succeeded with great difficulty in making visible, are very
interesting. The direction of them is about radial, as in other Ammonites, the
single lobes and saddles slowly decreasing in size as they approach the umbilicus.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 29
The largest of all the lobes is the siphonal one ; it terminates in two short hroad
branches, each of which bears two fingers at its end. The external saddle is broadly
rounded, without any indentation. The first lateral lobe is somewhat shorter and
narrower than the siphonal, terminating with three unequal fingers at its end. The
first lateral saddle is narrower and shorter than the external, and is not quite
rounded, but bears a slight indentation at its base or its side. The second lateral
lobe is very irregular in shape, and barely shorter than the first lateral; it termi-
nates in two or three irregular fingers. The second lateral saddle is shorter than
the first, having a strong indentation near its base. The following auxiliary lobes are
rather irregular in shape, generally terminating in three distinct fingers, but
gradually more reduced and simpler in their form as they approach the umbilicus.
The auxiliary saddles sometimes bear indentations, sometimes not. There are seven
to eight auxiliary lobes, and six or seven auxiliary saddles.
The most curious feature of these sutures is their irregularity. In the more
recent Ammonites the single sutures following one another are very much alike,
and the general form of the single lobes and saddles remains pretty constant as the
shell increases in size, only additional fingers are put in in quite a regular manner.
This is not the case in our species. If we consider the three sutures drawn on PL I,
fig. 10 c, which is drawn with the utmost care, and represents the peculiarities of
the single sutures with perfect correctness, we find that the termination of each
single lobe is differently shaped in each succeeding suture, also that the indentations of
the single saddles come and disappear in the succeeding sutures quite irregularly, so
it appears that the secondary characters of the sutures are not yet individualised,
but only put forth tentatively, to be changed according to convenience during the
growth of the shell.
We can observe the same on the siphonal lobe. Of the two successive siphonal
lobes I have exposed, the one shows an indentation in the middle of the " siphonal
tubercle" (as it has been called by Mojsisovics) suggestive of the direction backwards
of the siphonal funnel, whilst in the other this indentation is absent, but on the right
branch of the lobe a slight indentation appears in its place.
The dimensions of the specimen are as follows : —
mm.
Diameter of the shell (about) 66
„ of the umbilicus 3
Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture 40
„ of the aperture from the preceding whorl 17
Thickness of the aperture 27
„ of the preceding whorl 21
Locality and geological position.— The only specimen which exists of this
species was collected by me at Kufri, on the road from Shahpur to Sukesar motm-
tain. A very complete section from the upper portion of the Productus-limestone
up to the nummulitic strata is here exposed ; it has been published on page 224 of
H
30 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Wynne's report, from my notes, except the headings (" Nummulitic, Trias, Car-
boniferous") which are Wynne's, and which are for the most part wrongly placed.
The specimen here under consideration was found by me in the lowest division of
the section (bed No. 14 of my note-book), and thus belongs to the fauna of the
upper division of the Productus-limestone. There can be no doubt as to the geolo-
gical position of this species.
Remarks. — There are very few forms with which our species can be compared ;
only some species of Goniatites might require some notice. In the newer palaeozoic
sandstone of Artinsk there have been found some Cephalopoda, which in their
general type differ so far from all the Cephalopoda described hitherto from any of
the palaeozoic strata, that the special attention of palaeontologists has long since
been fixed upon them. Among the lot there are also three species of so called
Goniatites, which in their general appearance bear some similarity to Arcestes
antiquus. It is especially the sutures that are much like those in our species ;
however, as I have already remarked above, in the Artinsk species, the arrangement
of the lobes is entirely different, and indicates a state of development far below
that which is observed in our Arcestes. In general form Gon. soboleskianus has
the greatest resemblance; but the slight sculpture visible on this species is
strongly bent backwards on the siphonal part of the shell, a feature which is not
observable on our species. It is, however, very much to be regretted that the
shell has been entirely lost from our specimen, so that it cannot be ascertained
whether the striae of growth were bent backwards on the siphonal part of it or not.
As the matter stands, there is no doubt that our species can be well distinguished
from the Artinsk Goniatites, by the absence of every kind of sculpture, and from all
the species of Arcestes hitherto described, by the simple goniatitic lobes.
2. Arcestes prisctjs, Waagen, n. sp. PL II, fig. 6.
Besides the one just described, another species of Arcestes has been detected
by me in the palaeozoic strata of the Salt-range. Though there is only one speci-
men of it, yet it exhibits sufficiently distinct characters to be described under a
special name.
The general form of the shell is thick lenticular, with a broadly rounded
siphonal part, and a very small umbilicus. The umbilicus is deep, surrounded
by perpendicular walls without umbilical edge. The whorls are deeply embracing
each other, so that about half the height of the whorl is filled up by the preceding-
one. The shell is entirely smooth, and no sculpture whatever is observable on it
The lobes are very characteristic, and much more complicated than in the pre-
ceding species, though the specimen is much smaller. I did. not succeed in exposing
the entire suture, but some of the smaller auxiliary lobes are wanting. The largest
of all the lobes is undoubtedly the siphonal lobe, which is very deeply divided into
PRODTJCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 31
two branches by a large siphonal tubercle, and is exactly as broad as long ; both
branches are slightly fingered at their termination, as well as at their sides. The
external saddle is rather narrow, with monophyllic termination. The first lateral
lobe is broad and short, shorter than the siphonal, terminating in three or four
fingers, and also slightly fingered at its sides. The first lateral saddle is shorter, but
as broad as the external, terminating with two phylla. The second lateral lobe is
much narrower than the first, otherwise in shape very similar to the latter. The
second lateral saddle is shorter than the first, broad and monophyllic. The auxiliary
lobes and saddles bear no particular features worth mentioning. I can distinguish
four of them, but very likely there were six ; they are gradually diminishing in
size as they approach the umbilicus. Also in this species it is observable that the
minor details of the lobes and saddles are not exactly alike in two succeeding
sutures.
Highly interesting are the antisiphonal or internal sutures, which are well
seen on the whole surface of the specimen, covering it in fact entirely, as the
remnant of a whorl which had been broken off. It would have been very easy to
mistake these for the proper lobes of the species, and this would then have been des-
cribed without any doubt as a typical Goniatite ; whilst the proper sutures of the
specimen only became visible after the removal of these remnants of the internal
sutures of an outer whorl, and of the covering shelly layer of the succeeding one.
In these internal sutures the " goniatitic" appearance is strictly preserved, the
saddles being all entire, without any indentation, and the lobes terminating Very
regularly in three points, of which the middle one is the most prominent. The
antisiphonal lobe is conspicuous by its larger size. There are on both sides of the
antisiphonal lobe nine lobes, which diminish gradually in size as they approach the
umbilical suture.
The dimensions of the specimen as are follows : —
Diameter of the shell .....
„ of the umbilicus ....
Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture
„ „ „ from the preceding whorl
Thickness of the aperture ....
28
3-5
15
6-5
15
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species which
has been discovered up to the present was collected by me at Khura, in the upper
division of the Productus-limestone, and there can be no doubt as to the geological
position of this species, as well as of those described before.
Remarks. — There are but very few species which might be compared with our
form. Erom Arc. antiquus, described above, our species is easily distinguishable
by the more complicated sutures. Of other species one group of forms, which
contains up to the present not more than about three species, is somewhat more
closely allied, and requires special notice. In his description of the Muschelkalk
32 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Cephalopoda of the Alps, Beyrich figures a small Ammonite from Ladak as Amm.
brachyphyllus. This he considers as type for a group of forms which contains also
Amm. difissus, Salter (non Hau.), and an indeterminate species of an Ammonite,
figured by Salter in the Palaeontology of Mti, Plate 7, fig. 4 Of these species princi-
pally the last bears some resemblance in its sutures to Arcestes prisons ; but in this,
as in all the species of the " brachyphyllus Group," the little development of the
auxiliary lobes establishes a most decided distinction between these and our species,
whilst the great number of auxiliary lobes in the latter approaches it more to the
true Arcestes.
Among the more recent forms of Arcestes our species resembles most those
forms which have been united by Mojsisovics in the group of Arcestes intusla-
biatus. Chiefly the young of Arcestes intuslabiatus itself have got sutures which
in many respects resemble those of our species, and the generic identity of both
can barely be doubted. As to specific resemblance this is very small indeed ; and
nobody will, I think, in only looking at the interior sutures of the Indian species,
advocate a specific identification of it with any of the triassic Arcestes.
The truly ammonitic exterior sutures, and the truly goniatitic interior ones,
in Arcestes priscus are features which characterise this species as a truly transi-
tional form, between the older so called Goniatites and the Arcestes proper.
XENODISCTJS, Waagen, n. gen.
1863. Goniatites (de Haan) de Koninck : Fossiles Paleoz. de 1' Inde, p. 7.
1872. Ceratites (de Haan) Waagen: Mem. Geol- Surv. of India, IX, p. 355.
In 1872 I described a species of a Cephalopod which by the nature of
its sutures seemed to belong to that division of the Ammonitidce which had
received the name of Ceratites by former writers. Since that time our knowledge
of the Ammonitidce has progressed very rapidly ; and to-day we are already in a
position to affirm positively that the so-called Ceratites, as well as the Ammonites
proper, have sprung up from very different roots, and that also among the Ceratites
animals of very different organisation have been included, as the distinction of
the genus was one-sidedly based on the character of the sutures alone.
The most able exposition of the forms hitherto generally considered as Ceratites
we find in Beyrich's Cephalopoda of the Muschelkalk of the Alps, and accord-
ing to this writer there exist five different groups of these shells : (1) the group
of Amm. nodosus, (2) the group of Amm. cassianus, (3) the group of Amm. modestus,
Hau., (4) the group of Amm. buchi, and (5) the group of Amm. peregrinus,
Beyr. The first of these groups has been united by Mojsisovics with Laube's
genus Trachyceras, the second has furnished the type for a new genus Tyrolites
of Mojsisovics, the third and fourth have not yet been studied more in detail,
and the fifth includes forms for which I propose the name Xenodiscus.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 38
The general form of the shell in this genus is flat discoidal, with compressed
whorls, perfectly rounded on the siphonal side. The umbilicus is mostly large,
and the whorls generally only slightly embracing each other. The shell is either
entirely smooth, or furnished with distant rounded folds which are thickest near
the umbilical margin of the whorls, or with numerous slight plications which are
straight on the sides of the whorl and slightly turned towards the front near
the siphonal margin. The sutures are very simple ; the siphonal and two lateral
lobes always well developed, also a sutural lobe generally, but auxiliary lobes are
generally absent. The lobes are furnished with a slight indentation at their
termination, the saddles rounded, entire, without any indentation. The internal
sutures show only one large antisiphonal lobe which terminates in two long sharp
points.
In one of the specimens under description, the entire body chamber is pre-
served ; it occupies not quite one whorl, and becomes entirely smooth towards
the aperture. The aperture itself is very simple, the siphonal part, and a point
in the middle of each side, very slightly projecting.
Our genus is not very difficult to distinguish from other genera more
or" less allied to it. The genus Tyrolites differs greatly, by the absence of the
second lateral lobe, and by the sculpture, which is always most prominent on the
siphonal margin ; the genus Trachyceras has its body chamber much shorter, and
the system of sculpture on the shell is entirely different.
The principal development of the genus takes place in the Ceratite beds of the
Salt-range, wherefrom I shall have to describe a number of species. In the Pro-
ductus-limestone only two species of the genus have been found up to the present,
which I propose to describe under the names of Xenodiscus plicatus and Xenodiscus
carbonarius.
It is very difficult to say in what connection our genus may stand with older
or more recent forms. If we look through the different forms of Goniatites, no
other species resembles more closely our genus than Goniatites lyoni, Meek and
Worthen, of the Chemung group (devonian) of the state of New York, and of
the Kinderhook formations (carboniferous) of Illinois. This species has rounded
compressed whorls like the species belonging to Xenodiscus, and very distinctly
developed two lateral lobes; only the siphonal lobe is yet undivided, without
siphonal tubercle. Of more recent forms the older species of Aegoceras like Aegm
incultwm, Beyr., Aeg. salteri, Beyr., etc., in their general appearance bear a certain
resemblance to our genus. They have also two lateral and one strongly developed
sutural lobe, which often is divided in several auxiliary ones. The antisiphonal
lobe is also terminating in two distinct fingers. Thus it appears probable that the
genus Aegoceras has derived its origin from some form of Xenodiscus.
34 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
1. Xenodisctjs plicattjs, Waagen, n. sp. PI. II, fig. 1.
The form of this species is very characteristic, and to be easily recognised.
The general form of the shell is flat disciform, with a large umbilicus and'a
tolerably broadly rounded siphonal side. The whorls are compressed, rectangular,
thickest near the umbilical margin. The umbilicus is shallow, surrounded by
sloping walls, which form with the sides of the whorls an obtuse umbilical edge.
The whorls are higher than broad, and are on the inner volutions covered with
simple, strong, prominent folds, which occur to the number of eight to eleven
on one circuit. They disappear, however, rapidly towards the end of the body
chamber, which in its latter half is nearly quite smooth.
The transverse section of the body chamber differs slightly from that of the
preceding whorls, as it is more rectangular, the siphonal part of the shell being
slightly depressed, and the sides of the whorl more or less parallel. In the inner
whorls, on the contrary, the siphonal part is more prominent and narrower, and
the sides of the whorl diverge slightly towards the umbilical edge, where the
largest transverse diameter of the whorl is situated.
The aperture of the body chamber is almost entirely preserved in one of the
specimens under description. It is very simple. There is a short ventral lobe
projecting on the siphonal part of the aperture, which forms a slightly prominent
semicircle. The sides are nearly quite straight, only very little projecting in
the middle, not showing in any degree the outline of a "falciform margin," and go
straight down to the umbilical suture.
The sutures of the septa are very simple. There is a small short siphonal lobe,
about twice as broad as long, terminating in two short branches, each of which is
crenulated at its lower extremity. The external saddle is entire, without indenta-
tion, as broad as the siphonal lobe. The first lateral lobe is twice as long, but
narrower than the siphonal, and terminating at its lower extremity with a number
of small crenulations. The first lateral saddle is much narrower, but not reaching
further up than the external one ; there is no trace of any indentation. The second
lateral lobe is about as long as the siphonal and very broad, slightly crenulated
at its lower extremity. The second lateral saddle is very small, and, as it seems,
bordered at its inner margin by a short sutural lobe.
The dimensions of a specimen from Katwahi are as follows :
mm.
Diameter of the shell gg
„ „ „ umbilicus •■•...... 27
Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture 22
„ „ „ „ „ „ preceding whorl ig
„ „ „ preceding whorl from the umbilical suture .... 13
Thickness of the aperture at the siphonal part ^3
„ „ „ „ „ ,, umbilical edge 12
,, „ „ preceding whorl at the siphonal part g
jj „ „ „ 1 ,. „ umbilical edge ."10
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 35
Locality and geological position. —The only perfect specimen of this species
in the collection was brought by Mr. Wynne from Katwahi. It is preserved in
a yellow sandy marl rock, in which I also observed, in cleaning the specimen, a
piece of Dentalium herculeum, Kon., and an Athyris subtilita. There is therefore
no question as to this piece of rock containing the three species coming from the
upper division of the Productus-limestone. Fragments of the same species
{Xenodiscus plicatus) from Jabi have been already mentioned by me when describ-
ing the Cephalopoda of that locality in the Memoirs Geological Survey, Vol. IX,
without giving them, however, any name. There is also a small fragment from
another locality. This was collected by myself at Chidru, in the Cephalopoda bed
of the upper Productus-limestone, together with a lot of other fossils, among which
there were also many specimens of Xenodiscus carbonarius, the description of which
will follow. Xenodiscus plicatus is, however, always much scarcer than the other
species just mentioned.
Bemarks. — Xenodiscus plicatus is very easy to be distinguished from all other
forms of the same genus by the strong folds which cover the sides of the whorls.
All the fragments at my disposal, however, do not show these folds equally strong,
and, if better materials were procurable, some intermediate form between this
species and Xenod. carbonarius might possibly be distinguishable. As it stands,
Xenod. plicatus is excellently characterised by its folds, and by whorls which are far
thicker than those of the following species.
2. Xenodiscus carbonarius, Waagen. PI. II, figs. 2-5.
1872. Ceratites carbonarius, Waagen : Mem. Geol. Suit. India, Vol. IX, p. 355, PI. I, figs. 2 & 3.
The general form of the shell is flat discoidal, with a very large and shallow
umbilicus.
The whorls are very compressed, much higher than broad, with flattened sides
and a perfectly rounded siphonal part. They are nearly quite smooth on the inner
volutions of the shell, but the last whorl, which is almost entirely occupied by the
body chamber, is covered by numerous low folds, which are nearly straight on the
middle of the sides of the whorl, and bent slightly towards the front near the
siphonal region. Towards the aperture of the body chamber these folds disappear,
and the shell becomes again perfectly smooth. The folds are very irregular in
strength and size, and often so indistinct that they are difficult to trace. The
whorls embrace each other very little, but different specimens in different stages of
growth do not show quite identical characters in this respect.
The umbilicus is surrounded by sloping walls, which form, however, no distinct
umbilical edge in uniting with the sides of the whorls.
The form of the shell changes very little during the growth of the animal, but
nevertheless the transverse sections of the whorls in young and in old specimens
36 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
show some differences. The smallest specimen I have got for description measured
about 14 mm. in diameter. At that size the height of the last whorl is 6 mm.,
whilst the thickness is 5 mm. In a specimen of 60 mm. in diameter, on the contrary,
the height of the last whorl is 20 mm. and the thickness 10 mm., in other words, in
the young shell the whorls are about as thick as they are high, whilst in adult ones
the height of the whorl is equal to twice its thickness.
In none of the specimens is the body chamber entirely preserved, but it must
have occupied nearly one whorl. The form of the aperture can be judged from
the form of the folds which cover the sides of the shell, and from them it appears,
that it must have been very similar to that of Xenodiscus plicatus, the lateral
margins being nearly straight, the siphonal part projecting. The aperture itself is
not preserved in any of the specimens.
The sutures are very simple, showing one siphonal and two lateral lobes, and
one external and two lateral saddles. The saddles are all entire without indenta-
tion. The siphonal lobe is very short, but nearly twice as broad as long, divided
into two short little dentated branches. The external saddle is short and not
quite as broad as the siphonal lobe. The first lateral lobe is only half as broad,
but twice as long as the siphonal one ; it terminates in a finely serrated ogival arch.
The first lateral saddle is much narrower than the external, about as broad as the
first lateral lobe, but reaching much further up than the former. The second
lateral lobe is shorter, but as broad as the first, it terminates in a finely serrated
arch. The second lateral saddle is much shorter than the first and not quite
semicircular, but slightly depressed at its upper extremity ; it terminates at the
umbilical suture of the whorl.
The internal part of the suture is excellently preserved in a small fragment
of this species, which was collected by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat. It shows
that from the umbilical suture of the whorl, the sutural line ascends again, form-
ing a short but broad internal saddle, which is followed towards the middle by a
long and narrow antisiphonal lobe, terminating at its lower extremity in two long
sharply pointed fingers.
The dimensions of three specimens, No. I from Jabi, Nos. II and III from
Chidru, are as follows : —
i. II. in.
mm. mm. mm.
Diameter of the shell ........... 103 61 48
„ „ „ umbilicus 53 27 21
Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture .... 27 20 15
„ „ „ „ from the preceding whorl . . . p 25 ? 19 145
Thickness of the aperture 14 10 8
Locality and geological position. — The locality where I first detected speci-
mens of this species was Chidru, where I collected them together with a lot of
palaeozoic fossils in the upper division of the Productus-limestone, in a bed which
is indicated in my section printed in "Wynne's report, p. 248. The species is not
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 37
rare at that locality, but it is difficult to get any well-preserved specimen. During
my short stay at the locality I collected three tolerably complete specimens and
fragments of five more. Later on I got more complete materials at Jabi, in the
same bed of the upper Productus-limestone. They occurred there together with
Cyclolobus oldhami and Sageceras primal, and I got two tolerably complete speci-
mens and fragments of nine others. A fragment of a somewhat thicker variety was
found by Wynne at Khund Ghat, also in the upper division of the Productus-
limestone.
Remarks. — Though this species is not at all rare in the Salt-range deposits,
yet it is very difficult to get tolerably complete specimens. Among all the materials
I collected there was but one fragment that showed the sutures clearly distinct,
and from which the drawing on Plate II was executed.
There are several species which might be compared with our form, and in the
second part of this work I shall have to describe quite a number of allied forms.
Up to the present only the species described by de Koninck can come into con-
sideration, and of these it is chiefly Goniatites gangaticus which is nearly alhed ;
however, it is not difficult to distinguish this species from the one just described,
by the different sutures and the less flattened sides of the whorls. Other species,
like Ceratites, Buchianus, &c, which show sutures very similar to those of Xeno-
discus carbonarius, have a flattened siphonal part of the shell, and cannot, therefore,
be compared with the latter species.
Of other species only Ammonites peregrinus, Beyrich, or Amm. onustus, Opp.,
both from rocks of unknown age of the North-West Himalayas, are allied ; but they
bear in their sutures sufficiently distinct characters to afford a specific separation of
both from our Salt-range fossil.
The distinctive characters of this species from Xenodiscus plicatus I have
indicated already in describing the latter form. They consist of smooth and more
compressed whorls in Xenodiscus carbonarius, and also the sutures are somewhat
different.
Genus : SAGECEEAS, Mojsisovics.
1845. Goniatites (Haan) Vemeuil : Russia and the Ural Mountains, II, p. 375, pi. XXVI, fig. 6.
1847. Goniatites (Haan) Haner : Haidinger's Naturw. Abhandl. I, p. 264, pi. VIII, figs. 9-11.
1863. Ceratites (Haan) Koninck : Fossiles Paleozoiques de l'lnde, p. 11, pi. Ill, fig. 5.
1864. Ceratites (Haan) Gabb : Palaeontology of California, I, p. 22, pi. V, figs. 8-10.
1872. Goniatites (Haan) Waagen : Mem. Geol. Surv. of India, IX, p. 356.
1872. Sageceras, Mojsisovics : Verhandl. Geolog. Eeichsanst, 1872, p. 316.
1873. Sageceras, Mojsisovics : Gebirge um Hallstadt, I, p. 69, pi. XXIV, figs. 1-6.
1874. Sageceras (Mojs.) Karpinsky : Verbandl. Eais. Russ. Mineralog. Geos., IX, p. 286, pi. XII, figs. 9-14.
Already in my short note " on the occurrence of Ammonites associated with
Ceratites and Goniatites in the carboniferous deposits of the Salt-range," I indicated
that the shell described there as Goniatites primas was very likely the type of a
38 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
new genus of Ammonitidce, to establish which there were, however, at that time
not sufficient materials at hand. Immediately after the arrival of my note in
Europe, Mojsisovics, on reviewing it, established the genus Sageceras, which he
had already at an earlier date recognised and distinguished from triassic species.
The genus Sageceras is one of those among the Ammonitidce which from its
sutures alone may most easily be recognised, and seems to compose one of the most
natural groups of forms imaginable. Yet if we go more into details, we find that
the genus can easily be divided into two well-defined sections, each of which con-
tains several species.
Mojsisovics has rightly put some stress on the singular feature of the siphonal
lobe in some of the species of this genus ; but it is very remarkable that all the
species cannot boast of this peculiarity. That species which is longest known
to science, Sag. orbignyanum, Vern., exhibits most clearly the peculiar arrange-
ment of the siphonal lobe ; whilst the species Sag. haidingeri, described two years
later by Hauer, is quite different in that respect. The first is a palaeozoic,
the second a mesozoic species. Up to the present, no transitional forms between
the two types have been detected, and thus two sections can be established within
the genus, which might in the future even prove to be of generic value. It is only
to be regretted that species belonging to this genus are generally so very rare that
it is difficult to get sufficient materials for more minute investigations into the
structure of the shells.
Altogether eight species of this genus are known up to the present, of which
four (Sag. haidingeri, H., Sag. gabbi, Mojs., Sag. hauerianum, Kon., and Sag.
zsigmondyi, Bokh.) show the siphonal lobe very little developed ; whilst the remaining
four, (Sag. orbignyanum, Vern., Sag. artiense, Gruenen, Sag. sakmarce, Kaop., and
Sag. primas, Waagen) have got a very strangely developed siphonal lobe.
I shall therefore distinguish in the following descriptions two sections of the
genus : 1, Section of Sag. haidingeri, Hau., and 2, Section of Sag. orbignyanwm,
Vern. It is worthy of notice that the first section is of chiefly mesozoic distribu-
tion, whilst the second is entirely palaeozoic, three of the species occurring in the
sandstone of Artinsk, and one in the Productus-limestone of the Salt-range.
The materials at my disposal are, I regret to say, not sufficient to add anything
of importance to the proper knowledge of the genus. It would have been of
peculiar interest to ascertain whether in the forms with a well-developed siphonal
lobe the same augmentation of the adventive lobes takes place as has been observed
to occur in Sag. haidingeri ; but the single fragmentary specimen I have got for
description exhibits only five consecutive sutural lines, which are all perfectly
alike.
There are two species of Sageceras known to occur in the Salt-range, one
belonging to the first and one to the second section.
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 39
I. — Section of Sageceras haidingeri.
1. Sageceras hatjerianum, Koninck. PI. II, fig. 8.
1863. Ceratites hauerianus, Koninck : Fossiles Paleozoiques de l'lnde, p. 11, pi. Ill, fig. 5.
As I have not got any specimen of this species, I can only quote M. de
Koninck' s description :l
" This species, of which I have found unfortunately only a single fragment
among the fossils of Dr. Eleming, is rather nearly allied to Gon. haidingeri,
Hau., which also might well be considered as a Ceratite.
"As in the latter species, the sutures are very numerous and composed
of a great number of very narrow lobes and saddles, of which those situated
more towards the middle of the sides are a little larger than the others ; there are
five of them. Unfortunately the specimen is so badly preserved that it is impossible
to describe exactly the shape of the parts of its whorls, which have each eight
divisions at least. The back is keeled, and tolerably sharp. The thickness of the shell
must have been about 2J cent. The aperture seen from the front must bave been
sub-triangular, as is shown in fig. 5a."
Locality and geological position. — There is no indication as to what locahty
Dr. Pleming's specimen came from. It is therefore extremely difficult to decide
on the geological position it occupied. Every research on the spot for this species
was absolutely fruitless, as well in the Productus-limestone as in the Ceratite
beds, and I therefore am quite unable to give any reliable information as to its
geological age. The general relations of the species point more to a mesozoic
than a paheozoic age, but such general relations are very untrustworthy guides.
I have mentioned the species here on account of its generic identity with the
following one.
Remarks. — It would have been of much value if I could have given a
new figure of this species, as de Koninck's drawing is rather unsatisfactory ; but
all my endeavours to hunt up de Koninck's original specimen have been absolutely
fruitless up to tbe present. De Koninck states that the greater part of Dr. Pleming's
collection had been deposited by the latter in the " Museum of Calcutta." In the
Asiatic Society's collections there, however, nothing could be found of them ; and
what other " Museum" could be referred to, I do not know. However, I may yet
succeed in getting at those originals, and then I propose to give a new figure of the
present species on some later plate.
II. — Section of Sageceras orbignyanum, Vern.
2. Sageceras primas, Waagen. PL II, fig. 7.
1872. Goniatites primas, Waagen : Mem. Geol. Surv. of India, Vol. IX, p. 365, pi. I, fig. 4.
1873. Sageceras primas (Waagen) Mojsisovies : Gebirge um Hallstadt, I, p. 69.
1 In Memoires de la Socie'te Royale des Sciences de Liege, Vol. XVIII, p. 563: also, Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc.,
London, Vol. XIX, p. 12: Proc. Nov. 5, 1862.
40 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
There is only one fragment of a cast of this species, but it is sufficient to
ascertain the general form of the shell.
The shell is flat disciform, with a very small and not very deep umbilicus,
and a narrow siphonal part, which bears two sharp longitudinal ridges, between
which a rather deep excavation is observable.
The whorls are perfectly smooth, compressed, with flat sides, which are
slightly inflated a little above the umbilicus, and descend from there in an elegant
curve to the umbilical suture, without forming an umbilical edge or presenting
distinct umbilical walls. The whorls envelope each other almost completely, and
increase at the same time very rapidly in height, an inner whorl showing only
about one-third of the height of the outer one. The greatest thickness of the
whorls is situated within the lower third of the height of the whorl.
Most difficult is it to describe the sutures, as tbe designations which are
generally used for doing so do not hold good for this shell. Principally, there is
nothing which could properly be designated as a siphonal lobe. In the excavation
between the two ridges, on the siphonal part of the whorl, there is a long, narrow,
pointed lobe, serrated laterally, about six times as long as it is broad, bounded on
both sides by narrow saddles. The lower pointed termination of this lobe lies in
the same radius of the shell as that touching the last auxiliary lobes, where they
reach the umbilical suture. The two narrow saddles limiting this lobe on both
sides reach up very far, and bear four deep indentations on their umbilical side.
They are followed by a short lobe, about twice as long as broad, which has a finger
on each side about in the middle of its height and terminates in a leaf-shaped point-
ed part. The saddle which follows next is very short, reaching up only to the first
indentation of the narrow siphonal saddle, and is about half as long as it is
broad ; there is no indentation on its upper extremity. After this saddle there
follow three lobes, which are the most conspicuous of the whole set, reaching
somewhat further down than the three lobes of the siphonal apparatus. Each of
them bears a finger in the middle of its height on each side, and terminates in two
leaf -shaped pointed parts. The lobes are separated by narrow rounded saddles,
which are about equal in size, and reach no further up than the saddle following
next to the siphonal apparatus. The next lobe, the fourth, from the siphonal appa-
ratus, is shorter than the three preceding ones, but otherwise very similar in shape.
Erom this there follow yet seven lobes, rapidly diminishing in size as they approach
the umbilical suture, the larger ones of them still bear lateral fingers, the smaller
not, but all terminate in two pointed leaf -shaped branches. The saddles are all
rather narrow, never reaching far up, and perfectly rounded, without indentation
in their upper extremity. If we consider the point up to which the preceding
whorl reaches into the succeeding one, we find that that there are five or six lobes,
besides the siphonal apparatus, standing above the line drawn transversely across
the septum at that point. It is therefore very difficult to decide which of those
lobes ought to be considered as representing the lateral lobes of other Ammonites,
PRODUCTTTS-LIMESTONE — CEPHALOPODA. 41
as the most conspicuous lobes on the sides of the shell are the fourth, fifth, and sixth,
above the line specified. Besides this singular arrangement of the lateral lobes, the
most strange feature of the whole sutural line is the shifting towards the front of
the whole siphonal apparatus, so as to make the three lobes of which it is composed
appear much shorter than the lateral lobes, though they are in reality much longer.
Though there is only a fragment of this species, yet if we complete the spiral
from the short length of it which is preserved, we can succeed in getting a toler-
ably complete idea of the general outline and the dimensions of the whole shell.
The following measurements are taken in this way, but it must be remembered that
they can be only approximate. The dimensions of the shell seem to have been
the following : —
mm.
Diameter of the shell (about) .114
„ „ ,, umbilicus (about) 10
Height of the last whorl from the umbilical suture ....... 59
„ „ „ „ „ from the preceding whorl . 39
„ „ „ preceding whorl from the umbilical suture . . . . . . P 25
Thickness of the last whorl 23
Locality and geological position. — The specimen from which this species has
been described was collected by myself at Jabi, in exactly the same bed which has
also furnished several specimens of Xenodiscus carbonarius and Cyclolobus
oldhami. I took it with my own hands out of the rock in situ, and there
can exist, therefore, not the slightest doubt as to its occurring in the upper division
of the Productus-limestone. The close resemblance of this species to some of the
forms described from the sandstone of Artinsk is a feature which will be of value
for the exact determination of the age of the bed in which it occurs, in comparison
with the standard table of formations generally adopted in science.
Bemarks. — There are three species with which our form can be compared,
Sag. artiense, Gruenw., Sag. sahmarce, Karp., and Sag. orbignyanum, Vern. The
first two are not difficult to distinguish from our species by their somewhat broader
siphonal side of the shell, which leaves even two rows of crenulations in Sag. sah-
marce ; but the last of the three requires a closer comparison to find the specific
differences. The general form of the shell, the doubly-keeled narrow siphonal side,
the small umbilicus, and the transverse section of the whorls, are very much alike
in both species ; a marked difference appears, however, immediately we compare the
sutures of the septa. The narrow siphonal lobe is nearly identical in shape, but
the whole siphonal apparatus is not placed so far towards the front as in our species ;
there are not three principal lateral lobes, but only one; and in all the lobes
the lateral fingers, which are so conspicuous in Sag. primas, are absent in the
Prussian species. On the whole, it is obvious that in Sag. orbignyanum the sutures
are much less complicated, and the strange features of it, which I have pointed
out above, are less strongly developed than in the Indian form. If we accept the
observation so often made— that the general tendency of development in the
42 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Ammonites is, in each single developmental series, to complicate more and more the.
sutures, as the development of the series progresses in time — as indicating a general
law of development for the Ammonites, we are led to believe that very likely Sag.
orbignyanum, Vern., sp., and Sag. primas, W., may be in developmental connection.
Once this is admitted, it becomes very probable that Sag. orbignyanum must
have been prior in time, as it exhibits sutures which are less complicated than those
of Sag. primas ; whilst the latter must have succeeded the former after a more or
less long interval, during which the more complicated sutures of Sag. primas have
been developed by transmutation. Thus it would appear that the beds in which
Sag. primas has been found must have been deposited at a later period than the
sandstone of Artinsk which has furnished the specimens of Sag. orbignyanwm.
Order : TETPABBANCHIATA.
Family: NAUTILIDJE.
Genus : NAUTILUS, Linn^.1
As might have been expected in beds of upper palaeozoic age, the genus Nauti-
lus is abundantly represented in the Productus-limestone of the Salt-range. It is a
strange fact that among the materials brought by Dr. Fleming from that ground,,
only one species of Nautilus was included, and that another species could be assigned,
but doubtfully, to the Productus-limestone formation. The species which were
described from Dr. Fleming's collection by de Koninck were : Nautilus flemingi>
Kon., undoubtedly coming from palaeozoic strata, and Naut. burtini galeotti, very
likely of nummulitic age. The deficiency in the knowledge of the fauna of the
Productus-limestone, as indicated by only a single species of Nautilus being known,
has been largely filled up by the collections made by Mr. Wynne and myself as I
am now in a position to describe not less than ten species of Nautilus from these
beds. Altogether there have been described up to the present about 115 to 120
species of Nautilus from the newer palaeozoic formations (carboniferous and
permian), and this number already sufficiently indicated the preponderance of the
genus during those times. Whilst in the silurian formation only about twenty-two
species were present, the number during the devonian period was as low as seventeen,
and only in carboniferous times the genus attained such an enormous development
as it never attained again in more recent formations.
It is only natural that among the great number of species of Nautilus existing
during the newer palseozoic formations several divisions can be distinguished.
Several attempts have been made to sub-divide the genus into several subgenera ; but,
1 Since this part of the manuscript was completed, news of the recent publication of a large work on Carboniferous
Nautilidm by Mons. de Koninck have reached me. A letter from Mons. de Koninck kindly informed me that a copy
of the work was on its way to the library of the Geological Institute here, but after having waited for some weeks in vain,
the work not having yet arrived, I am forced to send this manuscript to press and to postpone references to de Koninck's
work to the general conclusions.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 43
though there are many indications to show that the animals inhabiting the differently
shaped shells: must have been of somewhat different organization, at present
the means have not yet been detected to discover in what manner the peculia-
rities of the shells must have been related to the animals, and thus all attempts
in the direction of sub-dividing the genus have been without a firm base, and
therefore could not be maintained. The only way which in the end might lead to
a definitive solution of the question — to study carefully and in detail the develop-
ment in time of the different series of forms, by which the present genus Nautilus
has been composed — has not yet been attempted in a single instance ; and thus the
classification of the forms belonging to the genus has not yet made much progress
since the investigations of Quenstedt, and the sub-divisions he proposed must still
be considered as the most practicable ones.
It is not possible for me here to attempt a new classification of the species of
Nautilus ; but there is no doubt, that the Nautili as well as the Ammonites can be
divided very properly into several groups, which, if properly, defined, might very well
prove to be of at least sub-generic value. And not only can such large divisions be
distinguished,, but also developmental series, such as have been described among the
Ammonites, are well characterised within the genus.
The divisions which have been pointed out to exist among the Nautili by
Quenstedt are the following : (1) Imperfecti, (2) Moniliferi, (3) Striati, (4)
Bi/mplices, (5) Undulati, (6) Aganites. Of these the first is chiefly palseozoic>
whilst the others for the greater part include mesozoic species. It is evident that
these sub-divisions are of very unequal value. Whilst some, like the Moniliferi,
include only a very few species, and represent not more than part of a developmental
series ; others, like the Imperfecti, comprise such a number of species that it be-
comes unavoidable to create some further groups. Attempts in this direction have
been made already by several authors, and American and other writers have created
several generic designations for different forms. I need only mention the names Tem-
nocheilus, M'Coy, Discites, M'Ooy, Trematodiscus, M. andW., Endolobus,~NL.&Ti&'W.,
Cryptoceras, Orb., etc., which all have been created to include species of Quenstedt's
Imperfecti, and the generic distinction of all of which is more than doubtful.
However, it is perfectly clear from all this, that the Imperfecti of Quenstedt cannot
be retained as equal in value to his other divisions.
The species of Nautilus, which have been found in the Productus-limestone of
the Salt-range, must be counted for the greater part with the Imperfecti; there is,
however, one which in its general appearance resembles more closely some mesozoic
form, and must be considered as very likely belonging to the Simplices of Quenstedt.
Among the Imperfecti from the Salt-range I am able to distinguish two divisions
which can easily be recognised from the general form of the shell. The first
division I call the Tuberculati, which possess broad, more or less depressed whorls
ornamented at their sides with a row of more or less closely arranged tubercles,
which are sometimes transformed into thick, tuberculated, radial ridges. The
44 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
type of tbis division is Naut. tuberculatus, Sow. : besides tbis tbere bave been des-
cribed a number of allied species in Europe, Asia, and America, ranging from
tbe devonian to tbe triassic formation. Tbe second division I am able to distinguish
I sball call the Ophionei ; the shell shows a very large umbilicus, the whorls are
compressed, but without any ridges or ornamentation, the siphonal part perfectly
rounded ; but in this as well as in other divisions, neither the position of the siphon
nor the width of the perforation in the centre of the shell can be used to charac-
terise the group.
Within these two divisions of the genus several developmental series can be
easily distinguished, one of which has a very wide geological range.
The oldest species which I am inclined to unite with the Tuberculati is Nauti-
lus subtuberculatus, Sandberger, out of rocks of devonian age. The characters of
the group are, however, not yet well developed in this species, as the tubercles
disappear in the older individuals, and an obtuse keel is present on the middle of the
ventral part of the shell. The typical form of the species belonging to this group
is only exhibited by Naut. tuberculatus, Sow., itself, and from it the group can be
traced without interruption up to the top of the palaeozoic formations. The species,
which is most closely allied to the one described by Sowerby, is Naut. tuberculatus,
Verneuil (non Sow.), the distinctness of which species from the true tuberculatus,
has been recognised long since by Prof. Mbller, without, however, his introducing
a hew name for it. It would be convenient to call this species Natjt. molleei,
Waagen. Next comes Naut. flemingi, Koninck, which is the geologically oldest
species of the Tuberculatus group occurring in the Salt-range. He Koninck's
original, which I am in a position to refigure, thanks to the liberality of the Geo-
logical Society of London, in whose collection it has been preserved, comes from
the middle region of the Productus-limestone. This is followed by Naut. goli-
athus, Waagen, which species I shall have to describe hereafter; it was found
in the lower part of the upper division of the Productus-limestone. A species
which is again very nearly aUied to Naut. molleri, but easily distinguishable by
the more numerous tubercles, and which also very likely closely resembles young
specimens of Naut. goliathus, is Naut. multituberculatus, Waagen. It is the most
recent species of the group in the Salt-range, and was found in beds at the very
top of the Productus-limestone formation. With this species the group of Naut.
subtuberculatus seems to terminate, as no species, thoroughly allied to the group,
has as yet been found in more recent formations.
Another series of forms which is very closely allied with the foregoing, but
which can always be distinguished by the somewhat squarish transverse section
of the whorls, whilst the foregoing group has this section always more or less
triangular, is the one of which Naut. tuberculatus, Trantschold (non Sow.) must
be considered as the geologically oldest form. The difference of this species from
the true N. tuberculatus, Sow., is so obvious, that I think nobody will object
when I introduce a new name for this form, and I propose to call it from its des-
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 45
criber Natjt. trantscholdi, Waagen. This species was found in the upper carbon-
iferous limestone of Miatchkowa. To it some forms in the Salt-range are most
closely related. They form part of the fauna of the Upper Productus-limestone,
and I shall describe them under the names of Naut. transitorius, Waagen, and
Naut. wynnei, "Waagen. The latter very naturally leads us to Naut. dorso-armatus,
Abich, and Naut. tubercular is, Abich, from Djoulfa on the Araxes, and these again
furnish the connecting link with Naut. pichleri, Hauer, which is characteristic of
the Muschelkalk formation of the Alps, and is on its part again intimately connected
with several upper triassic species. Another branch, which also very likely
takes its origin from the same series of forms, is that composed of Nautilus
homesi, Stache, N. sebedinus, St., and N. crux, St., out of the Bellerophon-lime-
stones of the Alps, whilst Naut.fugax, Mojs., recalls again more vividly the form
of the shell as it is exhibited by the older species, N. trantscholdi, transitorius,
or wynnei.
A species which also very likely must be considered as forming part of the
group of Naut. trantscholdi, but which is somewhat aberrant in its development,
is Naut. latissimus, Waagen, out of the very top beds of the Productus-limestone
formation of the Salt-range. To this species Naut. talladii, Mojs., out of the
Alpine Muschelkalk seems to be rather nearly related.
With these forms, however, the number of species belonging to the Tubercu-
lati is yet far from complete. A great many shells belonging to this group have
been described from American localities, but all of them seem to belong to develop-
mental series entirely different from those just pointed out among the European
and Asiatic species. Only Naut. occidentalis, Schumard (non Hall) bears a close
resemblance to Naut. trantscholdi, W., and might belong to the same developmental
series.
As to the occurrence in time of the different forms mentioned above, it is abso-
lutely impossible at present to indicate with any tolerable certainty the exact suc-
cession in time of species coming from different localities. The more minute strati-
graphy of the beds in which these species occur is yet so far from being exactly
known that indications in that direction bear only the character of very vague
general parallelism, and thus an exact homotaxis of the upper palaeozoic deposits
has not yet been established. Only for the species occurring in the Salt-range the
relative position can be positively affirmed.
The other division of the Imperfect Nautili which I have proposed above are
the Ophionei. The number of species belonging to this division is far smaller than
that belonging to the Tuberculati, but nevertheless the few forms hitherto dis-
covered are of very great interest. A group of forms, which is very nearly allied
to the Ophionei, is composed of those species which are more or less allied to Naut.
subsulcatus, Phill., but I think the division here under consideration ought not to
be so far extended as to comprise also these forms, and it will be much more prac-
ticable to create for the latter a separate division. In the extension I have in mind
46 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
to attribute to the division, the Ophionei take their origin from a species which I
have collected in the lowest beds of the middle region of the Productus-limestone
of the Salt-range, and which I shall call Naut. ophioneus, Waagen. In very near
relation to this species is Naut. connectens, "Waagen, from the highest beds of the
middle Productus-limestone. It forms the connecting link with Naut. convolutus,
Waagen, out of the upper region of the Productus-limestone. In these species a
very; marked tendency is observable, to close the perforation in the centre of the
umbilicus and to produce more and more a rounded section of the whorls. . This
same tendency holds good also for the more recent species which belong to ..the
same developmental series. There is in the first place to be mentioned Naut.
spitiensis, Stol., out of the Himalayan Muschelkalk formation, which is distinct from
Naut. convolutm by its still more closely coiled spiral and the more ventral or exter-
nal position of its siphon. Stoliczka very reasonably points out the close resemblance
of his species to Naut. brevis, Hauer, out of middle triassic beds of the Alps, and
there is a great probability that this species and its relatives stand in close develop-
mental connection with the Indian shells.
Of other than Indian species there are some which belong beyond doubt to the
division of the Ophionei, but I cannot state if they possibly might be counted also
with the developmental series of Naut. ophioneus. Such a form is Naut. tulensis,.
Barbot de Marny, out of the lower Mountain-limestone of the Government of
Toula, Naut. parallelus, Abich, from the upper carboniferons beds of Djulfa on the
Araxes, etc.
Prom what has been said on the foregoing pages, we see that the species of
Nautilus occurring in the palaeozoic beds of the Salt-range can be properly classified
in the following manner : —
I. Section : Simplices.
Naut. peregrinus, Waagen.
II. Section : Tuberculati.
a. Group of Naut. subtuberculatus, Sandb.
1. Naut.flemingi, Koninck.
2. „ goliathus, Waagen.
3. „ multituberculatus, Waagen.
b. Group of Naut. trantscholdi, Waagen.
1. Naut. transitorius, Waagen.
<J. „ wynnei, Waagen.
c. Aberrant species.
1. Naut. latissimus, Waagen.
III. Section : Ophionei.
a. Group of Naut. ophioneus, Waagen.
1. Naut. ophioneus, Waagen.
2. „ connect ens, Waagen.
3. „ convolutus. Waagen.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 47
Though there are three divisions of the Nautili present in the Salt-range, this
represents but a very small fraction of the entire variety of forms included in the
genus. Even if we compare only the Nautili occurring in the upper formations of
the palseozoic series, we find that the variety of forms which they contain is gene-
rally far greater than that represented in the Salt-range strata. Principally two divi-
sions of the genus are strongly developed in the carboniferous strata of Europe and
America ; these are the Compressi and the Multicarinati. The former, for which
I am inclined to introduce the above name, comprise chiefly those forms which
are united by M'Coy in his sub-genus Discites, whilst the type for the latter is re-
presented by the species Naut. multicarinatus, Sow. It is a fact worthy of notice
that these two divisions of the genus are altogether absent in the Salt-range, not a
single one of them having as yet been detected there. On the other hand, the forms
which are present in the Salt-range have mostly their chief development in higher
strata, though the type commences partly in the devonian period. So also the
Tuberculati are represented in the lower carboniferous limestone of England, etc.,
only by a few species ; whilst in the upper carboniferous limestone of Russia, etc.,
there are about ten species, which on their part have again their nearest allies in
dyas and trias of the Alps. Of the Ophionei this is less apparent, but the Sim-
plices, which also have a representation in the Salt-range, are of a nearly exclusively
mesozoic and tertiary distribution.
I.— Section: SIMPLICES.
1. Nautilus peregrinus, "Waagen, n. sp. PI. VI, fig. 3.
Though the only specimen of this species, which I possess for description, is in
rather bad preservation, yet the general form of it is so remarkable that I think it
expedient to notice it more in detail, and to propose a new name for it.
The general form of the shell is thick lenticular, with a broadly rounded exter-
nal part. The umbilicus is very small and deep, surrounded by curved umbilical
walls, which unite with the sides of the whorl without forming any edge. The
concavity of the septa on the sides towards the mouth of the shell is rather shallow ;
and the sutures, where the septa unite with the external shell, are very nearly
straight ; they are very slightly curved backwards on the sides of the shell, and
form a low arch towards the front on the external part of the whorl. The septa are
not very numerous, about twelve or fourteen on each whorl, but it is difficult to count
them accurately on the existing specimen. The position of the siphon is not well
observable, but it seems to be within the outer third of the radial diameter of the
septum, and as far as can be made out, it seems rather thick. The latter end of the
last whorl in the specimen under consideration belongs to the body chamber.
The specimen is, however, not full grown, as the last septa are not more closely
arranged.
48 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
It is very difficult to give tlie exact measurements of the specimen, as it is
obliquely compressed, whereby all dimensions are more or less altered from what
they were originally. As far as can be made out, the specimen seems to have had
the following dimensions : —
mm.
Diameter of the shell 90
„ „ umbilicus 6
Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture 58
„ >7 „ from the preceding whorl ? 37
„ „ preceding whorl from the umbilical suture 28
„ „ „ „ from the one following next 22
Distance of siphon in this whorl from the outer part of the preceding one ... 15
Thickness of the aperture ? 35
„ „ preceding whorl 25
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species which is
preserved in the Salt-range collection was found by myself in the thick compact
limestones of the middle division of the Productus-limestone at Kbiira.
Remarks. — This species is very remarkable on account of its near affinity to the
mesozoic, chiefly Jurassic, species of Nautilus. I do not know any Nautilus in
palaeozoic strata which would approach so nearly the mesozoic forms ; either the
umbilicus is larger, or the position of the siphon is exceptional, but if we compare,
for instance Naut. subinflatus, Orb., or Naut. intumescens, W., with our species, the
affinity is so great that the only difference rests in the more compressed form of
our species. Already in the description of N intumescens (Pal. Ind., Jur. Fauna
of Kachh, Vol. I), I have pointed out that this species is most nearly allied to the
living Naut. pompilius, L. ; and there is no doubt that N. peregrinus must, like the
species just mentioned, be put into the same division of the genus, the Simplices
of Quenstedt. From the Striati of Quenstedt, our species, like the living Naut.
pompilius or the allied Jurassic species, differs by the absence of the somewhat
flattened external part of the shell, which is characteristic of this latter division of
Nautili.
II.— Section : TUBERCTJLATL
a. Group of NAUTILUS SUBTUBEBCULATUS, Sandberger.
1. Nautilus plemingianus, Koninck. PI. Ill, fig. 2.
1863. Nautilus flemingiarms, Koninck : Fossiles Paleozoiques de l'lnde, p. 7, pi. VIII, fig. 2.
The description of this species by de Koninck is so excellent that I have but
very little to add to it.
The species is represented by a single fragment, which is, however, so well
preserved that it is easy to recognise the peculiarities of the species from it.
The general form of the shell is thick disciform. The umbilicus is very wide,
the whorls only touching each other. The whorls are broad, with a somewhat
triangular section, the largest transverse diameter lying near the outer part of the
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.—CEPHALOPODA. 49
whorl. The cast is provided with a Tery characteristic ornamentation, which, on the
one hand, proves the affinity of the species to the group of Naut. subtuberculatus,
Sandh., on the other, however, it also furnishes distinctive characters whereby the
species is easily separated from the allied forms.
The first two or three whorls, up to a diameter of the shell of 55 mm., are per-
fectly smooth. The whorls are depressed, about as broad as high, and the transverse
section of them is rather more squarish than triangular. When the shell grows
larger slight protuberances begin to appear near the outer margin of the whorls ;
they are low, thick and elongated so as to extend towards the umbilical margin.
With the progressing increase of the shell these protuberances increase in heights
which is greatest near the outer margin of the whorl. As far as I am able to judge,
there seem to have been about eighteen of these protuberances on the last whorl,
each alternate air-chamber bearing one on each side. The external or ventral part
of the shell is broad and depressed, but not flat, and is perfectly smooth, without
ornamentation.
The septa are very numerous. They show a very slight lobe on each side and
on the external part of the whorl, and a very low rounded saddle on both external
margins and on the umbilical margins of the whorl. Their number is not equal
throughout the whole extent of the shell. If we measure the breadth of each whorl
and take the same distance on the side of the whorl, we find, that on the first
whorl, which is distinctly visible in the fragment, five septa are comprised within
this distance, on the second there are six and on the third eight, whilst at the same
time the breadth of each whorl remains unchanged, equal its height. It is very
difficult to judge how many septa there may have been in each whorl; there
may have been about thirty-six to thirty-eight on the last one, about thirty to
thirty-three on the preceding, and about eighteen to twenty on the innermost whorl.
There are no means to ascertain how large the perforation in the centre of the
umbilicus may have been.
The position of the siphon seems to be as indicated by de Koninck, that is,
in the outer third of the height of the whorl, but it is so very indistinct that I
cannot say anything positive about it.
The dimensions of the shell seem to have been the following : —
mm.
Diameter of the shell ahout 173
„ ,, umbilicus about 70
Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture 64
„ „ „ top of preceding whorl 61
„ preceding whorl from the umbilical suture 33
„ „ „ top of innermost whorl 31
Thickness of aperture 63
„ preceding whorl 31
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species which
has been found up to the present was collected by Dr. Fleming at Musakheyl in
N
50 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS,
a grey compact limestone, which beyond any doubt belongs to the middle region of
the Productus-limestone, as no similar rock occurs there in any other division of
that formation. We therefore can most positively assert, that Naut. flemingianus
belongs to the fauna of the middle Productus-limestone (division No. 2 of the
list, page 8).
Remarks. — Though Naut. flemingianus bears a certain resemblance to Naut.
tuberculatus, Sow., yet it is not difficult to distinguish the two species. Already M.
de Koninck has pointed out the chief differences, and there is but little to be added
to his observations. The form of the tubercles, their position on alternate air cham-
bers, and the much more numerous septa in our species, are sufficiently distinctive
characters to separate it from the English shell as described by Phillips and
Sowerby. Somewhat more closely allied is Naut. molleri, W., but this species
also has its tubercles differently shaped and less numerous, and besides this, the
septa are more numerous in the Eussian form than even in the Indian species. If
we compare specimens of equal size, we find that at a diameter of the shell of about
30 mm. there are about thirty-five septa on the last whorl in Naut. molleri, whilst
in Naut. flemingianus there are at the diameter mentioned not more than about
twenty septa on the last whorl.
Of other species of the Tuberculati none is so closely allied as to require special
notice. I might mention Naut. tuberosus, M'Coy, Naut. ponderosus, Meek and H.,
and several species described in Worthen's Illinois reports ; but the resemblance of
all these to deKoninck's species is so superficial that it seems not necessary to
indicate the differences in detail.
2. Nautilus goliathus, Waagen, n. sp. PI. IV.
This species is represented by a single complete specimen and a small fragment
but as its form is very characteristic and its geological position well ascertained, it
can well be described under a proper specific designation.
The general form of the shell is that of a very thick disk. The umbilicus is
very deep, but not very wide ; the whorls are very thick and inflated with an
extremely broad flattened external part. The transverse section of the whorls is
broad trapezoidal, the broadest diameter being near the outer edge of the whorl.
The lateral parts of the whorls unite with the external part in a rounded edge,
which is ornamented with a row of thick elongated rib -like tubercles extending
halfway down the height of the whorl. There are about fifteen of these tubercles
on the specimen of a diameter of 168 mm. The lateral parts of the whorls
slope down from the external edge regularly to the umbilical suture, only showing
a slight curve, without forming any umbilical edge or a distinct umbilical wall.
The septa of this species are slightly curved like those of the preceding one,
but they are much less numerous. Besides this there is no relation between the
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 51
air chambers and the tubercles, as is tbe case in Naut. flemingianus. The specimen
I have got for description is not sufficiently well preserved to count the number of
septa on each whorl, but there may have been about thirty-two on the last circuit.
The position of the siphon could not be ascertained.
The dimensions are somewhat difficult to take, as the specimen has been
obliquely compressed, but they seem to have been as follows : —
mm.
Diameter of the shell 169
„ „ „ umbilicus 53
Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture 76
», >i „ „ „ „ preceding whorl P 60
Thickness of the aperture 97
Locality and geological position. — The only complete specimen of this species
in the Salt-range collection was found by myself in the lowest beds of the upper
division of the Productus-limestone, not far from the Serai at Katwahi, in the
bed of a stream, not loose on the ground, but in the rock in situ. A small
fragment, which also very likely belongs to this species, was collected by Mr. Wynne
at Jalar among the debris. Prom its preservation it is probable that it also came
from the upper region of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks^ — Naut. goliathus is most nearly allied to the species described by de
Koninck under the name of Naut. fiemmgianus, as already noticed more in detail.
However, in comparing the figures given on Pis. Ill and IV, one will easily notice
the differences which exist between the two species, and which consist in the greater
thickness of the whorls, the different arrangement of the septa, and the compara-
tively smaller umbilicus of Naut. goliathus. Prom Naut. tuberculatus, Sow., and
Naut. moller^ W., our species is also easily distinguishable by the much smaller
umbilicus and the greater thickness of the whorls. Of foreign species only Naut.
(Endolobus) sjpectabilis, Meek and Worthen, bears a certain resemblance, but the
transverse section of the whorls in this species is quite different from that in the
Indian form.
3. Nautilus multitubeeculatus, Waagen, n. sp. PI. VI, fig. 5.
Among all the species of Nautilus from the Salt-range this one has the
greatest resemblance to Naut. tuberculatus, Sow. ; but as there are nevertheless
some striking differences, a new name for this form cannot be avoided.
The general form of the shell is thick disciform, with a very wide and rather
deep umbilicus. The transverse section of the whorls is triangular, the external
part being very broad and depressed, and forming an obtuse edge with the lateral
part of the whorls, which is provided with a row of thick radially elongated tuber-
cles. The lateral parts of the whorls slope regularly with a slight curve to the
umbilical suture, without forming any umbilical edge or an umbilical wall. The
52 SALT-KANGE FOSSILS.
tubercles are very numerous, but as the entire whorl is not preserved in the specimen
I have got for description, I am unable to state exactly how many there may have
been on one circuit. As far as I can judge, however, there may have been about
twenty -three. The form of the septa is not well observable, as the specimen is
covered with its shell ; for the same reason I am unable to state how many of them
there may have been on one circuit. So much, however, can be observed, that the
tubercles are not located on alternate air chambers. The siphon is rather narrow
and pierces the septum exactly in its centre.
The shell seems to be entirely smooth, only with the lens are very fine lines of
growth observable, the direction of which can, however, not be followed. If we
complete the outlines of the shell as indicated by the existing fragment, forming
only the inner volutions of a larger shell, the entire specimen seems to have
had the following dimensions : —
mm.
Diameter of the shell (about) 43
„ „ „ umbilicus (about) ......... 17
Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture 15
„ „ „ „ „ „ preceding whorl 135
Thickness of the aperture 24
Locality and geological position. — The only fragment of this species which
has been found up to the present was collected by myself near Amb, in the very
highest beds of the Productus-limestone, just below the Ceratite formation.
Remarks. — The form which most resembles the present species is Naut.
molleri, Waagen. The most striking difference from this shell, however, consists
in the number of tubercles, which in Naut. molleri, in a specimen nearly equal in
size to the one described here, is not more than about fourteen, whilst in our species
this number is about twenty-three. Of other species, chiefly Naut. goliathtis, W.,
must be compared ; but it is difficult to state exactly the affinities or differences of
the two shells, as the sizes of the existing specimens are so very unequal. As far as
I am able to judge, Naut. multiiuberculatus seems to differ from the species des-
cribed above by more numerous tubercles, and by whorls which are comparatively
broader.
It is a fact, which requires more special notice, that the species now under
consideration reproduces again so closely the form of Naut. molleri, whilst it
seems less allied to the two species described before it, Naut. flemingianus and
Naut. goliathus. This strange fact seems either attributable to atavism, or else I
have possibly mixed up two different developmental series, one of which might
be composed of Naut. subtuberculatus. Sandb., Naut. tuberculatus, Sow., Naut.
molleri, W., and Naut. multituberculatus, W., whilst the other would be represented
by the two species Naut. flemingianus and Naut. goliathus. It is very difficult
to decide which of the two interpretations of the facts will be the correct one, as the
correlations of the different beds within the newer palaeozoic formations is as yet so
little known that it is at present impossible to indicate which of the two different
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 53
kinds of arrangement of the species will show the real succession in time of the
different forms. Certainly, if there are two different developmental series included
in my group of Naut. subtuberculatus, Sandb., they are very closely allied to each
other, and there is but very little doubt that the one has taken its origin from the
other ; but then it is not possible to indicate the exact time when the one has been
separated from the other, as the one which would be characterised by Naut.
fiemingianus is already well developed in this species, without geologically older
connecting species being known.
h. Group op NAUTILUS TRANTSCHOLDI, Waagen.
1. Nautilus transitobxus, Waagen, n. sp. PI. V, fig. 1 ; PI. VI, fig. 4.
The general form of tbis species is very different according to the age of the
shell.
The whole shell appears thick disciform, with a wide and rather shallow umbili-
cus. The transverse section of the whorls is somewhat squarish, the outer or
ventral part of the shell being flat with a shallow depression in the middle. The
lateral parts of the whorls are perpendicular, and form a distinct angle with the
external part. The umbilicus is surrounded by a distinct umbilical wall, which
forms a more or less distinct edge where it unites with the lateral parts of the
whorls.
In the young shell the first circuit has a diameter of about 17 mm., being pierced
in the middle by a central aperture of about 5 or 6 mm. in diameter. The com-
mencement of the shell is quite smooth (the entire form of the " calotte" not being
well observable) and very depressed, the transverse section about twice as broad
as high ; but already towards the end of the first circuit the ornamentation of the
shell begins to appear. This consists of a prominent crest along the umbilical edge
and of low folds on the outer margin of the whorl, where the lateral and external
parts of the shell unite. As the shell grows larger these folds increase considerably
in height, and extend more and more towards the crest which surrounds the umbili-
cus. There may have been about fifteen of these folds on the third volution, how
many there may have been on the second is not observable. On all these inner
whorls the external part of the shell seems to have been entirely smooth, without
marked depression in the middle.
On the last whorl the sculpture changes considerably. Already towards the
end of the third volution the crest on the umbilical margin thickens at certain
intervals, and generally one of these nodular thickenings corresponds to two of those
folds on the lateral parts of the whorl. On the last whorl now this crest is entirely
resolved into single high knobs along the umbilical edge, and no proper crest remains.
These knobs unite with alternate high thick ribs, which come from the external
margin of the whorl, and are highest on that margin. Between these there are
54 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
other ribs equally high on the outer margin of the whorl, but which disappear
gradually towards the umbilical edge. The whole system of sculpture becomes less
prominent towards the mouth of the shell.
The strong ribs which cover the lateral parts of the last whorl extend on this
whorl in a somewhat retrograde direction to the external or ventral part of the
shell, up to near the middle of it, and terminate there as two very low longitudinal
ridges which border a tolerably broad medial depression on both sides.
It is very difficult to observe what form the sutures of the septa may have
possessed, as the whole specimen is covered with its shell, but it seems that there
were sinuosities both on the sides and on the external part of the whorl.
I am not able to indicate anything as to the number of septa in one whorl, but
the siphon is clearly observable on one of the septa. It is very narrow, and in its
position nearer the internal than the external side of the whorl.
The dimensions of one of the specimens are as follows : —
mm.
Diameter of the shell (about) ........... 130
„ of the umbilicus (about) .......... 53
Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture ....... 53
„ „ from the preceding whorl ....... 48
Thickness of the aperture ............ 63
Locality and geological position. — There are two specimens of this species
in the Salt-range collection ; one of them was collected by myself on the road from
Vurcha to Uchali, in the lower beds of the upper division of the Productus-lime.
stone ; the other was found by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat, also in the upper
division of the Productus-limestone ; the species seems thus to be restricted to that
group of the formation.
Remarks. — This species is very remarkable as forming the transitional link
between Naut. trantscholdi and a series of forms which shows its largest devel-
opment only in lower mesozoic strata. Whilst in Naut. trantscholdi, W., the
form of the shell, as is exhibited in young specimens of Naut. transitorms, a
high crest surrounding the umbilical wall, and tuberculated folds along the outer
margin of the whorl, remain up to the very mouth of the shell, in Naut. transitorms
this kind of ornamentation is restricted to the inner volutions, whereas on the last
whorl it is resolved into a number of thick separated folds, as is the case in the
geologically younger forms.
As a species, Naut. transitorius is not very difficult to distinguish from the
allied forms. In all stages of development it is distinct from Naut. trantscholdi,
W., by the absence of the rows of small tubercles on both sides of the median
depression along the external part of the shell. Of other species Naut. tubercularis,
Abich, must be compared ; but in this species not only the crest or the tubercles
along the umbilical edge are also absent, but the transverse section of the whorls
is entirely different. Very few other species can be compared, but even if they
bear a certain resemblance a distinction is still not difficult.
PPODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 55
2. Nautilus wynnei, Waagen, n. sp. PL III, fig. L
This species, though very nearly allied to the preceding one, can be very well
distinguished from it by the peculiarities of its ornamentation.
The general form of the shell is very thick disciform, with a wide and tolerably
shallow umbilicus. The section of the whorls is transversely rectangular. The
external part of the shell is strongly depressed with an excavation in the middle,
which is bordered on both sides by a distinct low and not very sharp ridge. On the
outer edge of the whorl there is a row of thick prominent tubercles, from which
faint ribs extend towards the median depression on the external part of the shell,
and much stronger ones on the lateral parts of the whorl towards the umbilical
edge. The lateral parts of the whorls are very little rounded, the umbilical edge is
not very sharp and without crest or ridge. The umbilicus is surrounded by a high
umbilical wall. The number of tubercles is about fifteen or sixteen on the last
whorl, and they seem to be comparatively more numerous towards the end of it than
they are at the beginning.
There is no means of ascertaining the changes the ornamentation of the
shell may have undergone during its growth, as the inner volutions of the shell
are not preserved in the specimen I have for description.
The septa are very numerous, but this seems to be partly due to the specimen
being full grown, as the last of the septa are much more closely arranged than those
at the beginning of the last whorl. The sutural lines of the septa are very strongly
concave in front on both sides of the whorl and also on the external part, where
they form a shallow somewhat angular lobe, whilst they exhibit a convexity on
both the external margins and on the umbilical edges of the whorl.
The siphon is exactly central and very likely nummuloid, of which fact, however,
I am not quite certain. In a section in the middle of an air chamber between two
septa at about half the length of the last whorl the siphon is not less than 6 mm.
thick. It is not probable that the hole by which the siphon pierces the septum has
got equal dimensions ; it is probably narrower, which necessarily would make the
siphon appear nummuloid. Within the siphon no radial laniellse can be observed.
The dimensions of the only specimen of this species are as follows : —
mm.
Diameter of the shell 120
„ of the umbilicus 49
Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture 44
„ „ „ from the preceding whorl . . . . ... .38
Thickness of the aperture 58
The specimen is preserved up to the very last air chamber, but the body cham-
ber has been entirely broken away. It is quite full grown.
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species which is
preserved in the Salt-range collection was found by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat on
the road from Shahpur to Sukesar mountain. From great numbers of other fossils
56 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
which Mr. Wynne has collected there together with the Cephalopoda, it is evident
that he has taken them from the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
Khund Ghat is one of the richest fossil localities of the upper Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — It is not difficult to distinguish this species from some allied forms,
First it differs from Naut. transitorius, W., by the absence of a crest along the
umbilical edge, or the tubercles which replace it on the last whorl of that species.
The ribs are not in pairs, and the excavation on the external part of the shell is
narrower and more distinct. Of other species, chiefly Naut. dorsoarmatus, Abich, is
rather nearly allied, and indeed the inner volutions of our species must have been
very like Abich's species from Djulfa. But in the latter the external part of the
shell is very little excavated, and, the tubercles are more pointed and prominent ; the
septa are less concave on the lateral as well as on the external parts of the whorl.
The middle triassic Naut. pichleri, Hau., is easily distinguishable by the absence of
an excavation on the external part of the whorl and more numerous tubercles. A
more close affinity exists between our species and Naut. homesi, Stache. The
system of sculpture is entirely identical in both species, only the Alpine species has
a greater number of tubercles and the lateral parts of the whorl more smooth. In
all other respects the similarity is very great.
Naut. wynnei thus appears as a thoroughly intermediate form between the
older species of the Tuherculati and those triassic forms which hitherto could only
with some doubt be considered as belonging to that division of the genus.
c. ABERRANT SPECIES.
1. Nautilus latissimus, Waagen, n. sp. PL VI, fig. 1.
This species is remarkable on account of its following a nearly opposite develop-
ment to that which I have described in Naut. transitorius. There is but little
doubt that it has taken its origin from the latter species, but its development is of
such a kind as to suggest that this species is due to a kind of " atavism."
The general form of the shell is nearly globular, with a not very wide, but
extremely deep, umbilicus. The transverse section of the whorls is rather different
in different stages of growth, but there is always a sharp crest on the umbilical edge,
whence a very high perpendicular or sloping umbilical wall extends towards the
umbilical suture. I have not any specimen in which I could observe the first stages
of growth, nor can I state how large the perforation in the centre of the shell may
have been. The smallest size of the shell which I am able to describe measures
already 23 mm. in diameter. At that size the whorls are very depressed, the exter-
nal part of the shell rounded and slightly prominent, the lateral parts very low,
passing gradually into the external part, and covered with numerous broad rounded
folds. The umbilical edge is provided with a prominent ridge, which directly passes
into the high perpendicular umbilical wall.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 57
At a diameter of about 55 mm. the form of the shell is somewhat changed, the
external part is less prominent, more depressed ; the lateral parts are higher, hut yet
without forming any distinct external margin of the whorl. The folds on both sides
of the whorl become gradually lower and broader, but the umbilical edge is still
provided with a distinct longitudinal ridge, and the umbilical wall is still perfectly
perpendicular.
Again at a diameter of 85 mm. the form of the shell is once more changed.
The external part of the shell is very nearly flat, onty very little prominent; The
transverse section of the whorls is no longer approximately semicircular as in
younger specimens, but more or less rectangular, the lateral parts of the whorl
forming an obtuse external edge, where they unite with the external part. The
sides of the whorl are perfectly smooth without any trace of folds or any other
ornamentation. The ridge on the umbilical edge has very nearly disappeared, only
a sharp umbilical edge has remained. The umbilical wall is as high as ever, only
no longer perpendicular, but sloping.
With this form the last stage of development seems to be attained. I cannot
indicate, however, how large the species may have grown ; but in all the stages
of growth the thickness of the whorls in comparison to their height is excessive,
so that they are about twice as broad as high.
The septa are not very numerous, but none of the specimens is sufficiently well
preserved to count how many there were in one circuit. Their distance from each
other in the external part of the shell is exactly the fifth part of the transverse
diameter of the whorl. The sutures of the septa are very little curved, only slightly
sinuous as well on the lateral as on the external part of the whorl.
The siphon is not visible on any of the specimens.
The dimensions of the two specimens of this species in the Salt-range collection,
No. 1 being from Virgal, No. 2 from Khund Ghat, are as follows : —
i. n.
mm. mm.
Diameter of the shell 62 85
„ of the umbilicus at the umbilical suture . . . . . .17 P 23
„ „ „ „ edge 23 34
Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture 35 44
„ „ from the preceding whorl . . . , . .28 ? 36
Thickness of the aperture 54 P 68
Locality and geological position. — There are two specimens of this species
preserved in the Salt-range collection. One of them was collected by myself at
Virgal, in the uppermost beds of the upper division of the Productus-limestone
(band No. 1 of my section) ; the other was found by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat,
also in the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — It is not in the least difficult to distinguish this species from those
previously described. The only one which can be compared with Naut. latissimus
is Naut. trail sit orins, W. The full grown shells of both species are, however, as
p
58 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
dissimilar as possible, the one being smooth, the other provided with strong ribs
and tubercles, only young specimens are somewhat similar. The whorls of Naut-
latissimus are, however, in all stages of growth, more depressed and broader than
those of Naut. transitorius.
The full grown form of Naut. latissimus is very remarkable for a certain similar-
ity to those species of Nautilus which have been considered by Quenstedt as
forming his group of the Moniliferi. If we compare specimens of Naut. Mdorsatus,
Schlotheim, we find that the general form of the shell agrees pretty well with
that of the full-grown shell of Naut. latissimus, only the whorls are broader and
the outer edge of the whorls is less angular in the latter than in Schlotheimfs
species. The directly connecting links between the two species, however, are absent,
and thus it cannot be ascertained whether we have to deal here really with the
ancestor of those triassic forms or not, but the similarity must not be lost sight of.
A resemblance which is yet more striking exists between Naut. latissimus and
Naut. palladii, Mojs., out of the Muschelkalk formation of the Alps. The general
form of the shell in both species is nearly identical, but, whilst in the former the
sculpture disappears only in the full-grown shell, in the latter the shell is smooth
from its commencement. There is, however, a great probability of the develop-
mental connection of the two species.
III.— Section : OPHIONEI.
a. Grotjp op NAUTILUS OPBIONEUS, Waagen.
1. Natjtiltts ophionetjs, Waagen, n. sp. PI. V, fig. 2.
The general form of the shell is that of a flat disc, with a very large perfor-
ation in the centre ; the umbilicus is very wide and shallow, the whorls compressed,
much higher than broad ; the external part of the shell quite roundedj without
any edges or ridge.
The character which is most striking in this species is the diameter of the
perforation in the centre of the shell. The commencement of the shell is cylin-
droidal, and a fragment of the first whorl might easily pass as a Cyrtoceras. The
" calotte" could not be well observed, as the whole fossil consists of calcspar, and
in cleaning the specimen for description the innermost part of the shell was slowly
crumbling away. Only the latter part of the first half of the first whorl has
remained tolerably intact; but a drawing could be made before the whole was
destroyed. The transverse section of the first whorl, up to the commencement of
the second, is perfectly rounded, circular in the beginning and slowly increasing
in height as the second circuit is approached. The shell is perfectly smooth with-
out any ornamentation. The first volution of the shell has not less than 60 mm.
in diameter. As the first whorl is completed and the involution of the whorls
commences with the second whorl, the transverse' section completely changes, an
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 50
umbilical edge appears, and distinct low umbilical walls are developed. Erom the
second whorl the increase of the shell regularly progresses. The umbilical walls
become gradually more and more sloping, and the edge which surrounded the
umbilicus, less distinct. The external part of the shell is always perfctly rounded,
without any depression or edges.
The septa are always very numerous, but their distance from each other varies
according to the age of the shell. In the first whorl their distance is about
equal to half the height of the whorl, in the second this distance is about one-third
of the height of the whorl, and in the third it is only about one-fifth of this height,
wherefrom it appears that the septa get more and more numerous as the shell
increases in size.
The sutures of the septa are very strongly sinuous on the sides of the whorl,
but go straight over the external part of the shell. On the inner whorls they are
less sinuous than on the outer.
The siphon is tolerably wide and not quite central, but situated somewhat
nearer the inner than the outer side of the whorl.
The dimensions of the single existing specimen are as follows : —
mm.
Diameter of the shell (about) 157
„ „ „ umbilicus (about) 75
Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture ....... 51
„ j, „ „ from the preceding whorl ....... 48
Thickness of the aperture 36
Height of the second whorl from the umbilical suture 18
„ „ „ „ „ from the preceding whorl 17
Thickness of the second whorl 16
Height of the innermost whorl 8
Thickness of the innermost whorl 8
The spiral is not quite regular during the different stages of growth of the
shell, but on an average the " Quotient" of the spiral seems to be p = 2-7. It
is, however, very difficult to make reliable observations in this respect, if it is not
possible to take the measurements from a median section of the shell ; but as the
spiral of this species is . decidedly different from that of the next following two
species, I thought it expedient to ascertain its quotient, though only approximately,
in order to have one more point of comparison.
Locality and geological position. — Only one fragmentary specimen of this
species has been collected by myself in the mountains east of Katwahi. I did
not find it in the rock in situ, but among the debris, but the place where it
was procured was such that the beds it came from were not easily to be mistaken-
It appertained originally either to the very lowest beds of the compact limestone
composing the middle region of the Productus-limestone, or to the highest beds of
the lower division of the same formation. The character of the rock in which
the specimen is contained makes it appear, however, more likely that the former is
60 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
the case, and that Naut. ophioneus belongs to the lowest beds of the middle division
of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — The general form of the species under consideration is so very
characteristic that it is not difficult to distinguish it from other allied forms. The
species which seems to be most nearly allied to the one just described is Naut
convergens, Abich ; the differences consist in a slight excavation on both sides of
the shell along its external margin, a slightly depressed external part of the shell,
and septa which are (equal heights of the whorls of both species being compared)
only the fourth part of the height of the whorl distant from each other in the
latter species. Nautilus parallelus, Abich, which also bears some resemblance, has
its whorls less high and more rectangular than our species, and the sutural lines
of the septa are sinuous on the external part of the whorl, whilst they are straight
in that position in Naut. ophioneus.
The whole group of the Compressi is also more or less allied to Naut. ophioneus,
but the characteristic longitudinal edges, which are to be found in the species of
this group either along the external or the internal margins of the whorls, are suffi-
cient to distinguish all these species from the one here described.
2. Nautilus connectens, Waagen, n. sp.
There are two fragmentary specimens of a Nautilus in the Salt-range collection
which indicate a species of very similar character to the one just described, but
having some peculiarities which most decidedly establish a distinction between the
two forms, and which I consider sufficient for the definition of a new species.
The general form of the shell is flat disciform, with compressed whorls and
a very wide, shallow umbilicus. The transverse section of the whorls is an elongated
oval, without umbilical or external edges. However, the form of the whorls
changes somewhat according to the age of the shell. The perforation in the centre
of the umbilicus is not very large, only about 12 mm. in diameter.
As far as it can be made out in the specimen, which is not very well preserved,
the shell seems to commence with a broad, rounded " calotte," already 5 mm. broad.
The first whorl is compressed, with an elliptical transverse section. Only when the
involution of the whorls begins, with the commencement of the second whorl, a low,
somewhat excavated umbilical wall is formed, which unites with the sides of the
whorl in forming an obtuse umbilical edge. Already in the third whorl this umbi-
lical wall as well as the edge are lost again entirely, and the elongated oval trans-
verse section of the whorl is established as mentioned above.
The whole shell seems to have got four whorls. The larger of the two frag-
mentary specimens consists of the body chamber of a large individual, and this seems
to have constituted the latter half of the fourth whorl. This body chamber is inter-
esting, because it shows towards its aperture a slight depression of the external part
of the shell.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 61
The septa, which are only visible on one small portion, as both the specimens
are entirely covered with their shell, seem to be less sinuous than in Naut. ophioneus,
but their relative number seems to have been equal to that in the species mentioned.
The position of the siphon is not visible in any of the specimens.
The dimensions I am only able to indicate very approximately, as the specimens
are too much broken to allow of proper measurements to be taken. The measure-
ments of the larger of the two specimens seem to have been as follows : —
mm.
Diameter of the shell p 154
„ of the umbilicus ••-.,,....? 73
Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture 53
„ „ „ from the preceding whorl p 49
Thickness of the aperture 34
It is to be remarked that the greatest thickness of the whorls lies, not near the
umbilicus, but on the middle of the sides of the whorls.
The spiral of this species is not equal to that of the preceding one, but it is very
difficult to construct it exactly from the fragments at my disposal. As far as I can
make it out, the " Quotient" seems to be somewhere near 2-5 ; but seems to de-
crease in the earlier stages of growth of the shell.
Locality and geological position. — The two fragmentary specimens in the Salt-
range collection were found by myself at a locality west of Khura, in beds situated
at the limits between the middle and the upper divisions of the Productus-limestone,
but which very likely must yet be counted with the former. This species, therefore,
is decidedly more recent than the one described above under the name of Naut.
ophioneus, which has been stated to occur at the limit between the lower and the
middle division of the same formation.
Remarks. — This species is not very difficult to discern from the one nearest
allied to it, Naut. ophioneus, W. The distinctive characters consist in a more rounded
transverse section of the whorls in Naut. connectens, the greatest transverse diameter
being situated on the middle of the sides of the whorls, whilst in Naut. ophioneus
its position is near the obtuse umbilical margin, in a more closely coiled spiral, and
in a much smaller perforation in the centre of the shell.
According to the figure, Naut. subsuleatus, Trantsch. (non Phill.) seems also to
be rather similar to our species, but the more angular external part of the shell, and
a still smaller central perforation in the Russian form, are sufficient to distinguish the
species. Naut. leveilleanus, Koninck, which also seems to be rather closely allied,
has a comparatively smaller umbilicus, and less compressed whorls ; besides this, the
ornamentation characteristic of Koninck's species is absent in Naut. connectens.
Nautilus convergens, Abich, differs from our species by its much narrower
external part of the shell, by which peculiarity a transverse section is produced, which
resembles more that of Naut. ophioneus than that of the present species. Also
Naut. parallelus, Abich, bears a certain resemblance to the species here under
consideration, but its whorls are thicker in comparison to their height, the external
Q
62 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
part more angular, and the sutural line of the septa excavated on the external part
of the shell. Naut. complanatus, Sow., with which N. parallelus is compared, hears
only a very slight resemblance to the Indian species.
On the whole, Naut. connectens is a well distinguishable species, which is
thoroughly intermediate between Naut. ophioneus, W., and the following species,
and which must be considered as in developmental connection with these two forms.
3. Nautilus convolutus, Waagen, n. sp. PI. VI, fig. 2.
This species is very nearly allied to the two preceding ones, but there are some
prominent characters which make a distinction not very difficult.
The general form of the shell is, as in the preceding species, flat disciform, with
a wide and shallow umbilicus. The whorls are perfectly rounded without edges or
ridges, the external part of the shell is not depressed.
The only specimen I have for description is not sufficiently well preserved
to observe all stages of growth ; thus I am not able to indicate exactly how large
the perforation of the shell in the centre of the umbilicus may have been, nor is
anything to be seen of the " calotte," or first whorl of the shell. The diameter
of the first circuit of the shell seems to have been about 22 to 30 mm., and in con- .
sequence of this the diameter of the perforation was very likely not more than about
12 mm. At a diameter of the shell of 30 mm. the latter end of the last whorl does
not yet bear any impression on its internal part, caused by the commencing involu-
tion of the whorls, and thus the second circuit of the shell has not yet commenced
at that diameter. But very soon after this the involution begins. The transverse
section of the whorl is, however, not subject to any change with the beginning of
the second whorl, as is the case in the two preceding species. No umbilical edge or
wall is formed, but the lateral parts of the shell are equally rounded, from the umbi-
lical suture up to the external region of the whorl. The whorls increase rather
rapidly in height, are little compressed, not much higher than broad.
The septa are very numerous, about the fifth part of the height of the whorl
distant from each other. The sutural line of the septa is not very deeply excavated
on the sides of the whorl, and slightly convex on the external part.
The siphon is very narrow, not quite central, but very slightly shifted towards
the internal part of the whorl.
The dimensions of the specimen seem to have been as follows : —
mm.
Diameter of the shell (about) 85
„ „ umbilicus , 35
Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture 31
„ „ „ from the preceding whorl 30
Thickness of the aperture 26
Height of the preceding whorl . . 13
Thickness of the preceding whorl 12
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 63
The spiral of this shell is more closely coiled than that of the two preceding
species ; but, as in those, it is extremely difficult to get exact measurements for the
proper definition of the spiral, as far as can be made out, the quotient seems to be
p=23.
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species was col-
lected by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat, and from the fossils he found with it, it is
apparent that the whole came from the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This species is easily distinguishable from the two previously
described by the absence of an umbilical edge in the young shell, by a more closely
coiled spiral, and by whorls which are much thicker in comparison to their height.
Of other species Naut. tulensis, Barbot de Marny, is most nearly allied. The
general form of the shell, the outline of the whorls, and the sutures of the septa, are
very nearly identical, but the diameter of the umbilicus is comparatively much
smaller, and the involution of the whorls by far more considerable. These differences
are quite sufficient to distinguish the two shells specifically. Erom the figure it
would appear that Naut. tulensis should be considered as belonging to the same
developmental series as Naut. convolutus, and if this were the case, the former, from
its general shape, would have to be considered the most recent member in the series,
but as it appears from the description, Naut. tulensis has been found together with
Productus giganteus, Sow., and would thus belong to the fauna of the lower
carboniferous limestone of Russia. It is more than improbable that the Salt-range
beds are lower down in the geological series than the lower carboniferous limestone
of Russia, and Naut. tulensis therefore must belong to another developmental series
than that to which Naut. convolutus belongs.
It is not difficult to find out what root Naut. tulensis may have sprung from.
Erom the carboniferous limestone of Vise a Nautilus has been described by de
Koninck under the name of Naut. leveilleanus, which bears a great resemblance to
the Indian species just described. The differences consist in a flattened external
part of the shell, a less rapid increase of the height of the whorls, and a yet smaller
involution of the shell in Naut. leveilleanus, Kon., in comparison with Naut.
convolutus. Now, the former species must very likely be considered as belonging
to the same series of forms as Naut. tulensis, which series would then in a very
remarkable way undergo similar changes to those we have already indicated as
occurring in the series of Naut. ophioneus, a tendency prevailing to produce more and
more a roundish section of the whorls and a more closely coiled spiral.
A species which is also very closely related to Naut. convolutus, as well as to
Naut, tulensis, is Naut. spitiensis, Stol. It has been found in beds in the Himalaya
which with every probability represent there the formation of the Muschelkalk, and
indicates very fairly there the continuation of the developmental series of Naut.
ophioneus. Its spiral is even more closely coiled than Naut. convolutus, and the
transverse section of the whorls is perfectly oval. A new character, however, appears
in this species ; this consists in the siphon being shifted towards the ventral part
64 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
of the shell. This character is yet more strongly developed in the upper triassic
species of the Alps, as in Naut. brevis, Hau., Naut. evolutus, Mojs., Naut. eugyrus,
Mois., etc., which very likely must he considered as the descendants of Naut.
spitiensis.
Erom Ahich's species of Nautilus, the Indian form is distinguishable by the
same characters as those by which it differs from Naut. ophioneus, W., or Naut.
connectens, W.
Genus : GYROCERAS, Koninck.
Stranger even than the occurrence of Orthoceratites together with true Ammo-
nites in the triassic beds of the Alps, is the occurrence of a species of Gyroceras with
Ammonites in the Salt-range strata. Gyroceras has hitherto been considered as
exclusively a palaeozoic genus, as the true Ammonites were taken to be exclusively
mesozoic, and up to the present, according to Barrande's tables, even no permian
species of the genus has been known.
It is therefore only natural that I regarded with great distrust the fragment of
a Gyroceras which I found in the Salt-range ; but after much consideration I can-
not but consider the fragment as in reality belonging to that genus.
There are only two cases possible, either the specimen is a fragment of an
Euomphalus, or it is a Gyroceras. Eor the former the shell is too thin, the septa
too regular ; besides this a siphon seems to be present, though this is not very
distinct, but all these characters combined make it quite improbable that we should
have to deal here with an JSuomphalus, but all of them are in favor of the opinion,
that the fragment should be considered as a Gyroceras.
Up to the present, according to Barrande's tables, thirty-nine species of the
genus have been described, to which several have been added in Bigsby's Thesaurus.
The genus commences in the upper silurian strata, continues through the devonian
period, and is represented in carboniferous times by a few species in Europe and
America. All of these species are more or less strongly ornamented, partly by
longitudinal ridges, as the species described by Koninck, partly by tubercles, as all
those forms more or less allied to Gyroceras ornatum, Gdf . According to these
two different systems of ornamentation, we are able to divide the genus into two
large groups, which are, however, not thoroughly distinct from each other, being
connected together by many intermediate forms.
The materials at my disposal are not sufficient to indicate anything more definite
about the grouping of the species within the genus, or to point out one or the other
developmental series ; the only species from the Salt-range which I shall have to
describe belongs to that group of forms to which Gyr. ornatum, Gdf., belongs, and
which seems to be chiefly developed in American devonian strata.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 65
1. Gtroceras medlicottianxjm, Waagen, n. sp. PL VI, fig. 6.
The only fragment of this species indicates a middle-sized specimen with rather
open spiral.
The diameter of the whole specimen seems to have been about 68mm, the opening
in the middle of the spiral about 33mm, but it is not possible to ascertain how far the
single volutions of the shell may have been distant from each other.
Only a part of the last volution has been preserved. The transverse section of
this part of the shell is roundish pentagonal, about as thick as high, somewhat
angular on its outer margins. The external part of the shell is slightly depressed.
On the whole, the section of the fragment resembles very much the drawing by
Sandberger (Rheinisches Schichtensystem) on PI. XIII, fig. 3. The ornamentation
consists of a row of high prominent tubercles along the outer margin of the shell
which are not quite the breadth of the whorl distant from each other. Near the
inner margin of the whorl there is a second row of tubercles, which are, however,
much smaller and twice as numerous as those on the outer margin. On the external
part of the shell two obtuse longitudinal ridges are present, which border a median
excavation on both sides.
On the greater part of the fragment there are remnants of the shell. The
shell is very thin, and covered by strong lamellar lines of growth. These lines
form a very deep sinus on the external part of the shell, show a slight convexity
on the lateral region, have a second sinuosity on the internal margin of the whorl
at the internal row of tubercles, and form again a very strong convexity on the
internal or dorsal side of the shell. Prom these characters of the lines of growth
of the shell it is apparent that the aperture has not been quite simple, but that
there have existed a large dorsal and two lateral prominences or shelly lobes, and
a deep ventral indentation.
The septa are tolerably numerous, about the fourth part of the height of the
whorl distant from each other. The sutural line of the septa can only be observed
at the lateral parts of the shell, where it is slightly excavated. The siphon is very
indistinct indeed, but it seems to be not quite central, but shifted slightly towards
the internal or dorsal side of the whorl.
The dimensions, which have already been partly indicated above, seem to be as
follows : —
mm.
Diameter of the whole shell (about) 68
Inner diameter of the spiral (umbilicus) about , 33
Height of the aperture *0
Thickness of the aperture 1"
Height of the whorl 40mm. distant from the apertui'e *®
Thickness „ „ „ „ 1°
Locality and geological position.— The only fragment of this species in the
Salt-range collection was found by myself in the uppermost beds of the middle
R
66 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
division of the Productus-limestone at KMra, in a marly layer between the lime-
stones, together with a great many other fossils, which I shall have to describe
later on.
Remarks. — There is no species of carboniferous age known to me which
could be compared to this shell. The forms described by de Koninck are all very
distinct, and of the four species of Gyroceras quoted by Bigsby from " EamignouT
I could not get any definite information. It is very unfortunate that in Bigsby's
"Thesaurus Carboniferous" every kind of reference is absolutely wanting, and
that, on the other hand, lists of fossils, like that of Dupont in his Geology of the
country around Dinant, which are entirely useless for palaeontological purposes,
should be allowed to encumber the tables of Bigsby's work with a ballast of
meaningless names.
Of older species, chiefly devonian forms, several bear a certain resemblance to
Gyr. medlicottianum, but all of them have got only a single row of tubercles on
each side of the whorls, like Gyr. ornatum, Gdf., and its relatives. One single
American species, though also provided with but one row of tubercles, shows only
two longitudinal ridges on the external part of its shell in combination with the
other ornamentation, and thus seems to be more closely related to the Indian shell
than any other species ; this is Gyr. spinosum, Conr., out of the devonian rocks of
New York.
Genus : OBTHOCEBAS, Breyn.
This genus has been so admirably described and discussed in every direction
by Mons. Barrande that there will elapse a good many years before it will be
possible to add any new observation to those recorded in Barrande's classical work.
It would be simply ridiculous for me to attempt to go into any details about this
genus with the aid of the scanty materials at hand, and I should only be able to
copy what has previously been written by Mons. Barrande.
This excellent observer has divided the species belonging to the genus into
seventeen groups, according to the different modes of ornamentation exhibited on
their shell. Of all these, only two are represented in the Salt-range : the group
No. 9 characterised by " Anneaux et stries transverses," and group No. 17 with
" Teste lisse ou avec stries inconstantes." This latter group is, however, somewhat
doubtful, as the shell of the specimens I have got for description is not sufficiently
well preserved to state positively if it has been entirely smooth, but as far as
observation is possible, this seems to have been the case. Otherwise, the Salt-range
species might have belonged to Barrande's group No. 13. In order to make
these groups appear uniform to the usage I have adopted in this work, I am com-
pelled to use names for them which have already long since been introduced by
former writers, but which I am inclined to understand in a more limited sense than
has hitherto been generally accepted ; thus I mean to include in the "Annulata"
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 67
only the group No. 9 of Barrande, whilst in the " Laevia" only group No. 17 will
he included.
Up to the present three species of Orthoceras have heen described from the
Salt-range, Orth. decrescens, Kon., Orth. rachideum, Kon., and Orth. vesicu-
losum, Kon. I must, however, state here that I can only consider the first of the
three to be really a species of Orthoceras, the other two very likely must be classed
with quite different forms of organic life. Among all the ample materials I have
got from the Salt-range, there are several fragments of an Orthoceras, which are
very likely to be considered as identical with Orth. decrescens ; but though there
are several bodies which very well agree with the description of the other two
species of Orthoceras, I was led, after a very careful examination of these bodies,
to consider them either as Sponges or as Foraminifera ; and not a trace of a true
Orthoceras in any way similar to de Koninck's description could be detected.
Among the materials the Geological Society of London kindly lent me for descrip-
tion, there is a specimen which has been labelled by Mons. de Koninck himself as
Orth. rachideum. This specimen, though not being the one from which the species
was described originally, is yet of very high value, as the other specimens, which
are stated to have been sent to Calcutta, seem to have been lost. Now, this specimen
in every way agrees with the bodies mentioned above, and there is no doubt that it
also, though very badly preserved, must be considered as representing the remains
of some Protozoan. In describing those bodies as species of Orthoceras, not the
slighest blame can be put on the learned author, who had only materials of very
inferior preservation at his disposal, as even the excellently preserved specimens I
have for description have been declared at first sight, by most of the palaeontologists
to whom I have shown them, to be fragments of an Orthoceras shell. Only after a
closer examination the real nature of these bodies could be detected. I shall have
to describe them more accurately later on in this work.
Thus there remains only one species of Orthoceras which has been previously-
described from the Salt-range. To this I am able to add three more, so that alto-
gether I shall have to describe here four species of the genus. Two of these belong
to the " Annulata," the two remaining to the " Lsevia." The Annulata which I
shall describe under the names of Orth. cyclophorum, W., and Orth. oblique-annula-
tum, W., are restricted to the upper division of the Productus-limestone ; the Lsevia,
on the contrary, begin with Orth. decrescens, Kon., in the middle division of the
same formation, and are represented by another species in the upper division.
As the name Orthoceras decrescens has, however, already been used by Billings
in 1853 for a silurian species, I am compelled to introduce a new name for the
Indian form, and shall thus call it Orth. punjabiense.
The geological distribution of the genus Orthoceras is very instructive, and
requires some remarks. During silurian and devonian times the genus was in
species as well as in individuals numerically by far the most conspicuous of all the
68 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Cephalopoda; only the Goniatites during the devonian period have furnished a
greater number. In the carboniferous period the three genera Nautilus, Orthoceras,
and Goniatites are about equally rich in species ; whilst in permian times Nautilus
and Goniatites seem to preponderate over the species of Orthoceras known to
exist at that period. In the Salt-range the genus Orthoceras is equally scarce in
species as in individuals, and four species of that genus have to be brought into
comparison with ten species of Nautilus and seven species of Am/monitidm distributed
into four genera. This grouping of the Cephalopoda in the Productus-limestone
strata of the Salt-range recalls much more that existingin triassic than that occurring
in palaeozoic formations.
I. Division: ANNVLATA.
1. Orthoceras cyclophortjm, Waagen, n. sp. PL VI, figs. 7, 8.
It is with great doubt that I introduce this new species, as the materials upon
which I am compelled to found it are very insufficient, but I cannot identify the
fragments at my disposal with any of the species hitherto described, and thus I can
only fix the form by a new name.
The general form of the shell must have been very long conical, the sides being
very gradually tapering, but not quite equally so during the entire length of the
shell. One of the fragments is narrower at its top than it is at its bottom, and
from this it would appear that the shell was somewhat inflated in the middle. The
surface of the shell is ornamented with numerous very strong prominent rings, of
which four are situated in a space equal to the transverse diameter of the shell.
The rings are perfectly horizontal, but not all in one plane, being slightly elevated
on that part of the shell which I take to be the dorsal one, and somewhat concave
or depressed on the opposite or ventral side. On the lateral parts the sudden
depression towards the ventral portion is very conspicuous. The rings are not
angular, but rounded at their top.
The transverse section of the shell is perfectly circular. The septa are not very
concave, and are situated somewhat obliquely in the tube. They ascend slightly on
the ventral, and descend on the dorsal part of the shell. I cannot state if they were
numerous or not, as all the specimens I have for description are covered with their
shell.
The position of the siphon is excentric, it being removed from the centre by a
little more than its own thickness towards the dorsal part of the shell. The thick-
ness of the siphon is not very large, and it occupies not more than 0*1 of the
diameter of the septum.
The surface of the shell, as far as it is possible to observe the matter, seems to
be smooth as well on the rings as in the spaces between them, only transverse strise
of growth seem to be present,
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 69
The dimensions of three different specimens, the two first from Khund Ghat,
the last from KMra, are as follows : —
Entire length of specimen
Transverse diameter at anterior end between the rings
» i) !i ), » on the rings .
» ,. at posterior end between the rings
» ). » „ „ on the rings .
Distance of siphon from the dorsal border ,
„ j, „ „ . „ ventral border
„ „ the rings from each other
I.
II.
III.
mm.
mm.
mm.
30
16
16
17
18
9
20
20
10
18
16
7-5
21
18
8
?
5
?
?
10
?
6-5
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether four specimens of this
species preserved in the Salt-range collection. Two of them, well preserved frag-
ments, were collected hy Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat, together with the Nautili
I have described from the same locality, and many other fossils, and which come,
therefore, from the upper division of the Productus-limestone. Out of the same
division of the formation just mentioned I obtained two other fragments, one of
which I found at Khtira, the other in a section near Kufri in the same bed (No. 14),
in which also the specimen of Arcestes antiqum occurred, which I have described
above.
Remarks. — This species is allied to a number of similar forms, and I have to
point out here which are the differences that led me to distinguish this shell as a
new species. Before all, Orth. annulatum, Sow., bears a great resemblance to our
species, but the former differs by its more or less compressed transverse section.
Orthoceras undatum, Elem., which is also nearly allied, has a central siphon ; the
same is the case with Orth. dactyliophorum, Kon. Orth. annulato-costatum, M. and
W., has a more or less oval section, and the species of Orthoceras described by Abich
from Djulfa or the Araxes have all either a different sculpture, or their transverse
section is compressed and thus more or less oval.
There is a strong probability that Orth. cyclophorum may be in developmental
connection with one or the other of the forms to which it is allied, but the studies
as to this connection among the species of Orthoceras have been up to the present
so very little developed that I cannot venture, relying only on the very scanty
materials at present at my disposal, to pronounce any opinion in this direction ; I
must leave the solution of this question entirely to future enquiries.
2. Orthoceras oblique-annulattjm, Waagen, n. sp. PI. VI, figs. 9, 10.
This species is represented by a few fragments, which seem barely sufficient for
the foundation of a new species, but as there are characters which do not allow of
an identification of these fragments with any of the species hitherto described, and
as it is, on the other hand, very inconvenient to drag along under the designation of
" sp. indet." a form which bears characters sufficiently distinctive to recognise
70 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
the form if found elsewhere, I prefer to give a new name to these fragments, even
if they may constitute only a very bad species.
The general form of the shell is more tapering in this than in the preceding
species, and thus the entire length of the shell should be less considerable. The
surface is covered by not very prominent rings which are tolerably sharp in the
very young shell, but rounded at their top in more adult specimens. The position
of these rings is not quite horizontal, but considerably elevated on one side and
depressed on the other, the former corresponds very likely to the dorsal, the other
to the ventral side of the animal. Thus the rings cross obliquely over the lateral
parts of the shell. They are about equally numerous as in the preceding species,
about four of them being equal to the transverse diameter of the shell.
The transverse section of the shell is not circular in adult specimens, but
more or less compressed and oval, but in very young specimens this compression is
barely perceptible.
The position of the siphon is entirely central. The septa are not very concave
and about the fourth part of the antero-posterior diameter distant from each
other.
The dimensions of three fragments are as follow : —
Entire length of fragment .....
Transverse diameter at anterior end from back to front
„ „ „ „ from side to side
„ „ at posterior end from back to front
„ „ „ „ „ from side to side
Distance of the rings from each other
I.
II.
III.
mm.
mm.
mm.
21
16
12
12
9
52
10
75
5
10
7
4
8
6-5
4
4
2
1-5
Locality and geological position. — The three fragments of this species were
collected by Mr. "Wynne at Khund Ghat, together with Orth. cyclophorum and the
species of Nautilus described above. All these species come from the upper
division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — The species which is most nearly allied to Orth. oblique-annulatum
is undoubtedly Orth. undatum, Mem. The differences consist in a less strongly
compressed transverse section, in more convex and more distant septa, and in rings
which are more closely arranged in the latter species. The same differences exist
also between our species and Orth. dactyliophorum, Kon., but in the latter species,
the rings, of which the ornamentation of the shell consists, are arranged horizontally,
whilst they are oblique in the Indian species.
Erom Orth. cyclophorum, W., described above, the species under considera-
tion can be distinguished by the oblique arrangement of its rings, the compressed
transverse section, the central position of the siphon, and the more rapid tapering
of the tube. Orth. annulatum, Sow., which is also allied, is distinct by its eccentric
siphon.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA. 71
II. Division: LJEVIA.
1. Orthoceeas ptjnjabiense, Waagen, n. sp. PI VI, fig. 11.
1863. Orthoceras decrescens, Koninck : Fossiles Paleozoiques de l'lnde, p. 5, PI. VIII, fig. 4.
(non Orthoceras decrescens, Billings, 1853, Rep. of Progr.)
The materials of this species at my disposal are very scanty indeed, and the
specimen figured by M. de Koninck is by far the best which has been found up to
the present.
The general form of the shell is very long, conical, tapering very gradually.
The surface is perfectly smooth ; even the outer surface of the shell, which is toler-
ably well preserved in one of the fragments collected by me, seems to be smooth,
without transverse or vertical striation.
The transverse section of the tube is perfectly circular, the siphon narrow and
central. The septa are not very strongly concave and are very distant from each
other, rather more than their own diameter. The specimen figured by Mons. de
Koninck is evidently a full-grown shell, and this is the cause of the gradual decrease
in the length of the air chambers. The sutural lines of the septa are not undulat-
ing, but entirely straight.
Of so called " stries creuses" on the cast of the body chamber nothing has been
observed by Mons. de Koninck.
There is no use in fixing any measurements, as the form of this species is so
simple that every thing can be observed on the drawing ; and, on the other hand, the
specimens at my disposal are such very small fragments, that the mode of tapering
can barely be observed on them.
Locality and geological position. — The specimen which has been figured by
Mons. de Koninck was collected at Mdsakheyl, and there is every probability of
its coming from the top beds of the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
Three very small fragments, which were collected by myself, I found at the limit
between the middle and the upper division of the Productus-limestone, west of
Khura.
Remarks. — It is a fact worthy of notice that this species is much more closely
allied to some of the triassic forms than to the upper palaeozoic species of Orthoceras.
"What characterises the Indian form most is the great distance between the septa,
which only in full grown specimens is reduced in the last air chambers. There is no
palaeozoic form with a central siphon that I know of which has equally distant septa
except Orth. regulare, Schloth., and its allies, which, however, bear so singular an
internal structure as is not exhibited by more recent forms. Of carboniferous
species Orth. calamus, Kon., which is apparently most nearly allied, has got more
numerous septa. The same is the case with Orth. geinitzi, Orb., in which species
the septa are only about half their own diameter distant from each other. As soon
as we turn, however, to triassic forms, we find several species, which bear a great
72 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
resemblance to the shell under consideration. Orth. triadicum Mojs., Orth. latesep-
tatum, Hau., and Orth. dubium, Hau., are all species with a central siphon and very
distant septa, but chiefly Orth. lateseptatum very closely resembles our species, the
only marked difference seeming to consist in its shell, which is transversely striated,
and in the more considerable size the species seems to attain.
2. Oethoceras, sp. indet. PI. VI, fig. 12.
This species is represented by a single rather badly preserved specimen which
seems not sufficient to found a new species. The form is certainly very nearly
allied to that of the preceding species. The cone is equally slowly tapering, the
septa are not very strongly concave, and equally far distant from each other as in
Orth. punjabiense, the siphon seems to be central, but the transverse section of
the tube is somewhat triangular, whilst it is circular in the preceding species. For
this reason I am not able to unite this specimen with Orth. punjabiense, but must
consider it as indicating the existence of one further species of the genus, which
though very nearly allied to the form mentioned, yet is distinct by its somewhat
triangular section.
Locality and geological position. — The specimen by which this species is
indicated was collected by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat with many other fossils
which all are characteristic of the upper division of the Productus-limestone. The
species thus seems to be somewhat more recent than Orth'. punjabiense, ~W.
PISCES— CEPHALOPODA.
SUPPLEMENT.
Specimens from the Trans-Indus continuation of the Salt-range>
Collected (in 1878-79) by A. B. Wynne, Geological Survey of India.
Family : COCRLIODONTID^, v. p. 11.
Genus: PSEPHODUS, Agass.
It is extremely difficult to find out what ought to be comprised under the
above name, as neither description nor figure was ever published by Agassiz, and,
properly speaking, the genus ought hardly to be retained ; but since the typical
species was figured afterwards by Portlock and, as it seems, from specimens which
had been seen by Agassiz himself, the name might be utilized to replace the
more recent name of Aspidodus introduced by Newberry and Worthen.
Prom the species which have hitherto been assigned to the genus, it appears
that it comprises teeth of very variable outline, but all more or less twisted and
with a smooth surface, on which only a low, rounded elevation can be observed
placed longitudinally on the tooth, sometimes not extending over the whole length
of it, but stopping at about the middle. The teeth are distinct from Cochliodus by
their more flattened and less enrolled general form, and by the greater smoothness of
their surface.
Up to the present but very few species of the genus have been described, and
besides the typical one, Ps. magnus, Ag., there are only some five or six species
known. In India the genus is represented by two species, which occur in the
upper and middle divisions of the Productus-limestone.
1. Psephodtjs indictjs, Waagen, n. sp. PI. VII, figs. 3 & 5.
The general form of the teeth belonging to this species seems to be very vari-
able, and it is extremely difficult to reduce the characters of the species to writing.
There are two teeth,, which seem to. belong to one and the same species, the
74 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
larger and more trapezoidal one being apparently a mesial tooth, whilst the smaller
and narrower one, which is at the same time more enrolled, seems to be a terminal
one. Both have been adapted to the similarly curved jaw.
The larger tooth is more or less trapezoidal, indistinctly five-sided, with one
corner decidedly more prominent than the others. The surface of the tooth is
smoothed and regularly arched in every direction, but from the prominent corner
of the trapezoid there extends a low rounded ridge to about the middle of the
arched surface, bounded on both sides by a flat leaf-shaped impression. The
substance of the tooth is rather thin, no part corresponding to the root, as it exists
in the teeth of sharks, having apparently ever been present. The upper surface
of the tooth is covered by a fine granulation, quite observable with the naked eye.
Under the lens the granulation appears to consist of little warts, each of which is
pierced by a dentine tube.
The margins of the tooth are smoothed, not crenulated.
The smaller tooth is more or less irregularly rectangular, much longer than
broad and strongly twisted. The surface is much more arched longitudinally than
in the direction of the breadth. In a similar manner, as in the larger tooth, there
is a low ridge originating about in the middle, and stretching from there to one of
the corners of the rectangle. It is also bounded on both sides by leaf -shaped flat
impressions.
The body of the tooth is very unequal in thickness, the flat end being rather
thick, whilst the other strongly enrolled extremity is very thin. There seem parts
of the compact jaw to be still preserved on the lower surface of the tooth. The
surface sculpture is identical with that of the larger tooth.
The dimensions of the two teeth are as follows : —
Greatest length of tooth .....
„ breadth of tooth .....
Height of tooth
Thickness of tooth at one end
„ „ at the other end
Locality and geological position. — There are two specimens and a small frag-
ment of this species in the Trans-Indus collection. The larger of these was found
by Mr. Wynne at Kiri, in the upper division of the Productus-limestone, the
smaller tooth, together with a fragment of another specimen, at Bilot, apparently
in the same beds as at Kiri. Thus the species seems up to the present to be re-
stricted to the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This species is easily distinguishable from all other species of
Psephodus hitherto described by the low rounded ridge which extends from the
middle of the tooth to one of its corners, and by the leaf -shaped flat depressions
which are situated on both sides of this ridge. The species that can at all be
compared with the present one is Pseph. minor, Trautsch., from the upper moun-
tain-limestone of Miatchkowa. Trautschold's species is, however, much smaller
I.
II.
. 33 mm.
30 mm
. 25 „
17 „
■ 11 „
12 .,
. 7 ,.
9 „
. 3 „
2
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PISCES (Supplement).. 75
than the Indian one ; and among all the teeth of the species figured by Trautschold,
there is a single small one showing traces of a similar ridge to that occurring in
Pseph. indicus, W. More similar in its general form to our species is the genus
Arpagodus, Trautsch., but as that genus is said by its author to possess fine trans-
verse ridges like Orodus, the Indian teeth cannot be compared with it.
2. Psephodus depressus, Waagen, n. sp. PI. VII, fig. 4
Though the tooth on which this species has been founded is not entire, yet
it can safely serve for the definition of a separate species, as it most certainly indi-
cates the existence of a second species of Psephodus in the sea which once covered
the Northern Punjab.
The tooth seems to have possessed an irregular trapezoidal outline, longer than
broad, and, when entire, much larger than any tooth of the preceding species. The
specimen is very little twisted, nearly entirely even, rather strongly arched in a
transverse direction, but very little so longitudinally. There seems to run along
nearly the whole length of the tooth a rounded very broad low ridge, not accom-
panied by well-defined depressions on both sides. The surface is very finely
punctured, the puncturing being only visible with great difficulty without the lens.
As in the preceding species the tooth is very unequal in thickness at different
ends. There is somewhat of a slightly developed root present, showing in the
section some calcigerous cells. The crown part of the tooth is composed of very
fine and closely packed dentine tubes.
The dimensions of the tooth, as far as they can be taken, are as follows : —
Greatest length of tooth ... ..... P
„ breadth .„
Height of tooth
Thickness of tooth at one end
at fracture
26 mm.
11 „
9 „
7 „
Locality and geological position.— The only specimen was collected by Mr.
Wynne at Bilot in a crinoidal limestone belonging to the upper, or, more likely, to
the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This species is not difficult to distinguish from Pseph. indicus,
W., by the ridge which extends nearly over the whole length of the tooth, and by
the absence of impressions on both sides of it. Besides this the puncturing of the
surface is much finer and more closely arranged in Pseph. depressus than in Pseph.
indicus.
In the general form of certain teeth also Pseph. (Aspidodus) crenulatus, N.
and W., bears a great resemblance to our species, but it can easily be distinguished
by the crenulation the American species bears along the margins of its teeth, which
is absent in Pseph. depressus, W.
76 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
ICHTHYOD OB VLITES.
Genus : XYSTRACANTHUS, Leidy, v. p. 18.
3. Xysteacanthtjs gigantetjs, "Waagen, n. sp. PI. VII, fig. 2.
This is the largest species of Xystracanthus that has hitherto heen described, as
the spine, if complete, must have been at least 0*3 m. in length. The specimen is,
however, only a tolerably large fragment, but it is not only interesting on account
of its representing a new species, but also because it throws new light on the system-
atic position of the genus Xystr acanthus.
According to this fragment, the general form of the spine was broadly conical,
tapering somewhat rapidly towards the apex, strongly compressed on both sides,
obtusely acute in front, and apparently rounded behind. The whole spine is well
curved towards the front, which causes the anterior outline to be strongly concave,
whilst the posterior one is correspondingly convex.
The lateral compression increases considerably on the anterior margin towards
the base of the spine, so that this margin, which is obtusely angular above, is very
acutely sharpened near the base, forming at the same time a hatchet-shaped
process.
More than half of the entire length of the spine has been inserted in the flesh,
or has been covered at least by the skin. The spine begins to be coated by an ena-
mel layer only about halfway up its length, and the lower limit of this coating
crosses very obliquely the lateral parts of the spine, beginning on the anterior margin
nearly 60 mm. lower down than on the posterior one.
"With the enamel coating the surface sculpture also begins to appear. This
consists of two rows of large longitudinally elongated squarish tubercles on the
anterior margin, and of very numerous small granular tubercles on the lateral parts,
arranged in closely packed longitudinal rows, which seem to be parallel with the
posterior margin of the spine, but not so with the anterior one. These small tuber-
cles are so closely arranged that they nearly touch each other on all sides, and when
well preserved they show a very fine stellate sculpture with a central apex. The
large tubercles on the anterior margin are entirely smooth.
Below the enamel there is a thick layer of very compact bony substance which
forms the outside layer of the Avhole inserted part of the spine. The surface of
this bony substance appears under the lens finely granulated like "chagrin"
leather.
The centre of the compact part of the spine is occupied by spongy cellulose
bone substance pierced for the entire length of the spine near the anterior margin
by a canal, which probably served for the reception of a large blood-vessel. The
pulp cavity seems to have been very small, though extending up to the apex of the
spine, and very far removed from the anterior margin.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PISCES (Supplement). 77
The dimensions of the fragment here described are as follows : —
mm.
Whole length of fragment ......... 158
Diameter from the anterior margin of the spine to the anterior margin of the pulp cavity
at the upper fracture . . . . . . . . '42
Diameter from the anterior margin of spine to anterior margin of pulp cavity at second
fracture ........... 55
Transverse diameter at upper fracture ........ 19
„ „ at second fracture . . . . . . .20
Distance of the lower termination of enamel on the anterior margin from the hatchet-shaped
process , . . . . . . . . . . .73
Distance of the lower termination of enamel on the posterior margin from the hatchet-shaped
process ........... 154
Locality and geological position. — This large fin ray was collected by Mr.
"Wynne at Bilot in the uppermost beds of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — It seems to require some words to justify the position of the
species here described in the genus Xystr acanthus. Leidy, in proposing the new
genus, only had at his disposal an upper end of a spine, in which the basal or
inserted part had been broken off ; in the original specimen, therefore, only the
characters of the ornamentation and the forward direction of the curve of the
spine could be observed. St. John and "Worthen, after having compared Leidy's
original specimen, united with the genus several other forms, of which some
had the basal part preserved. Erom these specimens these authors described the
genus as allied to Physonemus, Agass., from which it is said to be distinct by its
more slender form and the "less preponderance of the antero-inferior shoulder;"
the specimens figured by them show, however, this process not only little developed,
but nearly quite obsolete. In this respect our spine differs widely from the
American specimens : the antero-inferior process is here laterally very strongly
compressed, strongly prominent, and with a cutting edge, but yet in general out-
line it is not so very different from Physonemus, chiefly from the typical species
figured by McCoy.
If we compare, however, the surface sculpture of our spine with that of the
typical species of Xystr acanthus, it appears that this is nearly identical, so that had
we only the ornamented part of the fin ray for comparison, the identification with
the genus would be beyond doubt, and the peculiarities of the basal part of the
spine do not seem such as to necessitate the creation of a new genus ; on the con-
trary, they only tend to show that the antero-inferior process in Xystr acanthus can
be very differently developed in different species of the genus.
As to species, the distinction of the present fin ray from those of other species
is not very difficult. Most nearly allied to Xystr. giganteus, W., seems to be Xystr.
major, W., described ante p. 19 ; this species can, however, be distinguished from
the present one by its being more sparingly tuberculated on the lateral parts, and
by these lateral tubercles being smooth and not provided with a stellate sculpture ;
besides which there are four rows of larger tubercles near the anterior margin
instead of two as in the present species.
78 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
Xystracanthm mirabilis, St. J. and W., is also in its surface sculpture very
nearly related to our species. The general arrangement of the tubercles is more
like in Xystr. major, but the small lateral tubercles, chiefly those figured : Illinois'
report, Vol. VI., Plate 20, fig. 1 1, are exactly alike in Xystr. mirabilis and Xystr.
giganteus, W. ; the large tubercles on the anterior margin, on the contrary, are
smooth in the Indian species, and carinated and provided with an acute extentric
apex in the American fin ray.
The other species of Xystr acanthus described up to the present Can barely be
compared to the Indian fossil, most of them being much smaller and differently
sculptured.
Genus : THAUMATACANTHUS, Waagen, n. gen.
This genus is founded on a single fin-ray of very peculiar construction.
This ray is of medium size, laterally compressed, very gradually tapering and
slightly arched towards the front, so as to present a concave outline on the anterior
margin and a convex outline on the posterior one. The spine has been deeply
inserted in the flesh, and the part of it which has been free, not inserted, is covered
by a thin layer of enamel, and shows an ornamentation similar to that of Gyracan-
thus, Agass. The enamel-covering terminates below in a very oblique line, reaching
much further down on the anterior margin than on the posterior one.
The most strange part of the spine is that inserted in the flesh. It consists of
rather solid bony substance, and is at its lower termination transformed into a thick
rounded process, which bears a well-developed articulation, apparently correspond-
ing to a similar articulation on a bony support, on which the spine rested. The
inserted part of the ray is flattened and enlarged behind, and split open for a con-
siderable distance to allow of the entrance of nerves and blood-vessels to the large
pulp cavity, which occupies the greater part of the upper half of the ray in such
a manner as to be surrounded only by comparatively thin bony walls.
The articulation on the lower end of the ray is rather complicated ; and it ap-
pears not impossible that the animal was able to stiffen the spine, when erected,
on its support by slightly twisting it, as several holosteous fishes now living are
wont to do.
The systematic position of the animal to which this spine belonged is very
doubtful indeed. The upper half of the spine, if found separated, would, beyond
any doubt, be attributed to some Cestraciont, but there is, so far as I am aware of,
no Selachian of any kind known that bears its fin-spines on bony supports. It
will therefore barely be possible, according to the fragmentary evidence before
us, to assign this animal with any certainty to a place in the system ; it cannot,
however, be denied that the enamel covering, and the kind of sculpture of the upper
part of the ray, and the deep and oblique insertion of it, are in favour of the opinion
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PISCES (Supplement). 79
that it may have been some strangely developed Selachian to which the ray had
once belonged.
The only thing which possibly could be compared to the present fossil has been
figured recently by Mivart in the Transact. Zool., Lond., vol. X, PL XLIX, fig. 1.
This is the first dorsal fin of Callorhynchm antarcticus. Though also in this species
the spine itself is without an articulation, yet it seems to be immediately joined to a
triangular plate, which is apparently articulating with a cartilaginous process of the
dorsal vertebra. If this plate were ossified and firmly grown together with the
spine, something very similar to Thaumatacanthm would result. But these are all
vague analogies, and I do not think it would be advisable for such reasons to refer
the new genus to the Chimceridce.
1. Thatjmatacanthtjs blaneordi, Waagen, n. sp. PI. VIII, fig. 1.
There is only a little more than half of the entire length of this spine preserved,,
but this is sufficient to characterise the species.
The general outline of the species is very elongated conical, very gradually
tapering, compressed from both sides, and slightly incurved towards the front.
The uppermost inserted part of the ray is covered by a thin layer of enamel,
which bears a very characteristic ornamentation. On the anterior margin of the
ray there is a row of very large, rounded, smooth knobs of tubercles, which are not
constricted at their base, but rise gradually up from the surrounding flat part. They
are very distant from each other, at least twice their own diameter. On both
sides of this marginal row there follows a very irregular row of medium-sized
tubercles, which do not form a straight fine, but deviate wherever they meet with
one of the large marginal knobs. Only after this second row of tubercles the
regular ornamentation of the lateral parts of the ray commences. This consists
of oblique and very irregular rows of very small tubercles, closely arranged within
the row, but the several rows of which are more distant from each other.
Each individual row becomes almost extinct in the middle of the sides of the
ray, but reappears again, retaining the same direction near the posterior margin of
the ray. The specimen is not well enough preserved, to ascertain in what manner
the rows of the two sides of the spine meet on the posterior margin.
The line of insertion of the spine is rather oblique, and follows approximately
the direction of the rows of small tubercles, developed on the lateral parts of the
spine.
The inserted part of the spine is very remarkable in its form. Like in other
Ichthyodorulites, the anterior part of the inserted extremity is much longer than
the posterior one, and thus the spine at its lower termination is cut off obliquely..
But in this case the anterior part, instead of being simply conical, is rounded off be-
low and transformed into an articulation as we are wont to see on the phalanges of
80 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
the hand or foot, or other limb-bones. The articulation itself consists of a rounded
protuberance in the middle, bounded on both sides by flat impressions, which mark
off two rounded shoulders, in which the lower extremity of the articulating part
terminates on both sides. On the anterior margin there extends from the protuber-
ance in the middle a thick and high somewhat curved ridge, covered on both sides
by rugosities for the insertion of muscles, and which extends up to the end of the
inserted part of the spine. Near the base of this ridge there is on each side a deep
somewhat squarish elongated groove for the reception of bony parts of the support
in the erected state of the spine. These grooves are cut off above by an angular,
somewhat obliquely placed, strongly rugose ridge. Above this latter ridge there is
again an impression covered by rugosities for the insertion of muscles.
On the posterior margin a sharp narrow ridge extends a short way up, from the
terminal middle protuberance of the articulation, and is then suddenly divided into
two high, projecting lamellar bony parts somewhat triangular in form, extending a
long way up the spine, till the upper termination of the inserted part of the spine
is reached. Between these two lamellae there remains an open space, forming a lone
narrow slit for the entrance of nerves and blood-vessels to the pulp cavity. Imme-
diately above the terminal protuberance of the articulation, there is on each side of
the sharp posterior ridge a deep oval groove for the reception of bony parts of the
support in the recumbent position of the spine ; these grooves suddenly deepen
immediately above the terminal protuberance and then gradually get shallower.
Above them there is a somewhat trapezoidal rugose space for the insertion of
muscles.
From the lateral shoulders, which have been described as being situated on
both sides of the terminal protuberance, a thick, rounded, very prominent ridge
extends on each side a long way up, without, however, reaching the upper end of
the inserted part of the spine. Not far from its upper termination, the ridge is
most prominent, swollen, and forming a thick mastoid process. From there it falls
quickly off, with a slight curve towards the front. In front of the mastoid process
there is an elongated flattened space bounded on both sides by very low barely
perceptible rounded ridges, the flattened space as well as the ridges being approxi-
mately parallel to the insertion line of the spine, indeed the upper ridge seems
to coincide partly with that line.
The whole mastoid process seems to have served for the insertion of muscles.
The pulp-cavity is very large ; the bony substance by which it is enclosed
being thickest on the anterior margin and rather thin everywhere else.
The dimensions of the specimen are as follows : —
mm.
Total length of spine about ........ p j»q
Length of preserved part ........ jqj
„ inserted base of the spine at the anterior margin .... 47
» » .. >, posterior „ . . j-
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA (Supplement).
81
Distance of the top of the terminal protuberance to the top of the mastoid process . . 32
„ „ „ „ „ upper corner of the anterior grooves. 29
i, „ „ „ „ upper termination of the posterior
grooves .... 22
» ,. „ „ „ base of the posterior grooves . . 11
w » f) tt „ „ „ Slit ■ . 15
Total length of the posterior slit ........ 57
Transverse diameter of spine at the upper end ....... 12
„ „ „ at base of mastoid process .... 16
„ „ „ on top of „ ..... 34
„ „ at the base of the spine ....... 21
Antero-posterior diameter at the upper end of the spine ..... 20
„ „ at greatest breadth of spine ..... 38
„ „ at the base of the spine ...... 19
Locality and geological position. — The specimen described above was collected
by Mr. Wynne in a very hard calcareous yellowish-grey sandstone at KM. This
sandstone seems to be among the highest beds of the Productus-limestone, as some
doubt is expressed on the label attached to the specimen as to its possibly being
triassic. In the same block of sandstone, however, in which the specimen had been
enclosed, I detected a fragment of Dentaliwm herculeum, Kon., and thus there can
be no doubt that the rock containing the two species belonged still to the Productus-
limestone formation.
Remarks. — The fossil here described is so peculiar that it cannot be compared
with any species that has been hitherto detected.
As to the nature of the fossil there can be no doubt, the sculpture exhibited by
the enamelled part is too characteristic to be mistaken.
The whole space of the spine is perfectly symmetrical. Though one side of it
is much mutilated by weathering, this can easily be seen. The spine, therefore,
must have had its position somewhere in the middle line of the body of the animal
to which it belonged, and thus was very likely a dorsal ray.
The mode of preservation of the fossil is not without interest. On the weathered
surface the substance of the bone is in many places tinted blue and green, thus
resembling very much the bones found sometimes in the cupriferous sandstone of
the Ural.
Family : AMMONITWM, v. p. 21.
Genus : SAGECEEAS, Mojs., v. p. 37.
3. Sagecebas wtnnei, Waagen, n. sp. PI. VIII, fig. 2.
Among the materials recently collected by Mr. Wynne, there is a beautiful
new species of Sageceras, which I name in honour of its discoverer Sag. wynnei.
The general shape of the shell is disciform, with compressed whorls and a very
small umbilicus.
82 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The whorls are much higher than broad, with flattened, only very slightly
convex, sides and a flat depressed siphonal part bordered on both sides by angular
margins. The umbilicus is very small and deep, not bordered by angular margins,
the lateral parts of the whorls bending down to the umbilical suture in a regular
flat curve. The involution of the whorls is very great, but though this is the case
yet the whorls increase so rapidly in height, that only one-third of the height of the
last whorl is occupied by the involuted part of the preceding one. There remains
only a very narrow margin of the inner whorls visible within the umbilicus.
No trace of the shell is preserved on the specimen received for description. The
cast is entirely smooth, without any trace of sculpture.
The shape of the shell seems to have been very different at different stages of
growth. The first two or three whorls have a broad, depressed, rounded section,
about as broad as it is high ; then the section of the whorls increases more rapidly
in height and becomes an elongated oval ; only on the fourth or fifth whorl is the
flattened siphonal part developed, bounded on both sides by angular margins ; and
not till then, at a diameter of the shell of about 30 or 40 mm., are all the characters
of the species fully expressed.
As in all the species of Sageceras, so in this one, the sutural lines are very
characteristic. The siphonal apparatus consists in a long narrow lobe, terminating
very distinctly in two fingers. The sides of this lobe are nearly parallel, each pro-
vided with six or seven denticulations. The lobe is bounded on both sides by saddles
not broader than, and as long as, the lobe. Corresponding to the six indentations
of the lateral line of the siphonal lobe, there are again six indentations on the inner
wall of this narrow saddle, in such a manner that the whole saddle gets a perfectly
symmetrical outline, the upper termination of it showing the figure of a shamrock
leaf. This saddle is situated precisely on the exterior angular margin of the whorl
so as to be placed with one side on the flattened siphonal part, with the other on
the lateral part of the whorl. Next to this saddle follows a lobe which is the largest
in the whole series. It is somewhat leaf-shaped, terminating in two broad unequal
fingers, of which the outer one is larger, and bearing near its base on the outer side a
somewhat conspicuous tongue-shaped finger, which is joined immediately to the
serrated inner margin of the narrow saddle described above. The next lobe is much
shorter than the preceding one, also terminating in two unequal fingers, of which,
however, the inner one is the larger. This lobe is bounded on its outer side by a
rather short elongated oval perfectly entire saddle, on its inner side by a similarly
shaped saddle, which reaches, however, much further up. The third lateral lobe is
again a good deal larger than the second, nearly as large as the first, also terminat-
ing in two fingers, of which the interior one is larger. The next following three
lobes are perfectly similar in shape to the one last described, but gradually dimin-
ishing in size ; the saddles between them are all entire, tongue-shaped, and gradually
diminishing in size. After the sixth lobe on the lateral part of the whorl is reached,
the suture presents only the aspect of an undulating line, the terminal fingers of
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA (Supplement). 83
the lobes having gradually disappeared. There are yet some five or six auxiliary
lobes formed by the curves of this undulating line. The whole suture occupies a
tolerably regularly shaped triangle, two sides of which are formed by radii of the
spiral, touching on one side the culminating points of the auxiliary saddles and of
the narrow saddles of the siphonal apparatus, and on the other side the terminal
fingers of the more prominent lobes ; only the middle lobe of the siphonal appara-
tus falls far short of this radius.
The measurements of the specimen here described are as follows : —
Diameter of the shell about
„ „ umbilicus „ . . .
Height of the aperture from the umbilical suture
„ „ „ siphonal side of the preceding whorl
Thickness of the aperture .
103 mm.
6 „
58 „
41 „
25 „
The greatest thickness lies about in the middle of the whorls.
Locality and geological position. — The specimen described above was collected
by Mr. Wynne at Bilot, in the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This species belongs to that section of the genus Sageceras which
I have distinguished on page 39 under the name of " Section of Sag. orbignyanum,
Vern." Like all the species belonging to this section, this species also exhibits the
peculiar siphonal lobe, which does not occur in any other group of the Ammonitidce.
This character, combined with the geological distribution of the single species,
seems to indicate with very great probability the existence of two separate genera,
one of which is of chiefly palaeozoic, the other of chiefly mesozoic occurrence. As
the name Sageceras has been proposed by Mojsisovics chiefly to include the triassic
species, like Sag. haidingeri, Hau., which are all deprived of the above mentioned
singular siphonal lobe, there must be created a new name for the palaeozoic species,
and I propose the name of Medlicottia, Waagen, for these forms, by the use of
which distinctive designation it would be immediately apparent to what group one
or the other single species belongs. The new genus would thus be composed of the
following species : —
Medlicottia orbignyana, Vern.
„ artiensis, Gruenew.
„ primus, Waagen.
„ sahmarm, Karp.
„ wynnei, Waagen.
It is not easy to give a general characteristic of the genus from the five species
hitherto known to belong to it, but to all of them the very characteristic develop-
ment of the siphonal apparatus seems to be common. This character is not only
observable on the casts, when the sutural line can be really observed, but it is also
expressed in the shell when the sutural line is perfectly covered up. All the forms
hitherto detected have the siphonal side either excavated and bounded on both
84 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
sides by high and sharp crests, or the siphonal side is simply flattened, and defined on
both sides by angular margins. In both cases the high and narrow saddles developed
on each side of the siphonal lobe are situated exactly below the crests or the angu-
lated margins ; these saddles are strongly serrated from both sides, and the denticula-
tion of the opposite sides of the saddle correspond exactly with each other ; thus, little
oval tubercles are formed, which appear not only on the casts, but also less strongly
on the shell, and thus also those species, of which the sutural line is not exactly
known, like in Sag. {Medl.) sakmarce or Sag. {Medl.) artiensis, can easily with all
desirable certitude be attributed to the genus. It is therefore certainly a mistake,
if Mojsisovics treats these latter species as not belonging to his genus Sageceras, but
as forms very nearly agreeing with the types of Trachyceras, Laube. Though the
sculpture to a certain extent may recall that of Trachyceras, yet the sutural lines,
which are partly known from Medl. sakmarce, at least forbid the comparison of
these forms to Trachyceras. Medl. artiensis, however, is so very nearly related to
Medl. sakmarce, that both might even specifically be identical. (Compare Karpinsky :
Geological investigations in the Gouv. Orenburg, Verh. k. Mineral. Ges. Petersb.,
1874, page 286.) The Salt-range species of Sageceras, as well as everything else that
occurs there, are treated by Mojsisovics indiscriminately as " permian," in a rather
arbitrary manner. I do not think that any proofs are in his hands to justify this
assertion. (Verh. k. k. Geol. Reichsanst. 1879, pp. 137, 138.)
The systematic position of the genera Sageceras and Medlicottia is not quite
easy to point out, and chiefly the latter genus presents an assemblage of characters
which bear most conflicting evidence. If the family of Goniatitidce, as proposed
by Barrande, had to be maintained, the genus Medlicottia would, beyond any doubt,
have to be united with this family, as appears most undoubtedly from a comparison
of the sutural lines as exhibited by the three species Medlicottia orbignyana,
primas, and wynnei. The numerical law as to the distribution of the lobes, which
has been ascertained to prevail in the Ammonites by L. v. Buch, is not in the
slightest degree developed in the sutural lines of the species mentioned, and in this
respect they resemble entirely the sutural lines occurring in by far the greater
number of Goniatites. To these in a general way entirely goniatitic sutural lines
there stands in most striking contrast the development of a siphonal tubercle,
though small, in Medl. wynnei, which is suggestive of a direction of the sipho-
nal funnel towards the front. Very remarkable also is the sculpture, as well as the
direction, of the striae of growth in Sageceras and in Medlicottia. Instead of
possessing an emargination on the peripheral part of the aperture, as in the case
in the Goniatites, the sculpture, as well as the strise of growth in both genera are
directed distinctly towards the front on the siphonal part of the shell, as in the
true Ammonites.
As to species the one here described is most nearly allied to Medlicottia
{Sageceras) artiensis, Grunewald ; and the affinity of both species seem to be so
great, that I think it highly probable that both stand in a developmental connection
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CEPHALOPODA (Supplement). 85
with each other. The chief difference between M. artiensis and. M. Wynnei seems
to consist in falciform ribs, which are exhibited by the former species, whilst they
are absent in the Indian fossil. But from the very great similarity of both fossils
it seems probable that they are also not very far apart in geological age.
Pamily : NA VTILIDM, v. p. 42.
Genus : NAUTILUS, Linn.
Nautilus goliathus, Waagen, v. p. 50.
A fragment of the body-chamber of a small specimen of this species was
found by Mr. Wynne in the upper division of the Productus limestone at Bilot.
No new light is thrown on this species by this newly found specimen.
86 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Class: GASTEROPODA.
Order: PROSOBRANCHIATA.
Sub-Order • CTENOBRANCH1ATA.
Tribe: HOLOSTOMATA.
Family: SOZABIIDJS.
Genus: EUOMPEALUS, Sow.
Though this genus has been generally accepted by most previous writers, yet
it requires a detailed explanation why I use the name here.
The genus was defined by Sowerby in his Mineral Conchology in 1812 ; and
U. pentangulatus, Sow., from the mountain-limestone must be considered as the
typical species of the genus. This is a species with a very low depressed spire, a
very wide umbilicus and angular whorls, which bear a very distinct keel on then-
upper or posterior surface, whilst the lower or umbilical or anterior surface is
rounded, without keel. Two years previous to the definition of the genus Euom-
phalus, Montfort, in his Conchiliologie systematique, described the genus Straparo-
lus, of which St. dionysi, Mtf., must be considered as the typical species. Now,
there is no doubt, that Uuomphalus pentangulatus, Sow., and Straparolus dionysi,
Mtf., are very nearly related to each other ; and if we regard only the larger
generic divisions as they have been in use up to very recent times, both genera,
Euomphalus and Straparolus, should be considered identical ; and as the latter
was defined at least two years previous to the former, Straparolus should be accepted
as the only admissible name for the shells in question. When we, however,
take up all the generic designations, introduced chiefly by H. and A. Adams and
other modern writers, by whom also the old genera Turbo, Littorma, etc., have
been divided into many minor groups, we will find that also within the genus
Straparolus several groups can be distinguished which might be considered as of
generic value. The misfortune is, that only the shells are accessible to our obser-
vation, and of these even, in most cases, the opercula are wanting. "When, therefore,
in imperfect specimens the shells show some constant differences, it may be taken
for granted that if the animals were accessible to observation, even more striking
peculiarities would be detected in them than are exhibited by the shells only. This
consideration is strengthened by the remarks of Stoliczka regarding the genus
Straparolus. According to his views, the animal of the species having a distinct
keel on their upper surface, like Euomphalus pentangulatus, Sow., had a distinct
insinuation of the mantle on their neck, which caused the formation of the keel.
PEODTJCTTJS-LIMESTONE.-GASTEROPODA. 87
This insinuation was more strongly expressed in the shell, when the animals were
still young and able to lift up their shells frequently, but disappeared more or less
on the shell when in large individuals it became too heavy, and was therefore
^carried more or less in a horizontal position. In shells, however, where there
is no keel from the earliest stages of growth, such an insinuation of the mantle
can hardly have been present at all, and thus it seems likely that the animals in-
habiting keeled shells and those of shells which never bear any keel were dissimilar
to a certain extent.
Now,, as the name Straparolus was first applied to a species without keel,
whilst ths name Euomphalus was established for species with a distinct keel, the
two names may be retained, the first for species with rounded whorls without
any trace of a keel, the second for the species with a distinct keel on the upper
surface. Thus defined, the genus Uuomphalus, Sow., would contain chiefly palaeo-
zoic species, whilst the genus Straparolus, though also beginning in palaeozoic strata,
would go up in frequent species into mesozoic formations up to cretaceous beds.
There remain yet some genera rather nearly allied to the two above mentioned
and which were even considered in several cases identical with them ; these are
Schizostoma, Bronn, Discohelix, Dunk., Maclurea, Emmons, and Ophileta, Hall.
Schizostoma has been united by Stoliczka with Straparolus ; but if we consider
this latter genus distinct from Euomphalus, Schizostoma can only be compared
with Sowerby's genus. The typical species of Schizostoma is Uuomphalus catillus,
Sow., and on a first glance it is apparent that this species is distinct from E. pent-
angulatus by the presence of two keels, including between them the slightly
convex periphery of the shell, and that it in this respect resembles very much those
forms which have been considered as forming the genus Discohelix of Dunker.
Stoliczka, however, has very rightly pointed out, that in Discohelix the striae of
growth on the convex periphery of the shell are bent backwards, whilst they are
arched towards the front in E. catillus, and that thus this latter species is deci-
dedly different from Dunker's genus. On the other hand, it is also different from
the genus Euomphalus by the presence of two keels instead of one, which cause
on the aperture of the shell two slight emarginations ; the genus Schizostoma
might thus be adopted on as good grounds as many other genera of fossil shells of
which no living representative any longer exists. Species of Schizostoma have as
yet been found exclusively in pakeozoic formations.
The distinctive characters of Discohelix from Schizostoma have been already
mentioned ; they consist in the direction of the strfce of growth, which are bent back-
wards between the two keels on the periphery of the shell in Discohelix, whilst
they form an arch directed towards the front in the same region of the shell in
JSchizostoma.
The genus Maclurea, Emmons, is very ill defined, founded chiefly on the
strange development of its operculum, which certainly indicates a distinct genus,
but which seems not to be accompanied by corresponding peculiarities of the shell.
88 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
Thus if the operculum is not preserved, the shells, which ought to he properly in-
cluded in this genus, will he very easily mistaken for Straparoli.
Ophileta (Vanuxem), Hall, is even worse defined than Maclurea. The first
species mentioned by Hall, and which, therefore, must be taken as characteristic, is*
O. levata; this is a discoidal shell, with numerous whorls and a keel on its lower
surface. The specimen figured of this species is, however, very imperfect, and it re-
mains to be decided whether the presence of a keel on the lower surface of the
whorls is sufficient to distinguish the genus. The second species mentioned by Hall
bears two keels, and is thus either a Schizostoma or a Discohelix, which of the two
depends upon the direction of the striae of growth, which have not been observed.
Of the genus Euomphalus there exist only two species in the palaeozoic
deposits of the Salt-range which I shall call E. parvus, W., and E. pusillus, W. In
general form they agree with most of the species placed in this genus, being
flat shells coiled nearly in one plane, with whorls barely touching each other,
and bearing a sharp keel along their upper surface. There is, however, only one
species with which the Salt-range forms can be more particularly compared ; this is
E. similis, Meek and Worthen, from the Saint Louis Limestone of Illinois. A more
slight resemblance is also exhibited by E. impressus, Eichwald, from the carboniferous
limestone of Borowitchi. There is no doubt that both the Indian species, as well
as the American, are more or less allied to E. pentangulatus, Sow., and that they are
a minute repetition of that species ; but though this requires but little comment, yet
it is very difficult to state in what sort of connection the English species may
stand to the American and Indian forms. Principally it is barely possible to state
with any exactitude which of the species is the geologically older one and which
the more recent : only from the circumstance that E. pentangulatus has been quoted
already from devonian strata, it may be guessed that this species is more ancient than
E. similis and the other minute forms which I am about to describe from India.
On the other hand, if we take it as granted, that Euomphalus pentangulatus is
the geologically oldest species of those which are more or less closely allied to the
shells under consideration, it is barely possible to state if E. similis may have taken
directly its origin from E. pentangulatus or not, as these shells are all so very rare,
and their geographical distribution so very sporadic, that it seems not advisable to
utter any definite opinion as to their developmental connection. Though it is
pretty certain that the shells of the Gasteropoda are nearly as well adapted as
the Cephalopoda to retain traces of the developmental changes time and circumstances
have wrought on the animals by which they were once inhabited, yet it requires
most ample materials to trace these minute differences within a series of fossils
coming from several successive strata. But such materials are absolutely not ob-
tainable in geologically older formations ; for circumstances so favourable as exist
for instance, in the silurian basin of Bohemia, are extremely rare ; and generally, in
palaeozoic as well as in mesozoic formations, localities rich in Gasteropoda are geogra-
phically and geologically far apart, and thus comparisons between the single faunas
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 89
become extremely difficult. Only in tertiary times the careful study of the Gaster-
opoda will bring about essential changes in general views regarding these formations ;
for it is certain that nothing but the most detailed observation of the developmental
changes the single forms undergo in time will enable us at last to establish a definite
geological classification of the tertiary rocks, which up to the present is arbitrary
to a certain extent.
It is pretty certain that the two species described on the following pages take
their origin one from the other, so that E. parvus, W., which occurs in the upper
division of the Middle Productus-limestone, is to be considered as the parent form
of E. pusilltts, "W., which is not very rare in the Upper Productus-limestone, but
with these two links the chain is at an end, and it is impossible to state whether
E. similis, M. and W., is to be considered as another link in the same.
In describing the Gasteropoda of the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range, I
shall, therefore, not be able to point out in every case the developmental group to
.which the species belongs as I have done in the Cephalopoda, but shall only discuss
the developmental connection of the single forms under consideration as far as this
seems possible.
1. Etjomphalus parvus, Waagen, n. sp. PL IX, fig. 2.
All the specimens of this species I have got for description are of very small
size, and it seems, therefore, probable that the species never attained more consider-
able dimensions.
The general form of the shell is flat disciform, the whorls are thin and very
evolute, barely touching each other. The whole shell consists of about four whorls,
which are entirely exposed, and bear on their upper surface a strong prominent
rounded keel, which is accompanied on its outer side by a marked longitudinal
depression or groove. The peripheral side of the whorls is rounded and promi-
nent, but not limited at the sides by edges. The lower surface of the whorls is
slightly angular, a nearly flat part of the shell sloping down from the indistinct
edge towards the umbilicus.
The transverse section of the whorls is irregularly pentagonal, the outer angle
of the pentagon being rounded, and its base very narrow and contracted. The two
opposite lateral angles are not on a horizontal line, but the one corresponding
with the upper surface of the shell lies much higher than the other.
The shell is not coiled entirely in one plane, but the lower or umbilical side is
somewhat more excavated than the upper one ; but on the upper side the sutures
between the whorls are deeper sunk than on the lower side.
The whole surface of the shell is covered by strong prominent striae of growth,
which are, however, neither very numerous nor are they all equal in strength, but
several thin ones are intercalated between two of the stronger sort. The striae of
growth are slightly undulating and bent backwards on the keel, or upper side of
E
90 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
*
the shell. They form an arch on the peripheral part of the whorls, and, turning
again towards the front, reach the umbilical suture in an elegant falciform curve.
Though I have one of the specimens broken into pieces, no trace of any septa
is observable.
The dimensions of the largest of the specimens at my disposal are as follows : —
mm.
Diameter of the shell .......... 9
„ umbilicus . . . . . . . . .4
He_ight of the last whorl at the aperture ........ 2'5
Thickness „ „ .:...... 3
Locality and geological position. — Altogether there were collected three speci-
mens of this species by myself, one at Khura in the compact limestones of the middle
division of the Productus-limestone, and two others west of the same locality in
marly beds in the upper region of the Middle Productus-limestone. The species
thus seems to be restricted to the middle division of the Productus-limestone series.
Remarks. — This very pretty little shell bears a certain resemblance to many of
the species of Euomphdlus, and chiefly it seems to be a miniature copy of E. pent-
angulatus, Sow., but though this is the case, still the size of the shell is sufficient
to distinguish the species. In E. pentangulatus a specimen having about four
whorls exhibits a diameter of about 25 mm., whilst in our species specimens with an
equal number of whorls attain not more than 9 mm. in extreme cases. The only
species which agrees more or less, as well in its general form as in its size, with E. par-
vus is E. similis, Meek and Worthen. These authors distinguish two forms within the
species, the one the typical E. similis, the oth°r E. similis var. planus, which, accord-
ing to their views, might as well be considered as a separate species under the name
of E. planus. It is chiefly the latter form with which E. parvus might be com-
pared; it has been figured and described in the Geological Survey of Illinois
Vol. II, page 286, Plate XIX, fig. 5 ; and from this figure it is not very difficult to
gather the points of dissimilarity between the American species and E. parvus. The
chief difference between the two forms consists in the more rounded whorls of
E. planus, and in the more flattened sutures on the upper surface of the shell. In
E. parvus, on the contrary, the whorls bear on their upper surface a strong promi-
nent keel, which causes a strongly angular section of the whorls, and from this keel
the shell slopes rapidly down to the deeply set suture. On the lower surface of the
shell the similarity of the two species is greater, but also here the rounded edge on
the whorls lies more nearly inside towards the umbilicus in E. parvus than is the
case in E. planus.
E. planus, M. and W., was described originally from the Saint Louis limestone
of Illinois, and belongs, therefore, to the upper region of the mountain-limestone
formation. This, however, throws but very little light on the age of the Indian
species, as we do not know in what sense or direction the changes, wrought by time
and circumstances, take place in the species of Euomphalus ; and thus it is very
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 91
difficult to tell which of the two species may he the more recent, or by what space
of time the two species may be separated from each other. Erom other characters,
however, exhibited by the other fossils of the Productus-limestone, it is probable
that E. 'parvus, W., is more recent than E. planus, M. and W.
2. Etjomphalus ptjsilltjs, Waagen, n.sp. PI. IX, fig. 3.
This species is, like the preceding one, of very small size, but bearing suffi-
ciently distinct characters to warrant its separation as a well-defined species.
The general form of the shell is flat disciform with a very wide umbilicus, the
whorls barely touching each other. The shell consists of about four whorls, which
are very evolute and entirely exposed. They bear on their upper surface a low,
obtuse keel, which forms an obtuse spiral edge along the suture of the whorl.
Erom this keel the peripheral part of the whorls projects strongly in a perfectly
rounded arch. Also on the lower or umbilical side of the shell a keel occurs, not so
obtuse as the one on the upper side, but more angular and more prominent.
The transverse section of the whorls is approximately pentagonal, more regu-
larly so than in the preceding species. The outer angle of the pentagon, cor-
responding with the peripheral part of the whorl, is broadly rounded off ; the base
is very narrow, and the two opposite lateral angles, corresponding to the lower and
upper keels of the shell, are nearly on a horizontal line, whereby it appears that the
two keels are exactly opposite each other.
The whorls are not coiled in one plane ; the umbilical side of the shell is more
excavated than the upper side. On both sides the sutures are about equally
deeply set.
The surface of the whorls is covered by very fine narrow striae of growth,
slightly undulating and about equal in strength.
In none of the specimens received for description is there any trace of a
septum observable.
The dimensions of the specimen figured on Plate IX are as follows : —
Diameter of the shell 8 mm.
„ ,, umbilicus . 4'5 „
Height of the last whorl at the aperture ... . . . 2 „
Thickness „ ,. » » 2'5 „
Locality and geological position. — Altogether there have been collected by
me two specimens of this species, one in the topmost beds of the Productus-
limestone at Chidru, the other, which is only exposed at its lower surface, but which
very likely also belongs to this species, at Jabi, in the identical bed from which I
have also described the Cephalopoda : Cyclolobus oldhami, Sageceras primas, and
Xenodiscus carbonarius, in the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
92 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
r
Remarks. — Though this species is very nearly related to the preceding one,
yet there exist some very striking differences, which will be easily discovered in
comparing the enlarged figures on Plate IX with one another. These differences
consist chiefly in the sculpture of the two surfaces of the shell being different :
whilst in Euomphalus parvus, W., the upper surface bears a strong prominent keel,
which is accompanied on its outer side by a spiral impression or groove, this keel is
low and obtuse in Euomphalus pusillus, "W., and no groove is present. On the lower
surface again the keel is low and very much approaches the umbilicus in Euomphalus
parvus, whilst it is angular and prominent, and in its position about opposite the
keel, on the upper surface in E. pusillus. The stride of growth are comparatively
strong and unequal in their development in E. parvus, and much finer and more
equally strong in the species here under consideration. Thus, I think, it is justifi-
able to separate the two forms under distinct names.
As to the similarity of the present species to Euomphalus pentangulatus, Sow.,
the same differences exist as have been pointed out to obtain between Sowerby's
species and E. parvus. Like the latter, E. pusillus is already distinguishable by its
very reduced size, which is not more than 8 mm. in a specimen with four circuits,
whilst of E. pentangulatus a specimen with the same number of whorls has already
25 mm. in diameter.
Of other species E. planus, M. and W., must be compared. The similarity of
the American shell to Euowph. pusillus is very striking, and compared only from
their lower surfaces these shells are not distinguishable at all. The upper surface
of E. planus, however, bears a strongly marked angular keel, which is situated far
towards the peripheral part of the shell, whilst this keel is broad and obtuse in
E. pusillus and directly opposite the keel on the lower surface.
Euomphalus impressus, Eichwald, which bears also a certain resemblance to
E. pusillus, is, however, much less nearly allied. Its whorls are higher and much
more compressed, and its keels lying very far out towards the periphery of the
shell so as to approach in its general form more or less the type of Schizostoma,
Bronn.
Thus E. pusillus, W., seems to be a well distinguishable species which is, so far
as known up to the present, characteristic to the upper division of the Productus-
limestone of the Salt-range. It is probable from its similarity to E. parvus, W.,
and its position higher in the series than the latter species, that there exists a deve-
lopemental connection between the two forms ; but the materials at my disposal are
so very scanty that it seems impossible to assert anything positively, or to draw
any conclusion as to the tendency to variation prevailing among these species of
Euomphalus.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 93
Family: EVLIMIDM.
Sub-Eamily : CHEMNITZIINj®.
Genus : HOLOPELLA, M'Coy.
Though it seems not very difficult to distinguish the genus Holopella as com-
posed of more or less turreted shells with particularly convex and prominent whorls,
yet this distinction is not always equally easy, and chiefly for the species I shall
have to describe it is very doubtful whether it ought to be considered as a
Chemnitzia or as a Holopella.
According to the original definition of the genus as laid down by M'Ooy, this
seems in general related as well to Chemnitzia as to Loxonema. The distinctive
characters from Chemnitzia consist, according to M'Coy, "in the smaller size of the
body whorl and in neither it nor the mouth being produced anteally." Erom
Loxonema it seems to differ by the absence of a prominent and easily discernible
sculpture on the whorls, and by its mouth not being enlarged and prolonged
anteriorly.
Stoliczka thinks it barely possible to distinguish Loxonema thoroughly from
Chemnitzia ; but I think the very peculiarly produced anterior part of the mouth,
combined with more convex whorls, and a by far more slender spire, are characters
sufficient to distinguish the genus Loxonema from Chemnitzia. Holopella, in its
most characteristically developed species, is, according to Stoliczka, distinct from
Chemnitzia by its more convex whorls and the absence of an insinuation on the
posterior part of the outer lip of the aperture. To this can, I think, be added
the shorter and more numerous whorls in Holopella.
The species which I shall have to describe, and to which I shall give the name
of H. trimorpha, W., bears characters which equally well agree with Chemnitzia
as with Holopella. Up to a length of the spire of 12mm. the whorls are smooth
and flat, the suture which divides the whorls from each other being barely distin-
guishable. In somewhat larger specimens the whorls get more convex, but yet
there is a flat zone along the posterior part of the whorl which recalls to a great
extent the form of the whorls in Chemnitzia, where this more or less flattened zone
corresponds approximately to the insinuation exhibited by the striae of growth in
the genus mentioned. Pull-grown specimens of H. trimorpha, W., show entirely
convex whorls like all other species of Holopella.
It is a fact worthy of notice that the different stages of growth in Holopella
trimorpha correspond approximately with three different genera existing in the
paleeozoic series of rocks. We have there first the genus Loxonema, Phillips, which
bears a slight insinuation on the posterior part of its outer Up very much like
Chemnitzia, Orb., but which is distinct from the latter genus by the characters
mentioned above ; then comes the genus JPolyphemopsis, Portlock, which is yet very
94 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
insufficiently known, but which seems to resemble Chemnitzia, differing only by
the absence of an insinuation on the outer lip of the aperture ; and at last there is
Holopella with very short and convex whorls.
A very similar series of forms can be observed in mesozoic up to recent strata :
Loxonema is here replaced by Chemnitzia, Polyphemopsis by Pseudomelania, Pict.,
and Holopella by Dunkeria, Carp., or Hyala, H. and A. Adams.
The fact that all three palaeozoic genera are more or less clearly represented in
different stages of growth of one and the same specimen of H. trimorpha, W., shows
with absolute evidence how closely allied the three genera are. Nevertheless I do
not think it advisable to unite under one and the same generic designation all
those forms which have been up to the present considered to constitute three differ-
ent genera ; I think it rather much more probable that R. trimorpha must either be
considered as a form produced under the influence of " atavism," or else the genera
Chemnitzia and Pseudomelania, which appear in well-developed forms only later
in the geological series, are foreshadowed in the species under consideration in its
more juvenile stages of growth. The latter seems the more probable case, as will be
seen from the following specific description of the shell.
1. Holopella trimorpha, "Waagen, n. sp. PI. X, figs. 2, 3.
The shell of this tolerably large species is very elongated, consisting of very
numerous depressed whorls. Every trace of sculpture on the shell is absolutely
wanting, and the strise of growth are very indistinct. The shell is about six times
as high as it is broad.
The different stages of growth are very distinct from each other, and must be
described separately. The embryonal whorls are not preserved in any of the speci-
mens received for description ; but from the first volutions down to a height of the
spire of about 12 mm. the shell can be observed in one specimen, and from this it
can be stated that the whorls during all this length of the shell are perfectly flat on
their outer side, the sutures between the single whorls being only so very slightly
indicated that they are barely perceptible. The striae of growth are very indistinct,
but seem to be tolerably straight. From 12 mm. down to 23 mm. of the length,
which distance includes, however, not more than three or four volutions, the surface
of the whorls changes rather suddenly from flat to convex, a flat zone, however,
remaining along the posterior margin of the whorls. It is not possible to observe
whether the direction of the striae of growth indicate any insinuation of the pos-
terior part of the outer lip during that stage of the development of the shell ; the
existence of a flat zone, however, similar to that existing in most species of Chem-
nitzia, makes it probable that such an insinuation existed. After the shell has
attained more than twenty-three millimeters in length the flat zone disappears and
the whorls become regularly convex as in other species of Holopella*
PPODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. • 95
The aperture of the shell is thoroughly entire, and no trace of any canal,
or of its being effuse in any way on the anterior part, is observable. The
posterior part of the aperture is angulated, the outer lip sharp, the inner one
slightly thickened.
The measurements of a specimen from Chidru are as follows :—
Total length of shell about 27 mm.
Breadth at basis 4P5 „
Height of last volution 2'9 „
Apical angle of shell . 12'5°
Another specimen (a cast), somewhat deformed by pressure, has an apical angle
of 17°.
Locality and geological position. — Three specimens of Holopella trimorpha
were collected by myself : two I found in the topmost beds of the Productus-
limestone at Chidru, and the other west of Khura in the upper division of the
Productus-limestone. The species seems thus to be restricted to the upper division
of this formation.
'Remarks. — As all the species of Holopella are deficient in marked distinctive
characters, and as all the smooth forms specially more or less resemble each other,
there might be a number of species compared to H. trimorpha. Yet the distinction
of the species is not very difficult, on the one hand, because the number of smooth
Holopellce in upper palaeozoic strata is very limited, on the other hand, because the
form of the present species is rather peculiar. Prom the carboniferous formation
only two species have been described under the generic designation of Holopella ;
there exist, however, a number of other forms, which have been referred to different
genera, but which very likely also must be considered as Holopellce. The species
here described is, among all the forms which might be compared, the one which is
most elongated in its general outline ; only Chemnitzia gracilis, Kon., which is
very likely also a Holopella, is even more elongated than our species, but it
bears transverse ribs on its whorls, which are absent in H. trimorpha. Of Ameri-
can carboniferous species Loxonema cerithiformis, M. and "W., might be compared,
but its spiral is shorter and the strise of growth bear a distinct insinuation.
The genus Holopella was very badly represented during permian times, never-
theless one species described from permian strata must be considered as belonging to
the genus ; this is H. phillipsi, Howse, sp. (H. geinitziana, King), a very small
shell with smooth whorls, which is, however, easily distinguishable from the Indian
species by its much shorter spire and more convex whorls. The same is the case
with Holopella gracilis, Schaur., from the bunt-sandstein beds of the Alps, which,
on the whole, is very nearly related to H. phillipsi.
The position of the species under consideration in the genus Holopella might
be very much questioned; two genera may be quoted in which the species
might be placed with nearly equal right ; these are Folyphemopsis and Chemnitzia.
96 • SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The first volutions 6f the shell, if separated, would he quite rightly placed in the first
of those two genera, hut the further development of the shell forhids such a deter-
mination, as the whorls then hecome too convex and too numerous to allow of the
position of the species in the genus Polyphemopsis. In this stage of growth the shell
resemhles very much a Chemnitzia, but also for that genus the whorls are too
numerous and too much shortened. Thus, as the genus which in most of its charac-
ters agrees with the shell under consideration, there remains only Solopella, and I
have therefore placed the species in this latter genus.
Sub-Family : STILIFERINJE.
Genus: MACROCHEILUS, Phillips.
Though this genus is one of those which is most easily to be recognised among
all the genera of palaeozoic gasteropoda, yet its position in the system is by no means
certain, and as there is no hope of there ever being found any remains of the animal,
this uncertainty is not likely ever to be removed.
The shells belonging to this genus exhibit a very characteristic form. They
are more or less turreted, with tolerably elongated spire, not very numerous and
moderately convex whorls. The aperture is elongated, anteriorly often slightly
effuse, posteriorly angulated, the outer lip entire, the inner lip sometimes very
slightly callous with a more or less strongly developed columellar fold near its
anterior end.
What causes the uncertainty about the systematic position of the genus is its
bearing sometimes an anteriorly slightly effuse aperture. Those authors who lay a
greater stress on this peculiarity of the shell than on other characters, will place the
genus among the Siphonostomata somewhere near Pyramidella or Turbonilla, whilst
others, who prefer to classify the shells more according to their general appearance
and not according to single not very prominently developed characters, consider it
more prudent to retain the genus Macrocheilus in the Holostomata, and place it, as
seems to me very rightly, together with Stilifer in the family of the Eulimidce. I
therefore in this respect entirely follow Dr. Stoliczka, whose system appears to be
of all those proposed up to the present the most practicable one for the palgeonto-
logist.
The genus Macrocheilus seems to be represented by the greatest number of
species during carboniferous times, but after that period the genus suddenly dis-
appears1 almost entirely, and in more recent formations only in the triassic beds of
the Alps a couple of species of this genus have been noticed. From the palaeozoic
deposits of the Salt-range two species have been described by de Koninck:
Macrocheilus avellanoides, Eon., and M. depilis, Kon. Of these two species
only one was found, and in great numbers, by myself and Mr. Wynne in the
1 King's Macr. symmetricus scarcely belongs to that genus.
PPODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. . 97
palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range ; the other species, M. depilis, in its general
appearance, so very much resembles certain casts of gasteropods occurring
in the higher beds of the Salt-range series, cretaceous and nummulitic, that I can-
not but express the opinion that the shell in question is very likely not a Macro-
cheilus, and belongs probably to the fauna of the nummulitic strata; I shall
therefore avoid mentioning it among the palaeozoic fossils. The original specimen
is, I regret to say, not among the materials preserved in the Geological Society's
collection, but must have gone with the other part of Dr. Fleming's fossils to
Calcutta, where it has apparently been lost. Thus this point cannot be settled
definitively.
We have therefore only one species of Macrocheilus in the upper palaeozoic
strata of the Salt-range ; this is Macrocheilus avellanoides, de Kon.
1. Mackocheilus avellanoides, de Koninck. PL IX, figs. 6-9.
1863. Macrocheilus avellanoides, de Koninck. Fossiles Paleozoiques de l'lnde, p. 13, PI. IV, fig. 4.
1863. Macroch. avellanoides, Koninck. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., Vol. XIX, p. 10.
1878. Buccinum incertum, Abich. Geologische Forsehungen in den Kaukasischen Landern. ; I, Kohlenkalk-
Eauna aus der Araxesenge von Djulfa, p. 82, PI. XI, fig. 4.
1878. Macrocheilus indeterm., Abich. ; ibid., explanation of Plate XI.
This species is one of the most characteristic fossils occurring in the Salt-range,
as it is found nearly everywhere ; and it keeps with great constancy to a . certain
geological position.
The general form of the shell is more or less elongate-ovate, the length of the
spiral not very considerable, but variable, with a not very acute apex. The whorls
are tolerably convex, but six or seven in number ; the sutures separating them from
each other are slightly excavated. The surface of the whorls is nearly quite smooth,
barely any striae of growth being observable. The last whorl is very large and
occupies about two-thirds of the height of the whole shell.
The aperture is rather narrowly oval, angulated behind, and well rounded
everywhere else. The outer Up is thin and acute, without callosity or anything of
the kind ; on the anterior part of the aperture it bends round in a narrow curve,
giving thus to the latter the appearance of being slightly effuse. The inner lip is
thicker than the outer one, but not callous, properly speaking ; it is without edge,
but well rounded, and bears on its anterior part before uniting with the outer lip
a more or less strongly developed broad and not acute columellar fold.
This fold is very characteristic, but very differently developed in different
specimens of the same species, and one needs only look at the figures of Plate IX
to be convinced how very variable that character is.
The shell never attains a very considerable size. The largest specimen known
to me is represented by a cast, which was collected by Mr. "Wynne at Khund Ghat,
and which has been figured on Plate IX, fig. 6. The size generally exhibited by
the specimens is that of figs. 7 and 8 on Plate IX.
98 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The measurements of three specimens, I and III from Khund Ghat, II from
west of Khura, are as follows : —
i. ii. in.
mm. mm. mm.
Total length of shell 40 39 30
Greatest breadth of shell ... 27 26 19
Height of the last volution of the aperture . . .... 27 25 21
Greatest breadth of the aperture 1111 8
Apical angle 82° 82° 87°
The apical angle decreases with the progressing age of the specimens.
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether more than forty speci-
mens of Macr. avellanoides in the collection received for description; and it
appears from this, that it is one of the most common species of Gastropoda exist-
ing in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range. Of the whole lot there were found
18 at Katwahi in the upper division of the Productus-limestone, 20 at Khund Ghat
in the same heds, 3 at Kufri • in the division No. 14 of the section there (upper
Productus-limestone), 3 west of Khura, 2 at Chidru in the Cephalopoda bed, 1 at
Jabi, also in the Cephalopoda bed, the three latter localities being also in the upper
Productus-limestone ; and finally one specimen in a bed of crinoidal limestone at
Virgal belonging to the middle division of the Productus-limestone, and two speci-
mens at Bilot (Trans-Indus), also in the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
Thus the species commences, as far as known up to the present, in the middle
division of the Productus-limestone, and has its chief development in the upper
division of the same formation.
Remarks. — It is very difficult in the genus Macrocheilus to decide what
ought to be considered as separate species, as such a number of forms exist which
more or less resemble each other that distinction is rather difficult.
In the description of the species Mons. de Koninck compares the form under
consideration to Macr. schlothei/mi, d'Arch., from devonian strata, but says that
it differs from it by the angle of its spiral, by the length of the last volution, and
by the absence of every kind of ornamentation on its surface.
During carboniferous times several species existed, having a more or less close
resemblance to the present species. There are three shells from the Russian
mountain-limestone to be compared : Macr. affinis, Eichw., from the- lower mountain-
limestone of the Gouvernement Tula, Macr. Icevis, Eichw., and Macr. ampullaceus,
Eisch., the two latter from the upper mountain -limestone of Miatchkowa. The
first of the three seems to be more closely allied, but the larger size of the shell,
more strongly inflated whorls, and an impression the shell bears on them, seem to
warrant a distinction ; the two latter are very likely identical, and are distinguish-
able from de Koninck's species by a much shorter spire and by far more inflated
whorls.
The greatest resemblance to the Indian shell is exhibited by an American,
species which has been described by Meek and Worthen from upper coal-measures
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 99
of Illinois. This is Macr. medialis, M. and "W. The general fofm of both shells is
very similar indeed, and the chief difference between the two seems to consist in the
by far more considerable size the Indian shell attains. Of other characters the
somewhat greater inflation of the whorls in M. medialis and a differently shaped
aperture must be mentioned, though the latter peculiarity is not trustworthy, as
Meek and Worthen mention in the text that the figure showing the aperture of M.
medialis had not been drawn quite correctly.
Thus the possibility remains that M. avellanoides, Kon., and M. medialis, M.
and W., may be identical, yet the great geographical distance at which the two species
occur seems not to be in favour of such a supposition, and the small differences
mentioned may thus be considered sufficient to distinguish these shells under
separate names.
A species which must be united beyond any doubt with M . avellanoides, K.,
is Buccinum incertum or Macrocheilus ind. of Abich. Though of this species only a
cast has been found up to the present, yet this agrees so well in every respect with
the casts of M. avellanoides preserved in the Salt-range collection that there is no
chance of any distinction. The locality at which this cast was found is Djulfa on
the Araxes, in strata which were considered by Staatsrath Abich as representing the
upper mountain-limestone, but which are considered by Professor Moller to belong
to the permiau formation.
Family: NATIOIDM.
Sub-family: NATICINJf!.
Genus : NATICOPSIS, M'Coy.
Though the shells belonging to this genus have been for a long time simply
included in the genus Natica, yet it seems that the relation between the two genera
Natica and Naticopsis is not so very close ; and Meek and Worthen in their geology
of Illinois, in pointing out the peculiarities existing in the operculum of Naticopsis,
are of opinion that the genus ought to be considered as the type of an extinct
family, the Naticopsidce.
If, however, the operculum be not preserved, and one have to rely solely on the
general form of the shell, the differences are not so very striking, and the general
resemblance of Naticopsis to Natica is obvious. Thus, I think, the genus might
very well be included in the Naticidcs, and it cannot be very wrong to follow in this
case also Dr. Stoliczka.
The diagnosis of the genus originally given by M'Coy is very short, but quite
sufficient to fix the genus. Some stress, I think, must be put on the words " inner
lip smooth, flattened, slightly thickened." This circumstance— the inner lip being
only slightly thickened — will alone enable us to distinguish between the species
100 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
belonging to Nati'copsis and those which, might better be put into the genus
Ampullina, and which otherwise bear a great resemblance to Naticopsis, but differ
from it by the very strong callosity developed on their inner lip. Thus we will
easily be able to retain the genus Naticopsis as a very well characterised group of
forms which cannot easily be confounded with the Ampullince. Besides the differ-
ences in the shell, there seems also to exist for the two genera a somewhat different
geological distribution. Whilst the genus Ampullina seems to be chiefly numerous
in the middle and upper mesozoic formations, the genus Naticopsis seems to prevail
in numbers chiefly in palaeozoic strata, growing more and more scarce as it proceeds
into newer formations. t
In accepting the genus Naticopsis, it is necessary to recur to the first definition
of it by M'Coy, in his " Carboniferous fossils of Ireland." The first species named
there is N. canaliculate/,, M'Coy, a species with very thin shell and having the sutures
of the volutions deeply sunken in. Later on, in the " Palaeozoic Fossils," M'Coy has
laid great stress on the flattened condition of the inner lip which the species belong-
ing to the genus ought to exhibit ; but neither in M'Coy's first named species, nor
in other typical forms of the genus, does this character seem to be conspicuous.
Other species, indeed, which have been put by M'Coy into his genus, as Nerita
ampliata, Phill., &c, show this flattening of the inner lip in a remarkable manner ;
but they very likely, on account of this character as well as on that of the very thick
and compact shell they possess, must be removed from the genus and be placed more
near the Neritidce than near the Naticidce.
Among the materials collected in the Salt-range there are only two species
belonging to the genus, which, however, do not bear a very great resemblance to
each other, and can, therefore, scarcely be considered as in developmental connection
though both occur in successive strata. The older of the two was found in the
upper region of the middle Productus-limestone at Khura, the other comes from the
upper Productus-limestone at Khund Ghat. One of them resembles triassic, the
other carboniferous, species.
1. Naticopsis khurbnsis, Waagen, n. sp. PL IX, fig. 10.
There is only one specimen of this species in the Salt-range collection, but it is
well preserved and allows of accurate description.
The general form of the shell is globose, a little higher than broad, with a short
or scarcely elevated spire. The whorls are not numerous, altogether about three •
they are very inflated, prominently convex and not entirely enveloping each other.
The exposed part of the inner whorls is convex, and in consequence of this the
sutures between the whorls somewhat impressed. The last whorl is the largest
higher than broad, without a trace of an umbilicus at its base.
The embryonal part of the shell is not observable.
The shell is thin, only somewhat thickened at the lower or basal part of the
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 101
specimen. The surface of the shell is smooth to all appearance ; with the lens,
however, numerous very fine striae of growth are ohservahle. These are sharp and
more closely arranged near the aperture than on the parts of the shell removed
from it.
The aperture is ovate, angulate behind, perfectly round in front. The outer
lip is sharp and thin, the inner one is rather straight and slightly thickened, without
any distinct callous part. Both lips unite anteriorly in a slightly prominent angular
shelly part (fig. 10 d), which gives a strange character to the whole form of the
aperture and makes it appear somewhat effuse anteriorly.
The measurements of the specimen described above are as follows : —
Total length of shell 33 mm.
Greatest breadth of shell 30 „
Height of last volution at the aperture 30 „
Breadth of the aperture .... . .... 20 „
Apical angle . . . 116°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species preserved
in the Salt-range collection was found by myself in beds at the upper limit of the
middle Productus-limestone west of Khura.
Remarks. — There are not a great number of species which can be compared
to the shell just described. Among European palaeozoic fossils the only species to
which it can be compared is Nat. plicistria, Phill., from the mountain-limestone of
Yorkshire. This species can, however, be distinguished from the Indian fossil by
its less globose form and by its thick heavy shell.
Two other forms to be compared, and which of all bear the greatest resemblance
to the shell here described, are Nat. gaillardoti, Lefroy, and Nat. simlaensis, Giimb.
The former has a more depressed spire than Nat. khurensis, but Nat. simlaensis
can only be distinguished by the more flattened sutural part of the whorls. Nat.
gaillardoti is one of the most characteristic fossils of the lower and middle triassic
beds of Europe, but it occurs in company with Nat. simlaensis in the Himalaya in
beds of similar age.
The affinity of the shell under consideration to two triassic shells is of very
great interest. This affinity is rather striking, and it seems not improbable that the
triassic shells may have taken their origin from the species here described. Erom
this a migration of shells at the close of the palaeozoic epoch from India to Europe
would result, which, on the whole, seems not improbable.
2. Naticopsis indica, Waagen, n. sp. PI. X, fig. 4.
Like the preceding species, this one also is represented only by a single
specimen.
The general form of the shell is inflated-ovate, higher ' than broad. The shell
consists of about three rapidly increasing whorls, which almost entirely envelope
H
102 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
each other. The spire is very short and consequently the exposed part of the inner
volutions very small. The latter is rather flattened, and thus the sutures between
the whorls are flat and more or less indistinct. The last volution. is not much more
inflated than the preceding ones.
The shell is not very thick and exhibits a smooth surface, only with the lens
fine striae of growth are observable.
The aperture is ovate in form, acutely angular on its posterior end and broadly
rounded in front. The external lip is thin and sharp, the inner one with a slight,
distinctly limited callosity. Both lips unite at the anterior end of the aperture
without forming an angle, which latter is the case in the preceding species.
It is rather difficult to take the measurements, as the specimen is not very well
preserved, but, on the whole, they seem to be as follows : —
Total length of shell . . 40"5 mm.
Greatest breadth of shell .... . . . . 33 „
Height of the last volution at the aperture 35 „
Breadth of the aperture 23 „
Apical angle about . 112°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species in the
Salt-range collection was found by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat accompanying
the Nautili and Xenodisci described above, and found there in the Upper Pro-
ductus-limestone, group No. 1 of the list, p. 8.
Remarks. — Like the preceding one this species also can be compared to an
European form, but in this case, the affinity is so great that it nearly amounts to
specific identity. The fossil which resembles so very much the Indian shell is
Nat. phillipsi, M'Goy, from the carboniferous limestone (lower part,' mountain-
limestone) of Ireland. The general form of the shells agrees almost perfectly,
and the only character which immediately strikes the observer as establishing a
difference between the two is the by far more considerable size attained by the Irish
species. Nevertheless it seems not advisable to unite the two forms, as on a closer
examination there appear to exist some other points of difference in favor of a dis-
tinction. Chiefly, M'Coy considers his species as probably identical with Nat.
elliptica, Phill., from the mountain-limestone of Yorkshire. Now, Nat. elliptica is
very different : the spire is much shorter and the last whorl much more inflated. If,
therefore, Nat. phillipsi resembles so very much Nat. elliptica that both might
be considered identical, the former cannot be so very closely related to Nat.
indica as to warrant a specific identification. On the other hand also, M'Coy
mentions some characters in his Nat. phillipsi which are absent in Nat. indica :
thus, a well marked striation near the suture and a perfectly smooth surface on the
other part of the shell.
Thus, if we take all these points into consideration, we shall be justified in dis-
tinguishing Nat. indica as a separate species, characterised by smaller size
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 103
less inflated last whorl, and the absence of sharp striae near the" suture in distinc-
tion from Nat. phillipsi, M'Coy.
Though thus a specific distinction seems to be established, yet the great simi-
larity of the two forms is very remarkable. Nat. phillipsi occurs in Ireland at
Kilcommock and Longford in the lower division of the mountain-limestone, and at
Stream-hill and Doneraile in the upper division of the same formation, but it seems
to be absent in the middle division. There is no doubt that the Productus-lime-
stone of the Salt-range is more recent than all the divisions of the true mountain-
limestone as they are known to exist in England, Ireland, or Belgium. Thus it
might very well be the case, that Nat. indica has taken its origin from the
Irish fossil, and both thus may be in a developmental connection ; but who, relying
only on such isolated data, would venture to assert this and to draw any conclusion
from it ? The only thing that can possibly be done is, to call attention to such facts,
and to let them accumulate ; only in such a way at last results will be arrived at.
Eamily: VELUTINIDJE.
Genus: PLATYSTOMA, Conrad.
There is a great number of fossil shells which have by former writers been
called in a general way Natica, and which all exhibit more or less a globu-
lar form of shell and strongly inflated whorls. Though on a first glance it
appears evident that very different things have thus been united, yet the exact
limits between the several groups of forms seem very difficult to trace, and
even a greater difficulty is experienced if we attempt to distribute them among
the families and genera distinguished among recent mollusca. This is nothing
but natural. If the families and genera of the mollusca as they exist now are
the result of a historical process, and have been arrived at only by a long chain
of transformations, they will not always have existed in the same shape as they
present in our days, but things which now appear widely separated will, in for-
mer periods, more or less blend together, and thus the further we go back in the
scale of formations, the more difficult it will be to assign the shells we find there to
the recent genera and families. But though this is the case, yet we cannot avoid
bringing those shells more or less into connection with the living ones ; such a com-
parison must, however, only be taken for what it is worth, and it must be borne
in mind that, as the animals of the fossil species will never be accessible to our
observation, we must solely rely on the similarity of the shells, which may often be
misleading. Thus if we venture to assign one or other of the palaeozoic gasteropoda
to a now living genus or family, nothing but the similarity of these shells to the re-
cent forms can be expected by such a designation.
There is no doubt that a great many of those fossil shells which have been
called Natica bear a very great resemblance to the living genus Velutina ; and if
104 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
we wish to designate those forms among recent shells with which the fossil ones
most nearly agree, we always will have to fall back on that genus ; but then it is by
far the simplest way to designate both by the same name, and to put the fossil shells
into the genus Velutina, or at least into the family Velutinidce.
The genus Velutina is chiefly characterised by few strongly inflated whorls, a
short spire, and in consequence of this a more or less globular form of the shell.
It is distinct from most of the Naticidce by its very thin shell and the absence of
any callosity on the inner lip of the aperture. Hecent species can thus easily be
recognised, not so the fossil ones. Chiefly in palaeozoic formations there are a
great many shells which resemble Velutina more or less, but which at the same time
show a gradual transition to the Capulidce, in such a manner that it becomes exceed-
ingly difficult to decide whether some of the forms ought to be placed better in the
one family or in the other. There is no hope of escaping the difficulty ; we can
only say that those forms with a very much enlarged aperture and a very little
developed spire will be better placed in the Capulidce, whilst others, in which the
spire is more distinctly developed and somewhat elevated, and the last whorl is not
out of proportion larger than the preceding ones, will have to be transferred to the
Velutinidce ; but the similarity remains, and it is probable that the Velutinidce have
taken their origin from the Capulidce during older palaeozoic times.
Defined as I have just indicated, the Velutinidce comprise a number of forms,
some of which have received separate generic designations. The greatest develop-
ment of the family seems to take place in older mesozoic strata, but though some of the
forms occurring there closely resemble the true Velutince, others very likely will con-
stitute separate and new genera. In palaeozoic times the true Velutince seem to be
scarce; they are replaced here mostly by allied forms, which, however, by their very
short spire and somewhat expanded mouth, to a certain extent recall some forms of
the Capulidce, and in fact seem to constitute a transitional link between the two
families. These forms have been united by Conrad under the generic name of
JPlatystoma. JPlatystoma, like Velutina, is characterised by a thin shell, the spire, if
very short, consisting of very few strongly inflated volutions, the aperture is very
wide and oblique, outer lip sharp, inner one slightly thickened without callosity.
The striae of growth show in some species a bend, suggestive of a slight insinuation
of the outer lip. Stoliczka expresses some doubt as to the propriety of separating
these shells generically from Velutina, but by the characters mentioned above, they
are pretty well removed from the Velutince, and approach more or less the Capulidce
and chiefly the genus Flatyceras ; thus it seems not improbable that also a generic
difference exists between these shells.
Among the Salt-range fossils there is a single specimen of a shell which by its
principal characters resembles Platystoma, and thus has been referred by me to that
genus.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 10c
1. Platystoma indicum, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XI, fig. 1.
The only specimen of this species in the Salt-range collection consists in an
internal cast on which parts of the shell are still preserved.
The general form of the shell is oval, broader than high. The whole shell
consists of three rapidly increasing inflated whorls, of which the last is by far the
largest. The spire is very short and the whorls but little elevated ; they are per-
fectly rounded without any trace of ornamentation. The shell is very thin and
smooth, except some very fine striae of growth, which are, however, barely visible,
and the general direction and shape of which could not be ascertained. The aperture
is very wide and somewhat expanded and very oblique in its position. The external
lip is sharp and entire, without insinuation, the internal one is thickened and firmly
adhering to the solid columella. Both lips unite anteriorly in a broad arch, pos-
teriorly they form an obtuse angle.
Owing to some injury the animal received during lifetime, the specimen under
consideration is not quite regularly developed ; a short distance from the aperturo
near the suture a prominence has been formed, and from there the whorl deviates
from the regular spiral (fig. 1 d).
The dimensions of the specimen here described are as follows : —
Total length of shell . . 40 mm.
Greatest hreadth of shell . . . 56 „
Height of last volution at the aperture . . 37 „
Breadth of aperture ..... . 35 „
Apical angle ... .... 138°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen preserved in the Salt-
range collection was found by myself in the Chittawan near Ghari, in a compact
limestone, in the upper region of the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — Though the direction of the stria? of growth cannot be observed in
this single specimen of the species, and though there seems to exist no insinuation
or emargination on the outer lip, yet the species agrees in all other respects so well
with Conrad's genus that it seemed best to quote this specimen as species of
Piatystoma.
The genus Piatystoma seems to have chiefly a westerly distribution ; and in
the devonian as well as in the carboniferous epochs no European species of the
genus have as yet been described, though it seems very probable that it will be found
• also in European strata.
In the carboniferous period two species have been recognised in America, both
belonging to the upper coal-measures. They are PI. peoriense, McChesn., and
PI. tumidum, M. and W., but neither of them seems to resemble closely the Indian
fossil.
106 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Sub-order: SCTJTIBRANCKIATA.
Tribe: PLANILABIATA,
Family: NBBITID^.
Genus : NEEITOMOPSIS, Waagen, n. gen.
Even in a higher degree than was the case with the preceding genus, the
remarks made in the Introduction to the genus Platystoma apply to this genus.
Nothing can be more difficult than to indicate the systematic place of the shells I
designate under the name of Neritomopsis, and I have as much hesitation in intro-
ducing the new generic designation as in placing the new genus in the family
Neritidce.
The shells here under consideration have, moreover, been mostly described by
former writers as species of Natica, while some have proposed to unite them with
the genus Nerita ; this division of opinion about the same species sufficiently indi-
cates the difficulty which has to be overcome.
When M'Coy established his genus Naticopsis, he apparently united those
doubtful species with it ; but as the first species he quotes is Nat. canaliculata,
M'Coy, a species with very thin shell and an inner lip which is not flattened, the
name Naticopsis must be restricted to thinly shelled forms with slightly thickened
inner lip, which, on the one hand, are barely distinguishable from Ampullina, and,
on the other, show a certain transition to the Vehdinidce, chiefly to Velutina and
Platystoma. Other forms with heavier shells and a distinctly flattened inner lip
must be separated from M'Coy's genus, and constitute a distinct group for which
I propose to introduce the generic name of Neritomopsis.
The genus is characterised by a globular form of the shell, a short spire and
few very much inflated whorls. The shell is not very thin, the aperture entire,
rounded in front, angular behind ; the outer lip is sharp and entire, the inner one
thickened, rarely callous, considerably flattened, smooth, without teeth or folds,
generally adhering to the columella. Columella solid, not excavated.
The genus which seems to be most nearly related to the one here described is
Neritoma, Morris, both genera being chiefly distinct by the outer lip being entire in
Neritomopsis, whilst it bears an insinuation in Neritoma. Very nearly allied is also
the genus Naticodon, Eyckh. ; and indeed, some of the forms considered by Eyck-
holt to belong to his genus seem possibly better placed in Neritomopsis. There is
not the slighest doubt, that in those species which I am here about to describe,
the tooth on the inner lip, characteristic of the genus Naticodon, is not present.
"What seems to be most doubtful is the systematic position of the genus. There
seems to be a perfect transition from Naticopsis to Neritomopsis, and there is no
doubt that both genera are most nearly related ; but whether the two genera
ought to form a proper family " Naticopsidcs " and represent a transitional link
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 107
between the Naticidce and the Neritidce, or whether, as I have done, the genus
Naticopsis had better be placed in the Naticidce and Neritomopsis in the Neritidce,
I must leave to be decided by further enquiries. So much, however, is certain,
that the remarkably flattened inner lip of Neritomopsis establishes a close relation
of the genus to the Neritidce, and that thus the origin of the Neritidce may very
likely be traced from this genus.
The genus has its greatest development during palaeozoic times, and seems to
decrease in numbers in mesozoic strata. In the Salt-range it is represented by two
species, Neritomops. minuta, Waagen, and Neritomops. ovulum, Waagen, which both
occur in the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
1. Neritomopsis minuta, Waagen, n. sp. PI. X, fig. 5.
Only one well preserved specimen of this species is contained in the Salt-range
collection.
The general form of the shell is compressed globular, the side of the aperture
being considerably flattened. The spire is very short, the volutions inflated, but
indistinctly separated from each other, inner volutions not prominent, the last one
very much larger than the others, prominently inflated. The shell is not very
thick, smooth, only with the lens some very fine straight striae of growth are
observable. The aperture is wide semilunar, anteriorly rounded, posteriorly an-
gular. The outer lip is sharp and thin, continuous, straight. The inner lip is
somewhat thickened, considerably flattened, obtusely sharpened within, firmly
adhering to the columella. Columella solid ; no slit or any trace of an umbilicus
existing.
The dimensions of the specimen are as follows : —
Total length of shell .6 mm.
Greatest breadth of shell 5'5 „
Height of last volution at the aperture ... .... 4 „
Breadth of the aperture . 3 „
Apical aDgle . 95°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species was
collected by myself at Chidru in the topmost beds of the Productus-limestone.
Eemarks. — A very strange and remarkable feature of this species is the in-
distinctness of the single volutions. In this respect the shell resembles somewhat
some of the Vmboniidce, with their smooth and polished shells. But as it could
not be made out with absolute certainty whether this indistinctness of the volutions
is an original feature, or whether this has been caused solely by the mode of preser-
vation and by the changes the shell has undergone in the process of fossilization
(having been transformed into calc-spar), no great stress has been laid in the descrip-
tion of the shell on this feature. If it is an original one, the animal must have
possessed some lobes on the mantle which enveloped the whole shell.
108 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The only species to which the Indian shell can be compared is Nat. variata, Phill.
It is not improbable that this species also must be considered as belonging to the
genus Neritomopsis. Ryckholt indicates a rudimentary tooth in some specimens
he observed, but as I have no specimen from Bolland for examination, I must
leave this question open. Specifically it is distinguishable from the Indian fossil
by its less inflated whorls and by the fine spiral striation on the surface of the shell.
The Indian specimen is, however, not sufficiently well preserved to admit of its being
positively stated that it never possessed traces of such a striation, and thus both
species might be in tolerably close relation.
Nat. variata, Phill., was described originally from the mountain-limestone of
Bolland, but is there of very rare occurrence.
2. Neritomopsis ovtjlum, Waagen, n. sp. PL XII, fig. 4.
This species also is represented by a single specimen in the Salt-range collection.
The general form of the shell is ovate, considerably higher than broad. The
spire is very short, the whorls are about three in number, inflated and perfectly
rounded, the last of them is the largest, but not very much larger than the preced-
ing ones. The sutures are indistinct, and the whorls not projecting above them.
The shell is not very thick, smooth, barely any strise of growth visible. The
aperture is oval, rounded in front, and angular behind. The external lip is sharp
and entire, the inner one thickened, slightly callous and considerably flattened, but
not sharpened within, adhering firmly to the columella. The latter is perfectly
solid.
The measurements of the specimen are as follows : —
Total length of shell ... 16 mm.
Greatest breadth of shell .... 14 „
Height of the last whorl at the aperture ... . . 14 „
Breadth of the aperture ... 8'5 „
Apical angle 130°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species preserved
in the Salt-range collection was found by myself at Kufri, at the base of the section
there, in the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — As in the preceding species so in this one, the sutures of the single
volutions are not traceable. But in this case it is evident that the apical region is
not well preserved, which may account for that peculiarity.
The species is certainly most nearly related to Neritomops. minuta, W., but can
be distinguished from it by a somewhat less globular form of the shell, less inflated
whorls, and an inner lip of the aperture which is not so much flattened as in
N. minuta, and bears a slight callosity. The apical angle is also somewhat greater in
the present species.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 109
The resemblance of Neritomops. ovulum, W., to N. varidta, Phill., is much
less striking than that of the latter species to N. minuta, W. About the same
characters which distinguish N. ovulum from N. minuta apply also to the dis-
tinction of the former species from N. variata, Phill., and besides this the presence
of a spiral sculpture in the latter makes the distinctness of both forms evident.
Tribe: CILIIPEDATA.
Family: TUBBINIDJE.
Sub-Pamily : PHASIANELLINJU.
Genus: PHASIANELLA, Lamk.
There occur not very rarely in the sandy beds at the top of the palaeozoic
series in the Salt-range small shining smooth shells, mostly well preserved in
every way, the determination of which has been a very great puzzle to me.
The polished surface of the shell, which is even in the fossil state tolerably well
preserved, leads me to consider these little specimens as belonging to the Phasia-
nellidce, though the form of these minute shells is very much inflated and an oper-
culum has not been observed. They cannot belong to the Umboniidce, as every
trace of a callosity on the inner lip is absent.
The inflated form of the shells and their very reduced size recalls to a certain
extent some forms included in the genus Trieolia, Risso, but as Stoliczka also
considers this genus only as a sub-genus of Phasianella, I may be justified in put-
ting these shells into the latter genus.
In general form these shells recall also certain forms of the Littorinidce,
chiefly the Lacunince, but these have a hollow columella, and also the polished sur-
' face of the shells here under consideration is not in accordance with the characters
prevailing in the shells of the Littorinidce.
Species of the genus Phasianella have up to the present only rarely been
recorded to occur in palaeozoic strata. There are a number of species in the
devonian period ; but in carboniferous times there seem to .have been described
up to the present only two species, one by Koninck as Cliemnitzia ventricosa,
which has been transferred by Orbigny to the genus Phasianella as Ph. subven^
tricosa, Orb., and another, according to Bigsby's Thesaurus, by Eichwald.
Only in mesozoic times the Phasianellce become more numerous, and in the
present period they are spread all over the tropical and subtropical seas.
1. Phasianella aeenicola, Waagen, n. sp. Plate X, fig. 6.
The general form of this little shell is globular, with very short spire, consist-
ing of three or four inflated rapidly increasing whorls. The exposed part of the
110 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
inner whorls is not- convex ; the last whorl is very much larger than the preceding
ones, and envelopes the latter almost completely. The sutures, separating the single
whorls, are well traceable, flat, and not impressed.
The shell is not very thick, with a perfectly polished surface ; even with the
lens barely any strise of growth are distinctly perceptible. Where they can be
traced, they are perfectly straight.
The aperture is oval, broadly rounded in front, and rather acutely angular
behind. The outer lip is sharp and entire, the inner one very slightly thickened,
but not callous, without folds or teeth.
The columella is solid, and thus the base of the shell not umbilicated, nor
impressed, nor grooved.
The dimensions of a specimen from Chidru are as follows : —
Total length of shell . . . ... 5 mm.
Greatest breadth of shell 5
Height of the last volution at the aperture . . 4 „
Breadth of the aperture . . . 3 „
Apical angle .... 88°
Tie species does not seem to exceed the size of the measured specimen, as
there are no larger ones in the collection.
Locality and geological position. — This species is not very rare in the palee-
ozoic deposits of the Salt-range, but is there restricted to the upper division of the
Productus-limestone. It occurs chiefly in sandy strata, and is therefore most
numerously found in the white sandstones which form the very top beds of the
formation ; from the smallness of the shell, it would, however, be most easily over-
looked, and thus it might be represented in other strata of the Productus-limestone,
but have been passed over unnoticed. Four specimens were found by me in the
strata indicated above at Chidru ; and two have been chiselled out in cleaning a
' specimen of Bellerophon collected by Mr. "Wynne at Khund Ghat.
Remarks. — As the species under consideration resembles in its general form
more a Naticopsis than a Phasianella, and only seems to be essentially different
from that genus by the polished surface of the shell and the flattened (not convex)
whorls, there have not only the species of Phasianella hitherto described to be
compared with our shell, but also among the Naticopsis and Littorinm there might
be species which would bear more or less of resemblance to Phas. arenicola.
There is only a single shell to which the present species bears a close resem-
blance, this is Littorina pusilla, M'Coy, from the mountain-limestone of Ireland.1
This is also a very small species, only 6 mm. in length, is also perfectly smooth, and
consisting only of three whorls, but the spire is much more elevated, and the whorls
less inflated, and thus it is certainly different from Phas. arenicola, even if it should
be ascertained that the Irish shell also bears a polished surface.
1 It cannot be found out what special position the species occupies in Irelaud, as it does not occur in Griffith's
tables ; these, however, mention two Littorina from the millstone-grit which are not described in the text • is one of
these identical with L. pusilla ? or are both ? None of the three names appears in Bigsby's Thesaurus.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. Ill
Of other species only Nat* uralica, Eichwald, can in its general form be com-
pared to our species ; but the shell seems to have an umbilicus, and thus, apparently,
the resemblance is only a very superficial one.
In American carboniferous or permian strata there is no species known to me
which could be compared to Phas. arenicola, ~W.
Family: TBOGSIDJE.
Sub-Family : MAUGAMTINJE.
Genus : MARGARITA, Leach.
Though Professor Meek has recently expressed the opinion, that the genus Mar-
garita would not date back further than the cretaceous period, yet the shell which
I have figured on Plate XI, fig. 2, cannot possibly, I think, be determined otherwise
than as a true Margarita; and thus, from this fact alone, it is evident how
very little we as yet have been able to trace out the developmental history of the
Gasteropoda, as by the detection of the Indian species the origin of the genus would
already date very far back, and reach down to the later palseozoic epochs.
The genus Margarita is easily recognisable by its thin shell (in the figures
Plate XI, the shell has been drawn by far too thick), smooth or very finely striated
whorls, nearly circular aperture, and an excavated columella, which is not sur-
rounded by a crenulated margin. The nacreous condition of the shell can only
rarely be observed in fossil species.
Nearly all the Margaritce are very small shells, and only one doubtful speci-
men has been found by me which is somewhat larger than the one figured. Most
of the recent species inhabit the sea- shores, but these generally are found in cold
climates. It is of interest to mark this, as the occurrence of such a northerly type
in the Salt-range deposits might possibly be of some use in the determination of
the physical conditions prevailing at the time of deposition of the strata in which
they occur.
Only one species of the genus occurs in the Salt-range, but this is not
very rare, and has been found in several localities in the upper division of the
Productus-limestone.
1. Margarita prisca, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XI, fig. 2.
The general form of the shell is depressed conical; spire tolerably short, consist-
ing of four not very rapidly increasing roundish whorls. The shell is thin and
fragile, covered with numerous strise of growth, which form a kind of very fine
plication near the suture ; they run from there in a straight line across the sides of
the whorls and disappear at the base of the shell within the deep and narrow umbi-
licus, without forming any kind of crenulation on the edge of it. The sutures are
112 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
deeply impressed, and the whorls projecting in a low arch above them. The trans-
verse section of the whorls is not quite round, but forms a kind of pentagon with
rounded corners. The base of the shell slopes from the edge of the umbilicus down
towards the outer margin of the whorl, and forms there a very obtuse barely per-
ceptible edge ; from there the wall of the whorl ascends in a regular arch to the
suture. The aperture is not very well preserved, the margins being greatly broken
and splintered, but the general form of it can be well observed. It is obviously
pentangular, the lips being perfectly continuous, not being effuse anteriorly. The
lips seem to have been nowhere considerably thickened, and even the inner lip
shows no sign of any thickening. The columella is strongly and deeply excavated,
forming a deep and narrow umbilicus, surrounded by a distinct, but not sharp edge.
The measurements of the figured specimen of this species are as follows : —
Total length of the shell ... 6 mm.
Greatest breadth of the shell 6 „
Height of the last whorl at the aperture . . 4 „
Breadth of the aperture 3'5 „
Apical angle 100°
The largest specimen in the collection has 8 mm. in height.
Locality and geological position. — This little species is not very rare in the
Salt-range. Three specimens were collected by myself at Virgal in the very top
beds of the Productus-limestone formation ; another somewhat larger specimen was
found on the road from Katwahi to Shahpur, in the same bed which furnished the
specimen of Naut. goliathus, W. Mr. "Wynne collected two specimens of the same
species also near Katwahi, apparently in the upper division of the Productus-
limestone.
Remarks. — This very remarkable little shell is of great interest, on the one
hand, because it agrees so well in a general way with some much more recent forms
of the same genus, on the other hand, because the habitat of the recent species of
Margarita is tolerably limited, most of the species occurring near the shores of
northern seas. "We therefore might deduce from the not very rare occurrence of
these shells in the Salt-range deposits, that the latter were formed near the shore in
shallow water, and that the temperature of the sea must have been moderate.
There is no shell known to me in palaeozoic deposits which could be closely
compared to the one here described, though some may have a certain general
resemblance. There is, for instance, Trochus tulensis, Barbot de Marny, from
the lower mountain-limestone of the Gouvernement Tula which is somewhat
similar; but though this shell belongs also to the Trochidce, yet it is no Margarita,
but very likely an Oxytele. Thus the similarity is only an apparent one, and the
two shells have nothing to do with each other.
The Trochidce are in general not very largely represented in the upper paiEeo-
zoic periods, and most of them belong to the genera Gibbula, etc. Only Troch.
lepidus, Kon., might also be a Margarita, but this species is distinct from the one
described here by its marked spiral striation.
PRODUCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 113
Sub-order: EISSOBRANCHIATA.
Tribe: SCHISMATOBRANCHIATA.
Eaniily : FLU UB 0 TO MA EIIB^.
Genus : PLEUROTOMARIA, Defr.
This genus is one of those which are most easily recognised among all the
genera of Gasteropoda ; but not only this, it is also most rich in forms, and there-
fore a more detailed study of the shells belonging to it might lead to similar disco-
veries in connection with the developmental history of the organisms, as has been
the case, for instance, with the Cephalopoda ; thus it would be one of the most wel-
come undertakings to publish a monographical account of all species of Plettroto-
maria. It is not possible for me to go at any length into the subject, all that I
shall be able to do is to point out certain peculiarities which make it probable that
among the Pleurotomarice similar developmental series may be indicated, as have
been observed to exist among the Ammonites ; and a careful comparison of these
fossils might, moreover, lead to a firmly based homotaxis of the beds in which they
occur, as has been established in mesozoic strata by the study of the developmental
series of the Ammonites.
It has been advocated by several authors that the genus Pleurotomaria ought
to be divided into several separate genera, and Deslongchamps has proposed to
introduce some names for separate divisions of I'leurotomariae. As far as the
knowledge of these shells goes at present, it seems highly probable that such a
division into several genera will be useful and practicable, but as shells with the
mouth well preserved are rather rare, it is not easy to fix the characters by which
the several genera should be distinguished.
Those genera, a revision of which has been given by Stoliczka, are in most
cases readily distinguished ; but even with Forskalia it remains doubtful whether
the species quoted by Stoliczka from palaeozoic formations, and which are closely
connected with more broadly conical and less trochiform species, can be united with
the recent genus, or should better still remain with the host of other species which
could not yet be distributed into separate genera on account of the absence of an
exact knowledge of the shape of the mouth.
The lot of species, however, which thus remains in the genus JPleurotomaria
is so large that it becomes absolutely unavoidable to distinguish some groups of
forms within the genus. Whether it will be better to introduce a number of sub-
generic names for such divisions, or whether the grouping should better be done
without giving such names, is a matter of taste, and the question will be solved by
different authors in different ways.
The materials in the Salt-range collection are not very extensive, and thus
114 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
I shall not venture to introduce new names. It will be sufficient to retain the divi-
sions made by former writers, and to introduce an occasional new one. The authors
who have treated more in detail the grouping of the species of Pleurotomaria
occurring in palaseozoic strata are chiefly Sandberger and De Koninck. The former
distinguishes among the devonian species the following groups : —
1. Graciles — Sinistral shells with slender whorls, and simple narrow transverse ribs, rarely-
cancellated.
2. Costatm — The whorls are provided with thick transverse ribs or folds.
3. Euorwphalina — Shells with a large and open umbilicus, slender whorls, and simple strise of
growth.
4. Simplices — Shells without or with a very small umbilicus, without well marked spiral
striation. with inflated whorls and simple stria? of growth.
5. Mutticarinata — "Whorls with numerous well developed spiral ribs or keels.
6. Solarii/ormes — Whorls with a concave basis, very depressed spire ; in general form resem-
bling Solarium.
7. Nodulosa — Sinistral, upper part of the whorls with little nodules.
8. Turrita — Spire elevated with few strong spiral ribs and simple striae of growth.
The last division cannot be retained in the sense in which it is proposed by
Sandberger, as thus it would include also all the species of Murchisonia. If we
wish to accept the division of the Turritce this can include only the Pleur. quadri-
lineata, Sandb. {Pleur. defrancei, d'Arch. et deVern.) and its relations ; then in the
sense thus defined the Turritce will form a very well characterised section of the
genus Pleurotomaria.
Mons. de Koninck is less explicit in the definition of divisions within the genus
Pleurotomaria. He distinguishes only : " Pleurotoman'ce ornatce falcatce " and
"Pleurotomaria globatce."
Among the species of Pleurotomaria occurring in the palaeozoic deposits of the
Salt-range three different types can be distinguished. One of the species can be
attributed to the division of the Multicarinatce of Sandberger, two others to the
Turritce, and one remaining species belongs to a division of forms which is not
represented in the devonian period, and which therefore finds no place in Sandber-
ger's classification. This species belongs to a section of the genus which has its chief
development in secondary strata, and the type of which seems to be most charac-
teristically developed in Pleur. conoidea, Desh., from the inferior-oolite. I am there-
fore inclined to give to this division of Pleurotomaria the designation of the
" Conoidea." This section of the genus will be characterised by a more or less
elevated conoidal form, a somewhat triangular section of the whorls, and a narrow
slit-band situated near the outer and lower angle of the volution.
We have in the palaeozoic strata of the Salt-range the different sections of the
genus Pleurotomaria represented by the following species :—
I. MULTICARINAT^!.
1. Pleur. punjaliiea, Waagen, n. sp.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 115
II. Turrits.
1. Pleur. sequens, Waagen, n. sp.
3. „ durga,Waa,gen, n. sp.
III. Conoide^!.
4. Pleur. kattaensis, Waagen, n. sp.
If we consider the single species several very interesting conclusions may be drawn.
Pleur. punjabica agrees very much in its general form with Pleur. ouralica, Vern.,
and seems to be only distinct from it by two sharp keels which accompany the slit-
band on both sides ; on the other hand, it is also very near in form to Pleur. nitida,
Barbot de Marny, which differs from our species only by an obtuse ridge surround-
ing the base of the shell and giving a somewhat angular section to the whorls.
Pleur. ouralica was found in the lower carboniferous limestone of the Ural, whilst
Pleur. nitida is a permian species. There cannot, I think, be any doubt that these
species, together with the Indian fossil, form a developmental series which may be
designated as " Group of Pleur. ouralica, Vern." The series seems to continue still
further up in the. sequence of formations, as there are some triassic species, like
Pleur. bauds, Dittm., and Pleur. daphne, Dittm., from the Hallstadt beds, bearing
a certain resemblance to the palaeozoic shells.
Very similar facts may be observed in connection with Pleur. sequens, "W,
This species belongs to a group of forms which begins already in the devonian period
with Pleur. quadrilineata, Sandb. In the mountain-limestone a species seems to
occur which is very similar to the devonian shell, but can be distinguished according
to Koninck's figure (in the text the species has not been mentioned) by a more
depressed spire and an upper keel, which is nearer to the suture. These characters
are even more developed in the Indian Pleur. sequens. Thus it seems highly pro-
bable that here also a developmental series of forms exists,
Again, another fact similar to those discussed above is the similarity of Pleur.
kattaensis to Pleur. conica, Phill., of the mountain-limestone of Bolland. Both
species agree very closely with each other, and there is a great probability of the
former species having taken its origin from the latter.
Thus the origin of three of the species of Pleur otomaria occurring in the
palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range can be traced with more or less probability
either to species of the mountain-limestone or even down to devonian strata. Only
with one species this origin remains uncertain.
I.— MULTICARINAT^l.
a, Gkotjp of PLEUROTOMARIA OURALICA, Vern.
1. Pleurotomabia punjabica, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XI, figs. 3, 4
The general form of the shell is more or less globose, the spire depressed, con-
sisting of few rather inflated whorls. The whorls are angular in the middle, where
116 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
the very narrow band is situated, and flattened both above and below the angular
part. The last whorl is the largest of all, and tolerably strongly inflated ; the base
of it is well rounded, uniting with the lateral part of the whorl in a very obtuse
barely perceptible edge. In the middle of the base there is a small and deep umbi-
licus in consequence of the columella not being solid.
The aperture is large and roundish, very slightly effuse in front, the inner lip
not thickened, the outer one with a deep slit in the middle, the form of which
cannot be well observed in any of the specimens. In the one figured the slit seems
to be very broad, but this is probably in consequence of the part of the shell limiting
the slit on its upper side being partly broken away. From the sculpture of the
shell it seems likely that the slit was narrow, with parallel margins.
The ornamentation of the shell is only very rarely well preserved in the speci-
mens I have got for description, and thus in most cases the shell seems to be smooth,
with the exception of two sharp ridges which limit the narrow slit-band on both
sides. When, however, the entire surface of the shell is well preserved, numerous
low spiral ridges cover the whole shell, and are crossed by very much finer barely
perceptible striae of growth.
The species never attains any considerable size, and specimens of a little above
ten millimeters in length are the largest that have been observed. The dimensions
of two specimens, No. I from Chidru, No. II from Katwahi, are as follows : —
Total length of shell .... . .
Greatest breadth of shell ,
Height of the last volution at the aperture
Breadth of the aperture ......
Apical angle ... ,
The apical angle varies from 71° to 107°.
Locality and geological position. — This , is one of the species of Gasteropoda
which occurs in tolerable numbers in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range,
though it is by far more scarce than, for instance, Macrocheilus avellanoides, Kon.
There are altogether sixteen specimens of this species preserved in the Salt-range
collection, ranging from the lower through the middle to the upper division of the
Productus-limestone, though in the last of the three the species is most common.
One specimen of this species was collected by myself in the Nilawan, in the
lower division of the Productus-limestone ; one specimen was found also by me in
the upper beds of the middle division of the Productus-limestone, west of Khura.
In the lower and middle beds of the upper division of the Productus-limestone this
species was collected by myself west of Khura (one specimen), at the village of
Khura (one specimen), at Katwahi (two specimens), at Kufri (five specimens), and
by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat (two specimens). In the very top beds of the upper
division of the Productus-limestone, I have found the species at Chidru (three speci-
mens), and at Virgal (one specimen).
I.
II.
10'5 mm.
8'5 mm
us „
9 „
7 „
6 „
7 „
5-5 „
97°
90°
PRODTJCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 117
Remarks. — This species so very closely resembles Pleur. buralica, Vern., that
it seems necessary to indicate by what characters the two species differ. The Indian
species has a somewhat more depressed spire, the whorls are more flattened on their
upper part, and show a very obtuse edge at the place where the basal and the lateral
parts of the whorls unite. The chief character, however, by which it seems possible
to separate the two species lies in the slit-band, which is accompanied on both sides
in our species by a sharp keel, whilst these keels are absent in Pleur. ouralica. This
character is not owing to the manner of preservation of the Prussian shell, for if
their keels had been obliterated by weathering or rubbing the striation on the other
parts of the shell must also have disappeared, as in Pleur. punjabica the striation of
the shell has vanished in most cases, but the two keels near the slit-band are always
well preserved. •
This peculiarity of preservation in Pleur. punjabica is worthy of notice. Nearly
all the specimens I have for description show a perfectly smooth shell with the
exception of the keels near the slit-band, and only one specimen from Chidru has
the surface of the shell so well preserved that the spiral striation on the other parts
can be easily observed.
Thus Pleur. punjabica seems to be a well characterised species and easily dis-
tinguishable from Pleur. ouralica. Another species to be compared is Pleur. nitida,
Barbot de Marny. This species has its spire a little more elevated than the two
species already mentioned, but in its general form it resembles both more or less.
It is distinct from Pleur. ouralica as well as from the Indian form by its more pro-
minent slit-band, and by the strongly developed obtuse edge which surrounds the
base of the shell. The surface sculpture of the shell of Pleur. nitida is, however,
not known, as the species has been observed up to the present only in the form of
casts.
It is of interest to draw attention to the geological position of the species here
mentioned. Pleur. ouralica is geologically the oldest of the three. It has been
found at Kosatchi-Datchi in the mountain-limestone, together with Productus
giganteus, and belongs thus to the fauna of the lower division of the mountain-
limestone of Russia. Pleur. punjabica is, beyond doubt, younger in the geological
sequence, and very likely Pleur. nitida must be considered as the youngest of the
three ; thus it seems highly probable that Pleur. ouralica is the ancestor of the
Indian species, while it is less certain whether Pleur. nitida has taken its origin
from Pleur. punjabica, as the surface sculpture of the former species is not known
up to the present.
if
118
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
II.— TUKRITjE.
(a). Group op PLEUE. QUADEILINEATA, Sandb.
2. Plettrotomaria seqtjens, Waagen, n. sp. PI. IX, figs. 4, 5 ; PI. XI, fig. 7.
Next to the species just described this one is the most common of Pleuroto-
marics in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range.
The general form of the shell is elevated conical, the spire is tolerably high,
consisting of four or five not very inflated rather slowly increasing whorls. The
latter are ornamented by prominent spiral costse, two of which are situated about
in the middle of the whorl, and accompany the slit-band «on both sides, one is not
far from the suture, and another separates the base of the shell from the lateral
part of the whorl. All four ridges cannot be seen in every specimen on the upper
volutions, as the lower ridge often gets concealed by the suture. In some specimens,
however, the suture is inserted just below the lower ridge. The sutures between
the single whorls are sharply cut in and very distinct. The base of the shell is
rounded, not flat, and in young specimens covered with a very distinct spiral stria-
tion ; there are about eight of these spiral ridges observable. In old specimens,
however, this spiral striation of the base becomes more and more indistinct, and
at last disappears entirely. The columella is not solid, but the umbilicus thus
formed is very small, and in some specimens entirely concealed. The whole surface
of the shell is covered in well preserved specimens by fine striae of growth, which
show a tolerably deep insinuation on the slit-band. The aperture is nearly circular,
not effuse in front. The inner lip is not thickened, but sometimes very little ex-
panded so as to cover up the very small umbilicus ; the outer lip has an insinuation
in the middle, the extent of which cannot be observed in any of the specimens.
The measurements of two specimens are as follows : —
I.
II.
mm.
mm.
Total length of shell .......
11
6
Greatest breadth of shell .....
10
6
Height of the last volution at the aperture
6
3
Breadth of the aperture .....
5
3
Apical angle .......
66°
70°
Very few specimens attain a size exceeding that of specimen No. I, and the
species thus appears to be generally of rather small size.
Locality and geological position. — The species is not very rare in the palseozoic
deposits of the Salt-range, but seems to be restricted there to the upper division of
the Productus-limestone, as no specimens have been detected up to the present
either in the middle or in the lower division of the same formation. The species
was found in the upper division of the Productus-limestone by myself at the village
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE. -GASTEROPODA. 119
of Khura (two specimens), and in another section west of that" village (one speci-
men), at Kufri (four specimens), and by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat (one speci-
men). In the topmost beds of the upper division of the Productus -limestone I have
collected the species at Virgal (one specimen) and at Ohidru (two specimens).
Remarks. — There is but one series of forms to which our species seems to be
more closely related : this is PI. quadrilineata, Sand., and the species more or less
nearly allied to it. Though a number of species belonging also to the " Turritce "
occur in North America in the coal-measures, yet there seems to be no shell among
them to which our species could be more closely compared. Also the similarity
to PI. quadrilineata is not such that a specific identity could be advocated by
anybody. In the first place, the size of PI. sequens is much less considerable than
that generally attained by PI. quadrilineata, then the spire is much more depressed,
and in the young shell a spiral striation is observable on the base of the Indian
species, which seems to be always absent in the devonian shell. It is very unfor-
tunate that nothing definite is known about a gasteropod figured by De Koninck,
but not described; Koninck identified the shell with PI. defrancei, D'Arch. et
De Vern., which species is identical with PI. quadrilineata, Sandb. ; but nobody
knows whether De Koninck's specimen came from the carboniferous limestone of
Vise or from devonian strata. As appears from the figure, the form drawn by
Koninck seems to be more closely related to the Indian species than that figured
by Sandberger. If Koninck's specimen was a carboniferous shell, it would certainly
be worthy of a new designation, and would furnish a very remarkable link between
the devonian PI. quadrilineata and the upper palaeozoic Indian species.
Bigsby, in his Thesaurus Devonicus, says of PI. defrancei : " also carboni-
ferous at ViseV' but does not mention the species again in his Thesaurus Carboni-
ferous.
(b). Group unknown.
3. Pleurotomaria durga, Waagen, n. sp. PI. X, fig. 1.
The general form of the shell is depressed conical. Spire short, consisting of
about four whorls. The latter are flattened above and angular on their outer side.
There are three principal spiral ridges observable on the whorls, between which five
or six very fine thread-like ribs are intercalated. Beginning from the suture,
two ridges of the finer sort appear, then comes one strong and high one, then again
two very fine which are only visible on well preserved specimens. After these, two
high angular ridges are observable, situated on the angle between the base and the
lateral part of the whorl. At the base again one spiral ridge of medium size occurs
near the outer margin, but the remaining part of the base of the shell is smooth, with-
out spiral ridges. The slit-band is situated between the two high ridges next to the
base of the shell. Besides these spiral ridges there are on the whorls very fine
120
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
I.
II.
am.
mm
7
8
8-5
10
4
5
5-5
6
1
2
92°
100°
strise of growth, which are, however, not very closely arranged, and cause no granu-
lation in crossing the spiral ridges. They are slightly directed backwards from the
suture to the slit-band, show on this band a rather shallow insinuation, and from
there reach the umbilicus in a somewhat falciform curve. The base of the shell is
somewhat flattened, smooth, with a moderately wide umbilicus in the middle.
The aperture is ovate, not effuse in front, angular on its. outer side. The
inner lip is not thickened or expanded, the outer one bears- on its lower angle an
insinuation, which seems to be rather broad and shallow.
The dimensions of two specimens No. I from Amb, No. II from Khura, are as
follows : —
Total length of shell
Greatest breadth of shell
Height of the last volution at the aperture
Breadth of the aperture
Diameter of the umbilicus
Apical angle ....
The specimen No. II is the largest of this species that has been observed up to
the present.
Locality and geological position. — This species is rather rare in the palaeozoic
deposits of the Salt-range. It has been observed up to the present only in the upper
division of the Productus-limestone, and occurs there chiefly in the topmost beds.
The species was collected by myself at Amb (three specimens) and at the village of
Khura (two specimens).
Remarks. — Though there are several species to which the form here under
consideration might be compared, yet the resemblance is not very close, and it is
very improbable that in reality any nearer relation between these species exists.
Among European shells there is only Murchisonia sulcata, M'Coy, to which PI.
durga, W., bears a superficial resemblance. In M'Coy's species the spire is much
more elevated, and the spiral keels, of which I count six on M'Coy's drawing, are all
equally strong, and the slit-band seems to be very broad, all characters by which
it differs essentially from Pleur. durga.
Of American species chiefly Pleur. brazoensis, Schum., and Pleur. subconstricta,
M. and W., might be compared. Both are species of the upper coal-measures, and
chiefly the latter exhibits characters somewhat resembling those of Pleur. durga,
but it can easily be distinguished by a row of small nodules on the upper margin of
the volutions near the suture, and by the absence of an umbilicus.
Pleur. durga must thus be considered as an isolated form, the true relations
of which cannot be ascertained for the present.
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 121
III. CONOIDEJE.
{a). Group of PLEUROTOMABIA CONICA, Phill.
4 Pletjrotomaria kattaensis, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XI, figs. 5, 6,
This is a very rare species, of which no entire specimen has been found up to
the present, but the materials at hand are sufficient to describe the species with all
desirable accuracy.
The general form of the shell is elevated conical, very little broader than high.
The spire consists of five or six whorls, of which the upper three are somewhat
differently shaped in comparison to the rest. The first three volutions are perfectly
flat, somewhat triangular in their section, and rather acutely angular at the peri-
phery, where the very narrow slit-band is situated. Later on the volutions get a
flattened periphery, as below the slit-band a flat vertical zone is developed, which
appears above the suture and gives to the shell a scalate appearance. This zone
does not get much broader as the shell increases in size.
The surface of the whorls is ornamented with a closely arranged very fine,
barely perceptible, spiral striation, crossed by much stronger transverse folds, which
lie in a retrograde direction with an elegant curve from the suture to the slit-band.
The slit-band is excavated and rather narrow ; it is accompanied on both sides by
a narrow ridge, sharp, but not prominent. On the flat zone below the slit-band
sometimes the spiral striation and sometimes the transverse folds predominate.
The base of the shell is flattened and smooth without spiral striation. It bears
in the middle a small but deep umbilicus.
The columella is excavated, the aperture more or less trapezoidal, not effuse
in front. The inner lip is straight, not thickened or expanded, the outer lip
angular, with an apparently not very deep emargination near the lower angle.
The dimensions of two somewhat fragmentary specimens from Katta are
approximately as follows : —
Total length of shell
Greatest breadth of shell .
Height of the last volution near the aperture
Breadth of the aperture
Diameter of the umbilicus .
Apical angle .
The largest specimen of this species, but very badly preserved, was collected
by me at Nursingphoar, and measures about 20 mm. in height.
Locality and geological position,. — This is a rather rare species in the palaeozoic
deposits of the Salt-range. Altogether three specimens of it are known to me ;
two of these were collected by me in a yellow compact limestone (bed No. 12 of
the section in my note-book) belonging to the lower region of the middle division
of the Productus-limestone, north of the village of Katta, and another was found
I.
ii.
12 mm.
7*5 mm
. 12 „
8
5 „
3 „
6 „
4-5 „
2 „
1-5 „
70°
73°
122 SALT-KANGE EOSSILS.
by me in a coaly calcareous sandstone composing the lowest fossiliferous bed of the
middle division of the Productus-limestone at Nursingphoar. Thus the species
seems to he restricted to the lower layers of the Productus-limestone, and to be
altogether absent from the upper division of the same formation.
Remarks. — This species is of a group of forms which is not very largely deve-
loped in the carboniferous period ; nevertheless in Europe as well as in America,
there are some species which bear a certain resemblance to the Indian shell.
In Europe it is chiefly Pleur. conica, Phill., which is very closely related to
Pleur. kattaensis ; and the similarity of the two shells is indeed so close that I am
inclined to believe that the fossil from Bolland is an ancestor of the Indian shell.
The whole difference between Pleur. eonica, Phill., and Pleur. kattaensis consists,
as it seems, in a less angular section of the whorls and a more closely arranged
oblique transverse plication in the Yorkshire species.
Other species which are also rather closely allied to Pleur. conica and to our
species are Pleur. lurbmiformis, M. and W., and Pleur. subscalaris, M. and W., both
from the lower coal-measures of Illinois. Pleur. turbiniformis seems to be nearly
identical in form with the very young stages of growth of Pleur. kattaensis, but
already with the third volution of species the similarity decreases, and the full-grown
shells can easily he distinguished by the flat vertical zone below the slit-band on the
last volutions in Pleur. kattaensis. In Pleur. subscalaris, M. and W., again it is
only the young shell which can be compared to the Indian fossil, full-grown specimens
being entirely different. Pleur. kattaensis seems to hold just the middle between
the two American species. I shall not venture to decide whether any of the
American shells have derived their origin from Pleur. conica, Phill., or whether Pleur.
kattaensis stands in any developmental connection to Pleur. turbmiformis or sub-
scalaris ; but this seems probable, that Pleur. conica, Phill, and Pleur. kattaensis, W.,
stand in some sort of developmental connection to each other.
Genus : MTJEOHISONIA, Arch, and Vern,
Though this genus seems not to differ very widely from Pleurotomaria, yet on
a closer examination a distinction is not only easy, but seems even absolutely neces-.
sary. In specimens in which the mouth of the shell is not very well preserved the
genus can be recognised by the elevated spire and the great number of whorls; a
form of the shell which is not usual in the genus Pleurotomaria. If the mouth of
the shell, however, is well preserved, the shape of that part is so very characteristic
that it seems barely possible to unite the shells of Murchisonia with the common
Pleurotomaria. Whilst in Pleurotomaria the mouth is anteriorly generally perfectly
rounded and only in very rare cases slightly effuse, in Murchisonia it is gene*
rally strongly effuse and in many cases even canaliculate, like in Pyramidella or
Cerithitm,
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEEOPODA. 123
Easy as it thus may be to recognise the genus, it is difficult* in many cases to
distinguish the several species.
The genus is represented in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range by a single
species, belonging to a group of forms largely represented in palaeozoic strata, but
in which the distinction of the single species seems to be extremely difficult ; this is
the group of Murch. angulata, Phill., which seems to commence already in silurian
beds and continues in manifold variations up into triassic strata.
The group seems to commence in upper silurian strata with M. per angulata,
Hall, which species has already most of the characters of the group well developed.
Whether in the lower silurian period M. pagoda, Salt., which has been found in these
beds in the Himalaya, and which by the characteristic high elevated angular keel
bearing the slit-band and by other characters recalls to a certain extent the form
M. angulata, has to be considered as the first representant of the whole group, is
a question which cannot be solved here. In devonian strata we have M. anglica,
Orb. {M. angulata, Phill., 1841). This species already very nearly agrees with
M. angulata, but seems to differ from it by a doubly carinated keel and a slit-band
situated between the two carinae.
The true M. angulata, Phill., occurs in the mountain-limestone. It is very
much to be regretted that there exists no good figure of this species, a want
which would account for the species being so very often mistaken. Though the
figure given by Phillips in his Geology of Yorkshire is not executed very carefully,
it seems to be very characteristic, and the species might be well recognised by it ;
but only M'Coy (Palaeozoic fossils, p. 531) seems to have recognized the typical
speciesi and given a diagnosis of it which perfectly agrees with Phillips's drawing.
The specimen figured by Portlock might also belong to the species, but the apical
angle seems somewhat larger than that indicated in the figure given by Phillips,
and the principal keel seems to be lower down near the base of the whorls ; so that
it is probably better to exclude Portlock's specimen from the true M. angulata.
Similarly, all the figures given by M. de Koninck must beyond doubt be excluded from
Phillips's species. Prom all this it seems certain that M. angulata is a species with
a not very strongly elevated spire, sharply angulated whorls bearing in the middle
a mostly simple prominent keel, and a second keel surrounding the base of the
whorl. This second keel is not quite covered up by the following whorl, but appears
immediately above the suture as a thread-like spiral ridge. Other carboniferous
species, like M. vemeuillana, Eon., M. (Vern.) kendalensis, M'Ooy, etc., which with
great probability belong also to the group of M. angulata, must be left out of con-
sideration here, as the true relations of those species can only be ascertained in a
monographical review of the whole group.
In permian beds, the group of M. angulata is represented by two species, M .
subangulata, Vern., and M. Uarmica, Eut. Both species are not very difficult
p distinguish from M. angulata, the first by the absence of the second prominent
124 SALT-RANGE POSSILS.
keel surrounding the base of the shell, the second by a spiral striation which covers
the surface of the shell above and below the median keel. Though Golowkinsky has
advocated recently the identification of the two species, Geinitz has already, in his
Dyas, rightly pointed out their distinctive characters.
Very nearly related to M. biarmica, Kut., there seems to be M. tramontanes,
Stache, from the Bellerophon-]imestone of the Alps. This species has the most
elevated spire of all those hitherto mentioned, and in it not only the second, but
also the principal median keel begins to disappear. A spiral striation is present,
like in M. biarmica.
After this a long break in the series occurs. One or the other of the small Gas-
teropoda figured by Benecke from the Buntsandstein of the Alps, and possibly also
M. tricarinata, Klippst., from Cassian and Hallstadt beds, might yet belong to the
series, but this cannot be positively asserted.
Also in America there occur members of tbe same group of forms like M.
marcouiana, Gein., which very likely also took their origin from M. perangulata,
Hall ; but the species are all different from those occurring in the eastern hemis-
phere, and there is no doubt that the American shells were vicarious species, replac-
ing the eastern forms at similar geological periods in the western seas, separated
more or less from the east by great distance and by land barriers in middle and
upper palaeozoic times.
In the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range there occurs a species of Murchisonia,
which, though not agreeing specifically with any of the species hitherto described,
fits well into the series of forms more or less allied to M. angulata, as they occur
in the eastern hemisphere. I shall call this Indian species M. conjungens, W. This
species holds exactly the middle between M. angulata and M. biarmica, and must
thus be considered as a truly transitional form.
If we now recapitulate what has been said about the development in time of
the group of M. angulata, we come to the following results. "We have :
In the Bellerophon-limestone
permian beds
Salt-range
mountain-limestone
devonian beds
upper silurian deposits
lower silurian strata
M. tramontana, Stache.
M. biarmica, Kut., M. sub-angulata, Vein.
M. conjungens, W.
M. angulata, Phill.
M. anglica, Orb.
M. perangulata, Hall.
M. pagoda, Salt.
There is no doubt that there exists a large break between M. pagoda and M. per-
angulata, and it might even be questioned if the former species is really in develop-
mental connection with the latter. It will, therefore, not be advisable to give the
name of M. pagoda to the whole developmental series, but to start from M. peran-
gulata as the root-species.
There is a marked tendency in this developmental series to elevate more and
more the spire, to get more and more numerous whorls, and to efface gradually the two
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 125
prominent keels with which the whorls are provided. The lower o'f these, surrounding
the base of the shell, is lost first ; and at last the principal keel also, in the middle of
the whorls, is only developed on the last whorls in M. tramontana, whilst the upper
volutions are simply convex.
(a).— Group op MURCHISONIA PERANGTTLATA, Hall.
1. Mtjrchisonia conjttngens, Waagen, n. sp. Plate XII, figs. 1, 2, 3.
The general form of the shell is very elongately turreted, with a narrow base
and a pointed apex. The very much elevated spire seems to have consisted of ten to
twelve volutions, but this cannot be exactly ascertained, as no complete specimen of
the species has been found.
The whorls are convex and somewhat squarish in their section. The suture
between the whorls is deeply impressed, and marked by a slightly prominent thread-
like line, caused by a keel which surrounds the base of the whorls, but which is
nearly quite concealed below the following whorl. The external part of the whorls
is strongly angular, with a high prominent keel a little below their middle. Above
and below this keel, there are flat or even concave sloping zones of the shell, of
which the upper one, in well preserved specimens, bears three revolving lines between
the keel and the suture, whilst the lower one shows only one such line between the
keel and a second less prominent ridge which surrounds the base of the shell. The
base of the shell is flat or even concave, without umbilicus, a slight impression in
its place, however, being present. The columella is compact and slightly projecting.
The aperture is somewhat squarish, angular, and strongly effuse in front. The inner
lip is thin, very slightly expanded and reflexed, the outer one bears a very broad but
not very deep angular emargination, corresponding to the slit-band which runs along
on the top of the principal keel.
No specimen in the collection is sufficiently well preserved to observe the
direction of the striae of growth.
The dimensions of two of the specimens, No. I, from Khund Ghat, No. II,
from Chidru, as far as they can be observed, are as follows : —
Total length of shell, about
Length of the preserved part
Greatest breadth of shell
Height of the last volution at the aperture
Breadth of the aperture ....
Apical angle .
Locality and geological position. — The species here described is not common in
the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range, and seems to occur there exclusively in the
upper division of the Productus-limestone. It was collected by myself in the very
I.
II.
56 mm.
45 mm
. 40 „
15 „
• 12 „
9 „
8 „
6 „
• 3 „
6 „
. 14°
15°
126 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
top beds of the Productus-limestone at Cbidru (one specimen) and at Virgal (one
specimen). In the middle beds of the upper division of the Productus-limestone
it was found by myself at Kufri (one specimen) and by M, Wynne at Khund Ghat
(two specimens).
Remarks. — The species which has just been described belongs to a group of
forms very extensively developed in palaeozoic times, and which chiefly in upper
palaeozoic strata has many representants. Among the shells hitherto described there
are especially two species which very closely resemble our form ; these are M.
biarmica, Kutorga, and M. angulata, Phill.
The points of similarity between M. biarmica and our species consist, besides
the general form of the shell which is common to all the species of the group, in a
spiral striation on the whorls, as well above as below the angular keel, which is
absent in all the other shells of the group. On the other hand, M. conjungens differs
from M. biarmica by the presence of a rather high spiral ridge surrounding the base
of the shell.
With M. angulata, Phill., our species agrees in having a rather prominent ridge
surrounding the base of the shell, and which is still visible on the upper whorls
immediately above the suture as a thin, thread-like keel ; it differs, on the other hand,
from Phillips' species by a spiral striation, which is present on the whorls above and
below the principal angular keel.
Thus M. conjungens in all its characters forms a truly transitional species
between M. angulata, Phill., and M. biarmica, Kut.
Very nearly allied is also M, subangulata, Veri\„ but this species has no spiral
striation above the principal angular keel, and t^S spiral ridge which surrounds the
base of the shell in M, conjungens is absent in Vemeuil's species.
M. conjungens is not always so well preserved Vhat all the characters can be
seen in every specimen ; the spiral striation on which 1 he distinction from M. angu-
lata is based, is most liable to obliteration by weatherin *. But as that striation is still
observable in specimens where the striae of growth c&nnot be observed. any longer
whilst M, angulata seems to show the striae of growth very dearly without exhibit-
ing a spiral striation, this character cannot defend upon the state of preservation
alone, but must be one connected with the characters of the shell in general.
Tribe : DICRANOBRANCHIATA,
Family : BELLEROPHONTID^l.
Nothing seems to be more difficult than to classify fossil shells of extinct
families of which no living representant any longer exists. What difficulties are to
be encountered in such an undertaking appear at once most clearly from the diffe
ence of opinion existing among most distinguished palaeontologists in treating of
the same shells or in attempting to assign a place to them in the system.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 127
In no instance is this more clearly exhibited than in the" case of the genus
Bellerophon, which has been successively assigned to the Cephalopoda, to the Broso-
branchiata and the Opisthobranchiata of the Gasteropoda, and to the Seteropoda
and the systematic position of which seems even now by no means certain.
The family consists exclusively of fossil forms, and thus the animal which once
inhabited the shells belonging to the family is absolutely unknown.
The shells are characterised by their symmetrical configuration, being enrolled
in one plane like the shells of Nautilidce. The mouth of the shell is broadly oval
or sagittate, generally more or less enlarged, and provided on the outer lip with a slit,
which corresponds in most cases with a slit-band on the former volutions. Inner
lip generally more or less callous, sometimes provided with columellar folds. Shell
comparatively thick and heavy.
The supposition of these shells being Cephalopoda was originally made by Mont-
fort, who attributed to his genus a number of septa pierced by a siphuncle. This
condition was soon proved to be erroneous, but nevertheless the opinion of the cepha-
lopodous nature of these shells was not given up ; they were then considered as
monothalamous Cephalopod shells. If we look through all the shells recent and fossil,-
which beyond any doubt belong to the class of Cephalopods, there is absolutely no
other shell to which the Bellerophons could be compared except Argonauta. The
characters of this latter shell consist chiefly in its being very thin, its consisting of
only one and a half whorls, and in an arrangement of the striae of growth such as
exists in no other Cephalopod known to me. The shell itself is made up of a
hard calcareous substance, which has a vivid pearly lustre on the fracture, but is
dull on the inside, and polished without. It has none of all these character's in
common with the shell of Bellerophon. The fossil shells belonging to Bellerophon
are in general very thick and heavy in comparison with Argonauta. They consist
of at least three whorls, mostly of more, and the striae of growth go regularly from
the umbilicus to the convex side of the whorl, and are here interrupted by a slit-
band or a simple insinuation, such as occurs in the family Pleurotomaridce. Only
the forms without a slit-band, like Bell, bilobatus, Sow., bear in their mouth a
certain resemblance to the mouth of Nautilus. But otherwise they cannot be com-
pared with Nautilus in any way. The most striking character of Nautilus is just
the existence of air-chambers in the shell, which are entirely absent in Bellerophon.
The structure of the Bellerophon shell cannot be made out distinctly in any of
the specimens at my disposal, as it has been transformed in almost every case into
calc-spar, but it can be observed that it was shining inside and dull without. Only
one specimen, the shell of which has been silicifled, shows very clearly that the
whole thickness of the shell was made up of very thin calcareous lamellae, which,
when fresh, must have possessed a vivid pearly lustre. Otherwise the specimen is
too ill preserved to observe if there was an outer shell layer of a different structure
present. Thus it would be at least hazardous to unite the Bellerophons with the
128 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Cephalopods, as we "know of no monothalamous shell among Cephalopods which
would be secreted by the mantle, as was beyond doubt the case with Bellerophon-
This is shown already by the strong callosity which covers in many cases the colu-
mellar lip of the mouth of the shell.
The idea of these shells being Heteropoda originated with Deshayes, and has
since then most generally been accepted in science. The analogies of some forms
of shells considered to belong to the BellerophontidcB to the shells of some living
Heteropoda are indeed sometimes striking. Thus if we take for a comparison that
group of forms which has been subsumed by Meek under the generic designation of
Tropidodiscus, or if we take Conrad's genus Cyrtolites, the resemblance between
these shells and the shell of Atlanta per onii, Les., or Oxygyrus (Helicophlegma)
keraudrenii, Les.,1 is very close externally, but the two living species are glassy,
thin or even cartilaginous shells, whilst the fossil ones are always thick ; and whilst
the animals inhabiting the shells above-mentioned are exclusively pelagic crea-
tures, the shells of the fossil genera are always found in more or less littoral deposits.
If, however, there are already some points of discrepancy in those fossil shells which
most nearly agree in their general form with the shells of living Heteropoda, these
discrepancies increase to an enormous extent if we compare other forms of the Bel-
ter ophontidee, chiefly the typical forms of Bellerophon. These possess thick heavy
shells, with a thick callosity on the umbilicus and the inner or columellar lip of the
mouth, and with a distinct slit-band on all the whorls. All these characters are
absolutely wanting in the shells of Atlanta or Oxygyrus.
The systematic position which has been attributed to the Bellerophontidm by
Blainville is with the Opistobranchiata of the Gasteropods. There are indeed some
shells among that division of Gasteropods which are more or. less symmetrical, for
instance, Haminea, Leach, or Atys, Montfort ; but the Bellerophontidce not only
never show the punctured surface which is generally exhibited by the shells of the
Opisthobranchiata, but, on the other hand, in the latter order of Gasteropods no case
is known of the shell bearing a slit-band such as generally occurs in the Bellero-
phontidce, and thus the analogies between the latter family and the Opisthobranchiata
seem to be rather small.
There remains then only the Prosobranchiata, with which a closer comparison
must yet be attempted. If we wish to do this, we must turn, in the first place, to
those forms among the shells of this order which bear, like Bellerophon, a slit-
band on their whorls, and we are thus led most naturally to the sub-order " Fisso-
brcmchiata," in which nearly all the genera included bear either a slit-band or a
row of perforations, or at least an emargination, on the mouths of their shells.
1 Only the embryonal shell of Oxygyrus keraudreni up to O'Smm. diameter has a striking similarity to Sell.
urii, but the full grown individuals are absolutely different, the shell is only cartilaginous, and not in the slightest
degree similar to the mentioned fossil species. Thus also the similarity of the embryonal shell can only be an apparent
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEEOPODA. 129
Already in 1843 Mons. de Koninck had drawn attention to a certain analogy
which exists "between the Bellerophontes and Bmarginula, placing the former in the
system somewhere in the vicinity of the latter genus. This example has been
followed by Pictet and Geinitz ; and in 1866, in a note in the Proceedings of the
Chicago Academy of Sciences, Meek very strongly advocates the position of the
Bellerophontes somewhere near Pleurotomaria and Haliotis.
The points of similarity between the shells of Pleurotomaria and those of
the Bellerophontidce are indeed manifold. The species of the genus Bellerophon
agree in every respect with Pleurotomaria, except in their being symmetrical. The
form of the Plettrotomarice varies in being sometimes turreted, sometimes very
nearly coiled in one plane, as in Porcellia, which genus has already by Stoliczka
been separated from the Bellerophontidce, with which it had been united by many
former writers. The mouth of the shell is always provided on its outer lip with
a more or less strongly developed incision, which is in most cases a narrow and deep
slit, sometimes a broad insinuation, as in Platyschisma, sometimes a short angular
emargination, as in Forskalia. Where a deep slit is present, it leaves on the former
volutions distinct traces, though the slit itself be filled up with shelly matter, and
thus the slit-band is formed. This slit-band consists in some rare cases of a row
of oval openings, as in Polytremaria. The inner lip of the mouth of the shell in
the Pleurotomarice is mostly simple, but there are also cases in which a thick cal-
losity on this lip is developed, as in Ptychomphalus.
All these variations in form and structure are also represented by single groups
of forms which have been detected successively among the Bellerophontidce.
There are symmetrical and non-symmetrical forms, as has been lately described by
Stache, though the unsymmetrical forms seem also to be coiled in one plane. The
slit on the aperture is deep and angular in the true Bellerophontes ; it is a broad
insinuation in a certain group of forms of which several species occur in the Salt-
range ; it is a shallow angular emargination in another form, which I shall have
to describe later on. The slit-band is well developed in Bellerophon proper, it is
absent in other groups, and it consists of a row of oval openings in the genus
Tremanotus of Hall, which is otherwise not distinguishable from Bellerophon.
There are at last forms with a strong callosity on the inner lip, whilst in others
this callosity is absent.
But the number of characters by which the Bellerophontes approach more or
less the Prosobranchiata is not yet at an end. I shall have to describe forms in which
several columellar folds are developed, a character which only occurs in the true
Gasteropods, the Prosobranchiata, or the Opisthobranchiata. Besides this there
have been described other forms which have the mouth so much enlarged and the
enrolled part of the shell so little developed, that in general form they more or
less resemble JEmarginula, and thus furnish new analogies for the systematic
position of the Bellerophontidce near Emarginula.
130 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
If we now recapitulate what has been said about the affinities of the shells of
the Bellerophontidce, we find that they agree with the Cephalopoda in general
chiefly by the symmetrical development, the thickness and pearly structure of
the shell, and with the Nautilidce in particular by the broad insinuation of the
outer lip in certain forms ; all other characters are entirely different. With the
Heteropoda also they agree by their symmetrical shell, and with Atlanta in parti-
cular by the long and narrow incision of the outer lip in Bellerophon proper. All
other characters are entirely different. With the Fissobranchiata, at last, the
Bellerophontidce agree in all characters, except the symmetrical development of
their shell, which is enrolled in one plane; symmetrical shells do, however, occur
in the Fissonellidce, a family of the Fissobranchiata, though not spirally enrolled
in one plane. Among the Fissobranchiata again the greatest affinity to the
Bellerophontidce is exhibited by the Fleurotomaridce, which undergo in their
several genera about the same changes of form that are also experienced by
the former family. The preponderance of characters agreeing with those of
the Bleurotomaridce seems thus to be so very great, that by far the greatest
probability is likely to be in the direction of a more or less close affinity of the
Bellerophontidce to the Bleurotomaridce ; and I think I cannot be very wrong
if I put the former family in the sub-order Fissobranchiata of the Prosobranchiata ;
and as most of the forms of the Bellerophontidce are symmetrical, they will have
to be placed together with the family Fissonellidce in the tribe " Bicranobranchiata,"
between the latter family and the Haliotidce of the tribe " Schismatobranchiata."
There have been described already a good many genera ; but these are still far
from sufficient for all the widely different forms which have been made known to
exist within the family.
The principal genera described up to the present are the following :
1. Bellerophon, Montfort, 1808, Conchiliologie systematique, Vol. I, p. 51.
The type species of this genus is Bell, vasulites, Montf., from the Mountain-
limestone, with a strong callosity on the inner lip and the umbilical region, a not
very deep emargination on the outer lip, and the surface of the shell simply covered
by striae of growth and a well developed raised slit-band. We shall have therefore
to restrict the name Bellerophon to forms which bear a more or less strong callositv
on the inner lip, and in which every kind of sculpture, except the more or less
strongly developed striae of growth, is absent.
2. Bucania, Hall, 1843, Palaeontology of New York, Vol. I, p. 32. The char-
acteristic given by Hall of this genus seems not quite sufficient to separate it from
the true Bellerophons, and therefore this genus has by most writers been united
with that of Montfort. If we consider, however, the first species described (Bite.
sulcatina, Emmons) as the type of the genus, we shall be able to retain the genus,
not for the largely umbilicated shells, but for the shells with a spiral sculpture, as
the type species very clearly shows the spiral sculpture, mostly more or less reti-
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 131
culate, which is so often exhibited by Bellerophon. But then Bucania, Hall, is
partly identical with Uuphemus, M'Coy, which was created to receive the spirally
striated Bellerophontes, only the slit-band is said to be absent in Ewphemm?
3. Phragmostoma, Hall, 1862, Eifteenth Rep., N. Y. State, Cab. Nat. Hist.,
p. 60. The original description of the genus has not been accessible to me, but
from the figures in the Pal. N. Y. Devon. Eoss., this genus seems to contain spirally
striated Bellerophonts with very much expanded mouth and an inner lip, the callo-
sity of which is granulated and cut out where it touches the preceding whorl.
4. Patellostium, Waagen, n. gen. I create this genus to receive the species
allied to Bell, macrostoma, Proem., the mouth of which is very much expanded and
the lips spread out Patella-like, the inner lip not being cut out where it touches
the preceding volution. Also Bell, megalostoma, Eichw., will belong to this genus.
5. Tropidodiscus, Meek, 1866, Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of
Chicago, Vol. I, p. 9. Strongly compressed disciform shells, with a high keel and
a very short incision on the outer lip ; callosity on the inner lip very little developed.
6. Mogtjlia, "Waagen, n. gen. Globular, without a well developed slit-band ;
mouth oval, outer lip with a shallow angular emargination like in Forskalia, inner
lip callous. No spiral sculpture.
7. Trbmanotus, Hall, 1864, Annual Reports of the Regents, University of New
York : Eighteenth Report, p. 43. Like Bucania, but in place of the slit-band a row
of oval openings on the last whorl like in Polylrernaria. Mouth strongly expanded.
8. Tttbina, Barrande, MS. Very much like Tremanotm, but with three rows
of openings, instead of one, on which long hollow tubes are placed. Mouth very
little expanded. This genus has been recognised a long time since by Barrande,
and the name used on labels.
9. Warthia, Waagen, n. gen. (Cyrtolithes, Orb., Prodr. I, p. 9, pars, non
Conrad). Smooth globular shells without slit-band and a broad tolerably deep
rounded sinuosity on the outer lip as in Platyschisma ; inner Up only very slightly
callous. No spiral sculpture.
10. Euphbmus, M'Coy, 1862, Carboniferous fossils of Ireland, p. 25 (pars).
It is difficult to decide what was originally subsumed by M'Coy under this genus,
but after much consideration I am led to consider Bell, urii, Elem., as its typical
species. The species belonging to this genus are chiefly characterised by more or
less numerous spiral folds, which are, however, restricted to the inner whorls. The
last whorl is smooth, the aperture contracted. No distinct slit-band is developed.
The folds have to be considered as columellar folds. This genus is the one which
differs most widely from the general type of the Bellerophontes and has chiefly
1 In 1870 Meek created the genus Bucanella for forms more or less related to Bell, trilobatus, which is
stated to agree with Bucania in all respects, except in two points, absence of an enlarged aperture and of a slit-hand.
Bell, trilobatus, however, in certain varieties, very closely resembles Tropidodiscus, Meek, and thus the propriety of
considering these forms as constituting another new genus may he questioned.
132 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
given rise to the comparison of the family with the Heteropoda, but the shell is
thick and heavy, the inner lip callous, as in other Bellerophontes.
11. Stachella., "Waagen, n. gen. Shell more or less globular, unsym metrical,
mostly umbilicated on one side and with a closed umbilicus on the other. The slit-
band is distinct, but only very superficially marked, so as to be easily effused by
weathering. The slit in the outer lip seems to be very shallow. The unsymmetric
development of the shell in this genus is not produced by accidental deformity, but
has been regularly observed in many species by Stache and by myself. No species
with spiral sculpture has been observed up to the present.
12. Bellerophina, Orb., 1843, Paleont. Eranc., Terr. cr6t., Vol. II, p. 410.
Shell smooth, globular, without slit-band and with shallow emargination in the outer
Hp, slightly unsymmetrical.
A genus which only very doubtfully can be counted with the Bellerophontidae
is —
Cyrtolites, Conrad, 1838, Ann. Geol. Rep., New York, Hall : Palaeont. of
New York, I, pp. 188 and 308. The whorls are either only just touching each other
or entirely disjoined ; they are oval in their section and provided with a very high
and sharp keel. It remains doubtful whether the aperture had any emargination.
The shell seems to be rather thin. These shells might, after all, be Heteropoda, as
the shell seems rather light and bears no callosity of any kind. The same is the
case with Carinaropsis, Hall, and other badly known genera. Mons. d'Orbigny
has applied the name of Cyrtolites quite arbitrarily to different forms of true
Bellerophontidce. Another very doubtful genus is Microceras, Hall, which seems
to be founded only on embryonic volutions of Bellerophontes.
Other genera which have been considered very frequently to belong to the
family have been removed from it already by Stoliczka. These are Borcellia,
Leveill6, and Bcculiomphalus, Portl. (Serpularia, Roem., Phanerotinus, Sow.),
the former of which has been united by Stoliczka with the Pleurotomaridce, the
latter with the Solaridce.
All the genera which I have enumerated are of strictly palseozoic distribution,
and barely any species of Bellerophontes has been found up to the present in even
triassic strata, only Bellerophina is cretaceous.
It is very possible, or even probable, that we unite in the family Bellerophon-
tidce rather different things. There are also other families of Prosobranchiata in
which symmetrical shells might occur, and some of the shells described by Hall, in
which no slit-band exists, and in which also no emargination on the mouth has been
observed, might be as well symmetrical Naticidce, Solaridce, or such like. But it
will be very difficult to find any proof for such a supposition.
PRODTJCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 133
Genus: BELLEROPHON, Montfort.
According to the definition given above, this genus is composed of symmetrical
shells coiled in one plane, generally of more or less globular form, with a distinct
slit-band running along in the middle of the convex part of the inflated whorls.
The surface of the shell is only covered by distinct striae of growth, which run from
the umbilical region in an approximately radial direction, but more or less back-
wards to the exterior part of the whorls, where they are abruptly deflected backwards
on the margin of the slit-band. Besides the striae of growth there is no other
sculpture present on the surface of the shell. The aperture is more or less reni-
form, the outer lip with a rather deep and tolerably narrow incision, the inner one
expanded and very much thickened, a more or less strongly 'developed callosity
covering the whole anterior part of the preceding whorl and the umbilical region.
The shells belonging to this genus are rarely umbilicated, generally the um-
bilicus is covered up by a thick callosity, which thickens very much the margins of
the outer Up, where it unites with the inner one.
The number of forms in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range belonging to
this genus in the restricted sense, is not very large. They can easily be distributed
among known groups of forms, which very likely constitute the developmental series.
By Mons. de Koninck three species of Bellerophon have been described from
the Salt-range : Bell, jonesianwm, Kon., Bell, orientalis, Kon., and Bell, decipiens,
Kon. Only the first two are really Bellerophontidce, the third is a new Brachiopod
of the Order Thecididce, allied to the genus Pterophloios (Bactryniwm), Guemb.
I have to add six more species, which I shall describe under the names of Bell,
impresms, B. squamatus, B. affinis, B. politus, B. triangularis, and B. blanford-
iantts.
These species can be distributed in the following groups : —
a. Group of Bell, hiulcus, Mart. —
1. Bell, jonesianus, Kon.
2. „ squamatus, W.
3. „ impresses, W.
4. ,, affmis, W.
b. Group of Bell, costatus, Sow. —
5. Bell, blanfordianus, W.
6. „ triangularis, W.
c. Group of Bell, conaliferus, Gdf. (??) —
7. Bell, orientalis, Kon.
d. Isolated species —
8. Bell, politus, W.
134 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Of these the group of Bell, hiulcus is by far the most extensive in time. It
begins already in devonian strata with Bell, lineatus, Goldf., and is represented by
the typical species B. hiulcus in the mountain-limestone. B. hiulcus is, however,
a somewhat doubtful species, and has been interpreted by different authors in very
different ways. Whilst De Koninck wishes to retain the name for those forms with
a broad, little raised slit-band, D'Orbigny identifies B. bicarenus, Lev., with B. hiulcus,
Mart., and calls those shells which were considered to constitute the species B. hiulcus
by De Koninck B. miinsteri, Orb. M'Coy again unites both species, B. hiulcus
and bicarenus, into one species, for which the name B. hiulcus remains. I should
not like to advocate this latter view. There might be specimens of B. bicarenus
which in a certain state of weathering very much approach B. hiulcus, but
there is no doubt that a species exists in which two keels on the sides of the slit-
band are never distinctly developed, and which can be distinguished from the doubly
carinated one. As to the views of D'Orbigny in comparison with those of Koninck,
I feel rather inclined to adopt those of the latter writer ; and thus if 1 speak of
B. hiulcus, Martin, I always wish to designate by that name the form figured
and described by De Koninck.
Higher up in the series of rocks the group of Bell, hiulcus cannot be traced
very distinctly for a certain distance. Trautschold, in his Monograph of the
Upper Mountain-limestone, mentions casts of Bellerophonts, which might belong
to B. hiulcus, but the shell is never preserved, and thus only a very approximate
determination of these fossils can be attempted. In the Salt-range deposits the
group suddenly developes in a most surprising manner, not less than four species
belonging to it appearing at the same time. After that the group reaches up into
still higher strata, but only in sporadic species, the last of these, Bell, jacobi, Stache,
appearing in the Bellerophon-be&s of the Alps.
The next group, that of Bell, costatus, Sow., has a by far less extensive vertical
range. I do not know of any species of Belleroplion in the devonian period
which I should like to bring into closer connection with Sowerby's species. Possibly
Bell, striatus (Br.), Phillips' Pal. Foss. Devon, (non d'Arch. and Vern.) might
belong to the group, but nothing positive can be said without a comparison
of original specimens. In the mountain-limestone Bell, costatus, Sow., is a very
characteristic fossil. It is characterised by a high elevated keel in full-grown speci-
mens, and an umbilicus, which is partly closed by a callosity. The stride of growth
are irregular and strongly bent backwards, meeting the keel or slit-band under an
acute angle. In the upper carboniferous limestone of Russia there is a Bellerophon
which has been quoted by Trautschold as Bell, costatus. It is very difficult to de-
cide on the propriety of uniting the specimen figured by Trautschold with Sowerby's
species, but from the drawing it appears that the strise of growth are more regular
and less bent backwards than in the typical species of Sowerby.
Rather nearly related to Bell, costatus, but yet easily distinguishable from it,
is B. blanfordianus, W., from the Salt-range. Another species which repeats the
PRODUCTTTS-LIMESTONE.- GASTEROPODA. 135
form of the full-grown Bell, costatus, very reduced in size, is Bell, triangularis, W.
Both appear in the same geological horizon. It seems not possible to trace the
group yet further up in the series of rocks, as in the Bellerophon-limestone of
the Alps no species occurs which could be assigned to the group of Bell, costatus.
The relationship of Bell, orientalis, Kon., is very doubtful. In his description
of the species Mons. de Koninck compares this shell to Bell, tenuifaacia, Sow.,
but in this latter the slit-band forms a rather sharp, prominent keel, the striation
of the surface is nearly straight, very fine and close, and touches the keel at about
right angles. All these characters do not occur in Bell, orientalis. This is a
sulcated species with excavated slit-band, with heavy shell and the umbilicus mostly
closed by a thick callosity. In general form, as it seems, only Bell, canaliferus,
Gdf ., can be compared ; but in this species the callosities are absent, and thus it is
rather doubtful whether it can be brought in any close connection with Bell.
orientalis. Some specimens of the latter species even seem not entirely to warrant
a separation from Bell, jonesianus, and the supposition of Bell, orientalis being a
deformed state of Bell, jonesianus might not be altogether excluded. If, however,
the former form is considered to constitute a well denned species, it must be
counted with the sulcated Bellerophonts, and among these Bell, canaliferus, Gdf.,
is the one with which the Indian shell can best be compared: I thus in a provi-
sional way consider B. orientalis as belonging to the group of B. canaliferus, Gdf.
The last species of true Bellerophonts occurring in the Salt-range belongs to a
group of forms which has not been detected up to the present in European strata.
Its shell is quite smooth and polished, only with the lens, and with great difficulty,
some very fine striae of growth are observable.
Very remarkable is the circumstance that one group of forms which is very
much developed in European upper palaeozoic strata, that of Bell, bicarenus, LeV., is
entirely absent in the Salt-range. Not only is this group of great geological import-
ance in the mountain-limestone of Belgium, but also in the permo-carboniferous
strata of Spitzbergen ; and in the Bellerophon-limestone of the Alps similar forms
occur, which are there numerically about equal in importance to the species beloDg-
ing to the group of Bell, hiulcus.
a. Group of BELLJEBOPRON B 1 ULCUS, Mart.
1. Bellerophon jonesianus, Koninck- Plate XIII, figs. 1, 2.
1S63. Bellerophon jonesianus, L. de Koninck: Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., Vol. XIX, p. 9, PI. Ill, fig. 2.
1863. Bellerophon jonesianus, L. de Koninck: Foss. Paleoz. del lnde, p. 14, PI. Ill, fig. 2.
The species as characterised by Koninck contains mostly globular shells which
are about as high as they are broad. The shell is very thick and covered by not
very closely arranged, nearly straight striae of growth, which are only deflected
backwards not far from the keel in the middle of the outer side of the whorls. The
keel is mostly only very slightly raised, and sometimes in the same plane as the
136 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
surrounding shell, forming only a very distinct slit-band. The breadth of the slit-
band is not very considerable. At the mouth of the shell a strong callosity is
developed, which covers the small umbilicus almost entirely, and envelopes the
upper part of the preceding whorls. The slit at the outer lip of the aperture is
narrow and rather deep.
This is the general characteristic of the species, which, however, varies greatly
according to age and individual.
The smallest specimen at my disposal is 11 mm. in diameter. It is somewhat
higher than broad, and thus laterally slightly compressed. The transverse section of
the whorls is semilunar, about twice as broad as it is high. The whorls are nearly
entirely involute, no umbilicus, properly speaking, being present, only a slight
groove in its place. The shell is very thick and heavy, and covered on its surface
by very closely arranged fine striae of growth, which go in a very regular low arch
from the umbilicus to the peripheral part of the whorls, forming an angle of about
60° with the keel. This latter is rather broad and very little raised ; it forms a low
zone, not entirely flat on the top, but very slightly arcuate. The mouth of the
shell is very little callous, and not at all enlarged. The callosity is thickest in the
umbilical region.
At a diameter of the shell of about 20 mm. the surface sculpture begins to
change. The striae of growth are further distant from each other and become
more and more straight. They reach the keel now under a somewhat less acute
angle (about 65°) than in smaller specimens. The keel is still always low and
tolerably broad, but without having increased much in absolute breadth, which
in the smaller specimen is not quite 1 mm., and in the larger just 1 mm. The striae
of growth can now be observed on the keel as well as on the lateral parts of the
shell, forming there a little arch with a backward curve.
From 20 to 40 mm. in diameter, the general features of the shell undergo very
little change. In this stage of growth, the keel becomes nearly quite obsolete,
being replaced by a flat slit- band, which is in one plane with the other parts of the
shell. Different individuals vary somewhat in the arrangement of the striae of
growth, which are rather close in some specimens and more distant in others.
The species seems to be full-grown at a diameter of the shell of about 55 to
60 mm. At this size some of the striae of growth are transformed into strong
irregular folds, which are chiefly so developed in the umbilical region ; between
these folds finer striae of growth, also rather irregular, are observable. The flat
slit-band becomes again raised, forming a broad and obtuse keel, which terminates
at the aperture. The umbilicus is no longer entirely closed, but there remains a
deep and narrow slit open. The mouth of the shell is now greatly expanded,
chiefly in the umbilical region, where the inner lip is strongly callous and covering
the whole anterior face of the inner volution. The expanded lateral parts of the
inner lip are broad and reach very far down, and are very thick and massive. The
outer lip is sharp and very thin, and thus very rarely entirely preserved. The same
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 137
is the case with the emargination on the outer lip, which seems, to be deep, narrow,
and rectangular, but in none of all the specimens at my disposal is this part of
the shell sufficiently well preserved to make a drawing of it.
The internal casts of this species are rather remarkable. They consist of broad
depressed whorls, which are, however, never entirely symmetrical. There is a broad
tolerably flat space on the peripheral part, which bears three flat spiral grooves, the
middle one of which is never in the 'middle of the peripheral region, but always
excentric. The transverse section of the whorls is reniform, but the summit of the
outer arch is not placed in the middle, but somewhat on one side. All this shows
that the animal which inhabited the shell cannot have been quite symmetrical, the
shell only appearing quite symmetrical by being unequally thick in different
places.
The umbilicus in the casts is not very large, occupying about the fourth part of
the entire diameter of the cast.
The measurements of four specimens, Nos. I, II, and IV from Katwahi, No. Ill
from Khund Ghat, are as follows : —
I.
II.
HI.
IV.
Diameter of the entire shell .....
55
mm.
42
mm.
26
mm.
11 mm.
Breadth of the aperture . . .
53
„
40
»
25
„
9 „
Height of the aperture from the top of preceding volution .
18
„
16
,,
11
„
4 „
„ „ „ from the upper termination of lateral
callosity
30
,,
25
JJ
17
j>
6 „
>J „ „ from the lower termination of lateral
callosity
45
„
34
„
19
jj
8 „
Breadth of the shell at the umbilical region without the lateral
callous expansion of the mouth .
41
jj
31
U
29
u
7 „
Locality and geological position. — This species is very common in the upper
division of the Productus-limestone of the Salt-range, but seems at the same time
to be restricted to that formation, as only a single doubtful very badly preserved
specimen of the species has been detected up to the present in the middle division
of the same formation. The species has been found in the upper division of
the Productus-limestone at the following localities : at Katwahi by myself and
Mr. Wynne (13 specimens), at Khund Ghat by Mr. Wynne (15 specimens), in the
hills east of Katwahi by myself (1 specimen), at the village of Khura by myself
(4 specimens), in the Chitta Wan by myself (1 specimen, cast), at Vurcha by Mr.
Wynne and Dr. Warth (4 specimens, 1 cast), at Chidru in the uppermost beds of
the Productus-limestone by myself (1 specimen), and at Kafirkot, trans-Indus,
bv myself (4 specimens). In the middle division of the Productus-limestone one
specimen was collected by Mr. Wynne in the hills east of Nursingphoar glen.
Remarks. — This species is very nearly allied to Bell, hiulcus, Mart., as has been
pointed out by Mons. de Koninck, and already this author has stated the differences
to consist in the Indian species being less inflated in its general form and in a
narrower and generally more prominent slit-band. To this we may add the greater
straightness of the striae of growth in middle-sized and full-grown specimens, the
it
138 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
lateral parts of the. interior lip being much more expanded, and the much more
extended callosity, which covers nearly one-half of the preceding whorl. Though
the resemblance of B. hiulciis and B. jonesianus may be very great, yet I think the
latter constitutes a well distinguishable species. Bellerophon jacobi, Stache, seems to
be even more closely allied to our species than Bell, hiulcus, but the original specimen
is so indifferently preserved that an exact comparison seems barely possible. The
great thickness of the shell on the peripheral part of the specimen is, however, not in
favor of an identification of the two species. Only in the inner whorls is the outer
part of the shell similarly thick in Bell, jonesianus, but on the last whorl, where no
callosity has contributed to thicken the shell, this part is always comparatively
thin. Thus we may, until better materials for comparison are procurable, safely
distinguish between the two species.
2. Bellerophon squamattts, Waagen, n. sp. Plate XII, fig. 9.
Though there is no very well preserved specimen of this species, yet the
specimens which exist show so peculiar features that the creation of a separate
species may be justified.
The general form of the shell is elongated oval, a good deal higher than broad.
The whorls are inflated, perfectly involute, leaving no umbilicus open. The aperture
is semilunar, the outer lip thin and sharp, the inner one slightly callous, the lateral
parts of it being not very strongly expanded and thickened, but yet sufficient to
cover up the whole umbilicus by its callous thickenings, except a narrow slit which
remains open. Only about a third part of the whole height of the inner volution, as
visible in a front view of the specimen, is covered by the mesial callosity of the
inner lip.
The surface sculpture of the shell is very characteristic. It consists of very far
apart strong squamose striae of growth, which are almost entirely straight, and only
very little deflected backwards near the keel. This latter is very broad and very
little raised, and covered by squamose striae of growth, slightly reversedly arched.
The mouth of the shell is not sufficiently well preserved to ascertain of what
shape or how deep the incision of the outer lip corresponding to the slit-band on
the keel may have been.
The casts of this species have slightly inflated whorls, not very broad, with an
arched peripheral part, bearing no spiral grooves, and an umbilicus which is tolerably
wide, occupying a little less than one-third of the whole diameter of the cast.
One otherwise very badly preserved specimen of this species, collected by
Dr. Oldham at Chidru, is very interesting on account of the structure of its
shell, which is well observable. The whole thickness of the shell consists of very
thin lamellae, which even now in some places retain a dull somewhat pearly lustre-
It is therefore very probable that the greater part of the thick shell of the Bellero-
phonts consisted of mother-of-pearl substance.
I.
II.
50 mm.
40 mm
40 „
23 „
18 „
19 „
22 .,
29 „
45 „
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEEOPODA. 139
The measurements of two specimens, No. I from Chidru, with preserved shell,
No. II from Vurcha, a cast, are as follows : —
Diameter of the specimen
Thickness of the specimen at the mouth
Height of the aperture from the top of the preceding whorl
„ „ „ umbilical margin
„ „ „ upper margin of the lateral callosity .
„ „ „ lower margin of the lateral callosity .
Diameter'of the umbilicus . . . . . .... 11 „
Locality and geological position. — This species is rather rare in the Productus-
limestone of the Salt-range, and seems to be restricted to the middle division of that
formation. It has been collected in the compact limestone of that division of the
Productus-limestone at Chidru by Dr. Oldham (2 specimens), at Vurcha (?) by
Dr. Warth (1 cas+), and at Bilot (?) trans-Indus by Dr. Verchere (1 cast).
Remarks. — Though this species like the preceding one seems to be very nearly
related to Bell, hiulcus, yet a distinction as well from this species as from Bell,
jonesianus is not very difficult.
Erom Bell, hiulcus our species can be distinguished by the much more com-
pressed form and the much stronger and straighter strise of growth. A point of
similarity, on the contrary, consists in the little- developed lateral callous expansion
of the interior lip and the very short callosity covering the preceding whorl, which
is alike in Bell, hiulcus and Bell, squamatus.
The same characters, which serve to distinguish the two species just mentioned,
are also useful for the distinction between Bell, squamatus and Bell, jonesianus.
But besides the more compressed form and the squamose striae of growth, there is also
the little-developed callosity and the very reduced expansion of the lateral parts of
the inner lip, which form distinctive characters in the present species. The casts
of Bell, jonesianus and Bell, squamatus are entirely different. In the latter spe-
cies the whorls of the cast are much more slender, and the umbilicus wider, and
the peripheral part is not flattened, but regularly arched.
Thus the . forms which I subsume under the name of Bell, squamatus seem
to constitute a well distinguishable species which is characteristic of the middle
region of the Productus-limestone.
3. Bellerophon impeessus, Waagen, n. sp. Plate XII, fig. 5.
This is the largest species of Bellerophon that occurs in the palaeozoic deposits
of the Salt-range.
The general form of the shell is broadly oval or compressed globular, very
little higher than broad. The whorls are broad, depressed, and somewhat trape-
zoidal in their section; tbeir peripheral partis distinctly flattened or even slightly
excavated. The flattened part is limited on both sides by broadly rounded edges.
140 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The lateral parts of the whorls are also flattened and ascending towards the umbi-
lical region, where the greatest transverse diameter of the whorls is situated.
The umbilicus is almost entirely closed, only a very narrow, but deep slit-like groove
being left open.
The surface sculpture is not well observable on the specimens at my disposal,
but, on the whole, seems to be much like that on Bell, jonesianus. Full-grown
specimens of the present species have the surface sculpture transformed into broad
and prominent folds near the umbilicus, which are spread out near the peripheral
part of the shell into broad and low irregular undulations. On this latter part of
the shell the most remarkable feature consists, besides in its being flattened or even
excavated, in the absolute absence of every trace of a keel even in perfectly full-
grown specimens. The slit-band is everywhere quite smooth and flat and barely
traceable.
The mouth of the shell is very much expanded and trumpet-shaped. The outer
lip is sharp and thin, with a very deep and narrow somewhat rectangular emargi-
nation in the middle ; the inner one is very much thickened and expanded, the
expansion taking place in a somewhat horizontal direction, so that it reaches with
its lower termination nearly to the peripheral part of the inner volution. Laterally
the expansion is not so very prominent. The callosity very thickly envelopes the
upper part of the inner volution and forms an indistinct rounded prominence or
ridge across it just within the mouth of the shell. From this ridge the callosity
crosses over to the lateral expansion of the inner lip, thickening it to a very large
extent, considerably narrowing the mouth of the shell.
The dimensions of the typical specimen of this species are as follows : —
65 mm.
5 „
62 „
47 „
23 „
35 „
51 „
Diameter of the shell ......
„ of the umbilical groove
Greatest breadth of the shell .....
Breadth of the shell without the lateral expansions of the mouth
Height of the mouth from the top of preceding whorl .
„ >, „ upper margin of the lateral callosity
„ „ „ lower margin of the lateral callosity
Locality and geological position. — The beautifully preserved specimen which has
served for the definition and description of this species was collected by Dr. Oldham
in the upper division of the Productus-limestone at Ohidru ; two other specimens
which were found by Mr. Wynne in the same beds at Khund Ghat I can only
doubtfully assign to this species, as they are too indifferently preserved to allow
of a quite certain determination.
Remarks.— Much more deviating from the type of Bell. Mulcus than the two
preceding species is the present one. Though the general form of the shell, the
surface sculpture, and the form of the emargination in the outer lip clearly indicate
the relationship of Bell, impressus to the type species of the mountain-limestone
yet the excavated peripheral part of the shell, the tolerably narrow slit-band, the
compressed form of the whole shell, make a distinction between the two very easy.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 141
•
Bell, jonesicmus, which is, next to Bell, hiulcus, most nearly allied to the present
species, is easily distinguishable by its rounded peripheral part of the shell, a more
globular form, and a lateral callous expansion of the interior lip, which is more
directed downwards and thus gives to the front view of the shell an entirely different
appearance.
Bell, squamatus is similarly compressed as Bell, impressus, but the callo-
sity on the interior lip is almost entirely wanting, and there exists no expansion of
the mouth, and in consequence of this also no laterally projecting parts of the
interior lip.
4. Belxerophon aepinis, "Waagen, n. sp. Plate XIII, fig. 3.
The general form of the shell is compressed globular, and, on the front view,
more or less hexagonal. The whorls are very broad, but not very much depressed.
They possess a trapezoidal section with a distinctly flattened peripheral part on
which a very distinct obtuse keel is strongly developed. The flattened peripheral
part is limited on both sides by rounded ridges, which pass very gradually into the
well-rounded lateral parts of the shell. The umbilicus is entirely closed, not
even a narrow slit remaining open.
The surface sculpture of the shell consists in very sharp, not very distant ribs
or strise of growth, which are not quite straight, but show a slight curve towards
the front. Near the slit-band they are but very slightly deflected backwards. The
slit-band is very distinct and very narrow, occupying only the very top of the pro-
minent keel ; it is crossed by numerous small reversedly arched striae of growth.
The mouth of the shell is reniform, slightly expanded, with a thin and sharp
exterior lip, which bears a deep and narrow rectangular emargination in the middle.
The interior lip is callous, the callosity covering nearly one-half of the last whorl,
so that on the front view the sculpture of the shell can only be seen at the lower
margin of the figure. The lateral expansions of the interior lip and callosity are
tolerably strongly developed and reach far down; they are not very strongly
thickened.
The changes this species undergoes in the course of its growth are not very
considerable. The keel on the peripheral part is already distinctly developed in
the shell at a very small size ; later on the flattened condition of the peripheral part
of the shell appears. Like in Bell, jonesianus the striae of growth are arranged
more closely and show a stronger curve towards the front in younger than in older
specimens.
The dimensions of a well preserved specimen are as follows : —
Diameter of the shell ..... . .
Breadth of the mouth .......
5j „ shell without the lateral expansions of the mouth
Height of the mouth from the top of the preceding volution
n „ „ upper margin of the lateral callosity .
n „ lower termination of the lateral callosity .
. 53
mm
46
>»
. 34
M
. 18
J»
. 30
It
. 43
Jt
s
142 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
Locality and geological position. — This species seems to be restricted entirely
to the upper division of the Productus-limestone. It has been collected in these
beds by myself at the village of Khura (5 specimens), at Katwahi (1 specimen),
and at Kufri (5 specimens), and by Mr. "Wynne at Katwahi (5 specimens), and
at Khund Ghat (1 specimen).
Remarks. — The general form of this shell recalls already to a certain extent
the form of the species belonging to the group of Bell, costatus, Sow., but never-
theless its affinity to Bell, jonesianus, Kon., is very great. That this shell does not
belong to the group of Bell, costatus appears clearly from the direction of the striae
of growth, which are very little curved, and from the emargination of the outer
lip, which is deep and rectangular.
The present species is distinguishable from Bell, jonesianus, Kon., by its
more compressed form, its flattened peripheral part, the strong keel it bears, and
by the less straight striae of growth. The somewhat thicker varieties of Bell, affinis,
W., however, are not always easy to distinguish from Bell, jonesianus, Kon., only
the flattened peripheral part with the thick keel on it may then be distinctive.
Bell, impressus, W., is, in this respect, more nearly allied to the present species
than Bell, jonesianus, Kon., but in the former species there is never a prominent
keel on the excavated peripheral part of the shell, and the mouth is entirely
different.
Other species like Bell, hiulcus, Mart., Bell, squamatus, W., etc., bear only
a slighter resemblance to the form here described.
b. Group of BELLEBOPSON COSTATUS, Sow.
5. Bellerophon blaneordianus, Waagen, n. sp. Plate XIV, figs. 1, 2.
The general form of the shell is strongly inflated, nearly as thick as it is
high, with a tolerably large umbilicus on each side. The whorls are broad and de-
pressed, pentagonal in their section. There is a very high prominent keel on the
peripheral part of the whorls, the slit-band occupying a flat space at top. On both
sides of this keel there are flat zones which slope considerably down towards
a rounded edge dividing the peripheral from the lateral parts of the whorl. These
latter are not quite vertical, but somewhat turned outwards. The largest transverse
diameter of the whorls lies on the obtuse umbilical edges. Erom there the outline
of the whorls passes vertically down to the umbilical suture, forming a very high
vertical umbilical wall.
The surface sculpture is very characteristic. It consists, in middle sized speci-
mens, of fine striae of growth, very closely arranged. These ascend from the umbi-
lical suture in an oblique line to the umbilical edge, and, bending slightly back-
wards, cross the lateral parts of the shell in about a tangential direction. At the
outer margin, where the lateral and peripheral parts of the shell unite in forming
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 143
an obtuse edge, the striae show a slight curve towards the front, hut as soon as they
reach the peripheral part of the shell, they are deflected even more strongly back-
wards so as to unite with the median keel under an angle of about 30° to 40.°
The slit-band is situated on the top of the median keel, forming there a flat zone,
limited on both sides by sharp lines, and composed of small reversedly arched squa-
mose striae of growth. (The drawing of the striae of growth on the keel in fig. 15
on PI. XIV is entirely wrong ; fig. 26 is correct in this respect).
In full-grown specimens, towards the end of the last volution, the striae of
growth are separated into groups or bundles, forming thus more or less broad and
prominent folds.
The mouth of the shell is not much expanded, and more or less hexagonal in
shape. The outer lip is thin and sharp, provided in the middle with a very deep
angular emargination, which is tolerably wide in front and narrowly angular at its
backward termination ; its margins are somewhat raised. The inner lip is callous,
but the callosity is very thin, and falls easily off, and it does not extend very far
over the inner whorl. The lateral expansions of the inner lip are little extensive ;
they only just occupy the height of the umbilical wall, and show an angular
prominence corresponding to the umbilical edge. Prom this prominence the outline
slopes down in an oblique line to the lower termination of the callosity.
This species shows very different characters according to different stages of
growth.
The smallest specimen I have for description has not more than 6mm. in
diameter. The shell is nearly globular with a very small umbilicus, and the callo-
sity at the aperture almost quite absent. Likewise the lateral expansions of the
interior lip are not developed. The transverse section of the whorls is semilunar,
without any edges or angles. The surface sculpture consists of numerous, fine,
closely arranged striae of growth, which are strongly arched and strongly
deflected backwards, chiefly near the middle of the peripheral part of the whorls,
where they at last touch each other, and so form a distinct revolving line on each
side of the slit-band, whereby this latter is limited laterally. The slit-band lies
perfectly in one plane with the remainder of the shell surface ; it is not broad, and
is covered by numerous reversedly curved striae of growth.
At a diameter of the shell of about 20mm., a very slight depression of the
peripheral part begins to appear, limited on both sides by very indistinct obtuse
ridges. The keel is raised, but not very prominent. The umbilicus is compara-
tively larger than in the smaller specimens, but no umbilical edge is yet developed.
The striae of growth begin to show the sigmoidal curve, which is so distinctly
observable in larger specimens. The callosity at the mouth is somewhat better
developed, but the lateral expansions of the inner lip are still very small.
At 30 mm. diameter all characters of the species are perfectly expressed, and
from this size up to 50 mm. diameter (the largest specimen observed) the only changes
observable consist in the plication of the surface, as has been indicated above.
I.
II.
m.
43 mm.
20 mm.
6 mm
8 „
2o „
1 »
37 „
18 „
6 „
23 „
12 „
4 „
18 „
8 „
3 „
26 „
35 „
13 „\
16 „J
4'5 „
144 SALT-EANGE EOSSILS.
The measurements of three specimens, Nos. I and II from Khura, No. Ill
from Chidru, are as follows : —
Diameter of the shell ......
„ „ „ umbilicus . ...
Greatest breadth of the mouth .....
Breadth of the mouth at the umbilical suture
Height of the mouth from the top of preceding whorl (?)
„ „ „ from the upper margin of lateral callosity
„ „ „ „ from the lower termination of lateral callosity
Locality and geological position. — This species is one of the rarer Bellerophonts
of the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range, and occurs there chiefly in the upper
division of the Productus-limestone, one single doubtful specimen having been
found by me in the upper region of the middle division of the same formation,
west of Khura. In the upper division of the Productus-limestone the species has
been collected by myself at the village of Khura ( 2 specimens), on the mountains
east of Katwahi (2- specimens), on the road from Katwahi to Shahpur (1 speci-
men), and at Chidru (1 specimen) ; by Mr. "Wynne it has been found at Khund
(1 specimen), at Khuad Ghat (2 specimens), and at Kufri (1 specimen).
Remarks. — This species is in every respect most nearly allied to Bell, costatus,
Sow. The whole development of the species is exactly bike that of the English
mountain-limestone shell, but all the stages of growth are much reduced in size in
our species : Bell, costatus exhibits at a diameter of 30 mm. the same characters
which a specimen of 6 mm. diameter of our species possesses, whilst at 30 mm.
Bell, blanfordianus has already all the characters of the full-grown shell developed.
It is not difficult to distinguish the full-grown specimens of the two species.
The largest size of Bell, blanfordianus that has hitherto been observed is 50 mm.
in diameter, whilst of Bell, costatus, specimens of 100 mm. diameter are not rare.
Besides by the more reduced size, the present species can also easily be distin-
guished from Bell, costatus by its very little developed callosity, its broader peri-
pheral part, and the characteristic sigmoidal curve of its striae of growth.
Bell, blanfordianus thus seems to constitute a well distinguishable species,
which stands, however, in rather close connection to Bell, costatus, Sow.
Young specimens of the present species resemble also more or less similar sized
specimens of Bell, jonesianus, Kon., but these can easily be distinguished by the
more strongly curved strise of growth and the presence of an umbilicus in Bell,
blanfordianus.
6. Bellerophon cf. blanfordianus, Waageh. Plate XIV, figs. 3, 4.
In the lower division of the Productus-limestone of the Salt-range there
occurs a species of Bellerophon which is most nearly allied to Bell, blanfordianus,
but which yet seems to be too far different from it to allow of a direct identification
with that species.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 145
There was collected by me a cast of a middle size Belterophon 30 mm. in
diameter, much deformed by compression, in tbe lowest beds of the compact Pro-
ductus-limestone at Katta (Bed No. 13 of tbe section there), which bears a strong
prominent keel and has a large umbilicus, and which thus might best be compared
to Bell, blanfordianus.
Another specimen, provided with its shell, was collected by me in the Nila
Wan in the lowest beds of the Productus-limestone series. This specimen has only
10 mm. in diameter, is provided with its sbell, and shows already the general form
of the full-grown specimens of Bell, blanfordianus. It has a strongly prominent
keel, somewhat pentagonal whorls, and a rather large umbilicus.
It does not seem quite safe to unite these specimens indiscriminately with
Bell, blanfordianus, neither are tbe materials at hand sufficient to recognise the
characters of a new species. Among the species hitherto described, they can,
however, certainly best be compared to Bell, blanfordianus, W.
7. Bellerophon triangularis, Waagen, n. sp. Plate XII, figs. 7, 8.
The general form of the shell is thick lenticular, not very much higher than
broad. The whorls are thick, inflated, with a somewhat triangular section, well
rounded everywhere, except on the top of the peripheral part, which is provided
with a high prominent keel. They are not entirely involute, but there remains
a very small umbilicus open, which is, however, not surrounded by a distinct um-
bilical wall.
The surface-sculpture consists of very fine, extremely numerous striae of
growth, which are prominent and slightly lamellar. They pass in a strong back-
ward curve from the umbilicus to the keel, with which they unite under an angle
of about 25°. The keel is flattened on the top, limited on both sides by two
angular edges, and covered by numerous somewhat squamose reversedly curved
striae of growth. The striae of growth on the surface of the shell are less nu-
merous in smaller than in larger specimens.
The mouth is semilunar in shape. The outer lip is extremely thin and fragile,
and therefore only very rarely preserved entire. It is provided in the middle with a
very deep angular emargination, which is widely open in front and acutely angular
behind. The inner lip is callous, but not very strongly so. The callosity extends
over the greater part of the anterior half of the inner volution. The lateral ex-
pansions of the inner lip are very moderate, they are, however, reflected, so as to
cover partly the umbilicus. The callous thickening on these lateral wings is
not considerable.
In this shell already in very early stages of growth the perfect form of the
species is developed. The specimens of 10 mm. in diameter show already all
the characteristic peculiarities of the species, and the peripheral keel is as high
146 SALT-EANGE EOSSILS.
as in full-grown specimens. Only specimens of about 5 mm. diameter have no
prominent keel as yet.
The species never attains any considerable size ; specimens of 30 mm. diameter
are the largest that have been observed up to the present.
The measurements of two specimens, No. I from Khura, No. II from Kat-
wahi, are as follows : —
I. II.
. 30 mm. 22 mm.
Diameter of the shell ....■■
„ „ umbilicus .....
Breadth of the aperture .....
„ „ „ at the umbilical suture
Height of the aperture from the top of the preceding whorl
„ „ „ „ the upper margin of the lateral callosity . 18 „ 15
„ „ „ „ the lower termination of the lateral callosity . 23 „ 18
2 „ 2
24 „ 19
17 „ 13
13 „ 8
Locality and geological position. — The species is entirely restricted to the
upper division of the Productus-limestone, and is not at all rare in those beds. It
has been collected in these strata by myself at the village of Khura (3 specimens),
west of that village (1 specimen), at Kufri (2 specimens), at Jabi above the
Cephalopoda bed (1 specimen), at Chidru (5 specimens), at Musa Khel (1 speci-
men), and trans-Indus at Kafir Kot (2 specimens). By Mr. Wynne it has been
found at Khund Ghat (22 specimens) and at Katwahi (4 specimens).
Remarks. — This is a very characteristic little species, which can be easily recog-
nised. Like the preceding species this one also belongs to the group of Bell, costatus,
but the form of the present shell is entirely different from that of Bell, blanford-
ianus. The two species can be most easily distinguished in the smallest indivi-
duals by the prominent keel, which is already present in very young specimens of
Bell, triangularis, whilst it is absent in similarly sized individuals of Bell, blanford-
ianus. The full-grown specimens of the former species are distinguishable from
specimens of a similar size of Bell, blanfordianus by the well rounded lateral and
peripheral parts of the shell, and the very small umbilicus, which is partly covered
up by the reflected lateral expansion of the inner lip.
Bell, triangularis repeats exactly on a very small scale the general form of
the full-grown specimens of Bell, costatus, Sow. The two species are, moreover, distin-
guishable not only by the size, but the Indian shell has also a much less developed
callosity on its mouth and a much smaller umbilicus, and thus I do not think
that any body will advocate the identification of the present species either with
Bell- blanfordianus or with Bell, costatus. Among other European carboniferous
species Bell, sowerbyi, Orb., seems to be rather nearly related to the present species,
but in the Indian shell the strise of growth are more closely arranged, and the small
umbilicus is nearly closed by the lateral callosity, whilst it remains open in Bell.
sowerbyi. Besides this the size of the two species is also different. Bell, tenuifascia,
Sow., might also be compared, but it is easily distinguishable from the present species
by its .much broader form and its sharp very narrow keel.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 147
c. ?? Group op BEELEBOPEON CANALIFEBUS, Gdf.
8. Bellerophon orientalis, Koninck. Plate XIII, fig. 5.
1863. Bellerophon orientalis, Kon.: Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, Lond., Vol. XIX, p. 9, PI. Ill, fig. 3.
1863. Bellerophon orientalis, Kon. : Foss. Paleoz. de 1' Inde, p. 15, PI. Ill, fig. 3.
This is an exceedingly rare species, and among the very ample materials that
have been collected by the Geological Survey, there are only a few rather badly
preserved specimens which might be assigned to it.
The general form of the shell is compressed globular, with broad inflated
whorls, which are well rounded everywhere and do not envelope each other entirely,
but leave a small umbilicus open. The shell is not very thick ; the surface sculp-
ture consists in very irregularly arranged, strongly curved striae of growth, which
start from the umbilicus in about a radial direction, and are strongly deflected back-
wards on the peripheral part of the shell, so as to unite with the slit-band under
an angle of about 30°. These striae of growth are very little prominent, and appear
in some parts of the same specimen as if bundled together ; in other parts they are
rather far distant from each other.
The slit-band is very narrow, very little excavated, and bordered on both sides
by sharp angular edges. The rather distant reversedly curved striae of growth
are well visible at its base.
The mouth is very badly preserved in all the specimens at my disposal. So
much, however, can be observed that its general shape is broadly reniform, and
that the exterior lip is thin and sharp. The form and length of the emargination
could not be observed. The inner lip is not very strongly thickened by the callosity.
The lateral expansions are very moderate, not much thickened and not reflected upon
the umbilicus. The callosity extends, however, nearly down the anterior half of
the last whorl.
The measurements of a specimen from Katwahi are as follows : —
Diameter of the shell . .... .22 mm.
„ „ umbilicus ..... 3 „
Greatest breadth of the aperture . . . . 18 „
Breadth of the aperture at the umbilical suture .... . 13 „
Height of the aperture from the top of the preceding whorl . ■ 8 „
„ „ „ „ upper margin of the lateral callosity . . . 12 „
lower „ „ ... 16 „
Locality and geological position. — There are only four specimens in the Salt-
range collection, which with any certainty can be attributed to this species ; one of
them was collected by Mr. Wynne at Katwahi in the upper division of the Pro-
ductus-limestone, two others were found also by Mr. Wynne in the upper Pro-
ductus-limestone at Khund Ghat, and the fourth was collected in the same beds
by myself at the village of Khura. A very large specimen of 40 mm. diameter
148 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
which I found in the upper Productus-limestone at Nanga belongs very likely also
to this species, as its slit-band is also excavated and it possesses a small umbilicus,
but the shell is somewhat deformed by an injury the animal had received during
life-time, and thus this specimen might possibly also be a deformed Bellerophon
jonesianus.
Remarks. — The distinction of this species is not very difficult, as the exca-
vated slit-band and the small umbilicus are very easily observable characters.
By Mons. de Koninck this species has been compared to Bell, tenuifascia, Sow.,
and it cannot be denied that the two species bear a great resemblance to each other,
only the peripheral sharp keel, which is so well developed in Bell, tenuifascia, is
replaced in the Indian species by a narrow excavated slit-band.
If we take only the peculiarities of the slit-band into consideration, we must
compare the present species to Bell, canaliferus, Gdf . The general form of this
species resembles somewhat that of Bell, orientalis, but the lateral callosities are
always much less strongly developed than in the Indian shell.
It must, however, not be overlooked that Bell, orientalis also resembles
greatly Bell, jonesianus, Kon., and that the great irregularity of the striae of growth,
and the somewhat varying direction of the narrow slit-band, often make one doubt
whether Bell, orientalis may not be after all only a deformed variety of Bell,
jonesianus.
d. ISOLATED SPECIES.
9. Bbllekophon pomtus, "Waagen, n. sp. Plate XII, fig. 6.
The general form of this little species is very thick lenticular, with broad
inflated whorls, which envelope each other entirely, so that the umbilicus is only
indicated by a very small but deep impression or groove. The whorls are broadly
sharpened on their peripheral part, a tolerably broad prominent keel occupying the
summit, on both sides of which are flat sloping planes. The laterally most promi-
nent part of the whorls is very near the umbilical region, and from there in a short
curve the lateral parts of the whorls bend down to the deep groove, which replaces
the umbilicus.
The surface of the shell is entirely smooth and polished; only when the
light is reflected very favorably, capillar striae of growth are observable, the direc-
tion of which can with difficulty be followed. The summit of the keel is as smooth
as the rest of the shell, and no striae of growth are observable on it.
The mouth is broadly heart-shaped, but in none of the specimens is this part
of the shell entirely preserved. The outer lip seems to be thin and sharp, the emar-
gination in it is, however, always broken away, and thus its shape and extent
cannot be fixed. The inner lip is very slightly thickened or callous, the callosity
extending not very far over the preceding whorl. The lateral callous expansions
of the inner lip are very little prominent, not much thickened and not reflected.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 149
The dimensions of a specimen from Khund Ghat are as follows : —
Diameter of the shell ....
Greatest breadth of the mouth . . ' .
Breadth of the mouth at the umbilical groove
Height of the mouth from the top of the preceding whorl .
„ „ „ „ upper margin of the lateral callosity
,, „ „ „ lower margin of the „ „
20 mm.
19
12
8
11
16
The species seems not to attain any large size, the specimen of which the
measurements have heen given ahove being the largest that has been observed
up to the present.
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether only three specimens
of this species in the Salt-range collection, all three of which were found in the
upper division of the Productus-limestone ; two by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat
and one by myself at Khura.
Remarks. — The most conspicuous character of the specimens here described
is the polished surface of their shell. This character, however, seems not to be quite
trustworthy, as the polished condition might be the result of peculiar preservation
of these fossils, and it is therefore necessary to look out for other characters of
distinction if we wish to compare the present species with other similar shells.
In this respect the peculiar form of the mouth and of the transverse section of
the whorls are perfectly distinctive. There is no other species in the palaeozoic
deposits of the Salt-range which would have similarly depressed whorls, and a
peripheral part of the shell sloping on both sides from a high elevated keel to the
lateral parts of the whorls, and which would have these lateral parts so very narrowly
rounded, as is the case in the present species.
Of not Indian species Bell, vigilii, Stache, and Bell, tenuifascia, Sow., might
be compared. Chiefly the former seems to be nearly related, but it has a much more
compressed general form, and thus certainly represents a different species. Belter o-
phon tenuifascia has similarly depressed whorls, but the umbilicus remains open,
except in quite full-grown specimens about 40 mm. in diameter, and the keel is
sharp and very narrow, both being characters which make a distinction from Bell,
politus easy. Bell, plicatus, Ryckh., has the umbilicus closed, but in the other
points it differs from our species by the same characters as Bell, tenuifascia, Sow.
Thus the present species constitutes a well distinguishable new form, the
relations of which to other species can, however, not easily be ascertained until a
larger series of specimens have been examined, in order to elucidate the one point
in the character of this shell — whether the polished surface exhibited by the speci-
mens at present available be a character connected with the specific distinctness of
the form, or whether this is only an accidental peculiarity, caused by an exceptional
preservation of the specimens in hand.
150 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Genus : BUCANIA, HaU.
The genus as proposed by Hall ought to have contained shells coiled in one
plane, with a large umbilicus on both surfaces, and with whorls sharply angular on
both sides. The genus has been compared by Hall to JPorcelUa, from which it
seemed to be chiefly different by its angular whorls. It was, however, soon evident
that no proper limit could be drawn between Bucania and Bellerophon, and thus
it appeared that the affinity between Bucania and Bellerophon was greater than
that between the former genus and JPorcelUa. Since this has been recognised,
most authors have been of opinion that Bucania and Bellerophon ought to be con-
sidered as identical.
Nevertheless, if we examine attentively those forms which were united by
Hall under the former name, we cannot deny that most of them have a very pecu-
liar appearance, differing widely from the form that is generally exhibited by the
Bellerophonts. The most important character for the classification seems, however,
not to consist in the large umbilicus, which is also exhibited by some typical
Bellerophonts, but in the spiral striation, which is in most species well developed.
Also the first species quoted by Hall is such a spirally striated one, and we may
thus, safely'retain the name for the spirally striated species.
These forms have several peculiarities in common, which may well serve for
characteristics of the genus, and we may thus give the following amended definition
of the genus.
The Bucania are shells spirally coiled in one plane, with generally a rather
thin shell and a spiral surface sculpture consisting of numerous very fine ribs, which
are crossed by fine striae of growth and thus appear more or less cancellated. In
the middle of the peripheral part of the shell a distinct slit-band is developed.
Laterally there is nearly always a more or less wide umbilicus present. Mouth
generally simple, sometimes expanded, inner lip thickened, but seldom strongly
callous, outer lip sharp, with a more or less strongly developed median emargination.
According to this definition of the genus, those forms for which M'Ooy has
proposed the name of Euphemus will also belong for the greater part to the genus
Bucania ; but nevertheless the genus Euphemus, M'Ooy, cannot be considered as
entirely identical with the genus of Hall as defined by me, as there ought to exist
no slit-band in Euphemus, and as also Bellerophon urii is considered as an Euphemus
by M'Ooy, which cannot be included in the genus Bucania, but which is equally
well distinct from Bellerophon. Eor this form and those allied to it the name
Euphemus will have to be retained.
The forms with very much expanded mouth like Bell, interlineatus, Portl.,
Bell, depressus, Eichw., etc., might possibly constitute a separate genus, but the
materials at hand are not sufficient to assert this with any accuracy.
Among the materials from the Salt-range there are four species which, I think,
must be assigned to the genus Bucania. These are Bucania kattaensis, W.,
B. angustifasciata, W., B. integra, W., and B. ornatissima, W.
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 151
Of these species the first occurs in the lower division of the Productus-Hme-
stone, the others in the upper division of the same formation.
I am sorry to say that only one species of all the Salt-range forms can be
compared to a European shell. This is Buc. kattaensis, W., which seems to be rather
closely related to Buc. decussata, Plem. The others seem to be more or less isolated
species as far as our knowledge extends up to the present; or they recall to a
certain extent American forms : thus, Buc. ornatissima can be compared only to
Buc. vnontfortiana, Norw. and Pratt.
Some of the Salt-range specimens seem to belong to that section of the genus
with rapidly expanding mouth like Buc. interiineata, Portl., but all the specimens
are not sufficiently well preserved to assert this positively.
1. Btjcania kattaensis, "Waagen, n. sp. Plate XIV, fig. 6.
The general form of the shell is broadly globular, slightly broader than it is
high. The whorls seem to be very few in number, very rapidly increasing in
height, and possess a broadly oval section. They do not envelope each other
entirely, but leave a small and deep umbilicus open. In the middle of the peri-
pheral part of the shell there is a very distinct slit-band, rather broad, but very little
elevated, and flattened on the top.
The whole shell is covered by very closely arranged, but very irregular fine
spiral striae. There are generally two or three finer striae intercalated between
two stronger prominent ones ; they increase slowly in strength as the shell pro-
gresses in size, and then have other finer lines between them. This spiral striation
begins already within the umbilicus and extends over the whole surface of the
whorl, the slit-band included. On this latter part of the shell, the striae are less
distinct, and very closely arranged ; I count eight or ten on it. There is also one of
them situated on each side of the flattened part of the slightly raised slit-band
causing an angular margin to be formed by which the slit-band is . limited on each
side. As the growth of the shell progresses, the spiral striation disappears more and
more on the slit-band.
This whole system of spiral striation is crossed by very numerous and distinct
striae of growth, intersecting the former at about right angles. They proceed from the
umbilicus over the sides of the whorls, forming a low arch directed towards the front
and, on reaching the slit-band, are deflected suddenly backwards, crossing the latter
in a low reversed arch, and become more strongly marked and more irregular than
on the whole remaining surface of the shell.
By these two systems of sculpture the whole surface of the shell appears beauti-
fully reticulated or cancellated.
The shell is very thin and fragile, and only in the umbilical region it is consider
ably thickened.
The general form of the mouth of the shell is broadly reniform, the outer lip
152 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
being thin and shafp, the inner one forming a tolerably strong callosity, which most
trongly thickens that part of the shell surrounding t he umbilicus. The lateral
expansions of the mouth seem to be large and prominent, but in our only specimen
they are nearly quite broken away. The emargination in the outer lip seems to have
been broad, but not very deep.
The specimen is too much broken to give exact measurements.
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species was col-
lected by myself at Katta in the lower division of the Productus-limestone (Bed No. 9
of the section in my note book) in a micaceous, calcareous sandstone.
Remarks. — There is but very little doubt that Buc. kattaensis belongs to a
group of forms of which Buc. decussata, Mem., must be considered as type. The
misfortune is that it seems to be extremely difficult to find out which form
ought to be considered as representing Fleming's species. Buc. decussata has been
quoted already frequently from devonian strata, and is considered to occur in the
same varieties in the carboniferous period, but if one compares the different figures
that have been given of this species, it appears highly probable, that very different
things have been subsumed under the designation of Buc. decussata, Elem. It is not
possible for me here to unravel every point connected with this question, as I have
not sufficient materials from the devonian and mountain-limestone formations,
but it seems more than probable that we have to deal here with a developmental
series, the different members of which can well be distinguished.
As to Bucania kattaensis it can be distinguished from all the shells that have
hitherto been figured under the names of Buc. decussata, Elem., striata, Elem.,
elegans, Orb., or clathrata, Orb., by its exceedingly broad slit-band, the somewhat
finer spiral striation, and the more rapidly increasing whorls.
A species which also bears a great resemblance to Buc. kattaensis is Buc.
marcouiana, Gein., from the permo-carboniferous beds of Nebraska? city. The latter
species can be distinguished from the Indian shell by its more prominent slit-band,
larger umbilicus, and its finer spiral striation. On the whole, the two forms might
be considered as vicarious species.
2. Bucania angtjstlfasciata, Waagen, n. sp. Plate XIII, fig. 6.
The general form of the shell is thick lenticular, much higher than it is broad.
The whorls are inflated, not entirely enveloping each other, but leaving a rather
large umbilicus open. They ascend from the umbilical suture in a high perpen-
dicular wall, and are thickest just on the broadly rounded edge which surrounds
the umbilicus. Erom there the surface of the whorl slopes down, being somewhat
flattened or impressed, to the broadly rounded peripheral part of the whorl.
This latter part is provided with a not very distinct slit-band, which is very
narrow and barely at all raised. It is bordered on both sides by very narrow
sharp ridges.
PRODIJCTIJS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 153
The whole surface of the shell is covered by a very fine* spiral striation, in
which fine and coarser striae change very regularly with each other. The vertical
umbilical wall is without a spiral striation, also on the slit-band this striation seems
to be almost entirely absent. The striae of growth are much finer and much more
numerous than are the spiral ones ; they are so fine that they become mostly
quite indistinct, and can only be seen in a very favorable fight and on parts of the
shell which are singularly well preserved. The reticulation of the shell caused by
the two systems of sculpture crossing each other is, therefore, very indistinct, and
chiefly expressed in a slight granulation observable of the spiral striae. In the
slit-band the striae of growth are more strongly developed.
The shell is not very thin, but, on the other hand, no part of it is particularly
thickened.
The mouth of the shell is reniform, with a thin outer lip and an inner lip only
very slightly callous. Lateral expansions do not exist or at least are not preserved
in any of the specimens I have for description. The emargination in the outer lip
seems to have been very narrow and rather deep.
The dimensions of a specimen from Chidru are as follows : —
Diameter of the shell 9'5 mm.
„ „ umbilicus 2
Thickness of the last whorl at the umbilical suture 5
Greatest thickness of the last whorl 7
Height of the aperture from the top of the preceding whorl . . 4
„ „ „ „ umbilical suture 5'5
Locality and geological position. — There have been collected two specimens
of this species by myself in the topmost beds of the Productus-limestone at Chidru,
and one in the identical beds at the very top of the Productus-limestone formation
at Virgal.
Remarks. — There is no species known to me to which the shell here described
could be more particularly compared. In its general appearance it recalls to a
certain extent the form Bucania decussata, Flem., but is easily distinguishable by
its larger umbilicus and much finer spiral striation. In these latter characters, it
agrees with Buc. marcouiana, Gein., from which it differs again by the slit-band,
which is strongly raised in the American species, whilst it is on a level with the
surrounding shell in Buc. angustifasciata. Also Buc. meekiana, Swallow, might be
compared, but as there is no figure of that species, an exact comparison is impossible.
Prom Buc. kattaensis, W., the present species is distinguishable by the larger
umbilicus and much more slowly increasing whorls.
3. Bucania Integra, "Waagen, n. sp. Plate XIV, fig. 5.
The general form of the shell is thick lenticular, a good deal higher than
it is broad. The whorls are much inflated, not enveloping each other entirely,
w
154
SALT-RANGE POSSILS.
but leaving a rather large umbilicus open. This latter is surrounded by a rather
high vertical wall, which passes without forming any edge into the very narrow
lateral parts of the whorl, from whence the surface slopes down to the broadly
rounded peripheral part of the shell.
The slit-band is tolerably narrow and very little raised. It is flattened on
its top and limited on both sides by sharp edges. If well preserved a very fine
spiral striation is also observable on this slit-band. On each side of this lat-
ter part of the shell, there is a tolerably broad zone, on which a spiral stria-
tion of the shell is well developed. The single strise are not so fine as on the
species described previously, and they are all about equal in strength. The lateral
parts o f the whorls, however, as well as the umbilical walls, are smooth, only
exhibiting very fine strise of growth. These extend up to the slit-band, crossing
the spiral striation of the external part of the shell, but without causing a distinct
reticulation to be formed. They are so very fine in comparison to the spiral stria?
that the latter seem not much affected by their crossing over them. On the slit-band
the striae of growth are only indistinctly visible.
The shell is very thin everywhere. The mouth is reniform without any cal-
losity on the inner lip, and in the specimens I have for description, without any
lateral expansions. The emargination in the outer lip seems to have been moderately
broad and not very deep.
The measurements of a specimen from Katwahi are as follows : —
Diameter of the shell .....
„ „ umbilicus .....
Height of the aperture from the top of the preceding whorl
„ „ „ „ umbilical suture . ,
Greatest breadth of the aperture . . . ,
Breadth of the aperture at the umbilical suture
10 mm.
3 „
4 „
5 „
8 „
Locality and geological position. — There are two specimens of this species
preserved in the Salt-range collection, which were both collected by myself, one
at Katwahi in the upper division of the Productus-limestone, the other at Virgal
in the topmost beds of the same formation.
Remarks. — Like the preceding species this one also can be compared to Buc.
decussata on the one hand and to Buc. marcouiana, Gein., on the other. Prom
the first of these the present species can be easily distinguished by its much larger
umbilicus and more slowly increasing whorls, from the second by the coarser
spiral striation, which does not extend over the lateral parts of the whorls.
Prom Buc. angustifasciata, W., the present species differs by the broader
and slightly raised slit-band and by the coarser spiral striation, which is limited to
the peripheral part of the shell ; from Buc. kattaensis it can be distinguished by
the more slowly increasing whorls, the coarser spiral striation, and a much narrower
slit-band.
PRODTJCTITS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA.
155
4. Btjcania ORNATissiMA, Waagen, n. sp. Plate XIV, fig. 7.
The general form of the shell is compressed glohular, somewhat higher than
"broad. The whorls are inflated, depressed, and well rounded everywhere; only
on the peripheral part they have an obtuse low keel. They do not envelope each
other entirely, but leave a large umbilicus open.
The surface of the shell is ornamented by two distinct systems of sculpture.
There are, like in all other species of JBucania, thin spiral striae present, which
are in this case rather distant from each other, and in which very regularly a thinner
one is situated between two stronger and more prominent striae. The spiral stria-
tion is, as far as can be seen, absent on the slit-band. This latter is very narrow, not
broader than the distance between two of the spiral striae of the stronger sort ;
it is, at the same time, distinctly raised, forming an obtuse keel, flattened on the top
and limited on both sides by sharp edges. The spiral striation does not reach down
to the umbilicus, but leaves the lateral parts of the shell free.
The sculpture, which is most strongly expressed on the shell, and which forms
the most prominent character of it, consists of distinct broad radial folds, which
begin some distance from the umbilicus and pass in a straight line, but slightly
directed backwards, to the middle of the peripheral part, where they disappear on
reaching the slit-band. Sometimes the latter seems to form a slight node, where
the radial folds cross over it. Besides these folds there exist very fine striae of
growth, which are very little curved, following, on the whole, about the direction of
the folds, and which cause a slight granulation of the spiral striae. On the slit-
band they are most strongly developed and very numerous.
The shell is very thin, and not thiekened in the umbilical region. The mouth
of the shell is reniform ; the outer lip apparently sharp and thin ; on the inner one
no trace of a callosity is observable; the whole aperture is, however, too ill preserv-
ed to trace its perfect outline. There are no lateral expansions preserved in the
specimen I have for description, nevertheless it is probable that such existed, and
that the whole aperture was more or less expanded. The emargination in the outer
lip, which is well preserved, is very narrow and not very deep.
The dimensions of the only specimen are as follows : —
Diameter of the shell ....
„ of the umbilicus ...
Height of the aperture from the top of the preceding whorl
„ „ „ „ umbilical suture
Thickness of the last whorl at the umbilical suture
Greatest thickness of the last whorl
11
3
5
6
65
10
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species was col-
lected by myself in the topmost beds of the Productus-limestone at Amb.
156 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Bemarks. — The general form of this shell is somewhat extraordinary for a
Bellerophont, as a radial sculpture very rarely occurs in that family. Nevertheless
some species have already been described as having a radial sculpture, but then
their distinction from Porcellia depends almost solely upon the more or less wide
umbilicus they possess.
D'Orbigny, in his "Monographie du Genre Bellerophon," described several
species which he afterwards in his "Prodrome" referred to the genus Porcellia.
One of these is Bellerophon radiatus, Orb., which by its distant low radial folds
very much resembles the species here described, but differs greatly by the much
larger umbilicus. The species is a devonian one. The question whether this shell
ought to be considered as a Bucania or better as a Porcellia is quite irrelevant ; I
wish only to draw the attention of paleontologists to the typical similarity between
these forms and the radially folded Bellerophonts of more recent formations, as the
possibility cannot be denied, that the origin of the latter should be traced from
the former.
Among the carboniferous Bucania there are two species with which the present
form must be more accurately compared ; these are Buc. percarinata, Conrad, and
Bug. montfortiana, Norw. & Pratt. The former species is easily to be distinguished
from Buc. ornatissima, W., by the three nodose carinse which it bears on the peri-
pheral part ; as, however, in the present species also a certain tendency prevails to
develope nodose swellings on the slit-band, where the radial folds cross over it, a
rather close affinity between the two species cannot be denied. Besides the three
carinse no spiral sculpture seems to exist in Buc. percarinata.
The second species mentioned above, Buc. montfortiana, seems to be allied to
Buc. ornatissima even more closely than the species described by Conrad, but a deep
sulcus on the peripheral part in which the slightly raised narrow slit-band is situated
and a very much expanded mouth in Buc. montfortiana make also here a dis-
tinction easy.
Nevertheless the similarity between Buc. ornatissima and the two American
species is of interest. Very likely the Indian shell must be considered as a vicarious
form, replacing the two American species in similar beds in India. Both the
American shells belong to the fauna of the upper coal-measures.
Genus : MOGULIA, Waagen, n. gen.
It is with great doubt that I introduce this new genus. Only the analogies to
the genus Porshalia in the Pleurotomaridce exhibited by the shells belonging to the
new genus induce me to distinguish it.
The animals belonging to this genus possessed a thick heavy shell of a more or
less globular general form. The whorls envelope each other entirely, and thus the
umbilical region is occupied by a solid columella, every trace of an umbilicus being
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 157
absent. The sculpture of the shell consists only of broad, squambse striae of growth,
without a trace of a spiral striation. The aperture is broad, more or less depressed,
outer lip thin, inner lip strongly callous, with thick callous expansions on both sides,
which cause a considerable thickening of the columella. The outer lip possesses in
the middle a shallow angular emargination, the situation of which is easily traceable
on the peripheral part of the whole shell by the course of the striae of growth. By
the great shallowness of the emargination, it becomes impossible that a proper slit-
band should be formed, but each zone added to the size of the shell remains distinct
for its whole extension, without touching the preceding one anywhere.
Thus the most characteristic features whereby to distinguish this genus from
Bellerophon, with which it otherwise most nearly agrees, consist in the very shallow
emargination, and in consequence of this in the absence of a proper slit-band.
Although the appearance of the single species known to me is so very charac-
teristic, it may, on the other hand, be doubtful whether the distinctive characters are
sufficiently important to warrant a generic distinction from Bellerophon. But since
the same difficulties occur also between ForsJcalia and Pleurotomaria, in which
genera the chief distinction (in fossil species at least) consists in the shallower
emargination of the outer lip in Forskalia, and since the shells in reality seem to
be so far distinct that Forskalia has been placed by H. and A. Adams in a quite
distinct family, so also in the case of Mogulia a generic distinction from Belle-
rophon may be admissible, though the propriety of its foundation on a single species
might be questioned.
I have decided on introducing the new genus on account of the very charac-
teristic form of the single species it as yet comprises, and in the hope that a proper
distinction of it might lead in the future to the discovery of further species belong-
ing to it.
I have named this genus in honor of a native servant, who, with great clever-
ness, collected in the Salt-range a great many fossils for myself and Dr. Warth.
1. Mogulia regularis, Waagen, n. sp. PL XIII, fig. 4.
The general form of the shell is globose, with depressed inflated whorls, which
envelope each other entirely, so that no trace of an umbilicus remains open.
The most characteristic feature of the species consists in the surface sculpture
of the shell. This is composed of very regular zones, isolated from each other by
rather deep furrows, which commence at the slight impression on the top of the
columella and pass in a low arch directed backwards over the sides of the whorls
forming a shallow angle of about 115° on the peripheral part. The elevated zones
as well as the furrows pass without interruption over the latter part of the shell.
All the angular parts of the zones and furrows are situated one behind the other in
one line, but nevertheless they form no slit-band, like in the species of the genus
158 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Bellerophon, but only a disjoined series of angular costse. On the elevated zones
as well as in the furrows very fine strise of growth seem to be present, which follow
exactly the direction of the general sculpture.
The shell is rather thick and heavy, exactly as is also generally the case in the
species of the genus Bellerophon.
The mouth is depressed reniform, the outer lip being tolerably thin, the inner
one considerably thickened and callous, chiefly in the columellar region, where a
thick callosity closes the umbilicus, which exists in the cast. The lateral expansions
of the aperture seem to be very moderate.
The dimensions of the only specimen are as follows : —
Diameter of the "shell ..... . . 16 mm.
Greatest breadth of the mouth . ... 15
Breadth of the mouth at the base of the lateral expansions . 9
Height of the aperture from the top of the preceding whorl . . .6
„ „ „ „ upper margin of the lateral callosity . 9
„ „ „ „ lower „ „ „ „ . . 12
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species was col-
lected by Mr. "Wynne at Khund Ghat, in the upper division of the Productus-lime-
stone.
Remarks. — There is no species known to me to which the form here described
could be compared. Bell, leveillanus, Kon., resembles it a little in its general form,
but it has a thin shell and no callosity at its mouth, and thus must certainly be
considered as belonging to a quite different division in the family Bellerophontidce
than Mogulia regularis, W- It might be a species of the genus Warthia, which
will be next described. Also Bell, angulatus, Orb., bears only a very distant
similarity, as the presence of a keel and strise of growth which are suddenly
deflected near it, though they are similarly distant from each other as in Mog.
regularis, refer D'Orbigny's species to the true genus Bellerophon.
Genus : WABTHIA, Waagen, n. gen.
There are a number of species of Bellerophonts known to exist in older for-
mations which in most of their characters agree well with those forms considered
as belonging to the genus Bellerophon, but which deviate in one important point
from the true Bellerophonts in the absence of a distinct slit-band on the peripheral
part of the shell.
Already D'Orbigny recognised the importance of this character ; but he was of
opinion that the shells so characterized had been united by Conrad under the
name of Cyrtolithes, and therefore he transferred all the Bellerophonts in which
no distinct slit-band was known to Conrad's genus. If we compare, however,
Conrad's typical species, Cyrtolithes ornatus from the Hudson river group, as figured
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 159
by Hall, we must confess that Cyrtolithes is something very different from all
the other Better ophonts, and that it may even be questioned if this shell can
at all belong to the family. Also the species quoted as the first by D'Orbigny (Bell-
bilobatus, Sow.) differs widely from Cyrtolithes ornatus ; but, on the other hand, it
exhibits a series of characters which distinguish it widely from the species of the,
genus Bellerophon, and it may thus justly be considered as the type of a genus
different from Better ophon, though it may not be identical with Cyrtolithes.
I also should hare liked to consider Bell, bilobatus, Sow., as the type of the
new genus, if M'Coy had not registered an observation which does not agree with
the characters I consider as essential in the genus. He states that in specimens
of Bell, bilobatus, in which the shell is well preserved, a slit-band is observable on
the peripheral part of the shell. Though from the form of the emargination in
the outer lip of the aperture it already seems very improbable that a slit-band
exists, yet I have not got materials to prove or disprove M' Coy's observation, as
specimens of Bell, bilobatus with well preserved shell seem to be rather rare.
Thus I am unable to introduce Bell, bilobatus as the type of my genus, but must
consider as such one of the species described hereafter.
Erom the specimens at my disposal I am able to deduce the following charac-
teristics of the genus: — Shell symmetrically enrolled in one plane, more or less
globular, without umbilicus. Surface smooth, without a spiral striation, striae of
growth very indistinct. Shell of moderate thickness. Aperture simple, outer lip
slightly thickened and sometimes very little contracted, with a more or less broad
and deep rounded median insinuation, which does not form a slit-band in the course
of growth of the shell; inner lip more strongly thickened or slightly callous;
columella thick, solid, callous.
This genus differs very widely from Bellerophon, though most species belonging
to it have hitherto been classed with the latter genus. It is not only the absence of
a slit-band which marks the difference, but also the form of the aperture, in
which the lateral expansions are absent ; the inner lip, which is not largely spread
out over the preceding whorl ; and the outer lip, which is thickened and sometimes
contracted instead of expanded ; all bear characters which make a generic. identifi-
cation with Bellerophon impossible. On the whole, the relation of Warthia to
Bellerophon is similar to that which exists between Pleurotomaria and Platyschisma.
The name of Warthia is given to these shells in honour of Dr. H. Warth, Collector
of Customs at Pind Dadun Khan, who has given me a great many beautiful speci-
mens of fossils from the Salt-range strata.
Of other genera of the Better ophontidce only Mogulia can be compared, but
this agrees much more nearly with Bellerophon than with the present genus, the
only difference from Bellerophon consisting in the shallow emargination of the outer
lip, and the absence of a proper slit-band. Erom Warthia it differs by the angular
shape of the emargination in the outer lip, by this latter part being sharpened and
160 SALT-KANGE EOSS1LS.
not thickened, and -by the inner lip being largely spread over the preceding whorl
and being strongly callous.
In the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range there have been found three species
of Warthia, which I shall call W. polita, W. brevisinuata, and W. lata. The first
of these belongs to the upper division of the Productus-limestone, the second fco
the lower division, and the last to the middle division of the same formation.
About the developmental connection of these species to geologically older
forms complete darkness prevails ; but even the shells in the Salt-range, though
occurring in consecutive strata, are in no connection whatever to each fother,
a proof that each of them is only a sporadic species, a straggler from some geo-
graphical region where species of the genus must have been numerous. But where
was this ? In the future perhaps it will be possible to give an answer to this
question. There have been described three species of Bellerophon from Australia,
Bell, tmcktlatm, Dan., Bell, strictus, Dan., and Bell, micromphakts, Morr. All
three undoubtedly belong to the genus Warthia, though all three are specifically
different from the Indian fossils. Also Australia does not seem to have been the
proper centre of origin for the genus, but very likely somewhere in the space inter-
vening between Australia and India.
1. Warthia polita, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XV, fig. 7.
The general form of the shell is thick lenticular, the whorls not very strongly
inflated, entirely enveloping each other, so as to leave no umbilicus open.
The surface of the shell is perfectly smooth, nearly polished, and no trace of
any sculpture is observable. Even with the lens barely any trace of the stride of
growth can be detected. Also the peripheral part is perfectly smooth, and it is
most certain that not a trace of a slit-band has ever been present.
The shell is rather thick and solid. The aperture is semilunar, widely open, but
not expanded. The outer lip is thick, somewhat swollen, slightly sharpened from
without and a little bent inwards. The emargination in the middle part of it is
rather deep, broad, and well rounded. The inner lip is considerably thickened, but
there exists no distinct callosity. The greatest thickening of the shell occurs at the
columellar parts.
The dimensions of a specimen from Ohidru are as follows : —
Diameter of the shell . . .8 mm
Breadth of the shell at the aperture . • • . 6
Height of the aperture from the top of the preceding whorl . , . 2-5
„ „ „ „ columella .... 3.5
The species seems not to grow much larger than the specimen of which
measurements are given. The opening of the median insinuation of the outer
lip is 38°.
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 161
Locality and geological position. — There are two specimens of this species
preserved in the Salt-range collection, hoth of which were collected hy myself at
Chidru in the topmost beds of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This little species, though deprived of every kind of ornamenta-
tion, is very characteristic in its general form, and will be easily recognised if found
elsewhere. Nevertheless I know of no carboniferous fossil which could be com-
pared to the present species. Of all the European Bellerophonts hitherto described,
only Bell, bilobatus, Sow., which also is very likely a Warthia, bears a rather
close resemblance to the Indian shell ; it is, however, easily distinguishable by
its deeper insinuation in the outer lip of the aperture and by the more rapidly in-
creasing whorls. Bell, bilobatus is a silurian species. In devonian strata a similar
fossil seems to occur, if one may trust Bigsby's indications, who, however, under
the heading of Sowerby's species unites all the varieties of Bell, trilobatus, a
species entirely different from Bell, bilobatus and belonging very likely to Meek's
genus Tropidodiscus. Possibly Bell, deslongchampsi, Orb., represents the group of
Bell, bilobatus, Sow., during the devonian period. During carboniferous times
no species allied to Bell, bilobatus has been known up to the present, unless one
should be inclined to consider Bell, leveillanus, Kon., as such. But this latter
species on a first glance can be distinguished from Bell, bilobatus as well as from
Warth. polita by the presence of a tolerably large umbilicus.
Of the Australian species of the genus Warthia, only Warth. micromphalus,
Morris, can at all be compared to the present species, but it is immediately distin-
guishable by the presence of a kind of umbilicus.
2. Warthia brevisintjata, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XV, fig. 6.
The general form of the shell is globular, as broad as it is high. The whorls
are strongly inflated, somewhat depressed, and entirely enveloping each other, so as
to close the umbilicus entirely, only a very slight impression remaining in the place
of the umbilicus. They are rapidly increasing in breadth, not so in height. Very
possibly, owing to some deformity, the specimen figured deviates from the regular
spiral at a short distance from the aperture.
The surface of the shell is smooth and devoid of any kind of sculpture, but
it does not appear polished as in the preceding species. With the lens very distinct
strise of growth are observable, passing in a tolerably straight line from the umbili-
cal region to the peripheral part of the shell, where they form a very shallow and
broad reversed arch. These strise of growth are not all equal in strength, but some
are more strongly marked, others less so. Those of the stronger sort occur at rather
regular tolerably distant intervals. But even these stronger strise of growth are
barely visible without the lens.
The shell is not very thick, and also not much thickened in the umbilical
162 SALT-RANGE POSSILS.
region. The general form of the aperture is depressed reniform, the outer lip toler-
ably thick, sharpened from without and slightly bent inward. It bears a very broad
but very shallow insinuation in the middle, which forms a low and broad arch.
The inner lip is but very little thickened, not callous, and spreads only a very short
distance over the peripheral part of the preceding whorl, barely extending in front
of the aperture. The lateral or columellar parts of the inner lip are also but very
little thickened.
The measurements of a specimen from the Nila Wan are as follows : —
Diameter of the shell .....
Breadth of the shell at the aperture
„ „ „ base of the aperture .
Height of the aperture from the top of the preceding whorl
„ „ „ columellar parts .
13 mm.
14 „
8 „
5 ..
10 .,
.The opening of the in-
The species seems not to attain larger dimensions,
sinuation in the outer lip of the aperture is about 95°.
Locality and geological position. — There have been collected two specimens
of this species by myself in the Nila Wan ravine, in a dark strongly micaceous
sandstone, among the very lowest fossiliferous beds of the Productus-limestone
formation.
Remarks. — Like the preceding species so also can this one only be compared
to a silurian shell, which has been described by Portlock under the name of Bell,
gibbus. As in the present species its whorls are very much inflated, broader than
high, the shell is smooth, only covered by irregular striae of growth. The difference
from the Salt-range species seems to consist chiefly in a much shallower insinuation
of the outer lip, and in whorls which are less rapidly increasing in breadth.
From Warth. polita the present species is very easily distinguishable by the
much more inflated general form of the shell and the much broader insinuation in
the outer lip.
There exists no connecting link whatever between Warth. brevisirmata, W.,
and (Bell.J Warthia gibba, Portl.
3. Warthia lata, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XIV, fig. 8.
The general form of the shell is transversely fusiform, much broader than
it is high. The whorls are very depressed, entirely enveloping each other, so
as to leave no umbilicus open. The latter seems to be closed by a tolerably
thick callosity, but a shallow groove remains, where its place ought to be.
The surface of the shell is not very well preserved, but seems to have been
smooth, not a trace of any spiral sculpture, of any strise of growth, or of any kind
of a slit-band being observable.
Also the aperture is not well preserved ; its general outline is elongated reni-
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 163
form, four times as broad as it is high. The outer lip seems to have been not very
thick, the shape and deepness of the median insinuation in it is, however, not recog-
nisable. The inner lip is strongly thickened and callous, the callosity extending
nearly halfway down the anterior peripheral part of the preceding whorl. The
columellar or umbilical region seems to be most thickened where a thick callosity
fills up the rather large umbilicus of the internal cast.
The shell is tolerably thin, except in the umbilical region.
The dimensions of the only existing specimen are as follows : —
Diameter of the shell ..... . . 22 mm.
Greatest breadth of the shell at the aperture . . . . 29 „
Breadth of the preceding whorl at the aperture . . . . . 22 „
Height of the aperture from the top of the preceding whorl . . . 7 „
„ „ „ from the lateral callosity . . . 15 „
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species was found
by myself at Katta, in a greenish-grey sandy marl, in the lower region of the middle
division of the Productus-limestone (bed No. 13 of the section in my note book).
Remarks. — The position of this shell in the genus Warthia is not quite cer-
tain ; but the total absence of any slit-band on the peripheral part of the shell,
together with the other characters, makes it highly probable that it belongs to that
genus. Certainty on this point will only be attained when a specimen with
perfectly preserved aperture will have been found.
Nevertheless, I think it worth while to describe the species, as the exceedingly
broad and depressed whorls of which the shell is composed, are so very peculiar, that,
though the characters of the mouth be not preserved, yet the species will always
be easily recognised.
There is no species known to me to which the present species could be com- '
pared ; may Bell. (Uhtphemus) orbicularis, McCoy, be something like it ?
Genus: EUPHEMUS, McCoy.
Already in the description of the genus Bucania, Hall, I have mentioned that,
on the whole, the genus Ewphemus, McCoy, ought to be considered identical with
Hall's genus.
The characteristic of the genus given by McCoy is very short, and runs thus :
"Globose, involute, monothalamous ; surface spirally striated; no dorsal band."
The arrangement of the species quoted under the heading Mtphemus is very peculiar,
and barely adapted to lead to a proper understanding of what ought to be consi-
dered as typical species. The first species quoted is only with a query put into the
genus ; the second species is figured. This is a minute shell with a cancellated
sculpture and rapidly increasing whorls. By the smallness of the shell the exist-
ence of a slit-band might easily have escaped notice, and then there would exist no
164 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
difference between 'this shell and Bucania ; the course of the strise of growth is,
moreover, highly suggestive of the existence of a slit-hand. The third species is
described from a cast, and is said to have had a thin and smooth shell. It is only
the last species which seems to exhibit in a prominent manner all the characters
indicated in the diagnosis of the genus, and thus I may be justified in considering
the last species as the typical one. This last species is Euphemus urii, Elem., sp.,
a well known and most characteristic shell of the carboniferous formation.
Thus the characters which have been indicated for the genus by McCoy might
stand as well, or even with greater correctness, if we exclude all the other species
from the genus and retain only E. urii in it. Since the description of this latter
species a number of similar forms have been detected ; and also in the Salt-range,
forms allied to E. urii are not at all rare. Erom all these species it will now be
possible to give a more detailed characteristic than that drawn up by McCoy.
We may thus define the genus Euphemus in the following manner : —
The general form of the shell is more or less globular or lenticular, the whorls
are rounded, and generally there is no umbilicus present. The shell is thick and
heavy and covered by more or less numerous spiral folds, which, however, if the
specimen be perfect, never reach up to the outer lip of the aperture, but leave a more
or less long space of the shell perfectly smooth. The aperture is often contracted,
never expanded. The outer lip is sometimes thickened, always bilobed, with a
narrow, and generally not very deep insinuation in the middle, which does not
cause the formation of a quite distinct slit-band, though slight indications of such
might be traced for a short distance from the mouth. The inner lip is callous
chiefly in its lateral or columellar parts.
The most remarkable feature among the characters indicated above are the spiral
'folds which occur in all the species belonging to the genus. Their number is very
variable, from 38 down to 4, and the most remarkable thing is, that they never
reach the outer lip of the aperture. In the different species occurring in the Salt-
range they always stop just within the mouth, and leave the whole last whorl per-
fectly smooth. If the last whorl is broken off, these folds are not always firmly
adhering, but sometimes fall off rather easily, and in examining a larger number of
specimens one soon becomes convinced that the folds do not belong so much to the
shell, properly speaking, but rather to the callosity of the inner lip deposited on the
preceding whorl. This observation has also been made on the true Bell, urii, Elem.,
by Mons. de Koninck. The observation of the thinness of the shell, as stated by
Portlock and D'Orbigny, very likely has taken its origin from the circumstance that
the plaited callosity bearing the spiral folds has been taken by those authors for the
entire shell. On the contrary, the genus Euphemus is among all the Bellerophonts
the group which has, at least in some species, the thickest and heaviest shell.
Thus the spiral ridges of Euph. urii and its allies must be taken as columellar
folds, and this circumstance seems to me of deciding influence on the solution of the
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 165
question of what nature the animals may have been which once inhabited the shells
called Bellerophonts. There has never been observed a columellar fold in any
Cephalopod, whilst this peculiarity of structure is of very general occurrence in the
Gasteropods, and thus there is the greatest probability that also the Bellerophonts
were Gasteropods.
The extension of these columellar folds requires yet a special notice, as different
species show very different characters in this respect. In E. urii the folds project
far in front of the mouth, so as to cover half of the last whorl. Similarly in
E. carbonarius, Cox, but in this species some short elevated lines appear in the
columellar region of the shell. From all this it appears that in E. urii and the other
species with far-projecting columellar folds the greater part of the shell must have
been covered by lobes of the mantle, which deposited in E. carbonarius, Cox, those
irregular strise in the columellar region of the shell.
In most of the Salt-range species, on the contrary, the greater part of the shell
must have been free, as the columellar folds are here restricted to the portion of the
shell within the mouth.
If we look through all the species of Euphemus described up to the present, we
will easily find out that they may be distributed in two groups, each of which com-
prises several species. The first of these is the group of Euph. urii. This group
is characterized by very numerous columellar folds, which always project more or
less widely in front of the mouth. This group seems to commence already in
silurian strata, but of the older forms very little is known. Eroni the mountain-
limestone upward there seem to be several species of which only few have been dis-
tinguished up to the present. These, are Euph. urii, E. carbonarius. Cox, and a
species from the Salt-range which I shall call E. lenticularts, ~W. It seems to be
likely that these species are in developmental connection with each other, and if this
is the case, there seems to prevail a tendency among them to diminish the number
of columellar folds. I should not like, however, to express any positive opinion on
this point.
The second group seems to commence only in carboniferous times, and the
oldest species known to me is E. orbignyanus, Portl. The group is characterized by
much less numerous columellar folds, which do not project far in front of the
mouth of the shell. There are three species of this group in the Salt-range,
in which the number of columellar folds is between ten and four. In Euph.
orbignyanus this number is already twelve, and from this it appears that also in this
group the number of columellar folds decreases with the progressing age of the
developmental series. The Salt-range species have received the names of E. indicus,
W., E. upertus, "W., and E. Icevis, W. Also Euph. nodocarinatus, Hall, sp., from
the coal-measures of Iowa belongs to this group.
166 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
a. Group op ETJPHEMVS ORBIGNYANUS, Portl., sp.
1. — Euphemus indictjs, Waagen, n. sp. PL XV, figs. 1, 2.
The general form of the shell is globose, about as high as it is broad, but
changes very much according to age. The whorls are depressed, entirely envelop-
ing each other, so as to leave not a trace of an umbilicus remaining.
In all stages of growth two parts of the shell must be distinguished, the enrolled
part, on which the columellar folds are deposited, and the last whorl, which is devoid
of these folds.
The enrolled part of the shell has always very much depressed whorls, with a
broadly rounded peripheral part on -which the columellar folds are situated at rather
irregular intervals. There are six or eight such folds present, so that the middle of
the peripheral part of the shell is always occupied by a furrow, which separates the
two median folds. The folds are acute and very narrow ; the furrows between are
broad and flat. The median furrow is generally somewhat narrower than those on
both sides of it. On each side towards the umbilical region the folds decrease in
height and the furrows in breadth ; the thickly callous part of the shell, represent-
ing the columella and covering the umbilical region, is entirely devoid of the spiral
plication. The plication is, however, subject to great variation, and often is more or
less unsymmetrical, the furrows between the folds being narrower on one side of
the median furrow than on the other.
The form of the last volution is somewhat different at different stages of growth.
Where the columellar plication terminates, the surface of the whorl becomes quite
smooth, only that on the inner whorls where the median furrow is situated, a very
flat excavation can be observed on the outer whorl, limited on both sides by broad
low ridges. At a diameter of the shell from 10 to 15 mm. the peripheral part of the
shell is very regularly arched, the median impression is very shallow, and the ridges
on both sides of it very low. The whole last whorl, up to the mouth of the shell,
shows the same characters. On the outer lip of the aperture a tolerably deep
narrow rounded emargination is present, corresponding to the median impres-
sion, limited on both sides by the low rounded ridges. It is thus evident that the
impression replaces the slit-band of the other Bellerophonls, but no strise of growth
can be observed on it. Also on the other parts of the last volution are no striaB of
growth observable. Only one of the great many specimens of this species possessed
a distinct slit-band in the depression between the obtuse median (ridges, shut in on
both sides by very thin thread-like ribs. But this slit-band seems to be produced
only by a peculiar kind of weathering.
As the growth of the shell progresses, the median part of the peripheral
region becomes more and more elevated, the ridges get higher, and the median
impression deeper, and on both sides of the crest, which is thus formed, a flat or
PRODUCT US-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA.
167
excavated zone extends ; the lateral parts of the last volution, chiefly near the aper-
ture in full-grown specimens^ are again much swollen and inflated.
Most remarkable is the aperture. It is always more or less contracted, and even
in young specimens such a contraction can be observed, though in a less degree than
in full-grown ones. By this contraction the general form of the aperture becomes
that of a more or less narrow curved slit. The outer lip is bilobed, the lobes thick-
ened and bent inside, with a sharp angular point on the outer edge, and well rounded
off towards the median insinuation. The inner lip is very strongly thickened and
showing just within the aperture the termination of the six or eight columellar
folds. The strongest callous part of the whole shell is that situated on the umbilical
region, replacing the columella of other gasteropods.
The casts of this species are very peculiar. They consist of several smooth very
depressed whorls, rather far distant from each other and leaving open in the middle
a deep and rather wide umbilicus, which occupies about the third part of the whole
diameter of the cast..
The dimensions of four specimens, Nos. I, III, and IV from Khund Ghat, and
No. II from Kafirkot, are as follows : —
I.
II.
in.
IV.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
Diameter of the shell ....
14
17
21
23
Breadth of the shell at the aperture
14
18
20
23
Height of the aperture from the top of the preceding whorl
4
4-5
5
5-5
Other measurements are very difficult to give on account of the irregularity of
form of this species. In all the four specimens the entire aperture is preserved.
The size of specimen No. IV seems the largest the species can attain.
Locality and geological position. — This species is one of the commonest in the
upper division of the Productus-limestone. It begins already in the middle divi-
sion of the same formation, but is rather rare there, and in the lower division of
the formation it seems to be entirely absent. It has been collected in the upper
division of the Productus-limestone by myself at Katwahi (3 specimens), at the
village of Khura (7 specimens), west of that village (7 specimens), at Jabi in the
Cephalopoda-bed (1 specimen), at Kufri (4 specimens), at Nanga (1 specimen), at
Chidru (2 specimens), and trans-Indus at Kafirkot (9 specimens). By Mr. "Wynne
it has been found at Katwahi (7 specimens), and at Khund Ghat (40 specimens), and
trans-Indus at Bilot in a very remarkable yellow crinoidal limestone (3 specimens),
and at Kiri (1 specimen).
In the middle division of the Productus-limestone, one specimen was collected
by Dr. Oldham at Musakhel.
168 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Remarks. — This species is highly characteristic in its general form, and may
serve as an excellent " Leitnmschel," as it is very common, and nearly entirely
restricted to the upper division of the Productus-limestone. There is no species in
Europe with which the present one could be compared, only in the American coal-
measures a somewhat similar shell has been found, and described by J. Hall under
the name of Bell, nodocarinatus. There are, however, several points of difference
which make a distinction of the two species very easy. The columellar folds,
which are in E. nodocarinatus also eight in number, project rather far in front of
the aperture, and the crest near the aperture is nodose, whilst it is smooth in our
species. Thus the American shell might be considered as a vicarious form, as has
been the case already with several species described by me from the Salt-range, but
it is certainly specifically distinct.
2. — Euphemtjs APERTUS, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XV, fig. 3.
Though only one specimen of this species has been found up to the present, yet
this seems to be sufficiently different from specimens of the preceding species to allow
of its distinction as a separate species.
The general form of the shell is globose, very little higher than broad. The
whorls are inflated, broad, depressed, and entirely enveloping each other, so as to
leave not a trace of an umbilicus open. In an entirely preserved state the last
whorl is smooth, with two sharp carina? in the middle of the peripheral part of the
shell. On each side of these carinse there spreads a tolerably flat sloping zone
united in a rather sudden curve with the lateral parts of the whorl, which in a nar-
row arch bend into the aperture of the shell. Already at a quarter of a whorl from
the aperture the carinse are concealed by the callosity which forms part of the
inner lip of the aperture. Like in other species of the genus, the callosity is provid-
ed with spiral folds, of which I count in this case nine, and in consequence there
is a median fold in this species, instead of the median groove in the preceding one.
The folds are low and rounded on the top, but very narrow and separated by broad
flat furrows. They project for a quarter of a whorl from the aperture.
The aperture is depressed reniform with a thin and sharp bilobed external
lip, which is not bent inward. It bears in the middle a narrow and deep rounded
emargination, which is situated between the two sharp caringe mentioned above.
Each lobe of the outer lip is rounded off on the external corner, and passes
gradually into the callosity which covers the umbilical region. The inner lip with
its strong callosity and columellar folds considerably contributes towards the
thickening of the shell at the aperture.
The measurements of the single existing specimen are as follows: —
Diameter of the shell . . . . . . . . .13 mm.
Breadth of the shell at the aperture . . . . . . . 12 ,,
Height of the aperture from the top of the preceding whorl . . . . 4 „
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 169
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species which has
been found up to the present was collected by myself in topmost beds of the
Productus-limestone at Virgal.
Remarks.— This species is very nearly allied to the preceding one, but never-
theless it is not very difficult to distinguish it from specimens of an equal size of
JE. indicus, W. The two sharp carinse on the peripheral part of the shell, the
median columellar fold at the aperture, and the great space covered by the callosity
of the inner lip with its folds, are all characters that do not occur in LJ. indicus, and
serve well to distinguish the present species from it.
Among European and American fossils there is no species to which the present
one could be more specially compared.
3. Etjphemus l^evis, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XV, fig. 4.
The general form of this little shell is globose, very little broader than high.
The whorls are very much depressed, entirely enveloping each other, so that no
umbilicus is left open. In specimens with the last whorl preserved, the surface of
the shell is entirely smooth. In the middle of the peripheral part of the shell there
is a very shallow spiral impression, which is limited on both sides by low, narrow
elevated lines ; these resemble perfectly the columellar folds, and it appears as if
two of them accompanied the median impression up to the mouth of the shell. Of
columellar folds there are not more than four, of which the two middle ones unite
with the elevated lines on both sides of the median impression on the peripheral
part of the last whorl. The outer two are very short and show just within the
aperture.
The aperture is broad and very depressed, the outer lip very sharp and thin,
slightly bent inside with a short, broad, rounded emargination in the middle. The two
outer corners of the outer lip are sharply pointed, and unite at about right angles
with the rather thick callosity which covers the umbilical region. The inner lip seems
to be not very strongly callous.
The measurements of two specimens, No. I from Chidru, No. II from Kufri,
are as follows :—
I. ir.
Diameter of the shell ........ 8 mm. 9'5 mm.
Breadth of the shell at the aperture . . . . . 9 „ 9'5 „
Height of the aperture from the top of the preceding whorl . . . 2 ., 3 „
The diameter of specimen No. II seems to be the largest the species can attain.
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether five specimens of this
little species in the Salt-range collection which were all found by myself in the
upper division of the Productus-limestone; three of these were collected at Chidru
in the topmost beds of the Productus-limestone, one at Kufri -in the section there,
and one at Katwahi.
a1
170 SALT-KANGE FOSSILS.
Remarks. — This species resembles to a certain extent E. carbonarins, Cox,
but the number of columellar folds is entirely different. From equally sized
specimens of E. indicus it differs by the elevated lines which accompany the
median impression and by the number of columellar folds, which is six or eight
in E. indicus and only four in E. Icevis. The same differences distinguish it from
E. apertus, W.
Thus the little shell seems to constitute a well distinguishable new species. i
b. Group op ETJF11EMUS TJjRII, Flem. sp.
4. Eitphemus lenticularis, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XIV, fig. 9.
This is a very small and very rare species, of which only one specimen has been
found up to the present.
The general form of the shell is lenticular, with a narrowly rounded periphery.
The whorls are low, laterally compressed, and envelope each otber entirely so as to
leave no umbilicus open.
The only specimen I have for description is not entire, part of the last volution
having been broken away. As it is, the shell seems to consist of two differently
ornamented parts, each of which takes up about half of a whorl. The outer half
whorl, towards the aperture, is entirely smooth, not even striae of growth or any
kind of a slit-band being observable on it ; the inner half -whorl, removed from the
aperture, is covered by closely arranged fine spiral striae, which disappear within
the broken mouth of the shell, continuing also on the covered inner volutions.
Their number is about 22. They are narrow, rounded on the top and separated
from each other by flat furrow s, which are not much broader than the elevated
strise. Strise of growth which would cross over the spiral striation and cause a
somewhat cancellated appearance of the surface of the shell are not observable ;
also any distinct slit-band is entirely wanting.
The aperture has been quite broken away, and thus it cannot be observed if
it was bilobed and somewhat contracted, and of what shape and size the median
emargination of the outer lip may have been. The transverse section of the whorls
is ogival-semilunar. Neither the peripheral part of the inner volutions nor the um-
bilical region of the shell is strongly thickened by callosities. Callosities are present,
but very moderate in thickness.
The measurements of the single existing specimen are as follows : —
Diameter of the shell ... . . 7 mm.
Greatest breadth of the shell .... . 5 „
Height of the aperture from the top of the preceding whorl . ,2
„ „ from the umbilical region .... 45
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species contain-
ed in the Salt-range collection was found by myself at Amb, in a dark coaly
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 171
sandstone, at the very base of the fossiliferous beds of the -Productus-limestone
formation.
Remarks. — This little shell has been for a long time a great puzzle to me, as
the general appearance of it is nearly absolutely identical with that of a striated
Goniatite. But though I searched carefully for the air-chambers, yet I was abso-
lutely unable to delect them. On the other hand, the stoppage of the spiral
striation half way on the last whorl, combined with the apparent absence of air-
chambers, was suggestive of this little shell being a Bellerophont. Thus I have
decided on placing it in this family.
Among all the Bellerophonts the species can only be compared in general to
those shells which are more or less nearly allied to Euph. uril, Elem., and in parti-
cular chiefly to Euph. carbonarius, Cox. Like this species, Euph. lenticularis, W. ,
possesses about 22 revolving striae or columellar folds. The other characters,
however, cannot be compared, as the specimen of the Indian species is not sufficiently
well preserved to do so. That Euph. carbonarius is, however, not identical with
Euph.' lenticularis appears already from the general form of the shell, which is
globose in the American and lenticular in the Indian species. Both forms might, on
the whole, very well be considered as vicarious species. Euph. carbonarius is a
species from the upper coal-measures, or the permo-carbon formation of the American
authors.
Genus STACHELLA, Waagen, n. gen.
Up to very recent times barely any unsymmetrical Bellerophont has been
known, though the existence of such forms was already indicated by the genus
Bellerophma, Orb., which in its unsymmetrical structure resembles somewhat the
unsymmetrical Bellerophonts, but can easily be distinguished by the total absence
of a slit-band.
Only through G. Stache's monograph of the fauna of the Bellerophon-lime-
stone of the Alps a number of unsymmetrical forms have been made known ; this
author, however, did not then think it proper, relying only on the not very ex-
tensive materials at his disposal, to create a proper generic designation for these
shells, though he admitted the probability of their constituting a distinct generic-
group. The variety of forms described by him is rather large, and he was able to
distinguish not less than seven species. All of these, as it seems to me, cannot pro-
perly be considered as belonging to one and the same group ; two (Bell, sextensis
and Bell, guembeli), which by the very strange form of their volutions and of their
apertures deviate more or less altogether from the type of other Bellerophonts,
will have to be excluded, if we wish to unite a certain number of forms under a
new generic designation. The remaining five species form a very good natural
group, to which I am now able to add two new species.
The question is, whether the unsymmetrical development has not to be con-
sidered as a kind of deformity caused by some injury the animal has received when
172 SALT-BANGE FOSSILS.
young. The possibility of such a cause cannot be denied, but the geological
occurrence of the unsymmetrical forms is so peculiar that the existence of some
deeper cause must be accepted as more probable. In older formations unsymme-
trical specimens of Bellerophmts are of very rare occurrence; when such are
found, it is never difficult to assign the specimen to some symmetrical species, or
to detect the mode of injury the specimen had received. The case is different
with the unsymmetrical Bellerophonts here under consideration. All the different
forms described by Stache constitute species which are not different from symme-
trical ones solely by their unsymmetrical development, but which would, even if
they were symmetrical, have to be considered as distinct species. This, together
with their sudden appearance in great numbers in the uppermost palaeozoic
deposits, makes it highly probable that the unsymmetrical development of certain
forms was not only caused by the illness of the animal in certain specimens, but
that the reason of it was some difference in structure, which caused all the speci-
mens of one species as well as of a whole group of species to be unsymmetrically
developed; and thus it may well be justified to consider these unsymmetrical
forms as constituting a separate genus.
The materials I have of this genus are not very extensive or very well
preserved ; chiefly the aperture is in all the specimens more or less broken. From
what can be observed the following characteristic of the genus may be deduced : —
Shell inflated, more or less globular, with unsymmetrical whorls, which make
the shell appear as if not coiled in one plane. One side of the shell thus appears
broader and may be considered as basal, the other is narrower and would then be
apical. Considered in such a manner, one can distinguish between left and right-
hand turned shells, and specimens of both descriptions occur sometimes in one
and the same species. The shell is thick and heavy, and is ornamented by more or
less frequent striae of growth, which form a distinct slit-band on the peripheral
part of the shell. This is, however, only very superficial and easily rubbed off
if the shell is not very well preserved.
The aperture is very peculiar in its shape, angular on the basal and narrowly
rounded on the apical side of the shell. The outer lip is thin and sharp with a
median emargination, the inner lip is but slightly callous, and only on the apical
side of the shell with a moderate lateral expansion. The apical side of the shell
is sometimes provided with a small umbilicus, sometimes not.
The genus is represented in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range by two
species, which I shall describe under the names of Stachella bifrons, W., and
St. semiawita, W. Both these species occur in the same strata and belong to the
fauna of the upper division of the Productus-limestone. Each of the Salt-range
forms seems to be more or less nearly related to a species of the Bellerophon-lime-
stone of the Alps, and St. bifrons can be compared in particular with St. pseudohelix
St. sp. ; St. semiaurita, on the other hand, seems to be most similar to St. janus,
St. sp. It is of high geological interest to point out these similarities, which may
PUODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 17
very well indicate a developmental connection between the single species; c
the one hand, because this might possibly furnish a clue towards the elucidi
tion of the question where the Bellerophonts of the Bellerophon-limestone hai
migrated from to the alpine territories ; on the other hand, because the geologic;
horizon of the Bellerophon-limestone has been fixed either as upper permian or i
the lower horizon of the Bunt-Sandstein. Species nearly related to the forms <
the Bellerophon-limestone might thus indicate for the Salt-range beds in whic
they occur a rather high horizon in the palaeozoic series.
1. Stachelia bifrons, Waagen, n. sp. Plate XV, fig. 5.
The general form of the shell is globose with very strongly inflated whorl
which leave no umbilicus open on the basal side of the shell, and but a very sma
one on the apical side. The basal side is slightly impressed on the umbilical regioi
The whorls are well rounded everywhere, and also the umbilicus is not surrounde
by any distinct edge, but the curve is not an equal one. The laterally most pr<
minent part of the whorls lies high up on the basal side of the shell, whilst it
immediately above the umbilicus on the apical side.
The surface of the shell is very badly preserved in all the specimens at my dii
posal, and in none of them can either striae of growth or a slit-band on the peripher;
part be observed.
The shell is not very thick, and even in the umbilical region it is not strongl
thickened.
The aperture is unsymmetrically semilunar, angular on the basal and narrowl
rounded on the apical side. The outer lip seems to have been thin and sharp, th
emargination in the middle of it is not preserved in any of the specimens. It starl
from the impression on the umbilical region of the basal part of the shell in
hyperbolical curve towards the front, is thickened and somewhat callous, but cannc
be traced in its further outline. The inner lip is but little callous, and contribut(
but little to the thickening of the peripheral part of the inner whorl. It unites wit
the outer lip on the basal part of the shell in an obtuse angle and on the apicz
part in a narrow curve, thickening by a slight callosity the low wall which sui
rounds the small but deep umbilicus.
The measurements of the largest specimen at my disposal are as follows: —
Diameter of the shell ...... 27 mm.
„ of the umbilicus on the apical part of the shell , . 3 ,.
Greatest breadth at the aperture . . . ■ 23 „
Height of the aperture from the top of the preceding whorl 9 ,.
„ „ „ from its lower termination at the basal side 15 „
„ „ „ from the umbilical suture at the apical side 16 „
The greatest transverse diameter of the aperture lies not on a horizontal line, bu
makes an angle of about 10° with that line.
B 2
174 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether three well determin-
able specimens of this species in the Salt-range collection, one of which was collect-
ed by Mr. "Wynne at Khund Ghat in the upper division of the Productus-limestone,
another was found by myself at the Tillage of Khura in the same beds, and the
third also by myself west of that village in the uppermost beds of the middle
division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — As I have already mentioned in the introduction to the genus,
there exists a certain similarity between this species and St. pseudohelix of the
Bellerophon-limestone of the Alps. The two species can, however, very easily be
distinguished by the more compressed shape of the alpine shell. Of other species
Stack, mojsvari, St., sp., might be compared, but this is on a first glance distinguish-
able by its less unsymmetrical form.
2. Stachella semiaurita, Waagen, n. sp. Plate XVII, figs. 1, 2.
The general form of this shell is inflated globose, with a somewhat prominent
peripheral part, which is, however, not keeled, properly speaking. The appearance
of different individuals is rather different, as left-hand and right-hand turned shells
occur indiscriminately in this species.
The whorls are strongly inflated and entirely enveloping each other, so as to
leave no umbilicus open, either on the basal or on the apical side of the shell. In
the place of the umbilicus there is on both sides a rounded impression. On the
apical side the outline of the whorls starts from the umbilical impression in a
horizontal solid columella, which passes with a very narrow curve into the narrowlv
rounded lateral part, immediately succeeded by a broad flat sloping space reaching
up to the obtusely angular median portion of the peripheral part of the shell. On
the other side there is again a somewhat flat space, which is, however, less sloping1
and passes into a tolerably broad vertical zone, slightly curved inside, joining- the
umbilical impression on the basal side of the shell.
The surface of the shell is ill preserved, and not a trace of strite of growth can
be detected ; nevertheless faint remnants of a slit-band are yet observable on the
peripheral part of the shell. This is approximately median, and is situated on the
culminating obtusely angular part of the periphery. It consists of a very narrow
furrow, which appears as if cut in with a knife, limited on both sides by verv
narrow, low, raised lines.
The shell is thick and heavy, and strongly callous in the umbilical region.
The aperture is unsymmetrically reniform or semilunar, narrowly rounded off
on the apical side of the shell and broadly obtusely angular on the basal side. The
most characteristic feature in the form of the aperture is the development of an
ear- shaped expansion on the apical side of the shell. The outer lip is very thin and
fragile, and not preserved in any of the specimens at my disposal. It is certain
that it possessed an emargination in the middle, but the form of the latter can only
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE. -GASTEROPODA. 1 75
be guessed from the form of the slit-band, and judging from this, it must have been
very narrow and very deep. The inner lip is not very strongly callous, only in the
umbilical region a more strong callosity is developed. On the apical side of the
shell a tolerably prominent callous expansion of the inner lip exists, which thickens
the solid columella.
The measurements of two specimens are as follows : —
i. ii.
Diameter of the shell . . ... 25 mm. 21 mm.
Greatest thickness of the shell . . . . . 22 ,, 20 „
Height cf the aperture from the top of the preceding whorl . 8 „ 8 „
„ „ „ from the lower termination at the basal side 15 „ 13 „
,, „ ,, from the lower termination at the apical side 14 „ 12 „
The greatest breadth of the aperture lies not on a horizontal line, but making
an angle of 12° with it.
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether three specimens of this
species preserved in the Salt-range collection, which all three were found by Mr.
Wynne in the upper division of the Productus-limestone at Khund Ghat.
Remarks. — This species is in its general form not very much different from the
preceding one, with which it occurs in one and the same bed, but it can easily be
distinguished by the absence of an umbilicus on the apical side of the shell, by the
more elevated peripheral part, and by the stronger callosity of the inner lip of the
aperture. Among the species described by Stache is chiefly Stachella janus, St., sp.,
which seems to bear a certain resemblance to the present species. It is difficult,
no doubt, to compare a cast and a specimen with the shell preserved, but it is highly
probable that the cast of St. semiaurita W., will prove as largely umbilicated as
that of St. janus. The slit-band and the peculiar flattening of the zones laterally
adjoining it are very similar in both species, only the Alpine species seems to have
been less inflated than the Indian one. Of the other species of unsymmetricai
Bellerophonts none can be compared to St. semiaurita ~W.
Order: CONULARIDA.
Family: TREGIDM.
Genus: HYOLITHES, Eichwald.
On a very recent occasion Prof. M. Neumayr has decidedly expressed the
opinion that the shells referable to the genus Ryolithes should not be considered as
belonging to the Pteropods, but that they should probably be better placed some,
where near the Capulidce.
It cannot be denied that there exists no direct proof, as Prof. Neumayr very
rightly remarks, for the supposition that these shells are Pteropods, but by suggest-
ing for them a place near the Capulidce, they would be transferred to the order of the
176 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Prosobranchiata, with which the structure of the shell seems to he but very little
in accordance. Shells like Bhombifera, Barrande, Pterotheca, Salt., or even Conu-
laria, are so utterly diverse from anything known to exist in the Prosobranchiata,
that I think it as little advisable to unite them with this order of Mollusks, as to
refer them unreservedly to the Pteropoda.
The circumstance wbich most strongly speaks against these shells being
Pteropoda is their occurrence in more or less littoral deposits in company with other
littoral shells. So much is certain from this observation, that, if these fossils belong
to the Pteropoda, their habits of life must have been different from those now pre-
vailing among Pteropods, and though they may have been floating animals, yet
they certainly were not pelagic ones.
On the other hand, it cannot be denied that the greatest analogies of these
shells lie with the Pteropoda : only among the shells of Pteropods do we find
similarly bizarre forms ; and former writers were certainly justified in comparing the
fossils here under consideration with the shells of Pteropods. Yet this comparison
must not be accepted as establishing an undoubted fact.
The real nature of these fossils very likely will never be known. It is barely
likely that we shall ever detect the lingual teeth of these animals, or that we shall
learn whether the animals possessed fin-like appendages and of what nature these
were, and thus a direct proof for their being Pteropods will hardly ever be available.
Thus in order not to assert things which we dp not know, it will be most ad-
visable not to consider these shells unreservedly as Pteropods, but to create a proper
order for the reception of them which might receive, from the most conspicuous
genus, the name of Conularida, and to place this order next to the Pteropoda in
order to express the analogies the fossil shells exhibit to the shells of the recent
Pteropoda. The order would for the present contain three families —
I. — Fam. Conulariida.
II. — Fam. Thecida.
III. — Fam. Teniae ulitidce.
These families are composed entirely of fossil shells, and are almost exclusively
of palseozoic distribution. Also this circumstance speaks in favour of a thorough
distinction from the true Pteropoda, as a large gulf in time exists between the fossil
and the recent orders.
The genus Hyolithes is very easy to be recognised. The shells belonging to it
are elongate, acute on one side and truncated on the other. Their section is more
0r less triangular, with rounded-off corners. The sculpture generally consists in
parallel transverse striae of growth; there are however also many species which
possess longitudinal ridges. The shell is not always straight, but mostly its lower
apex is curved. An operculum seems to be generally present.
The name Hyolithes has beyond doubt priority ; though when first propos-
ing the name, Eichwald gave a very insufficient diagnosis of the genus. But after
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 177
the name of Hyolithes has heen accepted in Barrande's great work, its general
acceptation in science must he advocated.
In the Salt-range two species occur which with some probability can be attri.
buted to the genus Hyolithes ; but the determination of which is not quite certain.
as the specimens are compressed, and the triangular section cannot be observed.
The greatest number of species of Hyoli'hes has hitherto been detected in the
silurian formation. In devonian as well as in carboniferous strata species of the
genus are much more rare, and in permian times it appears only in more or less
isolated species. But it does not stop here. In the trias of the Alps the genus has
been detected ; and most recently a species from the lowest Alpine lias has been
described by Prof. Neumayr.
1. Hyolithes orientalis, Waagen n. sp. PI. VIII., fig. 3.
This very small species is very indifferently preserved ; but nevertheless I think
it worth mentioning, as the occurrence of species of Hyolithes is always more or less
of interest.
The general form of the shell is straight, lanceolate, very gradually but not
equally tapering, the outline not being formed by quite straight lines, obtusely
pointed at the apex. The transverse section of the shell cannot well be observed, as
all the specimens seem to be more or less deformed by pressure ; but it seems that
the section has been very compressedly triangular with strongly rounded-corners.
The surface of the shell is covered by numerous striae of growth of very unequal
strength, some of them being very strongly marked and forming a kind of rings,
others very low and barely indicated.
The aperture seems to have been oblique, the margins of it being slightly
produced on one side so as to form a very low broad lappet, and slightly cut out on
the other.
The shell is smooth and shining and very thin.
The dimensions of two specimens, as far as they can be observed, are as follows : —
I. II.
Length of the shell .... 6 mm. 7 mm.
Breadth of the shell at the upper termination . . . 1 „ 1'5 „
Apical angle . . . .... 3° 10°
There are no larger specimens of this species preserved in the Salt-range cclle^ •
tion. The apical angle of different specimens seems to be very variable.
Locality and Geological Position. — This species has been observed up to the
present at a single locality in the trans-Indus extension of the Salt-range, where
several (7) specimens of it have been collected by Mr. Wynne at Saiduwali. The
bed from which they came is marked on the label " Sub-carboniferous shell belo w
red beds." The rock is a black nodular shale with brown quartz grains.
Remark?. — In the compressed state in which all the specimens occur, the
c3
178 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
species presents more' or less of resemblance to several species of Hyolithes, yet by
tbe great irregularity and strong prominence of its striae of growth as well as by the
variability of its apical angle, it possesses characters which make a distinction from
other species not too difficult.
The great variability which prevails in the forms of the shell in the smooth
Hyolithes, makes it unadvisable to express any opinion as to the relations in which
the present species may stand to other forms. It exhibits a certain resemblance to
Hyolithes richteri Gein., from the permian of Germany; also H. lanceolatus Morr.
from Australia might be compared ; but no stress can be laid on any such similarity.
A fact worthy of notice is the rather plentiful occurrence of this species at a
single very limited locality.
2. Hyolithes (?) sp. indet. Plate VIII, fig. 4.
At the same locality and in the same beds with the preceding species, Mr.
"Wynne has collected a very small apical fragment of another shell which seems to
indicate the existence of a second species of Hyolithes there.
The fragment is only 1'5 mm. long and immediately distinguishable from
equally large specimens of Hyolithes orientahs, W., by its much larger apical angle,
which is about 45°. The strise of growth are also very irregular, the shell being at
certain distances even slightly contracted, and thus it appears to have been more or
less annulated. The fragment is, however, too small to express any definite opinion
as to the ornamentation of the perfect shell.
Thus I shall not venture to give a separate name to this little fragment,
though beyond doubt a separate species is indicated by it. On the other hand, the
occurrence of such a second species seems to me sufficiently interesting to mention
this little fragment, and to give a figure of it.
Genus (?) EACROTHECA, Waagen, n. gen.
It seems more or less hazardous to establish a new genus on a single not very
well preserved specimen, as is the case with the present genus ; but as it is, on the
other hand, very awkward to drag along in the literature the figure of a highly in-
teresting fossil without a name having been given, and since the fossil in question
is a very strange one, I have decided on creating a new genus to receive it, though
my definition of it may be rather vague.
Macrotheca is a conoid shell of gigantic dimensions, slowly tapering towards
the apex, with an elliptic section, in which the longer diameter is only little greater
than the shorter one. The ellipse is slightly flattened on one side, which might be
the -ventral one. There are no air-chambers present. The shape of the aperture
cannot be observed. The shell is comparatively thin, and is without a surface
sculpture.
PUODUCTUS-LIMESTONE. -GASTEROPODA. 179
I cannot place this strange shell anywhere else but in the family Thecidce.
It agrees in all the characters with the genus Hyolithes, except in its section not
being triangular and in its gigantic size. In the genus Hyolithes, barely any species
attains a greater length than 100 mm., whilst the shell here under consideration
must have reached a length of about 320 mm.
On a first glance the shell shows a great resemblance to a brevicone Orthoceras,
and for a long time I was in doubt whether the specimen figured on Plate XVI
was uot the body-chamber of such an Orthoceras ; but there are some grave objec-
tions to such an interpretation of the fossil. In most of the brevicone Orthoceratites,
the body-chamber is not very long; the fragment I have figured on Plate XVI
represents about three-quarters of the entire length the shell once possessed. If this
was a brevicone Orthoceras, a certain part of the shell must bear air-chambers.
According to Barrande's tables (Syst. SiL, Vol. II, Plate IV, p. 40) the longest
body-chamber that has ever been observed in an exceptional species of a brevicone
Orthoceras, has four times the length of the diameter at its base. The fragment
that I have figured has six times the length of the diameter at its base, and yet
there is not a trace of any air-chamber or septum observable in the specimen, nor
is the shell entire in the direction of the apertural margin. If it had been an
Orthoceras, the chambered part of the shell could not have had more than
80 mm. in length, whilst the length of the body-chamber would not have been
less than 250 mm. All this, combined with the transverse section of the shell
which would be very exceptional for an Orthoceras, seems to forbid the reference
of the specimen here under consideration to that genus.
If the shell is, however, not an Orthoceras, it can be placed only in the
family Thecidce.
Notwithstanding all these circumstances, the fossil will always remain a very
obscure one, and therefore it is only with a query that I introduce a name for it.
The very considerable bulk of the specimen did, however, not allow of its being
left unnoticed.
1. Macrotheca wynnei, Waagen, n. sp. Plate XVI, fig. 4.
The general form of the shell is conoidal with an elliptic section and a slightly
flattened ventral (?) side. The upper or apertural margin is not preserved, nor is
the apical end.
The shell is not very thick in comparison to its size. Its thickness seems to
have been equal originally throughout its whole extent, but it has apparently been
worn down considerably by weathering in certain places. The surface is too ill-pre-
served to detect whether there were striae of growth or not, and what direction
these may have had.
If the shell be removed, a perfectly smooth cast appears on which not a trace
of septa can be observed.
180 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The whole gigantic cone is filled up by a hard yellow calcareous sandstone,
swarming with badly preserved fossils, chiefly Bellerophonts.
The dimensions of the specimen are as follows : —
Probable length of the entire shell
. 330 mm
Length of the preserved part . ....
• 242 „
Transverse diameter at the upper end .
. 124 „
Antero-posteiior diameter at the upper end
. 112 „
Transverse diameter at the lower end
. 68 „
Antero-posterior diameter at the lower end ....
. 54 „
Apical angle ...-•■■
. 30°
Locality and geological position.— The only specimen of this species was col-
lected by Mr. Wynne at Katwabi, apparently in the upper division of the Productus-
limestone, as the rock by which the specimen is filled swarms with species of the
upper Productus -limestone.
Remarks.— The doubts as to the propriety of considering this species as the type
of a proper genus have been expressed above. As to species, none exists with which
the present one could be compared.
Order: PROSOPOCEPHALA.
Sub-Order: SCAPHOPODA.
Eamily : DENTALIIDM.
Sub-Eamily: ANTALIN^E.
Genus: ENTALIS, Gray.
It is very rare in palaeozoic or even mesozoic strata to find specimens of
Dentalium-like shells, which have their upper termination sufficiently well preserved
to allow of an exact determination of the genus ; and thus the geological range of
the single generic groups is only very imperfectly known.
Thus also the genus Entalis has never been quoted in older formations.
The genus is characterized by a broad ventral insinuation at the posterior open-
ing. The shell is thick and heavy, and is on its surface generally longitudinally
striated. The only species of it in the Salt-range, Entalis herculea, Kon., sp., is,
however, quite smooth.
As to the developmental connection of Entalis herculea to other forms of the
Dentaliidce nothing certain can be said, as even the generic position of most of the
forms which might be compared is quite uncertain. Dent, ingens, Kon., which by
its size seems to be allied, is probably a true Antale.
PRODTJCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 181
1. Entalis herctjlea, Koninck, sp. Plate XVI, figs. 1, 2, 3.
1863. Dentalium herculevm, Kon. . Quav. Journ. Geol. Soc, Lond., Vol. XIX, p. 8, Fl. IV, figs. 10—12.
1863. Dentalium herculeum, Kon. : Tossiles Paleoz. de l'lnde, p. 16, PI. IV, figs. 10, 11, 12.
The general form of the shell is very elongated, very gradually tapering and
only very slightly curved, the convex side heing the ventral, the concave one the
dorsal side. The transverse section of the shell is perfectly circular.
The surface of the shell is covered by closely arranged, but rather irregular
striae of growth, of which in adult specimens towards the aperture single ones are
more strongly developed, so as to cause an indistinct annulation of the surface,
composed of rather distant annulse. The striae of growth are not straightly trans-
verse, but somewhat oblique, so as to reach further down on the ventral than on the
dorsal side.
Like the striae of growth, so is also the anterior aperture oblique, with a slightly
produced margin on the ventral side. The apertural margin is thin, acute, sharpened
from within.
The posterior aperture has thick rounded margins, and consists of a round
opening on the dorsal side of the shell, and a tolerably long and broad slit reaching
from the terminal opening a short way down the ventral side.
The posterior end of the shell appears thus to be cut off obliquely, the dorsal
margin reaching about 6 mm. higher up than the ventral one.
The shell is very unequally thick at different distances from the anterior aper-
ture. Whilst it is very thin, sharp and cutting at the aperture itself, it increased
gradually in thickness towards the apex, so as to leave at last hardly any space free
in the middle. Sometimes this thickening of the shell progresses very irregularly,
and irregular longitudinal ridges of shelly matter are formed on the inner surface ;
such a specimen has been figured by M. de Koninck.
There has no complete specimen been found in the Salt-range, but fragments
are extremely numerous ; from these I endeavoured to compose an entire specimen,
and it seems from this that the dimensious of a full-grown specimen of the species
were as follows : —
Total length of shell . . . . . . . 222 mm.
Diameter of the anterior aperture ...... 20 „
Diameter of the shell at the posterior end . . . . . 4 „
Diameter of the interior width of the tube at 10 mm. from the anterior aperture 17
„ ., .. ,. 12
>! Si )» SI "
3) » )» J> **
»l )» it )» "
„ „ „ ,. 20
it i 31 » a -*■**
ji j» >» » 13
it f ft it O
D 4
„ „ „ „
))
„ ., „ ,, 50
M ») )» »
„
„ ,. ., „ 103
J) »» H 5'
"
„ „ „ „ 155
„ ,, „ „ 175
Diameter of the shell
., io
„ 50
)» it t* "
IT ft J) It
„ 103
„ 155
„ 175
182 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
Locality and geologioal position. — This is one of the most common and most
characteristic species of the upper division of the Productus-limestone. It is totally
absent in the lower strata and exclusively restricted to the upper division. It is
present nearly at all localities where these strata are exposed ; but specimens from
all localities are not preserved in the collection, as without exception only fragments
occur, and only when these fragments attain a somewhat considerable size are they
generally considered worth collecting. Thus the list of localities which follows
here is only a small fraction of the number in which the species really occurs. The
species was collected by myself at Chidru in the topmost beds of the upper division
of the Productus-limestone (4 fragments), and in the lower beds of the same division
(2 fragments), at the village of Khura (9 fragments), and west of that village (5
fragments), East of Katwahi (1 fragment), at Nanga (1 fragment), at Kufri (1 frag-
ment), and Trans-Indus Kafirkot (1 fragment). By M. Wynne it was collected
at Khund Ghat (30 fragments).
Remarks. — Mons. de Koninckhas compared this species to Dent, ingens, Kon., of
the carboniferous limestone of Vis£, but states that it is different from the Belgian
species by its thicker shell and more regular conical form ; to this may be added the
much more slowly tapering shell, and the much less oblique position of the striaa
of growth, in the present species. Besides this the posterior aperture seems to make
the Dentalium ingens referable to the genus Antale, whilst the species here under
consideration belongs to the genus Entails. Of other species none can be compared
to Entalis herculea, as none is of a similar size.
Genus ANTALE Aldrovand.
Most of the fossil species of Dentalidce in older formations seem to belong to
this genus, though only of a small number of them is the posterior aperture known.
The materials of this genus in the Salt-range collection are very miserable
indeed ; nevertheless I think it advisable to mention these small fragments, as by
them the existence of two different species of Antale in the palaeozoic strata of the
Salt-range is indicated.
1. Antaxe (?) sp. indet.
Small fragments of an Antale more or less allied to Ant. priscum, Munst.
sp., have been observed by me in the uppermost beds of the upper Productus-
limestone at Virgal and at Chidru, but none of these fragments is sufficient to
describe the species from, or to give a characteristic figure.
The shell seems to have been rather elongated and gradually tapering. It is
thin and smooth, and only with the lens vsry fine striae of growth can be detected,
which are slightly oblique. On the whole it must have been more or less similar
to Ant. priscum Miinst. sp., though it seems to have been smaller than that species.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— GASTEROPODA. 183
2. Antale (?). sp. indet.
Another species is much rarer than the preceding one, and is immediately
distinguishable by its more considerable size. It seems to have attained the size
of Ant. ingens. Kon. sp., hut is easily distinguishable from it by its thin and smooth
shell.
The species seems to be restricted to the very lowest fossiliferous strata of the
Productus-limestone, and has been observed by me in these beds in the Nila Wan
where it occurs in company with Warthia brevisinuata W., in a dark strongly
micaceous sandstone.
Class: PELECYPODA.
Order: PHOLADACEA.
•
Family: GASTROfSKMNlD^l.
Sub-Family : GA8TR0CHJ3NINA!.
Genus: SPENGLERIA, Tryon.
As it has been already in many cases difficult to assign the species of Gastero-
poda occurring in the Productus-limestone of the Salt-range to genera that have
been described by former authors, and to point out in what relation those genera
stand to the groups of forms now living, so is this even in a higher degree the
case with the Pelecypoda, and, in many instances, the names used by me for the
generic designation of the Salt-range species can 'only approximately indicate the
real affinities of the shells for which they are used.
The causes from which these difficulties arise are manifold. In the first place
must be mentioned the insufficiency of observation, as must occur with objects
of which very often only one specimen is available for description, and preserved
in a very hard rock, which can only with great trouble be removed. Another
cause of difficulty exists in the actually ' mixed ' characters exhibited by some shells ;
characters that are often widely distributed among different groups of recent
Pelecypoda, whilst they are united in one shell in the fossil forms, so as frequently
to cause most conflicting evidence as to the affinities of a certain form to one or
other group of the existing system.
This latter circumstance however is in reality of no great consequence, as one
stands on firm ground as soon as the characters of a shell can be well observed ;
and it is then only more or less a matter of scientific tact or taste, in what way
such a question should be solved. Much worse is it when no complete observation
is possible, whether on account of the scarcity of specimens or of their bad pre-
servation. It may not be considered prudent to describe or identify a species from
one specimen only; but in a collection of fossils brought together solely by
travelling observers, and no considerable part of which has been the result of
patient search, of months' or years' duration, at certain localities, as is very often
the case with collections forming the materials for palseontological monographs in
Europe, there must necessarily be a large number of species represented only by
a single or by very few specimens.
186 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Every one knows that it is not always possible, with only a single specimen,
to make even the most important characters, such as the hinge, visible. Erom a
purely palseontological point of view, it would then be more advisable to leave such
specimens aside, and to describe only those species of which the greater part of
the essential characters can be made out. But, in the present instance, the purpose of
the work is not purely palseontological ; the first thing required from it, is to give
a full account of the organic remains contained in the strata of the Salt-range,
as far as it has been possible to collect them on the part of the officers who travelled
in that country.
Erom this point of view, it is unavoidable to undertake the description of fossils
of which the characters can only be very imperfectly made out. It is often
among such specimens that characteristic and peculiar forms occur ; and it would
give quite an inadequate idea of the variety of forms that occur in the Salt-range
strata if all these fossils were left aside. The assigning of such specimens to
genera already described often requires long and anxious deliberation; and it is
only after much painstaking that one arrives at a conclusion to which genus such
a fossil might be most safely referred.
Such is precisely the case with the shell which I describe under the generic
name of Spengleria, neither the characters of the hinge, nor the pallial or muscular
impressions being visible. Erom its external form alone it is most probable that
we have to deal here with a burrowing shell of the order of the Pholadacea ; but
it is most embarassing to decide to which of the genera hitherto described the
shell under consideration may be most closely related. A character by which it
deviates from all the shells of the now living genera is the remarkable flatness
of the shell, which is very strange. The shell must have gaped strongly all
round, otherwise this flatness could barely be explained.
It seems to be quite optional whether this little shell should be considered as
belonging to the Pholadidce or to the Gasterochcenidce. In the. Pholadidce the
genus Martesia could with more or less probability be quoted as the one to which
the shell should be associated ; but as no accessory valves could be detected, and
as on the other hand, when being worked out of the rock, it seemed to be enclosed
in something like a short ovate tube, I prefer to refer this little shell to the
G aster ochcenidce, and in this family there is no other genus in which it could have
been placed but Spengleria.
This is all that I am able to advance in support of the view thus stated — that
the genus Spengleria was represented already at the early period of the earth's
history represented by the Productus-limestone of the Salt-range.
Of the family Gasterochcenidce but very little is known in palseozoic rocks.
A tube very likely belonging to an animal like Gasterochcena has been described
by Eichwald from the upper carboniferous limestone of Miatchkowa, but this
seems to be all. But even of the whole order of the Pholadacea not much more is
known. M'Coy describes some tubes which he calls Teredo antiqtw; but besides
PBODTJCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 187
this but very little has been detected that would indicate a greater development of
the order during palaeozoic times. The genus Pholadella of Hall, though looking
very much like a Pholas, seems yet only doubtfully to belong to that order. Only
in the mesozoic period does the order become more numerously and more variously
represented, but in general the species remain scarce, except the Procellarice,
which are often seen in Jurassic and cretaceous strata, covering large surfaces of
rock with their holes.
1. Spengleria vettjsta, Waagen, n. sp., PI. XVII, fig. 11.
The only specimen of this species that has been detected up to the present
is a very small shell of very thin structure, representing the right valve only.
The general form of the valve is about oval, strongly and obliquely truncated,
and thus strongly gaping in front, and very likely so all round. The inferior
margin of the shell is strongly sinuated, the posterior margin well rounded, and
running in a gentle curve up to the beak. The shell is flat, not inflated ; the
beak is obtuse and very little bent over. Erom the beak to the inferior margin
there extends a deep angular impression, dividing the shell into two unequal
halves, a smaller anterior and a larger posterior half. The whole surface of
the shell is covered by not very numerous concentric wrinkles, about equidistant
from each other, low, well rounded at the top, and separated by equally broad shal-
low excavations.
The wrinkles are sinuated along the angular impression that runs from the
beak to the inferior margin.
The shell is extremely thin even in the region of the beak, and seems to be
devoid of any hinge teeth. It cannot be seen how the ligament, if any existed, had
been inserted ; nor could the pallial line or the impressions of the muscles be
observed.
The tube, in which this shell seemed to be placed, when being taken out of the
rock, was very indistinct. It seemed to be lined by shelly matter, but was very
much compressed, and its general form could only be approximately ascertained to
be oval. All doubt could not, however, be removed, as to whether this might not
be only a concretionary piece of rock with shelly fragments on it, simulating a
tube.
The dimensions of the specimen are as follows : —
Length of the shell 7'5 mm.
Height of the shell 60 „
Thickness (transverse diameter) 20 „
Angle of the beak . . . . . . . .133
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species was col-
lected by myself at Amb in a bed of sandstone at the very top of the Productus-
limestone formation.
188 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
Bemarhs. — There is no palaeozoic shell to which the present species could be
particularly compared, and even among the mesozoic species there is none of
any great similarity, except possibly one or other triassic form ; these, however, but
slightly resemble our Salt-range species.. .
It has been observed already in the remarks on the genus how far my generic
designation of this species may be trusted. Nevertheless, the occurrence of a
species of the order Pholadacea in palaeozoic rocks is always of interest, though the
existence of the family at those remote periods had been indicated by the detection
of a borehole of such a shell in the mountain-limestone formation of Matchkowa
by Eichwald. By the Salt-range species, it is shown, that already in palaeozoic
times the external appearance of the shells of that order was very much like what
can be observed in the shells now living. Species belonging to the order were how-
ever apparently extremely rare during palaeozoic times.
Order: MYACEA.
Eamily: MYIJDJS.
Sub-Eamily: C0RBULINJ3.
Genus: ETJCHAEIS, Eecluz.
There is a single specimen of a very small shell, which seems to belong to the
above genus. On a first glance the general form of this little fossil seems not to
warrant its reference to the Corbulince; but on a closer examination of the hinge, it
becomes evident that we have to deal here with a species more or less allied to the
recent Corbulce.
Eorms belonging to the family Myidce are in general not common in palaeozoic
strata, and scarcely any shells allied to Corbula have up to the present been quoted
from older than mesozoic formations. Hall, in the fifth volume of his Palaeontology
of New York, does not even mention the sub-family Corbulii^ce,,; and also by
Stoliczka we do not find any genus quoted from the palaeozoic formations, except
Dorsomya, Eyckh. from devonian strata.
In the palaeozoic strata of the Salt- range, however, their occurs a little shell
which beyond any doubt belongs to the sub-family Corbulince, and which, therefore,
is of great interest as the geologically oldest representative of the family. It is
remarkable that the characters of the family are already in this early species so
well expressed, and this is suggestive, that the origin of the family dates yet further
back in the series of formations.
Somewhat more doubtful than the family-character is the reference of this shell
to the genus Eucharis ; but, among all the genera of the Corbulince, this is certainly
most allied to the present form.
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 189
The genus Eucharis seems already to be not very rare during Jurassic times,
and thence to be distributed through cretaceous and tertiary times into the
recent period. In older formations, however, shells which could be referred to the
genus seem to be very scarce, and, so far as is known up to the present, the Indian
species seems to be the geologically oldest.
Euchabis grand^eva, "Waagen, n. sp., PI. XVII, fig. 5.
The general form of this tiny species is elongated trapezoidal, rounded in
front, truncated behind.
The beaks are very small, little prominent, and strongly pointed, not incurved.
In front of the beaks there is a very small, not deeply excavated lunula. Erorn
there the anterior margin projects slightly in a well-rounded curve, and joins with-
out proper limit the ventral margin of the shell. This latter is more or less strong-
ly sinuated in the middle, and forms a distinctly prominent corner in meeting the
posterior margin. The latter is nearly straight, giving thus an angular outline to
the posterior end of the shell.
On the dorsal side of the shell there is a very distinct and strongly defined area.
The dorsal margin is but very slightly arched.
Erom the apex towards the posterior lower corner of the shell a sharp angular
slightly curved ridge descends, and the same from the apex to the upper posterior
corner, thus marking off the dorsal area. Anteriorly there extends a broad low
elevation from the apex to the ventral margin. Between this anterior elevation
and the posterior ridge a broad depression extends.
The whole surface of the shell is covered by imbricating concentric folds, which
are more strong and numerous near the margin and are almost quite absent near
the beaks. Between the folds very fine strise of growth can be observed. Near
the posterior end of the shell, its surface appears somewhat granular ; but this
may only be the effect of weathering.
Of the hinge, only that of the left valve is known. It consists of a large trian-
gular tooth, below and somewhat in front of the beak. Behind this, there is a deep and
large triangular pit cut out in the hinge margin, which seems to have served partly
for the reception of the tooth in the opposite valve and partly for the insertion of
the cartilage. Behind this pit the hinge margin is somewhat thickened, but no
trace of a tooth is observable. Above, there is a distinct flatly arched groove extend-
ing a short way behind the beak for the insertion of an external ligament.
Though one of the specimens is partly a cast, yet no trace of the muscular or
pallial impressions can be observed on it, the very small dimensions of the species
making the preservation of such characters very uncertain.
The shell seems to be quite equivalved ; only the superficial ridges extending
from the beak to the margins seem to be less strongly developed in -the right than
in the left valve.
190 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
The dimensions are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 5 mm.
„ breadth 3 „
Thickness of both valves 36 „
Apical angle 110°
Locality and geological position. — There are only two specimens of this species
known to me. Both were collected by myself at Amb in a whitish sandstone form-
ing the topmost bed of the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This little species is interesting not only because its occurrence in
palaeozoic strata carries the origin of the genus so very far back in the series of
formations, but also because it is a new proof for the ' mixed ' character of the
Pelecypod fauna of the Salt-range.
The determination of this little fossil as belonging to the genus Eucharis is not
beyond every doubt, as the characters of the muscular impressions and the pallial
line could not be observed, but the hinge of the left valve, which is very clearly
visible, exhibits all the characters of the hinge of the shells belonging to the family
Corbulince so very clearly, that its reference to that family cannot be very much
doubted ; but then the genus Eucharis is certainly the one to which it is most
nearly related.
There is no shell in palaeozoic strata which could be compared to the present
species ; only in Jurassic times species of the genus begin again to appear. Thus
this species is very apt to give a more or less mesozoic appearance to the Pelecypod
fauna of the palaeozoic strata of the Salt-range.
Family : ANATINIDM.
Sub-Family : ANATININM
Genus : CAEDIOMOEPHA, Koninck.
This is a thoroughly palaeozoic genus, and it would seem rather strange should
it be immediately associated with Eucharis, which has been described on the fore-
going page. This is, however, not the case. The single species of Oardiomorpha
I have to describe, comes from much older deposits than Eucharis grandceva.
The genus Cardiomorpha was originally described by Koninck from the carbo-
niferous strata of Belgium. Since that time it has been detected in numerous
species, in the devonian formation in Europe and America, but it seems to be
very rare in silurian strata.
From the carboniferous upwards the genus becomes, as it seems, very soon
extinct. There have been quoted some two or three species from the permian
formation ; but in the trias, as far as is known to me, not a single species exists.
The characters of the genus consist chiefly in a very thin shell, thin as paper,
a transversely elongated form, edentulous hinge, and external ligament. The sculp-
ture of the shell is composed of more or less fine ooncentric folds.
PRODTJCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 191
As has been stated above, the genus is represented by a single species in the
palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range.
1. Cardiomokpha indica, Waagen, n. sp., PI. XVII, fig. 6.
The general form of the shell is roundish, transversely oval, strongly inflated,
equivalve.
The little beaks are situated quite anteriorly, nearly terminal, and are inflated
and strongly incurved. The dorsal-hinge margin is flatly arched, and joins in a
perfectly rounded curve the posterior margin which is entirely rounded, not
truncated.
The ventral margin also forms a flat arch, and joins the narrowly rounded
anterior margin of the shell without demarcation.
Anteriorly to the beaks, there is a not very deep indistinct lunula.
The shell is extremely thin, and sculptured by fine concentric folds, which,
however, do not quite follow in their direction the ventral and posterior margins,
but run in a somewhat diagonal direction from the ventral margin up to the dorsal
one, in this respect resembling slightly the folds which are exhibited on the shell
of Ceromya.
Of the hinge apparatus, nothing can be seen.
The dimensions of the little shell are as follows : —
Entire length of shell 18 mm.
„ breadth 13 „
Thickness of both valves 14 „
Apical angle 112°
Locality and geological position.- — There are two specimens of this species in
the Salt-range collection, one only an impression on the rock, the other a not quite
perfect cast. Both are preserved in a dark micaceous shale of a rusty grey colour,
nearly identical in appearance with the rock in which Hyalithes orientalis W. is
preserved ; but the brown quartz grains, which are present in the latter, are absent
in the rock containing Cardiomorpha indica. Both specimens were found by
Mr. Wynne at Saiduwali, in the Trans-Indus continuation of, the Salt-range. As
appears from Mr. Wynne's description of the section at Saiduwali, the specimens of
Cardiomorpha indica as well as those of Hyolithes orientalis seem to have come from
one group of beds, to which he gives the No. 8, and which he describes as dark grey
concretionary shales 100 to 130 feet thick, forming part of his " Boulder group "
below his " carboniferous. 'n
Remarks. — This species is more or less nearly related to some carboniferous
species. The form which seems to be most similar to the present species is Cardio-
morpha concentrica L. G. de Koninck, from the lower carboniferous strata of
Bleiberg. The specimen figured by Koninck is considerably smaller than the
1 Memoirs, Geol. Surv., India, Vol. XVII., Pt. 2, p. 71.
192 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Indian shell, but otherwise the similarity is very great. There are however differ-
ences, which make a distinction not very difficult. The general form of the Indian
shell is more rounded, and not truncate behind, as is the case in the species from
Bleiberg ; and besides this there is the sculpture, so characteristic in the present
species by its peculiar position, that by this character alone it deviates widly from
other species of Cardiomorpha.
This sculpture is worthy of special notice. Chdnu in his Manual has advocated
the view that the genus Cardiomorpha should be considered as identical with
Ceromya of Agassiz. It is then of high interest to observe a sculpture, similar to
that of Ceromya, in a species which from its general appearance will have to
be counted with Cardiomorpha. It seems thus evident, that the two genera, are
more or less blending together ; nevertheless I think that Stoliczka is perfectly right
in keeping them separate, as the Ceromyce of the mesozoic formations possess a
hinge apparatus which is absent in the palaeozoic species. The surface sculpture of
this Cardiomorpha indica, however, is again a proof of the truly transitional
character between palaeozoic and mesozoic types of the Pelecypod fauna of the
Productus-limestone of the Salt-range, to which I have already often had occasion
to draw the special notice of the reader.
Genus: ALLOEISMA, King.
Nothing seems more difficult than to distinguish the present genus from all
those forms in mesozoic formations which have received from Agassiz a number
of generic names, to which must yet be added the genus Myacites of Schlotheim.
This distinction is, however, so very difficult because in very rare cases only can
the hinge apparatus of the shells be observed in a tolerably complete condition.
Generally only casts occur, on account of the great thinness of the shell in all
these forms ; it thus very easily gets destroyed in the process of fossilisation.
If the hinge is preserved at all, a distinction of the different genera is not
difficult ; but even in very excellently preserved specimens, it is exceedingly difficult
to make the hinge visible and clear it from the adhering rock, and only of verv
few of the genera into which the old genus Myacites has been divided have really
good specimens representing the hinge been figured.
The Salt-range specimens of Myacites are not in a condition to allow of any
observation of the hinge. Most of the specimens are casts ; some still retain their
shell ; but the latter are preserved in such excessively hard rock, that there is no
hope of making visible the thin shelly lamellae of which the hinge of these fossils
is generally composed.
In such case nothing but the general form and the surface sculpture of the
shell remains for the generic determination of these fossils, but of what value such
a determination can be may easily be imagined.
There are, however, yet some reasons why the fossils I shall describe presently
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 19 3
should belong with more probability to the genus Allorisma than to any other. As
far as it can be observed in the casts, the hinge seems to have been edentulous-
In the specimens in which the shell is preserved there exists behind the beaks a
sharply defined area, as in Allorisma elegans, King, and the surface of the shell is
very closely granulated. All these characters united seem to indicate the genus
Allorisma, and thus I have placed these shells in that genus.
There seem to occur four species of this genus in the palseozoic deposits of the
Salt-range, one of which, however, is only represented by a not very well preserved
cast, so that I do not think it advisable to give a name to it. The other three can
be more strictly defined, and I shall describe them under the names of Allorisma
perelegans, W., Allorisma plewomyoides ~W., and Allorisma dubium, W.
All these species recall in their general form the typical species of Allorisma,
of the carboniferous formation much less than they do more recent species. The first
of the three seems to be a rather near ally of Allorisma elegans, King, from permian
beds, and is distinct chiefly by the little development of the ridge which extends in
King's species from the beak to the lower posterior margin. The other has very
much the appearance of Fleuromya, and if found in mesozoic strata would be con-
sidered without hesitation as belonging to the latter genus. I cannot positively
assert whether it be not after all really a Pleuromya. The third species has the hinge-
area rather largely developed, assuming thus somewhat the appearance of an ' area' ;
but the great thinness of the shell and its apparently granulated surface-sculpture
make its position in the genus Allorisma very probable.
1. Allorisma perelegans, Waagen, n. sp., PI. XVII, figs. 3, 4.
This is a medium sized species, of elongated oval general form, tolerably com-
pressed, apparently perfectly equivalve, closed in front and slightly gaping behind.
The beaks are very little prominent, broadly rounded, and little incurved. Ante-
riorly to the beaks there is a very small and very indistinct lunula. The anterior
part of the shell is very short and little prominent, the beaks being subahterior.
The margin of the shell is in this anterior part rather narrowly arched, and joins
the ventral margin in an oblique curve. The latter is not quite straight but nearly
so. The posterior end of the shell is broader than the anterior one and termi-
nates in a broadly rounded curve. The hinge margin is straight. No hinge area is
visible in casts ; but when the shell is preserved, there extends a distinct ridge from
the beak to the posterior end of the hinge margin, thus marking off a distinct but
very narrow hinge area.
As far as can be observed in the specimens at hand, the hinge seems to have
been edentulous. The mode of the insertion of the ligament cannot be observed in
any of the specimens. The surface of the shell is not entirely smooth. There
extends a very indistinct and broadly rounded but yet characteristic ridge from the
beak to the posterior margin of the shell. This is crossed by many irregular con-
194 SALT-RANGE POSSILS.
centric folds and strise of growth, which extend from the hinge margin over the
whole shell to its anterior part, separating the general outline of the margins.
Besides this sculpture there appears under the lens, not visible to the naked eye, a
very fine granulation, so fine that it requires a rather strong magnifying power to
make it distinctly visible. The granules are arranged in quincunx and thus form
diagonal rows on the shell.
Both valves are very little inflated, rather flat. They are thickest near the
umhones, and more or less flattened towards the ventral margin.
The measurements of a specimen from Jabi are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell , . . . 41"5 mm.
„ breadth 25
Thickness of both valves ....;...• 18 „
Apical angle 135
Locality and geological position. — This species is not very rare in the palaeo-
zoic deposits of the Salt-range, but up to the present it has only been found in the
upper division of the Productus-limestone. It has been collected by myself at
Jabi (2 specimens) in the same bed in which also Cyclolobus oldhami was ob-
tained, at Chidru (2 specimens) in the same bed out of which many specimens of
Xenodiscus carbonarius W. were collected by myself. At the same locality it
extends from this bed up to the topmost layer of the Productus-limestone where
also a specimen of this species was found by myself. Another specimen was
found by me at Khura, there also in the upper division of the Productus-limestone ;
and the last specimen I collected was from West of Khura, out of the same
beds. In Dr. Verchere's collection there were two specimens of this species which
were no doubt found in the Trans-Indus continuation of the Salt-range, though the
exact locality where they came from is not known. The rock in which they are
contained, a yellow sandstone with many shelly fragments, clearly indicates that
they also came from the upper division of the Productus-limestone. One of the
specimens bears the inscription " Trilobite" by Dr. Verchere, and has evidently
been considered as such by him. On the whole piece of rock, there is, however,
nothing that could be compared to such a fossil. Besides the Allorisma, there are
fragments of a small smooth Chonetes, of a Spirifer, and of several specimens of
Athyris, but not a trace of a Trilobite.
Remarks. — The generic determination of this species is not above every doubt.
The general form and the fine and close granulation of the shell seem to indicate
the genus, but it cannot be made out with certainty whether the hinge was really
edentulous, and thus the genus to which the shell belongs cannot be quite satisfac-
torily settled.
Of the species which might be compared to the present one, there is chiefly
Allorisma elegans, King, which shows the greatest similarity, though of this species
the figures given by different authors differ very widely in their general aspect.
As representing the typical form, King's figure must certainly be taken; but this.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 195
as well as the figures in Geinitz's Dyas show one principal difference from our present
species, this is the much narrower anterior part of the shell. Besides this character,
most figures of Allorisma elegans, the typical one included, show very distinctly the
ridge which extends from the apex to the lower corner of the posterior margin,
whilst it is very flattened, rounded, and hardy perceptible in the Indian shell.
These differences well suffice to distinguish the Indian fossil as a proper species.
2. Allomsma pleukomtoides, Waagen, n. sp., PL XVII, fig. 9.
The general form of this middle-sized species is oval, not much longer than
broad, narrow in front, broadly rounded behind, with prominent anterior beaks
and rather compressed valves, gaping posteriorly.
The beaks are thick, rounded, strongly prominent, and not much incurved.
There is a small, indistinct but deep lunula in front of them. The anterior mar-
gin of the shell is narrowly rounded and somewhat cut out where it joins the
ventral margin. The latter is flatly rounded, short, and unites with the posterior
margin without precise limit. There is no posterior truncation, but the margin
o£ the shell is there well rounded, forming a tolerably flat arch. The hinge
margin is straight, but no trace of a hinge area is visible.
The hinge itself cannot be observed in any of the specimens, it seems to have been
edentulous.
The surface of the casts, which only are accessible to my observation, is
covered by numerous concentric unequal wrinkles. Erom the apex to the anterior
part of the ventral margin there extends a very flat depression of the shell, as
occurs in most of the species belonging to the genus Pleuromya.
As no specimen with the shell preserved has been examined, I cannot say
whether the surface was granulated.
Of muscular and pallial impressions nothing can be observed on the casts.
The measurements of a specimen from Chidru are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 45 mm.
„ hreadth „ 31 „
Thickness of hoth valves 20 „
Apical angle 125°
Locality and geological position.— This species is somewhat less common than
the preceding one, but seems to be also restricted to the upper division of the Pro-
ductus-limestone. It has been collected (two specimens) by myself, together with
the preceding species, at Chidru in the same bed as that in which Xenodiscus
carbonarim is abundant. Another specimen was found by me at Chidru but
somewhat lower in the series, yet belonging to the upper division of the Productus-
limestone.
Remarks. — Also in this species the specimens are too imperfect to allow of a
proper generic determination, and I have placed this species in the genus Allorisma
196 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
simply because the hinge seems to have been edentulous, though this character
also is not quite certain.
As to species there is one very similar to the present shell, that is, Lutraria
prirnceva, Portl., from Clogher, out of a gritty limestone of the carboniferous for-
mation. Like the present species this one also resembles very much a Pleuromya,
and in general shape is very much like our Allorisma pleuromyoides, but in the
Indian shell the ventral margin is much more curved, not so straight, and the
posterior part of the shell much shorter than in Portlock's species.
It is barely possible, with species geographically so widely separated, to say
whether any close connection may exist. If both species had been found in the
same geographical district, but in beds of different geological age, they would
certainly have to be considered as in developmental connection to each other. As
the matter stands, however, it is barely possible to say whether they are vicarious
forms, or even perfect strangers to each other of only accidental similarity.
3. Allorisma, spec, indet.
There is a single cast of a shell in the Salt-range collection which very likely be-
longs to Allorisma, but which is too badly preserved to allow of a proper description.
The general form of the shell is very much like that of a Gresslya out of
secondary formations. It is elongated oval, with anterior beaks, somewhat in-
equivalve, the right valve being the larger one, somewhat gaping behind, but
the internal rib along the posterior part of the hinge line in the right valve, which
is characteristic for Gresslya, is decidedly absent in the Indian shell. The posterior
end of the shell is narrow, the hinge line sloping towards the posterior end. The
shell is tolerably inflated and its surface covered by concentric wrinkles.
All these characters show that this specimen cannot belong to any of the
above described species, and it indicates certainly the existence of a third species
of Allorisma ; but there must be found better materials for this species to be pro-
perly described.
The measurements are as follows : —
Entire leDgtb of the shell 43 mm.
„ breadth „ 29
Thickness of both valves 20 „
Apical angle 118°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen was collected by myself
at Jabi in the same bed in which I found Cyclolobus oldhami.
4. Allorisma dublcm, Waagen, n. sp., PI. 5VII, fig. 7.
This is a rather small species, of elongated oval shape, and somewhat distant
beaks. The valves are inflated and seem to be closed in front and but slightly
gaping behind.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 197
The beaks are very little prominent, rounded and sub-anterior. The hinge line
is long and straight. The anterior part of the shell is short, its margin narrowly
rounded^ The lunula in front of the beaks is barely at all developed, shallow and
very indistinctly marked off. The ventral margin is not quite straight but nearly
so. Posteriorly the shell is indistinctly and obliquely truncated, the posterior
margin forming an obtuse angle with the hinge line, and then, after having been
nearly straight for a certain distance, it suddenly bends round to meet the ventral
margin.
Along the hinge line there extends a well developed area, which is, however,
not distinctly marked off from the remainder of the surface of the shell.
The shell is tolerably inflated and very equally rounded all over. The surface
sculpture consists solely of more or less fine concentric striae of growth. There
is a very indistinct appearance of granulation, possibly only caused by the mode of
preservation.
The substance of the shell is thin, like paper.
The hinge seems to have been edentulous, though a proper observation of this
character is impossible.
The measurements of a specimen from Katwahi are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 21 mm.
„ breadth „ 10 „
Thickness of one valve 5 „
Apical angle 135°
The species may attain a length of about .30 mm.
Locality and geological position. — There are four specimens of this species
in the Salt-range collection. They were found by myself in a friable sandstone
in the middle region of the upper division of the Productus-limestone, near Kat-
wahi, on the road from that place to Shahpur.
Remarks. — As in the preceding species so also in this one, the generic position
is not certain on account of the imperfect observation afforded by the rather badly
preserved specimens. As this species, however, seems not to be rare in certain beds
of the upper division of the Productus-limestone, I did not like to pass it over in
silence. Of all the genera hitherto described, it can be with most probability
attributed to the genus Allorisma, though the well-developed area does not agree
very well with that genus.
As to species the present one resembles most Allorisma perelegans, W.
described above. It is, however, distinct by its strongly developed area, its posterior
truncation and a more oblique shape of the valves. Allorisma elegans, King, has
a similarly, though not so strongly developed area, but it has at the same time a
strong ridge extending from the apex to the lower posterior angle of the shell
which is absent in Allorisma dubium. Besides this, the latter species is also more
oblique than Allorisma elegans. Also Psummobia subpapyracea, King, might be
compared, but this species seems to be less inflated and devoid of an area.
D
198 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
Genus : PALANATINA, Hall.
There is a rather small specimen of a Myacites in the Salt-range collection,
the generic position of which is very doubtful, as it is impossible to observe
any of the deciding characters for the determination of the genus. But even
if these characters were better observable than they are, it would be more or less
doubtful how this shell would have to be assigned.
There are several genera which were all comprised under the old name of
Myacites by Schlotheim, but which more recently have been separated, chiefly by
Agassiz, though by the latter author all the forms have been designated by
new names, leaving no room for the name Myacites, which for certain forms must
beyond doubt take priority. But the question as to which forms these ought to be
is not yet settled definitively. In recent publications the name Myacites is
generally retained for the triassic (Muschelkalk) species only. Most of the latter,
however, have been placed by Agassiz in his genus Pleuromya, and the question
arises whether the entire genus Pleuromya of Agassiz should be considered
identical with Myacites, or whether the triassic species form a group of shells which
has not received proper attention by Agassiz, and which might generically be
distinguished from Pleuromya, and for which the name Myacites might be
retained.
The only information we have about the hinge apparatus of a true Myacites is,
as far as I am aware, from Giebel, in his fossils from Lieskau. The species figured
there has been called by Giebel Myacites elongatus, but has been ascertained
afterwards by Seebach to represent M. grandis, Gdf. I had occasion myself
to expose the hinge apparatus of several Jurassic species of Pleuromya from
the adhering rock, and I can only state that the hinge of Pleuromya is widely-
different from that of Myacites grandis, Gdf., as it has been figured by Giebel.
JPleuromya has an oblique lamellar process below the beak, which is entirely absent
in Myacites, and thus it seems probable that the triassic species form a proper generic
division different from Pleuromya.
One triassic species has also been transferred by Agassiz to his genus Areomya,
but this is scarcely a reason for considering this genus also as identical with
Myacites. The general shape of Arcomya at least does not agree with the typical
forms of Myacites, as M. musculoides, grandis, &c. Arcom.ya has by most writers
been considered identical with Homomya. In both genera the hinge seems to
be edentulous, though this question is not yet quite settled for Arcomya; an
external ligament supported by distinct nymphse is present, and the shells are
smooth, not granulated ; but the species of Bomomya generally possess a tolerably
thick heavy shell like Panopcea, whilst in the species -of Arcomya the shell is very
thin and fragile. Besides this the general form of the shell is roundish oval,
very much resembling Panopcea ; in Arcomya, on the contrary, the general form of
the shell is rather elongated, the beaks being not so much anterior, and in most
PPODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 199
cases there extends a prominent angular ridge from the apex to the lower posterior
angle of the shell, and thus the two genera might very well be kept separate.
The geological distribution of the genus Arcomya is very difficult to define, as
in older formations the whole order of the Myacea seems to be but sparingly
represented. There is the genus Tellinomya of Hall, which generally is quoted as a
representative of the order during older palaeozoic times, and which in its general
form shows great similarity to the Indian shell I have to describe ; in fact, this shell
occupies in its general form about the middle between the Tellinomyce and the
typical forms of Arcomya as they occur in middle and upper Jurassic strata. The
typical species of Tellinomya, T. nasuta, has been shown, however, by Salter
to possess hinge teeth very like those of Nucula, and thus this genus has altogether
been removed from the Myacea. Nevertheless, there remains some doubt whether
already in palaeozoic strata there did not exist a genus of the general form of
Tellinomya, and really belonging to the order Myacea, as in many forms the hinge
is not known, and the general characters are very similar indeed to Arcomya.
If this were the case we should have to consider these shells as the ancestors
of Arcomya.
In a pamphlet1 that is not easily procured Prof. Hall has, however, described
another genus, which seems to be rather closely allied to Arcomya ; this is the genus
Palanatina, Hall. Erom the description alone it would be rather difficult to make
out the close resemblance between the typical species Palanatina typa, Hall, and
Arcomya : but Mons. J; Barrande, who, as is well known, favours to the utmost
of his power every scientific endeavour, had the great kindness to communicate
to me the unpublished plates of the first part of the fifth volume of the Palaeonto-
logy of New York which Prof. Hall had given him, and thus I have been enabled
to compare the Indian fossils with Hall's genus and with Arcomya.
The typical species of Palanatina are inequivalve, the left valve being slightly
larger than the right one. The beaks are sub-anterior -and little prominent ; there
extends a sub-angular oblique ridge from them to the posterior end of the shell and
" a broad, shallow, antero-mesial constriction passes obliquely from beak to base."
The valves are united by an external ligament, and the hinge consists in small hook-
like processes, one in each valve below the beak ; muscular impressions small and
indistinct, pallial impression unknown. The whole form of the shell is more or less
elongated trapezoidal ; gaping at both ends, the shell seems not to be granulated.
Erom this description alone it is very difficult to decide what sort of a shell
we have .here to deal with, but the figures show that it is one very much like
Arcomya. It is, however, absolutely impossible to tell whether the genus Palanatina
should be united with Arcomya, as the form of the pallial impression is not known
in the former genus. Otherwise all the characters are perfectly identical. Also
the Arcomyce are generally slightly inequivalve, and in some species at least possess
" Preliminary Notice of the Lamellibranchiate Shells," &c. Prof. Hall kindly sent me this pamphlet on my
asking for it. I may be allowed to offer here my best thanks to him for his kindnesB.
200 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
small hook-like processes below the beaks. Thus there is every probability that
Arcomya and Palanatina may be identical, though this cannot be proved. Until,
however, such proofs will be accessible it is beyond doubt better to retain Hall's
name than to make an identification without proper foundation.
The Indian shell, which I shall describe under the name Palanatina Indica,
bears all the characters of an Arcomya or Palanatina, but the pallial impression can-
not be observed, and thus I prefer to retain it in Hall's genus than to place it in the
genus Arcomya, and thus to assert a character the existence of which I could not
verify.
All the species of Palanatina as yet known are from the upper devonian
formation.
1. Palanatina Indica, Waagen, n. sp., PL XVII, fig. 8.
The general outline of this rather small shell is nearly trapezoidal, with sub-
anterior beaks. It is tolerably inflated, closed in front and gaping behind ; not
quite equivalve, the left valve being somewhat larger.
The beaks are pointed, not much incurved, and somewhat distant from each
other. The hinge line is Straight, extending over the whole length of the shell
in front as well as behind the beaks. The anterior margin joins the hinge line
under an obtuse angle ; it is flatly rounded, somewhat truncated, and there is a
rounded off corner, where it unites with the ventral margin of the shell. This latter
is very flatly arched, nearly quite straight, and joins the posterior shell margin
nearly at right angles. Posteriorly the shell is distinctly truncated and strongly
gaping, the margin of the shell there running up in a nearly vertical line to meet
the hinge line at about a right angle.
It cannot be seen whether an external ligament existed, nor has it been possi-
ble to make the hinge apparatus visible.
On the surface of the shell the most characteristic feature is a sub-angular pro-
minent carina, which extends from the beaks in an oblique direction to the point
where the ventral and posterior margins of the shell unite. Behind and above this
carina there is a triangular, somewhat flattened, space, and below and in front of it
the shell is flattened but not impressed.
The body of the shell is very thin, covered only by fine concentric wrinkles
and striae of growth. Any granulation of the shell is entirely wanting.
The dimensions of the only specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 22 mm.
„ breadth „ 12 „
Thickness of both valves 9 „
Apical angle 145°
Locality and geological position. — The single specimen of this species which has
served for the description was collected by myself at Jabi in a bed situated above
the Cephalopoda bed containing Cyclolobus oldhami, &c, and thus forming part of
the top beds of the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 201
Remarks. — Already in the notes on the genus it has heen remarked that the
position of this shell in the genus Palanatina is chiefly founded on negative evi-
dence. Erom the general form, and the condition of the shell, it is certain that we
have to deal here either with an Arcomya or with a Palanatina. As the form of
the pallial impression is unknown in Palanatina, and the same is the case in the
present shell, I have chosen this latter name. It is, however, not of great conse-
quence which of the two names may be applied, as the two genera seem to be so
very nearly allied to each other that both will be considered by the greater number
of naturalists as identical.
Of the species which have up to the present been described under the name of
Falanatina none is specifically similar to the present form; of Arcomyce, Ar.
mcequivalvis from the Muschelkalk formation might be compared.
Order: LUCINACEA.
Pamily: LVGWIDM.
Sub-family: CORBINJS.
Genus: SPH^IRIOLA, Stoliczka.
There is among the palaeozoic fossils of the Salt> range a little shell, which
according to the characters of the hinge, and its sculpture, is more or less nearly
allied to Corbis, and which cannot be better placed but in Stoliczka' s genus Sphce-
riola, though it must be remarked that this position is only tentatively the best one.
It is by no means certain whether the shell might not be with as much right placed
in the genus Pachydomus, and thus be removed from the Lucinidce altogether, but
the hinge of Pachydomus is as yet very little known, and the sculpture of the shell
here under consideration differs considerably from that of Dana's genus. Also the
genus Neo-Megalodon of Gumbel may be compared ; but in this case the similarity
is only a rather remote one. On the whole, the position of this little shell in the
Corbince, and especially in the genus Sphceriola, is the most probable one. If better
materials were procurable a new genus would possibly have to be created.
The genus Sphceriola, as defined by Stoliczka, seems to stand very well, and is
sufficiently distinct from Spkcera by the characters of the hinge. In general
appearance the present genus is more nearly related to Corbis than is the case with
Sphcera,but it can readily be distinguished from the former by its roundish outline,
inflated valves, and a hinge in which the lateral teeth are obsolete.
As far as our knowledge at present goes, the Indian shell seems to be the geo-
logically oldest representative of the genus. But even of the whole family of the
Corbince but very little is known during palaeozoic times, and species which with
certainty belong to the family have only been described up to the present out of
triassic beds.
202 SALT-KANGE FOSSILS.
Thus the little shell which I have to describe here deserves some interest as
the geologically oldest representative of a whole group of forms.
2. Sphjekiola GKANDiEVA, Waagen, n. sp.j PL XVIII, fig. 13.
The general outline of this little shell is nearly circular, with a distinct lunula
in front of the beaks, and a strongly arched surface, covered by a concentric
sulcation.
The beaks are strongly prominent and distinctly incurved, obtusely pointed.
There is a small but deep and distinctly defined lunula in front of them, which is
of about oval shape. The anterior margin of the shell is deeply excavated where
the lunula is situated. In front of the latter the margin bends round in a very
narrow curve to meet the ventral margin in a flat arch. The ventral margin
exhibits a very regular flat curve. Posteriorly the shell is slightly truncated, the
posterior margin descending in a low oblique arch from the beaks to the lower pos-
terior corner of the shell. Where the posterior margin meets the ventral one there
is a slight sinuation of the outline, corresponding to a flat furrow, which extends
from the beaks to the ventral part of the shell, about parallel in its direction to the
posterior shell margin.
Posteriorly to the beaks there extends a kind of indistinct hinge area, limited
above by an edge of the shell and below by the furrow, which served for the inser-
tion of the ligament.
The hinge line is strongly arched.
The hinge of the left valve, which alone is preserved, consists of two not
very large diverging cardinal teeth, rather close together without any deep pit
between them. The anterior one of these is more horizontal, the posterior more
vertical in its position. Anteriorly and posteriorly to these two teeth there are deep
grooves, of which the posterior one is larger than the anterior. Every trace of
lateral teeth is wanting. Posteriorly to the incurved beaks and above the hinge
margin there extends a deep furrow for the reception of a strong sub-external
ligament.
The surface sculpture of this little shell is very characteristic. There is a
strong concentric striation or folding, which consists of about 30 to 35 rather sharp
not very high folds in parallel position with the striae of growth, and separated from
each other by about equally broad furrows. On the posterior part of the shell
this concentric system of sculpture is crossed by a number of radiating strise,
extending from the beak to the ventral margin. Besides these there is a kind of
furrow running down from the apex to the posterior margin, as in some species of
Lucina, for instance Lucina Pennsylvanica, L., marking off distinctly a narrow
triangular posterior part of the shell.
The substance of the shell is tolerably solid, and its internal margin is, so far
as can be observed, smooth, not crenulated.
PRODUCTIIS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 203
The dimensions of the only specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell . . . . ' 8 mm.
„ hreadth „ 7'5 „
Thickness of the left valve 3 „
Apical angle 108°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species that has
\>een detected up to the present was found by myself at Virgal in the topmost bed
of the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — The generic position of this shell is very difficult to decide upon,
first because the dimensions of the specimen are so very small, then because the
muscular and pallial impressions cannot be observed, and last, not least, because the
characters exhibited by the shell are really somewhat conflicting. I have more or
less provisionally placed the species in the genus Sphceriola, but if better materials
should be found it may happen that the shell will have to be transferred to some
other genus, or else form the type of a new one.
As to species there is none which could be in particular compared to the
present shell.
Sub-Family: LUCININ&.
Genus: LUCINA, Brug.
The genus Lucina has before now been quoted in palaeozoic deposits, but it
•seems to be very rarely the case that the determination of the fossil as a Lucina
was founded on the examination of the internal characters of the shell. Already by
M'Coy, in his Carboniferous Eossils of Ireland, a species of Lucina has been describ-
ed, and as far as can be judged from the external appearance of the fossil, it seems
highly probable that the shell really belongs to the genus ; but the hinge apparatus
has never been examined, and thus the existence of the genus during carboniferous
times has remained still doubtful. Of two other species {Lucina dunoyeri and
egertoni), quoted by Bigsby in his " Thesaurus Devonico-Carboniferous," I could
not get any exact information.
In devonian strata the genus has been much more frequently quoted, but here
also in very few cases has the hinge been examined. Nevertheless, from what is
known of these shells, it seems to be beyond doubt that the genus Lucina existed
during devonian times ; and thus its continuation during the later palaeozoic periods
might be expected ; it is therefore somewhat surprising to find that the genus is
almost entirely absent in carboniferous times, and has not up to the present been
found tin permian strata, though it is numerously represented in the mesozoic
formations.
This apparent gap is at least partly filled up by a small species from the palaeo-
zoic deposits of the Salt-range, which by the characters of its hinge belongs,
beyond any doubt, to the genus Lucina,
204 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
1. Lucina progenitrix, Waagen n. sp., PL XVIII, figs. 14, 15.
This species never attains any considerable size. Its general outline is round-
ish, a very little higher than long, with prominent contiguous beaks and rather-
compressed valves.
The prominent beaks are small, pointed, and rather strongly incurved towards
the front, and are just median in their position. In front of the beaks there is a
distinctly defined and deeply excavated lunula of elongated oval shape. The ante-
rior margin of the shell is deeply sinuated at the lunula. Otherwise the- margin is
continuous all round, and no separated anterior, ventral, or posterior margins can be
distinguished.
Behind the beaks there extends a deeply excavated, long, lancet-shaped area,
limited on both sides by high, sharply defined crests.
The surface of the shell, which is moderately arched, is covered by not very
numerous (about twenty) concentric folds between whieh very fine striae of growth
are visible.
The hinge of the left valve, which only is known to me, consists in one tolerably
strong and well developed cardinal tooth, with a groove in front and behind. A
very rudimentary second cardinal tooth, situated behind the posterior groove, is
slightly indicated. Behind this second tooth there extends a deep but not very
broad furrow along the flattened hinge margin for the reception of an altogether
internal ligament. "Where the furrow terminates a distinct posterior lateral tooth
is present ; it has an elongated conical shape. Anteriorly the hinge line is exca-
vated, as far as the lunula extends. Below the anterior termination of the lunula>
an anterior lateral tooth seems to occur ; but this part of the hinge is very much
concealed by very hard rocky matter. The interior peripheral shell-margin is
smooth.
The substance of the shell is of moderate thickness.
The measurements of a specimen from Virgal are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 11 mm_
Entire breadth „ . . , 11
Thickness of both valves ... . fi
Apical angle , ^ _ 102"
Locality and geological position. — This species seems not to be very rare in
the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range, but, so far as observed up to the present,
to be restricted to the topmost beds of the upper division of the Productus-lime-
stone. It has been collected in this geological position by myself at Chidru (one
specimen, left valve), at Virgal (bed No. 1 of my note-book, 1 specimen duplicate),
at Amb (1 specimen, right valve), at Khura (1 specimen, left valve), and at Kufii
(1 specimen) in thedivision No. 14 of my note-book of the section there.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 205
Remarks. — This little species has a very great resemblance to certain Astarte ;
the completely internal ligament gives, however, sufficient evidence of its being
a Lucina. Even if this genus is taken in a restricted sense, I think this species
will still have to be counted with it ; as the well-developed lateral teeth, the
concentric striation and moderate thickness of the shell show beyond doubt that
this fossil belongs to Lucina proper.
In the comparison of this species, however, with other forms, it is necessary
also to take into consideration those shells which have been described by former
authors as Astarte.
Erom carboniferous strata, a great many species of Astarte have been
described by de Ryckholt ; but in none of them has the generic position been
proved correct by the examination of the hinge. Some of the species are in general
outline somewhat similar to our Lucina, but all can be distinguished from it with-
out difficulty. Species of Astarte have also been described by de Koninck ; but
according to the figures representing the hinge, the generic determination seems
to be correct, and thus these shells do not require close comparison with the present
species.
In the permian formation, a shell has been described by Keyserling under the
name of Cardiomorpha minuta,-wlaicix is quoted in d'Orbigny's " Prodrome" as Lucina
minutissima, Orb. In general outline this shell does much resemble a Lucina; but
the internal characters have not been determined. Erom our present species it is
easily distinguishable by its much finer concentric striation and more excavated
lunula. Of Astarte there are several species in the permian beds. Erom Astarte
valisneriana the present species is distinguishable by its more circular form and
central beaks, from Ast. timstallensis by its coarser concentric striation. A number
of species of Astarte from Nebrasca have been described by Geinitz, but all of them
are easily distinguishable from Lucina progenitrix, W.
2 (?) Lucina Bombifeons, Waagen, n. sp., PI. XXIV, fig. 9.
Though the internal characters of this little species are unknown, yet I venture
to place it in the genus Lucina, simply on account of its great similarity to the
preceding species.
The general outline of this species is nearly quite circular, strongly inflated.
The beaks are prominent, pointed, and distinctly enrolled towards the front,
quite median in their position. There is a large oval lunula in front of them, which
reaches nearly halfway down the entire height of the shell. The area behind the
beaks is very narrow, and shorter than the lunula, The margins of the shell are all
continuous.
The surface of the shell is very strongly arched, and covered by not numerous
concentric folds, ten to twelve in number, between which very fine concentric strise
of growth seem to be present, but cannot be distinctly seen.
206 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
The hinge is covered up by the rock, which cannot he removed. The measure-
ments of a small specimen from Chidru are as follows :—
Entire length of the shell 6 mm-
Entire breadth „ 6 »
Thickness of both valves ° »
Apical angle > ■LU"
Another somewhat fragmentary specimen indicates that the species attained
greater dimensions than are indicated by the above measurements It has a length
of 9 mm.
Locality and geological position.— There are two specimens of this species in
the Salt-range collection. One of them was found by myself at Chidru, in the top
bed of the upper division of the Productus-limestone. Another specimen was
collected by Dr. Oldham, also near Chidru. According to the rock in which it is con-
tained, it also comes from the top beds of the upper division of the Productus-
limestone formation.
Remarks. — This species is, in its general form and ornamentation, very nearly
allied to the previously described Lucina progenitrix, and is chiefly distinct from
it by a strongly inflated form and larger lunula. Of other palaeozoic species, none
can be particularly compared. In mesozoic rocks there are some which in their out-
ward appearance are similar to the present species, but they decidedly belong to
the genus Astarte, whilst the present species is very likely a Lucina.
The generic position is, however, as has been stated above, not quite certain,
and only the very great similarity to Lucina progenitrix induces me to consider this
species also as belonging to the genus Lucina.
Genus : LOEIPES, Poli.
This genus has by many writers not been acknowledged as forming a wholly sepa-
rable group of forms among the LucinidcB ; it has been mostly considered as only a
sub-genus of Lucina. Also Stolickza, in his " Cretaceous Eossils of Southern India, "
quotes Loripes as a sub-genus of Lucina, but I think that the distinctive charac-
ters of the hinge of Loripes are so easily traceable, and so widely different from
the characters of the other sub-genera of Lucina, that this group of forms is well
worthy of a distinct generic designation, and thus Tate seems to be quite right
when he considers Loripes as a well-distinguishable genus.
It is a somewhat surprising fact to find species of Loripes occurring in
palaeozoic strata, after the geological distribution as far as it has been known up to
the present, seemed not to reach further back than the eocene formation. Never-
theless it can be most positively affirmed from the specimens from the Salt-range
that the genus occurred already in palaeozoic strata, as these specimens most clearly
exhibit the characters of the hinge of Loripes : absence of lateral teeth, nearly
obsolete cardinal teeth, and a ligament, which is entirely shut up in an internal
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 207
furrow of the hinge margin. There are two species of Loripes in the palseozoic
strata of the Salt-range, which very likely are in a developmental connection with
each other, one of them occurs in the middle, the other in the upper division of the
Products s-limestone.
1. Loripes Atavus, Waagen, n. sp., PI. XIX, figs. 1, 2.
The general form of this shell is nearly circular, with median beaks and
moderately inflated valves.
The beaks are little prominent, pointed, and distinctly incurved towards the
front. There is a small, not very deep, distinctly marked off, lunula in front of
them, which has an elongated oval form. The anterior margin of the shell is
slightly cut out as far as the lunula extends, but everywhere else the margins are
perfectly rounded and continuous. The area, posteriorly to the beaks, is very small
and narrow, as if cut in with a knife.
The surface of the shell is moderately arched, and covered by a very charac-
teristic sculpture, consisting of very numerous fine concentric folds, which are
little elevated and very close together.
The hinge of the left valve, which, only, could be made visible, consists of one
very small, nearly obsolete cardinal tooth, in front of which there is a small, and
behind a much larger, groove. Above the posterior groove there commences a deep
and very distinct furrow, which extends along the arched posterior hinge margin and
served for the insertion of the internal ligament. Every trace of lateral teeth
is wanting. The interior margin of the shell is smooth ; pallial and muscular
impressions cannot be observed.
The substance of the shell is solid and tolerably thick- The dimensions of a
specimen from Khura, the largest known to me, are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 10 mm.
Entire breadth „ 9 „
Thickness of both valves 5 „
Apical angle ■ H6°
Locality and geological position. — There are five specimens of this species in
the Salt-range collection. One of them (duplicate) was collected by myself in the
middle region of the upper division of the Productus-limestone at Khura; two
other specimens (left valves) were found by me at Katwahi, also in the middle
region of the upper division of the Productus-limestone, and one left valve was
collected at Kufri (bed No. 14 of the section there) also by myself.
Bemarks.— This very interesting little shell can be compared to several species
occurring in upper palseozoic strata, but all of them described in other genera,
having been mostly considered as belonging to the genus Astarte.
The shell which exhibits the greatest resemblance to the Indian fossil is Astarte
tunstallensis, King, from the magnesian-limestone. It bears a similarly fine
concentric striation, but its general form is more elongated and its beaks more
208 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
anterior. Of other species, Astarte orbitosa of Ryckholt might be compared, but
its valves are more flattened, its general outline not so much orbicular, and the
concentric striation not so fine.
As regards the hinge, the present species shows also some similarity to certain
forms of Scaldia; but this similarity is only apparent, as in Scaldia there is no
internal ligament, and the substance of the shell is very thin, as in Cardiomorpha,
not solid, like in the present species.
2. Lowpes proavius, Waagen, n. sp., PL XIX, fig. 3.
This is a very neat little species, which seems, however, to be very rare.
The general outline of the shell is more or less oval, higher than long. The
valves are rather strongly inflated, with perfectly median beaks.
The breaks are tolerably prominent, not much pointed and little incurved. In
front of them there is a not very deep but distinctly marked lunula of elongated
oval shape, and posteriorly there seems to be a very small area, but covered up by
rocky matter. The margins of the shell are all continuous, forming a somewhat
orbicular outline.
The surface of the shell is very strongly arched, and covered by numerous
concentric folds, which are not so numerous nor so fine as those of the preceding
species. I count about twelve of them.
The hinge could not be well exposed.
The only specimen of this species exhibits the following dimensions :— -
Entire length of the shell 5 mm.
Entire breadth „ „ 6 „
Thickness of one valve 2 „
Apical angle 102°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species in the
Salt-range collection is a left valve found by myself at Khura, in a hard grey lime-
stone at the top of the middle division of the Productus-limestone,
Remarks. — The generic position of this species has not been determined by the
observation of the hinge, as was the case in the preceding one. The rock in which
the shell is contained is too hard to admit of the characters of the hinge being
exposed. This shell is, however, in every respect so similar to the preceding one,
that I think there is but little doubt that it belongs to the same genus.
The present species can be distinguished from the preceding one by its more
inflated valves, its shorter antero-posterior diameter, and the less fine concentric
plication of its surface.
It is a fact worthy of notice that the two species, Lor. proavius and L. atdvus,
occur in successive strata in one and the same section at KMra, the first having
been found in the middle and the second in the upper division of the Productus-
limestone. It is highly probable that the two stand in a developmental connection
to each other.
PFvODTJCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 209
Family: ASTABTIDAE.
Sub-Eamily: ASTARTINM
Genus: CARDINIA, Agass.
The only specimen that can possibly be attributed to Agassiz's genus is so very
badly preserved, that it is only conjecturally that I place it in the genus Cardinia.
Of the hinge there is nothing observable, and the substance of the shell has entirely
disappeared, the specimen being thus formed of an external cast.
The occurrence of a species of Cardinia in the palaeozoic strata of the Salt-
range is not surprising. Already during devonian times the genus seems to have
possessed a rather large development, which became even increased in the carboni-
ferous period. From permian strata the genus has been quoted only in America.
During the triassic period the genus seems to have been very rare in Europe, but
in the lower lias it has a second maximum |development, to be extinguished very
soon after.
In general form the genus Cardinia has a great resemblance to Anthracosia ;
in fact, it is barely possible to distinguish the two genera if the hinge apparatus
cannot be taken into consideration, and thus, in many cases it will remain doubtful
whether one has to deal with a Cardinia or with an Anthracosia. The author of the
genus Anthracosia very strongly insisted on its forming part of the Unionidee.
This view, however, has barely been accepted by any other writer, though the
typical species of Anthracosia seem to occur in not quite typically marine strata,
but in beds which have been deposited in more or less brackish water.
About the fully marine character of the palaeozoic beds of the Salt-range, there
can be, I think, not the slightest doubt, and thus I have preferred to place the shell
I have to describe, in that genus which is undoubtedly marine. There is thus, I
think, a greater probability of its being a Cardinia than an Anthracosia, though,
it must be confessed, the latter might be the case.
In general form the Indian shell recalls very much the liassic species of Cardinia,
with the sole exception that its hinge line is somewhat more curved, less straight.
It resembles palaeozoic species much less.
1. Cardinia conjungkns, Waagen n. sp., PL XVIII, fig. 11.
The only specimen of this species has an elongately oval form, with sub-
anterior beaks, and a rather flattened surface.
The beaks are prominent, pointed, and not at all incurved. In front of them
there is a very deep and strongly excavated lunula, which causes a deep sinuation
of the anterior margin of the shell. The anterior part of the shell is Darrow,
strongly prominent, and on the whole well developed. Its margin forms a very
narrow curve, and joins the ventral margin without the junction being anywhere
210 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
distinctly marked off. The ventral shell margin is very flatly arched, and passes
directly into the posterior margin, which latter is not quite well preserved. There
is, however, no doubt' that the posterior part of the shell is much broader than the
anterior one. The hinge line forms a flat arch, which ascends in an oblique
direction from the posterior part of the shell to near the beak.
The shell is on the whole rather flat, as is generally the case in the genus
Cardima ; but it cannot be observed whether it was very solid or not, as there is
only an external cast of the shell.
The surface sculpture consists of concentric imbricating striae of growth of
very unequal strength, numerous, and close together near the ventral margin of the
shell, and becoming more and more distant and indistinct towards the apex.
The measurements of the only specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell, ahout 63 mm.
„ breadth „ „ 36 „
Thickness of the left valve 10 „
Apical angle ?1150
Locality and geological position. — The specimen which has served for the
description of this species was collected by Mr. Wynne in the trans-Indus continur
ation of the Salt-range at Gulami, apparently in the lower division of the Productus-
limestone. The label does not indicate the particular bed the specimen came
from, but from the description of the section at Gulami published in "Wynne's
report,1 it appears that the only rock which agrees with the one in which the
species is preserved occurs in his bed No. 3, immediately overlying his " Boulder
Group."
The specimen is contained in a darkish yellow, very brittle sandstone which
swarms with indistinct remains of Fucoids and fragments of the shells of Spirifera.
Remarks. — The specimen upon which this species is founded is too badly pre-
served to allow of any conclusions as to its relation to other similar forms. Species
of Cardinia have already been described by Verchere from so-called carboniferous
beds of India ; but in his collection these specimens could not be found again. He
mentions one Cardinia himalayana, Verch., and one Cardinia ovalis, Martin. The
figures given of both are very bad,— so much, however, seems to be certain that the
present species agrees with neither of them.
A species, which in general form is not dissimilar to the present one, is Card,
gigantea, Quenst., from the lower lias of Wiirttemberg. Though it generally grows
much larger, yet it has a like narrowly-rounded and prominent anterior side, which
gives it a great resemblance to our Cardinia conjungens ; in this latter, however, the
beaks are more prominent.
Of palaeozoic species, Cardinia vetusta, A. Roem., from the devonian spirifer-
sandstone of the Harz, might be compared. In general form this species is rather
similar to the Indian Card, conjungens ; but it attains a much less considerable size,
1 Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol. XVII., p. 276.
PPODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 211
and the posterior part of the shell is still shorter in comparison to the anterior one
than is the case in the Indian shell. Cardinia exilis, M'Coy, from the carboni-
ferous I ?) formation of Australia is very likely a Cardinia, hut bears only a distant
resemblance to the present species.
Genus: ASTARTE, Sowerby.
It seems rather hazardous to quote this genus in a purely palaeozoic fauna,
as species of Astarte do not in general occur in strata lower than the mesozoic
period ; and there is the greater risk in that the internal characters of the shell I
have to describe are not known. Nevertheless, it would be very difficult to state
in what genus the shell here under consideration ought to be placed if it is not
an Astarte, as in all external characters it resembles so closely several mesozoic
species of the genus, that it is not easy to distinguish it, even specifically, from
them. Yet it must be borne in mind that if I thus quote the genus Astarte as
occurring in the strata of the Productus-limestone, this quotation means only
an external similarity, and is not founded upon a careful examination of the
internal characters.
De Ryckholt, in his " Melanges Paleontologiques," has figured quite a number
of palaeozoic species of Astarte, but I regret to say he does not figure the hinge
apparatus of any of them ; and thus it is impossible to judge whether any of these
shells really belong to the genus. We are in a better position with regard to Astarte
transversa, Kon. Of the hinge of this species, Mons. de Koninck has given a very
good enlarged figure, and according to it it seems very probable that we have to deal
here really with a shell beloging to the genus. Thus it is fairly certain that the
genus existed already during the carboniferous period. In permian times the genus
was not very rare ; and from this upwards we meet off and on species of Astarte ;
but only during the Jurassic and cretaceous period did the genus reach its
maximum of development.
In the Salt-range there is only one shell which can be considered as belonging
to the genus.
1. Astaetb Ambiensts, Waagen, n. sp., PI. XIX, fig. 4
The general form of this little shell is roundish, triangular, about as high as it
is broad, with rather inflated valves, or but little excavated lunula, and a deep and
sharply defined area.
The beaks are tolerably prominent* not much pointed, very little incurved, and
very close together. In front of them there is a large, not very deeply excavated,
but sharply defined lunula, which occupies nearly the entire anterior part of the
shell. Where the lunula terminates the margin of the shell turns round in a very
212 SALT- RANGE EOSSILS.
narrow, almost angular, curve to meet the rather flatly arched ventral margin. The
posterior margin forms an oblique flat curve, which joins the ventral margin
obtusely. Behind the beaks there extends a deep and sharply defined triangular area,
which forms a kind of fossa in which the external ligament was situated.
The valves are rather strongly inflated and covered by distant strong imbricat-
ing concentric folds, marking stages of growth. Between these there are fine striae
of growth.
The substance of the shell is solid.
The dimensions of the only specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 9-5 mm.
„ breadth „ . 9 „
Thickness of both valves ...» 6 „
Apical angle, about 90°
Locality and geological position. — The single specimen of this species was
collected by myself at Amb in a grey hard^andstone forming the top bed of the
upper division of the Productus-limestone.
Memarksi — Though it cannot be asserted positively whether this shell really
belongs to the genus Astarte, yet it seems highly probable that this is the case.
Several species of Astarte have been described, which might be compared to the
shell here under consideration. Most similar seems to be Astarte orbitosa, Byckh.,
from the carboniferous limestone of Vise\ The surface sculpture of both shells is
nearly identical, but the Indian fossil is much more inflated than Ryckholt's species,
and thus can be easily distinguished from it.
Of more recent species, Astarte antoni, Giebel, from the Muschelkalk is not dis-
similar to the present species, but can easily be distinguished by its more rounded,
less triangular form.
Genus : GOULDIA, Adams.
Though all the species belonging to this genus are of very small dimensions,
yet the general form of these shells and the characters of the hinge are so very
characteristic, that they cannot easily be mistaken.
Nevertheless, these shells have been in general united with Astarte, as their
minuteness very often makes it impossible to clear the hinge teeth from the rock.
I have been fortunate enough to succeed in exposing the hinge teeth of such a
very small shell ; and though the draftsman has not represented them very correctly,
yet even from the figure it may be seen that the determination of this shell as a
Gouldia is correct.
It is highly interesting to find this genus represented among the shells occur-
ring in the thoroughly palaeozoic strata of the Productus-limestone. Up to the
present, species of Gouldia have hardly been observed to occur in strata older than
Jurassic ; but this Salt-range species now carries the genus back into palaeozoic
times.
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 213
The Jurassic and more recent species are generally gregarious shells, and though
they are mostly but sparingly represented, yet, in places where they occur, numbers
of them may be found. This is, however, not the case with the species from the
Salt-range. It is a very rare shell, and nowhere has a number of individuals
been observed together ; only at one place two solitary valves of the species have
been detected.
1. Gouldia primjeva, Waagen, n. sp., PI. XIX, fig. 5.
The general form of this little shell is nearly circular, only slightly excavated
in front of the beaks, where the lunula is situated. The valves are not very strongly
inflated, and are covered by very coarse broad folds.
The beaks are small, little prominent, pointed, but little incurved, and, as it
seems, nearly continuous. In front of them there is a small, but deeply excavated
and sharply defined lunula. The margins of the shell are all continuous, and it is
barely possible to distinguish between anterior, ventral and posterior margins, all
joining to form one nearly circular outline. Posteriorly to the beaks there is a
narrow but sharply defined triangular area. It is not possible to distinguish the
length of the ligament, but it was certainly external.
The hinge is only observable in the left valve. It consists of two cardinal teeth,
of not quite eqnal strength, the posterior one being somewhat larger. There may
have been an anterior lateral tooth, but this cannot be made out with certainty.
The substance of the shell is very solid. The interior shell margin seems to
have been smooth, but it has been weathered in such a peculiar way that irregular
crenulations have been formed, of which it is barely possible to say whether they
existed originally or not.
The surface sculpture of the shell is very characteristic. It consists of about
six very broad and high, roof shaped, concentric folds, with narrow valleys between
them. These folds cover the whole surface of the shell except the lunula and hinge
area, where they stop on the angular ridge surrounding both these parts of the shell.
The shell is rather flat, not much inflated.
The dimensions of a specimen from Virgal are as follows :—
Entire length of the shell 5'5 mm.
„ breadth „ 5 „
Thickness of the left valve 2 „
Apical angle 113
Locality and geological position. — The type specimen of this species was
collected by myself at "Virgal, in a bed of white sandstone forming the topmost
layer of the upper division of the Productus-limestone. Another specimen, some-
what larger, 7 mm. in length, the specific identity of which is, however, some-
what doubtful, was found by myself at the same locality and in the same bed as
the preceding one.
E
214 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Remarks. — As species of Gouldia have up to the present not been quoted in
palseozoic strata, it is necessary to look out in other genera for shells which might
he compared with the present species. There is principally the genus Astarte, in
which similar species might occur, and in fact there have been figured by Geinitz
from Nebrasca two species of Astarte which are not dissimilar to the present species.
They are Astarte nebrascensis, Gein., and astarte sp. ind. (pi. I., fig. 27, Gein. Eoss.
from Nebrasca). The distant concentric ribs on these shells are somewhat similar
to those exhibited by our Gouldia primceva, but Meek, in his final report on
Nebrasca, states that these species have no distinct and sharply defined lunula, and
that the substance of their shells is very thin, so that both are very likely Edmon-
dia or Cardiomorpha, not Astarte ; and thus they cannot be compared to the pre-
sent shell.
Of other palgeozoic species, as far as is known to me, none can be compared.
The mesozoic species are generally more triangular than the present species ;
some, however, seem to be very similar to it.
Sub-family: CABDITIFM
Genus : PLEUROPHORUS, King.
This genus is one which has already very often been the subject of contro-
versy, and even the beautiful drawing of the hinge given in King's monograph of
the permian fossils has been considered as purely a product of phantasy. Never-
theless, I think the genus stands quite sound, and comprises a very characteristic
series o£ forms which are well worth a proper generic designation.
Regarding the characters of the genus it appears that the definition of it, as
proposed by King, can in every respect be maintained ; but, of course, these
characters must not he changed and contested in an arbitrary manner if one wishes
to retain the genus.
The shells belonging to Pleurophorus are equivalve, very elongately inequila-
teral, with anterior beaks, closed all round. The substance of the shell is solid,
and bears a surface sculpture consisting either only of concentric folds, or also
partly of radiating costse. In front of the beaks there is a more or less distinct
lunula. The ligament is external, not very long and supported by distinct fulcra.
The hinge consists of two cardinal teeth in each valve, oi which in the right valve
the anterior and in the left valve the posterior are often very small. A more or less
strongly developed Very elongated posterior lateral tooth is present. The pallial line
is entire ; the posterior muscular impression is very large and generally not very
deep ; the anterior one is not so large but very deep and surrounded posteriorly by
a strong ridge, which descends interiorly from near the beak to the ventral margin
of the shell.
Of these characters those relating to the hinge teeth have been very often
PllODITCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 215
doubted. M'Coy, in his British Palaeozoic Eossils, even denies their existence entire]y
or admits only traces of them to be present ; and Seebach, supported by observa-
tions made on some species from the Muschelkalk, again says that only one car-
dinal tooth is developed. The former author accordingly unites the genus
Pleurophorus with Clidophorus, Hall, whilst the latter considers the same as iden-
tical with Myoconcha, Sow.
It can, I think, not be doubted that the three genera — Clidophorus, Pleuro-
phorus and Myoconcha — are very similar to each other, and that it is chiefly a greater
or less development of the cardinal teeth which furnished the chief characters for
the distinction of them ; nevertheless, the distinction once made should be retained,
as very natural groups of forms are marked off by them, which exhibit also a
peculiar geological distribution. In the palaeozoic formations the forms which are
distinguished as Clidophorus, without cardinal teeth but with a more or less devel-
oped posterior lateral tooth, and those belonging to Pleurophorus proper, are repre-
sented. The former commence already in the silurian period and seem to reach
up into the trias ; the latter, however, seem to have their first representatives in
devonian strata, show their chief development during carboniferous and permian
times, and seem to disappear in triassic strata.
It is now very interesting to observe how in the trias the genus Pleurophorus
apparently slowly changes into Myoconcha. Myoconcha thielaui, Stromb., of the
Muschelkalk (if the observation be correct, which may fairly be doubted), has some-
times two, sometimes only one cardinal tooth, in which latter case its similarity to
Myoconcha is obvious.1 It cannot be denied that also in the palaeozoic Pleuro-
phorus one of the two cardinal teeth is often very little developed ; and if the rock
in which such a shell is preserved is in some degree hard, it very easily happens
that in clearing the hinge from the rock, this small tooth is lost, so that the hinge
would appear to possess only one cardinal tooth ; but in well preserved specimens
a second cardinal tooth will always be present.
Another difference between Myoconcha and Pleurophorus consists in the liga-
ment, which is very long in the former and rather short in the latter genus.
And lastly, the general form of the shells belonging to the two genera is rather
different. In Pleurophorus this is rather rectangular, the beaks being anterior but
not terminal ; in Myoconcha, on the contrary, the beaks are nearly quite terminal,
and thus the general form of the shell becomes more or less Mttlloid.
The close relation in which the three genera, Clidophorus, Pleurophorus, and
Myoconcha stand to each other is a vivid illustration of what difficulties a classifi-
cation of the Pelecypoda has to encounter. The genus Clidophorus was first
mentioned by Stoliczka in the family Pharellidce ; then he transferred it to the
Solemyidce, and at last he again left its position undecided. In regard to Pleuro-
phorus, most authors are in accordance as to its position in the Carditinai ; but
i See the figures by Seebach ; Zeitschr. Deutsch. Geolog. Ges., Vol. XIII., 1861, pi. XV., fig. 3 ami
Sc hauroth : Sitzgsber. Acad. Wiss. Wien., Vol. XVII, 1855, pi. II, fig. 4.
216 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Myoconcha has been placed by some authors in the CarMtince, by others in the
Prasince of the Mytilaeea.
There is, I think, but little doubt that Clidophorus must be placed somewhere
near Pleurophorus, and has to be considered, so to say, as a Pleurophorus, in which
the cardinal teeth have become obsolete. Myoconcha, on the contrary, may perhaps
more correctly be placed in the Mytilaeea, as the similarity of this genus to
Pleurophorus seems to be only superficial. A much closer relation than between
Pleurophorus and Myoconcha seems to exist between the latter genus and Modio,
morpha of Hall, which is very likely the ancestor of Myoconcha. Modiomorpha
is not only largely represented in the devonian strata of America, but also in
Europe it seems to occur in beds of similar age ; at least Myoconcha compressa of
Eoemer is something very like Modiomorpha.
In the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range not less than four species of
Pleurophorus occur. Among these most of the known generic types are repre-
sented; only one, that typified by Pleur. costatus, Brown, is absent in the
Salt-range. There can very conveniently be distinguished three sections, according
to the three different types. The first of these types exhibits a smooth shell, which
bears only a concentric, little prominent sculpture. I shall introduce the name
of Imbricati for this section. A second type has more or less strongly developed
costae on the posterior part of the shell, and therefore will form the section of the
Costati ; a third type bears very strongly radical plications on the posterior part
of its shell, and thus will bear the name Plicati. The Salt-range species will thus
be grouped in the following way : —
I Section: Imbricati—
1. Pleurophorus imbricatus, Kon., sp.
2. „ subovalis, Waagen n. sp.
3. „ complanalus, Waagen n. sp.
II Section : Costati.
Not represented in the Salt-range.
Ill Section : Plicati.
4. Pleurophorus acuteplicaius, Waagen n. sp.
The first section of the genus, the Imbricati, may possibly already commence
in the devonian period. In the carboniferous it seems to be represented by species
like Gardinia phaseolus, Sow, but on the whole it appears not to be common during
that formation. In Australia Pleur. carinatus, Morr. (a name which cannot
stand if Roemer's Cardinia carinata is really a Pleurophorus), might belong to the
section if it is a Pleurophorus at all. In beds corresponding to the permian for-
mation the representation of this section of the genus is somewhat doubtful, if
Pleurophorus ovatus, King, should possibly not be considered as such. There is
on the whole no doubt that this section attains its greatest development in the
Productus-limestone of the Salt-range. Of the three species occurring there Pleur.
subovalis, W, is geologically the oldest ; next in succession comes Pleur. imbri.
PRODUCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 217
catus, Kon sp., and the most recent is Pleur. complanatus, W- There is but little
doubt that all three stand in developmental connection and constitute one series
of forms which may best be designated as the group of Pleur. subovalis, W.
The second section, the Costati, can with tolerable certainty be traced back
to the devonian period. A. Roemer has described from the spirifer-sandstone of
the Harz a species which he calls Cardinia carinata. The hinge of the right valve,
which he figures, exhibits two very distinct cardinal teeth, as in Pleurophorus, and
not one only, as in Cardinia. Though the posterior lateral tooth, which is gene-
rally present in Pleurophorus, seems to be absent in Roemer's species, yet the
general form of the shell and its characteristic sculpture leave but very little doubt
that we have to deal here with a Pleurophorus.
A shell very nearly related to the one mentioned above is Cypricardia striato-
lamellosa, Kon., from the carboniferous limestone of Vise\ Already King has sug-
gested that this shell was very likely a Pleurophorus, and since that time several
writers have expressed themselves in favour of that opinion. Cardinia carinata,
R., and Cypricardia striato-lamellosa, K., are nearly identical in form, and there
was very likely a developmental connection between the two. Whether Pleur.
costatus, Brown, the most common species of the permian formation, is also a
member of the same developmental series, remains doubtful. Also in America
there are species belonging to the section of the Costati, for instance, Pleur. occi-
dentalis, M. and H., from the permo-carboniferous formation of Nebrasca, or
Pleur. costatiformis, M. and "W., from the Keokuk limestone. In the Salt-range
the section has not been detected up to the present.
The third section, as far as is known to me, has up to the present not been
observed in Europe. One species, very likely belonging to this section, has been
described by Morris as Orthonota costata, which name was afterwards changed
by L. G. de Koninck into Pleur. morrisi. It was found in the carboniferous (?)
beds of Illawara and Wollongong in Australia. Another species from the latter
locality, which has been called by Koninck Pleur. biplex, is very likely a Oram-
mysia. The section is represented in the Salt-range by a single species, Pleur.
acuteplicatus, "W., which stands in no connection whatever to Pleur. morrisi.
Section I: IMBRICATI.
Group of Pleurophorus subovalis, Waagen.
1. Pleurophorus imbricatus, Koninck, sp., PI. XVIII, fig. 1.
1863. Solenopsis imbricata, Koninck, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Lond., Vol. XIX, p. 8, pi. IV, fig. 3.
1863. Solenopsis imbricata, Koninck, Fossiles Paleozoiques de l'lndc, p. 16, pi. Ill, fig. 3.
The general form of the shell is elongated trapezoidal, with nearly parallel
margins, dorsal and ventral. The shell is equivalve, very unsymmetrical, with sub-
anterior beaks.
218 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The beaks are very small, very little prominent, pointed, and barely at all
incurved. In front of them tbere is a small, deep and distinctly denned lunula of
narrowly oval shape. The anterior part of the shell is very short and little pro*
minent, its margin forming a narrowly rounded curve. The ventral margin of the
shell is slightly concave, and joins the posterior margin in an obtuse angle. Pos-
teriorly the shell is somewhat truncated, the margin there going up in a nearly
straight line of somewhat oblique direction. It joins the dorsal margin without
forming a distinct angle. Posteriorly to the beaks there is a deeply excavated
hinge area, in the depth of which the ligament is situated.
From the beak to the ventral margin there extends a broad shallow depression,
whilst posteriorly a triangular space is marked off by an obtuse ridge extend-
ing from tbe beak to the lower posterior corner of the shell.
The whole surface of the shell is covered by strong imbricating concentric
folds, parallel to the shell margins, marking stages of growth. Between these folds
barely any finer strise of growth are visible.
The substance of the shell is very solid. The hinge cannot be observed.
The valves are very flat and depressed.
The measurements of the larger specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 43 mm.
„ breadth „ 17 ,,
Thickness of the right valve 7'5 „
Apical angle 130°
Locality and geological position. — The typical specimen of this species (a right
valve) was collected by Dr. Fleming at Vurcha, and is preserved in the collection of
the Geological Society of London.
This specimen is contained in a dark yellow oolitic marly rock containing
a number of fragments of other fossils ; and I think it highly probable that the
specimen came from the middle region of the upper division of the Productus-
limestone.
Another smaller specimen (left valve), also very probably belonging to this
species, was collected by myself at Katwahi in a grey friable sandstone, belonging
to the middle region of the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — As this species was originally described by Mons. de Koninck in
the genus Solenopsis, it requires some words of explanation why I have transferred
it to Pleurophorus.
In Solenopsis the shell is very transversely elongate, apparently not very solid,
and is distinctly gaping posteriorly. In these latter two points the present species
differs distinctly from M'Coy's genus, as it possesses a very solid shell, which
is closed all round and nowhere gaping.
The internal characters could not be observed in the present species, but in its
external appearance it so closely resembles the two following species, which possess
an entire pallial impression and two distinct cardinal teeth, that the genus Pleuro-
phorus is also the most probable one for the shell here under consideration.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE— PELECYPODA. 219
The genus Solenopsis seems not to have been quite correctly interpreted by
de Eyckholt, and thus some of his species of Solenopsis might very well be considered
as Tleurophorus. Thus very likely Solenopsis uniplicata, Pyckh., is a Pleuro-
phorus ; and it bears a certain resemblance to Pleurophorus vmbricatus, but can
easily be distinguished by its more unsymmetrical form and the greater inflation of
its valves.
I know of no other species which could at all be compared to Pleurophorus
imbricatus.
2. Pleurophorus subovalis, Waagen, n. sp., PL XVIII, figs. 2, 3.
The general form of this species is very elongately oval, rounded in front and
obliquely truncate behind.
The beaks are sub-anterior, very little prominent, pointed and barely incurved.
In front of them there is a very small indistinct lunula which causes barely any
sinuation in the outline of the shell.
The anterior shell margin is broadly rounded, and not limited off from the
ventral margin, which is flatly arched. At the junction between the ventral and
posterior margins of the shell an obtuse angle is formed. The posterior margin is
nearly straight, and goes obliquely up to the hinge line, joining it at an obtuse
angle. Posteriorly to the beaks there extends along the straight hinge line a very
narrow, but very distinct area. The length and mode of insertion of the ligament
cannot be observed.
The hinge cannot be well observed in any of the specimens at my disposal ;
a posterior lateral tooth is apparently visible in one specimen, but of the cardinal
teeth nothing can be seen.
On an internal cast from Khura the pallial line and posterior muscular impres-
sion are very well visible ; the former is most strongly marked, and runs nearly for
its entire length parallel to the ventral margin of the shell. Posteriorly it suddenly
bends up and joins the very large and very deep impression of the posterior
adductor at its posterior end. This latter impression is of very shortly oval, nearly
circular shape. In front and superiorly to it there seems to be a second smaller
muscular impression, which is, however, not so distinct as it has been figured
(pi. XVIII, fig. 3) by the draughtsman. The anterior muscular impression is
covered up by rocky matter.
Externally the sculpturing of the shell is very characteristic. Erom the beaks
to the lower posterior corner of the shell there extends a very indistinct obtuse
ridge, marking off a triangular posterior space on the shell. There is however,
unlike in the preceding species, a depression of the shell extending from the beak
to the ventral margin ; but the surface of the shell is very regularly arched, not
much inflated. The whole shell is covered by concentric sculpturing of two
different kinds. There are a few strong concentric imbricating folds, marking stages
of growth, whilst between them a distinct fine concentric striatipn occurs.
220 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The measurements of a specimen from Chidru are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell, about i 44 mm.
„ breadth „ ' . . 18 „
Thickness of the left valve 8 „
Apical angle 150°
Locality and geological position. — There are two specimens of this species
preserved in the Salt-range collection. One, an internal cast of the left valve,
was found by myself at KMra in very hard compact limestone, at the upper limit
of the middle division of the Productus-limestone ; another, also a left valve, but
provided with its shell, comes from Chidru, and was found there by me in a hard
somewhat oolitic limestone in the lower beds of the upper division of the Productus-
limestone.
The species thus seems to range from the middle to the upper Productus-
limestone, and so would be anterior in its geological age to the species described
before as Pleurophorus imbricatus, which latter has up to the present been detected
only in the upper division of the same formation.
Remarks. — The present species in its general form very much resembles
Pleurophorus imbricatus, Kon., and might easily be mistaken for that species, but on
closer comparison very characteristic differences can be detected.
Chiefly, the general outline of the present species is much more oval and
less trapezoidal than in Pleurophorus imbricatus ; the ventral margin of the shell is
arched instead of being excavated, and there is no depression extending from the
beak to the ventral margin; the sculpture is less strongly marked, and between
the imbricating folds fine striae of growth are intercalated ; lastly, the apical angle
is much greater in this than in the preceding species.
Of European fossils only Solenopsis omalii, Eyckh. might be compared, but
this shell has a much narrower posterior part, not to speak of the different sculpture.
In America a species which is very nearly related to the shell described above
as ' Pleurophorus subovalis, has been erroneously figured by Meek and "Worthen
(Illinois Reports, Vol. Ill, pi. 19, fig. 5), under the name of Pleurophorus costa-
tiformis, M. and W. : although it is stated in the text that this figure represents
a species different from Pleurophorus costatiformis, yet there is no proper name
given for it. The specimen was found in the Keokuk-limestone, lower carboniferous.
This shell also can be distinguished from the Indian species, as it is somewhat
broader in comparison to its length and has a narrower posterior end.
3. Pleurophorus complanatus, Waagen, n. sp., PI. XVIII, figs. 5 — 7.
This is a much smaller species than the two described above.
The general form of this species is not very long, trapezoidal, with parallel
dorsal and ventral margins. It is very inequilateral, the apex being nearly terminal
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 221
in its position, obliquely truncated behind and rounded in front. The valves are
very strongly compressed and flat.
The apex is very small, not at all prominent and not incurved. In front of it
there is a very narrow, small, distinct but not sharply defined lunula, which causes
a sinuation in the outline of the shell.
The anterior shell margin is tolerably broadly rounded and joins the ventral
margin without distinct limitation. The latter is straight or very slightly sinuated,
and forms an obtuse angle where it unites with the posterior margin of the
shell. This latter is very slightly arched and ascends in an oblique direction to
meet the straight hinge line under a broadly obtuse angle. Posteriorly to the beaks
there is a not very long but distinct narrow area.
The ligament is short, situated immediately behind the beaks and supported
by fulcra.
The hinge of the right valve, which is alone known to me, consists of two
distinct cardinal teeth, of which the anterior one is very small, and easily lost in
clearing the hinge of the adhering rock ; the posterior tooth is very large and some-
what inclined, separated from the anterior by a broad and deep groove for the
reception of a large tooth of the left valve. Posteriorly to this large cardinal tooth
there is a smaller triangular groove for the reception of the posterior cardinal tooth
of the left valve. Behind this groove follows a flat space which supports the
fulcrum for the insertion of the ligament.
A short way behind the cardinal hinge apparatus a posterior lateral tooth
commences as a thin shelly ridge, increasing in size further behind, and situated
parallel to the long straight posterior hinge margin. It seems to extend nearly
the whole length.
Pallial and muscular impressions are not visible.
The surface sculpture of the shell is very simple. Erom the beak to the lower
posterior corner there extends a very obtuse and low, barely perceptible, angular
elevation, which marks off a posterior triangular space of the shell. A very flat
depression, extending from the beak to the ventral margin, is sometimes perceptible,
sometimes no trace of it exists. The surface of the shell is covered by very
numerous fine striae of growth, which are at very irregular intervals interrupted
by strong concentric imbricating folds, which are however never very numerous,
hardly in any case showing a greater number than three.
The measurements of a specimen from Virgal are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 19 mm.
„ hreadth „ 9 „
Thickness of the right valve 2 „
Apical angle ' 117°
The species seems not to grow much larger than the specimen of which the
measurements have been given, as among eight specimens no larger ones occur.
Locality and geological position. — This species is not at all rare in the top-
ic
222 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
most beds of the upper division of the Productus-limestone. It has been collected
in these beds by myself at Virgal (three specimens, one right and two left valves)
and at Chidru (five specimens, one right and four left valves).
Remarks. — This species is subject to slight variations, which are however
easily to be recognised as such. For instance, one of the left valves from Virgal
has the dorsal and ventral margins not so parallel as in the figured specimen,
and in consequence of this the posterior part of the shell is narrower, but in
all other respects it agrees perfectly with the typical form. A great variability
exists also in respect to the number and distance of the larger imbricating folds,
of which sometimes only one is present instead of three or four as in other
specimens.
Of species hitherto described Tleur. imbricates, Kon., is the most nearly related
to the present form, and chiefly in the earlier stages of growth the two shells can
only with difficulty be distinguished. Nevertheless the smaller specimens show
some characteristic differences. Tleur. imbricatus is in all stages of growth more
elongated in its general outline, and its valves are more inflated. The depression
of the shell, which extends from the beak to the ventral margin, is more strongly
developed, and the strong imbricating folds are more numerous.
Also Tleur. subovalis, W., is rather nearly related to the species here under
consideration, but its arched ventral margin, greater elongation, and the considera-
ble inflation of its valves make also here a distinction not too difficult.
A very noteworthy faet is the relative position of the beaks of the valves in
the three species. In Tleur. subovalis, W., which is geologically the oldest of the
three, the beaks are most nearly approached to the middle of the shell, though
also here the general form of the shell is very unsymmetrical. The beak is very
little prominent, and thus its position chiefly determines the expansion of the
apical angle, whieh in this species is as much as 150 degrees. In Tleur. imbricatus,,
which is next younger in geological succession, the beaks of the valves are more
anterior, and thus, under otherwise similar circumstances, the apical angle decreases;
and has only an expansion of 130 degrees. Lastly, in Tleur. cemplanatus, W., the
geologically youngest species of the three, the beaks are yet more anterior in their
position, and thus the apical angle again decreases to a considerable extent, its width
being, however, not quite constant. In those specimens in which the beaks are
most anterior, this angle is about 110 degrees ; in other specimens it is as much as-
117° yet considerably smaller than in Tleur. imbricatus. Thus in the three species,
which are in continuous geological succession, a very marked tendency to change in
a certain distinct direction is traceable, consisting in a constant decrease of the
apical angle. This, however, goes hand in hand with another peculiarity, a con-
stant decrease in the inflation of the valves which become more and more flat in
the more recent species.
Thus the three species Tleur. subovalis, W., Tleur. imbricatus, Kon., and Tleur ~
camplanatuSi W., can fairly be considered as constituting a developmental series.
PRODTJCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 223
Of American species, one or the other might he compared to Tleur. com-
planatus, but I do not think that any of them is identical.
Also the shell, which has been figured by Benecke (Geognost. Pal. Beitr. IT,
PI. 3, fig. 3) under the name of Myoconcha gasterochcena, Dunk., bears a great
resemblance to our Pleur. complanatus.
Section III: PLICATI.
4. PiiET/ROPHORTJS ACUTBPLICATUS, Waagen, n. sp., PI. XVIII, fig. 10.
The general form of this shell is not much like that of a Pleurophorus,
but recalls much more that of Cardita, although from that genus also it differs
more or less widely.
This species is in its general form more or less shortly trapezoidal, with tolerably
parallel dorsal and ventral margins. The beaks are very much anterior and
therefore the form of the valves very unsymmetrical. The valves are tolerably
strongly inflated and closed all round.
The beaks are very small, pointed and not much incurved, very close together,
and very little prominent. In front of the beaks there is a small deeply excavated
but not very distinctly defined lunula, quite sunk in so as not to show in the
outline of the shell. The anterior shell margin is obliquely truncated, nearly
. straight. It joins the ventral margin in first forming an obtuse angle, and then
descending in an oblique direction. The ventral margin of the shell is nearly
straight for a short distance, and then rises to meet the posterior margin which
ascends in an oblique line until it reaches the hinge area, where it forms a distinct
obtuse angle.
The hinge line is nearly quite straight. Behind the beaks there is a sharply
defined not very broad hinge area on each valve, and in the fossa formed by
the areas of the two valves there extends a not very long ligament distinctly
external, and apparently, as far as can be seen from the smallness of the shell,
supported by fulcra.
The characters of the hinge itself cannot be observed.
The sculpture is very characteristic, dividing the shell into two parts. Ante-
riorly there is a faint concentric sulcation observable, parallel to the ventral margin
of the shell, but posteriorly there extend five or six high sharp radiating folds,
taking their origin at the beaks, and they also are crossed by a fine concentric
striation. They alternate on the two valves and thus cause the ventral margin to
form a broken line. The plicated part of the shell is, however, much larger
than the smooth part, occupying about two-thirds of the whole length of the shell.
The first radial fold, which is situated most anteriorly, descends from the beak itfan
oblique line and meets the ventral margin a little anteriorly to its middle. All the
following folds have a more and more oblique direction ; the third meets the lower
224 SALT-EANGE EOSSILS.
posterior angle of the shell, and the sixth or fifth is nearly parallel to the hinge
margin. As the folds alternate their number is not equal on the two valves ; there
are five on the left and six on the right valve.
The substance of the shell is rather solid.
Muscular and pallial impressions are not visible.
The measurements of the only specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell, about 9 mm.
„ breadth „ „ . . 6 „
Thickness of both valves 3'5 „
Apical angle 120°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species preserved
in the Salt-range collection was found by myself in the top beds of the upper
division of the Productus-limestone at Virgal. It represents an individual which
retains both valves, but is somewhat broken at its posterior end.
Remarks. — The position of this shell in the genus Pleurophorus is not beyond
every doubt, as it has been impossible to make the characters of the hinge visible.
The solidity of its shell and its general form indicate, however, this position as
the most probable one, otherwise it could only be the representative of a new
genus intermediate between Pleurophorus and Palceocardita.
The general form and sculpture of this shell are so very peculiar that it
can hardly be compared to any species hitherto described. Prom Australia a
species has been made known as Pleurophorus morrisi, Kon., which has at least the
posterior part of the shell plicated to a certain extent, but the folds are very
much more numerous and more limited to the posterior part of the shell than
is the case in the present species.
Much more similar, though also only distantly related, is a species which
has been described most recently by Noetling from the Muschelkalk of lower
Silesia, and which has been called by him Myoconcha beyrichi.
The hinge of this species has not been figured, and from the description alone
it is not easy to judge ; but Noetling speaks of two cardinal teeth in the right .
valve, and thus this shell might well be a Pleurophorus. The similarity of this shell
to the Indian species consists chiefly in its posterior part being strongly costate,
and the smooth anterior part being very small, otherwise but little accordance
exists between the two.
Thus Pleurophorus acuteplicatus, W., seems to be rather isolated, and its true
relation to other forms can only be made out in the future.
Genus: CLEIDOPHOEUS, Hall.
Already in the introductory remarks to the preceding genus I had several
times occasion to mention the genus Cleidophorus. As to the mode of writing
this name, it seems to me of no great importance whether the strict spelling
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 225
" Cleidophorus" or the spelling " Clidophorus" according to the New-greek pronun-
ciation of the " ei," he adopted. In order to satisfy purists, who possibly might
object to the second mode of spelling, I have used the first one in the heading, but
otherwise I am of opinion that either spelling may be optionally used.
Cleidophorus, as was mentioned a few pages before, seems to be in very near
relation to Pleurophorus, though this relation has not been acknowledged by all
palEeontologists. Dr. Stoliczka's view that the genus formed part of the family
Solemyidce whilst Pleurophorus belonged to the Astartidce will, I think, be accepted
by only a very few men of science ; most of them will rather follow the other
opinion, that Cleidophorus was a sub-genus of Pleurophorus. Also Hall himself, in
his most recent classification of the Lamellibranchiate shells, adopted in Miller's
catalogue, puts Cleidophorus and Pleurophorus into one and the same family, which
he calls Cyprinidce.
A great many authors, however, among them M'Ooy and Woodward, not only
wish to unite both genera in one and the same family, but they even consider the
two genera as identical, and the former writer therefore suppresses the name Pleu-
rophorus entirely. That this should not be done, I have already intimated in the
introductory notes on the latter genus. It remains yet to be shown that Clidophorus
may well be retained as a proper genus.
To begin with, it is very difficult to find out if the shells which are generally
considered as Clidophorus, chiefly the permian species, are really generically identi-
cal with the form which was originally called by Hall Cleidophorus. In order to
settle this question it would be necessary to examine the typical species from
American silurian rocks, a precaution which is impossible for me for want of
material. In America, according to Miller's catalogue, the genus Cleidophorus
is quoted only from silurian and devonian strata, whilst the carboniferous and
permian species are referred to the genus Pleurophorus.
According to Hall's description Clidophorus is very thinly shelled, perfectly
edentulous and provided with an internal ridge, surrounding the anterior muscular
impression. The more recent species which have been subsumed in the genus are
not always perfectly edentulous, but in many cases an elongated posterior lateral
tooth has been observed, being in its position parallel to the posterior hinge margin.
Nevertheless, I think these shells may be united with Cleidophorus, as every inter-
mediate form occurs, between the perfectly edentulous and those with a slightly
developed posterior lateral tooth.
"We can thus define the genus Clidophorus in the following manner: —
Equivalve, very inequilateral, with sub-anterior beaks; substance of the shell
very thin, surface smooth, only with concentric strise or with fine radiating costse ;
hinge without cardinal teeth, sometimes with one elongated posterior lateral tooth ;
lio-ament external, not very long, sometimes supported by fulcra ; pallial impression
simple; posterior muscular impression large, but very faint; anterior one much
smaller, but very deep, surrounded posteriorly by a stong prominent ridge, which
226 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
descends from within the beak to near the ventral margin. In the internal cast
this ridge produces a deep incision just in front of the beak.
The genus Cleiclophorus commences already in lower silurian strata, is not rare
in the upper silurian, but seems not to be represented very numerously in the
devonian formation, though many species belonging to it may have been described
under the name of Nucula. During lower carboniferous times the genus had not
entirely died out, but species are very few, reduced in number to two or three,
whilst in the coal-measures the genus attains suddenly a considerable development,
which it seems to possess also during the permian formation. In the trias the
genus is still represented, though it is very difficult to state how numerous the
species may have been, as most of the species have been assigned to other genera.
So much is certain that in Jurassic strata no representative of the genus any
longer exists.
The species belonging to this genus are formed according to two different types,
which may very well serve for the distinction of two sections within the genus.
The first is typified by Modiola simple/,, Keys., Clidophorus simplus, Gein. It
comprises shells of more or less trapezoidal outline and only concentric sculpture ;
this section may conveniently be called the Simplices. The other type is repre-
sented by Modiola pallasi, Vern., Clidophorus pallasi, Gein. The shells belonging
to this type are more Modiolif orm, with nearly terminal beaks and very little deve-
loped anterior part of the shell. In well-preserved specimens the surface is mostly
finely striated, radiately ; the name of Modioliformis may be used for this section.
The first section seems to be represented already among the silurian species ; it
is also not rare in the American coal-measures. The second section on the contrary
has apparently its oldest representatives in the carboniferous period, and is most
numerously developed during permian times, extending into triassic strata.
In the Salt-range Productus-limestone both these sections are represented, each
by one species, and thus we have —
Section I : Simplices.
1. Cleiclophorus trapezoidalis, W.
Section II : Modioliformes.
%. Cleidqp/wrus striaiulus, W.
It is not possible to indicate any species with which either of the Indian shells
could be in close connection. The first is related to Clid. simplus, Keys., sp.; the
second to Clid. pallasi, Vern., sp., without showing, however, a striking similaritv.
The genus Pleurophorus seems to have branched off from the geologically older
Clidophorus during lower devonian times in developing cardinal teeth and a posterior
lateral one, which latter character appears also in the newer species of Clidophorus ;
on the other hand, Pleurophorus seems again to be the ancestor of Palceocardita*
Such a developmental connection can, however, here only be hinted at; we are
yet far from being able to prove such a connection by striking facts..
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELEOYPODA. 227
Section I: SIMPLICES.
2. Cleidophortjs trapezoidalis, Waagen, n. sp., PI. XVIII, fig. 4
The general form of this species is elongated trapezoidal, somewhat broader on
its posterior than on its anterior part. The shell is very inequilateral and tolerably
inflated.
The beaks are very little prominent, rounded and not much incurved. In front
of them a very small, tolerably deep, roundish lunula is situated, which is, however,
not sharply defined and causes no deep sinuation in the outline of the shell.
The anterior margin of the shell projects but little in front of the beaks, and
forms a tolerably broad arch. The ventral margin joins the anterior one without a
marked limit, is sinuated in its anterior part, and then descends in a nearly straight
oblique line to the lower posterior corner of the shell. This corner is, however,
not angular, but rather broadly rounded. Erom there the posterior margin ascends
straight, in a very slightly oblique direction, and joins the hinge line by a
rounded off corner. The hinge line is very flatly arched, nearly quite straight,
and the area, which is generally present along this part of the shell, is so narrow
that it seems reduced to a mere fine.
The mode of insertion of the ligament cannot be observed. .
The hinge itself is preserved only in the impression on the rock. As far
as it can be judged from this impression, there were no cardinal teeth, but
posteriorly to the beaks and parallel to the hinge line, there extended a poorly
developed, long, narrow, more or less lamellar, posterior lateral tooth.
Immediately in front of the beak there is a very strong and high internal ridge,
which descends vertically to near the ventral margin, without, however, reaching it.
On the cast this ridge appears as a deep and narrow incision just in front of
the beak.
Muscular and pallial impressions cannot be observed.
The substance of the shell was very thin.
The valves are tolerably strongly inflated, and are thickest about in the middle
of their length. There extends from the beaks to the ventral margin of the shell,
in an oblique direction, a broad flat depression which produces a sinuation of the
ventral margin.
The surface of the shell is covered by not numerous, rather strong, concentric
imbricating folds, marking stages of growth.
The dimensions of the only specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell, about 50 mm.
„ breadth „ anteriorly 18 „
posteriorly 23 „
Thickness of the left valve 11 „
Apical angle, about 130°
228 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species preserved
in the Salt-range collection was detected hy myself near Katwahi, on the road
to Shahpur, in a very friable yellowish grey sandstone in the middle region of
the upper division of the Productus-limestone. The specimen consists in an
internal cast of a rather large individual, with parts of the shell adhering to the
left valve.
Remarks. — There is chiefly one species, which has been described by Meek and
Hay den from the "Coal-measures" of Nebrasca, very similar to the present one;
this is Pleurophorus oblongus, M. and H. That this species is not a Pleurophorus
but a Cleidophorus is already evident from its very thin shell, as also from
the long, slender posterior lateral tooth, which is indicated as the only existing
tooth. In general form this species is very similar to our Cleid. trapezoidalis ;
but besides that it has a much less considerable size, its anterior part is also much
narrower, and its posterior much broader than in the Indian shell.
Cleidophorus simplus, Keys., sp., is much less nearly related, as in that species the
posterior part is narrower than the anterior one ; nevertheless, there exists a certain
similarity of type between the two shells.
On the whole, one can say that the relation of the present species lies much
more with permian and upper coal-measures species than with shells from truly
carboniferous rocks.
Section II : MODIOLIFOEMES.
2. Cleidophoetjs stbiattjltjs, Waagen, n. sp., PI. XVIII, fig. 12.
The general form of this shell is about spatulate, very narrow in front and
apparently broad and obliquely truncated behind ; very inequilateral and tolerably
inflated.
The beaks are very much anterior, obtuse, and very little incurved. There is a
deep, but very small, roundish lunula in front of the beaks, which is not sharply
defined, and not equally well developed in all specimens, causing, according to its
development, a more or less strong sinuation in the outline of the shell. The
anterior part of the shell is very narrowly rounded and very little prominent. The
ventral margin descends from the point of junction with the anterior one, at first
forming a slight sinuation and then nearly straight, in an oblique direction to the
lower posterior corner of the shell. This latter is narrowly rounded off, and then
follows the nearly straight, obliquely truncated, posterior margin, which joins the
hinge line in a rather distinct obtuse angle. I regret to say that both specimens
of this species have been broken by me in endeavouring to expose them for figuring,
and that it has thus become impossible to reproduce in the plates the entire outline
of the shell. The hinge line is nearly straight, and the area which accompanies it
is extremely narrow, nearly linear.
The hinge is decidedly without cardinal teeth. A very little developed, very
PRODTJCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 229
elongated, posterior lateral tooth seems to be present, situated parallel to the
posterior hinge margin. It is, however, very difficult, to arrive at a certain con-
clusion about this point, as the shell is of rather small size and contained in a very
hard rock.
Pallial and muscular impressions are not visible ; the internal vertical ridge,
just in front of the beak, is apparently but little developed.
The shell has tolerably inflated and curved valves, the greatest thickness of
them being situated about in the middle of their length. There extends from the
beak to the lower posterior corner of the shell in a diagonal direction a broadly
rounded, elevated portion of the shell, on both sides of which depressions occur.
Below and anteriorly to the elevated part there is a broad low depression, which
caused the ventral margin of the shell to be flatly but broadly sinuated ; a depressed
triangular part of the shell is marked off above and posteriorly.
The surface sculpture is different on different parts of the shell. Anteriorly,
as far as the anterior depression extends, it consists only of concentric fine stria? of
growth, parallel to the hinge margin. Posteriorly these strise are crossed by
a number of fine radial strise or costse, which begin on the beak and extend to the
posterior margin. They are not all equal ; some of them are stronger, some less
strongly developed. Also the different specimens seem to differ in this respect, as
the radial sculpture seems in some specimens to be nearly quite obliterated.
The substance of the shell is very thin and fragile.
The dimensions of the larger of the two specimens seem to have been as
follows : —
Length of the shell from the anterior end to the lower posterior angle . . 22 mm.
„ „ „ „ „ to the end of the hinge line . 18 „
Ereadth of the shell at the anterior part 7 „
„ » >. .. posterior part 11 „
Thickness of the right valve 3 „
Apical angle 141°
Locality and geological position. — There are two specimens of this species, both
right valves, preserved in the Salt-range collection. Both were found by myself at
Virgal in a hard grey sandstone forming the top bed of the upper division of the
Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This species is very nearly related to an European permian shell,
and I do not doubt that by many men of science both fossils would have been con-
sidered as belonging to one and the same species. This shell is Clidophoms pallasi,
Vern., sp. It must be stated in the first place, that this shell has to be considered as
a Cleidophorus and not as a Cardiomorpha, as King and several American writers
have advocated. Though in Cleidophorus pallasi itself the posterior lateral tooth
may in most cases be obliterated, yet this shell is so extremely nearly related to
species which possess a posterior lateral tooth that it is impossible to distinguish
it generically from them. Besides this, I know, of no case in the genus Cardio-
morpha, where an internal vertical ridge in front of the beak is found.
M
230 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Clidophorus pallasi has been already often figured, but all the figures given
do not well agree. There seem chiefly two forms comprised under the name ; one
is longer and narrower in comparison to its breadth ; it occurs in Eussia and has
been figured excellently by Verneuil in the Geology of Eussia, and less characteris-
tically, but in many specimens by Golovkinsky. The other is much shorter and
broader in comparison to its length ; it is yery commonly represented in Western
Europe, Germany, and England, and has been beautifully figured by Mr. King
(under the name of Cardiomorpha murchisoniana) and by Geinitz.
The Indian shell resembles chiefly the Eussian variety, that is to say the
typical Cleidophorus pallasi. It seems to be distinct from this species by a some-
what more projecting anterior part of the shell, and by a yet narrower and more
elongated general form. The striation on the surface is also more distinct in the
Indian fossil than in any of the many varieties of the Eussian species.
From the Western European form, which, if specifically distinct, may retain
the name of Cleidophorus murchisonianus, King, the Indian species is easily distin-
guishable by its much more elongated general form, longer and straighter hinge
line and much less distinct area.
At all events Cleidophorus striatulus, W., can be considered as a vicarious
species, or as a geographical variety of the permian Cleidophorus pallasi.
But there are also some triassic species to which the Indian shell bears a cer-
tain resemblance. There has been figured by Giebel under the name of Mytilus
mulleri a shell found in the Muschelkalk at Lieskau and which, according to the
drawing, is very likely a Cleidophorus. This shell has been identified by Seebach
with Myoconcha thielaui, Stromb., but the drawing of the hinge of the latter
species given by him shows a rather strong cardinal tooth, and it therefore may be
doubted whether Seebach's specimen is a Cleidophorus, and whether it is identical
with Mytilus mulleri, Gieb. Giebel's original drawing shows a shell rather similar
on the whole to Vl. striatulus, W., but distinct by its even more mytiloid shape,
and a radial striation, which is spread nearly over the whole surface of the shell.
Myoconcha gasterochcena, Dunk., also a species from the Muschelkalk, which is
even with greater certainty a Cleidophorus than those already mentioned, is in its
general form more similar to CI. striatulus than Myt . mulleri, but on the surface
of the shell the radial striation is absent.
Order: AECACEA.
Family: TRIGONIID^!.
Genus: SCHIZODUS, King.
This genus is one of those which are most easily recognised among the palaeo-
zoic shells, though their distinction from mesozoic ones is not equally easy. But
even among the palseozoic fossils there exists some doubt as to the name which
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 231
ought to be applied to the shells here under consideration. Several names have
been given for similar forms, but have not been equally well characterised.
The oldest name that has been applied to similar shells is that of Dolabra,
M'Coy. There is no doubt that some of the species described by M'Coy under
that name belong in reality to the genus Schizodus, but the first three species
mentioned by M'Coy are widely different things, and thus it is certainly not proper,
as has been done by de Ryckholt, to suppress the name Schizodus entirely and
place instead that of Dolabra, as the latter name must be retained only for those
forms described by M'Coy as the first three species.
The next oldest name is Schizodus. Since the description of that genus several
other shells have been described, which in their general form are more or less similar
to King's genus. There is Anodontopsis, M'Coy, a genus which in outline is rather
nearly allied to Schizodus, and which is chiefly distinct by its singular hinge
apparatus, which seems to be devoid of distinct cardinal teeth, but possesses
apparently of an elongated posterior lateral tooth. I should not like to pronounce
any opinion on the systematic position of this genus without having carefully
examined a larger number of specimens. The genus has been placed by Stoliczka in
the family Solemyidce. Hall on the contrary gives to it a place in the Mytilidcs, which
latter seems to be the most probable one. Nearly identical in outline with Schizodus
is Pseudaxinus, Salter, chiefly distinct by its very thin shell, and its very little deve-
loped hinge apparatus. It must very likely be considered as the predecessor of
Schizodus in silurian rocks, though also extending in some species into the devonian
formation, and even in carboniferous rocks very similar shells occur which are, how-
ever, introduced under the name of Niobe, Kon. This genus is barely distinct from
Pseudaxinus, only that the single cardinal tooth is generally more strongly deve-
loped. Along with Pseudaxinus the genus Curtonotus, Salt., occurs in devonian
strata, and seems to be even generally preponderating. All palaeontologists are not
in accordance as to the validity of this genus ; and Hall directly considers it as iden-
tical with Schizodus. If, however, the description given by Salter be correct, which
there is no cause to doubt, Curtonotus seems to be well distinguishable from Schizo-
dus. As Hall takes Curtonotus to be identical with Schizodus, it becomes very difficult
to state at what time the typical forms of Schizodus first made their appearance, but
it is probable that they are not older than the mountain-limestone. Also in Euro-
pean devonian strata, as in America, species occur which are not dissimilar to
Schizodus, for instance Oardinia inflata, Roem., from the spirifer-sandstone of the
Harz, but in these species the median cardinal tooth in the left valve is so very
small that they will be better placed in the genus Curtonotus.
It is a fact very worthy of notice that among the genera more or less allied to
Schizodus we find the toothless and thinly shelled ones to be the geologically oldest,
whilst through Curtonotus to Schizodus a very gradual development of the hinge
apparatus can be observed ; a fact very similar to that which we were able to indi-
cate among the genera more or less allied to Pleurophorus. Also here the toothless
232 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
Cleidophorus is the older, whilst the strongly toothed Pleurophorus makes its
appearance only in newer formations, and seems further up in the series of formations
more and more to approach Palceocardites, though the toothless Cleidophorus conti-
nues yet along with the teeth-hearing forms.
But also in ScMzodus the more and more strong development of the hinge
apparatus seems not to be arrested. There has been fought out a long controversy
as to whether ScMzodus could be distinguished from the mesozoic genus Myophoria,
Brown, and it has at last been decided in favour of a distinction. The genus
Neoschizodus, Giebel, cannot be retained, as has been shown by several authors.
Myophoria is indeed very nearly allied to Schizodus, the cardinal teeth in both
valves are perfectly identical, and the only point of difference consists in a more or
less strongly developed internal ridge, surrounding the anterior muscular impression
at its upper extremity and extending from there a short way up towards the apex
of the valves. Also in Schizodus a certain tendency exists to develope internal
ridges inside the valves, but they are mostly posterior ; one case, however, will be
demonstrated where anteriorly a kind of thickening of the substance of the shell
takes place, approaching very nearly the internal ridge of the Myophorice.
In Myophorice for the first time the peculiarity presents itself of the cardinal
teeth being partly transversely ribbed at their sides. This peculiarity is yet much
more developed in the genus Trigonice, which is next younger in geological
succession, and which shows on the whole an extreme development of the hinge
apparatus.
Thus we have been able to follow this series of forms step by step from the
toothless silurian JPseudaxinus to the recent Trigonice.
The genus Schizodus is rather largely represented in the palaeozoic deposits of
the Salt-range, and therefore several observations as to the variability of certain
characters could be made. "We may first note that the hinge teeth are not always
developed absolutely in the same manner as represented in King's drawings. In
the right valve the posterior cardinal tooth is generally very small and firmly
appressed to the hinge margin, superseded by a not long but very distinct fulcrum.
Anteriorly the hinge margin is somewhat thickened, forming an indistinct third
anterior cardinal tooth. In the left valve the large median cardinal tooth is only
rarely distinctly bifid ; it is generally only somewhat impressed in the middle. The
posterior lateral tooth is extremely small and narrow ; the anterior is larger and well
developed.
The muscular impressions are sometimes very deep and strong, sometimes
rather shallow. In young specimens a sharp ridge sometimes extends from the
upper margin of the posterior adductor to near the beak on the inside of the
valve, appearing as an incision on the cast. In older specimens, or in other species
in young ones also, this ridge is much more indistinct, and is entirely absent in
others.
The pallial impression is rather strongly marked in most species. It is not
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 2S&
simply truncate posteriorly, as it has been drawn by King, but in most cases a very
slight sinuation is observable in the posterior part of it. It joins the posterior
muscular impression about in its middle.
The genus constitutes a rather compact set of forms, and neither in sculpture
nor in outline do (great variations take place, and so it is impossible to distinguish
any large sections within the genus ; even the specific distinctions become in most
cases very difficult. Only with the appearence of* the genus Myophoria, the geolo-
gically oldest species of which seem to occur in the Salt-range, does a greater vari-
ability of the forms arise, reaching its maximum in the genus Trigonia.
There occur not less than four species of this genus in the palseozoic deposits
of the Salt-range, but only one of these can be identified with tolerable certainty
with an European shell ; this is Schizodus rotundatus, Brown, which occurs in
numerous specimens in the upper division of the Productus-limestone. Two others,
beyond doubt, must be considered as vicarious forms of shells occurring in the
permian formation of Europe. One of them I shall call Schiz. pinguis, ~W. It is
very nearly allied to Schiz. obscurus, Sow., and by many men of science both forms
will be considered as identical. There are, however, as will be' shown in the
description of the species, some differences which make it more probable that we have
to deal here with vicarious forms rather than with identical species. The same
is the case with another species which I shall describe under the name of Schiz.
dubiiformis, W. This fossil agrees very nearly with Schiz. dubius, Schloth., (Schiz.
schlotheimi, Gein), but is not so far identical that it could be considered as the
same species ; this is also with great probability a vicarious form.
The last species, for which I shall introduce the name of Schiz. compressus, W.,
seems to be more or less allied to a species that has been described under the name
of Sch. planus, Gol., from the permian beds of Russia.
It is a fact worthy of notice that all the species of Schizodus occurring in the
Salt-range show a by far greater affinity to European than to American species,
a fact which is the reverse of what I have been able to state for most of the
Gasteropoda.
♦
1. Schizodus rotund attjs, Brown, sp., PL XIX, figs. 11, 12.
1841. Axinus rotundatus, Brown : Transact. Manoh. Geol. Soc, Vol. I, p. 31, pi. VI, fig. 29.
1860. Schizodus rotundatus (Brown) King : Monogr. Perm. Foss., p. 190, pi. XV, fig. 30.
1861. Schizodus Schlotheimi, Geinitz : Dyas, p. 64 (Syn. rotundatus).
This species has been already sufficiently well described by King, and I can
onlv °"ive nere a description of the Indian specimens in order to facilitate a com-
parison with the typical form.
The general outline of the shell is more or less shortly oval, broadly rounded
in front, and obliquely truncate behind. The beaks are about median in their
position, not much prominent, pointed but very little incurved, just projecting a
little above the angular hinge line. The anterior margin of the shell is rather
234 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
strongly projecting and broadly rounded as stated above, and so also is the ventral
margin, which is, however, in some specimens slightly sinuated just in front of
the lower posterior corner of the shell. This corner is tolerably angular and pro-
minent, and from it ascends the nearly straight posterior margin of the shell in
an oblique direction, joining the hinge line at an obtuse angle.
There is no lunula in front of the beaks, and no distinct area behind them.
A short external ligament is situated just behind the beaks, and is supported by
distinct fulcra. The hinge apparatus itself has not been observed by me in any
of the Indian specimens.
The surface of the shell is not much vaulted. Erom the apex to the lower
posterior corner there extends a distinctly marked, slightly curved angular ridge,
mostly accompanied on its anterior side by a very shallow depression. Posteriorly
to the ridge a flattened triangular space is marked off. The surface sculpture
consists simply in irregular striae of growth, more strongly marked at intervals.
The substance of the shell is rather solid, similar to that usual in , Schiz.
rotundatus, Brown.
The dimensions of two specimens (one right and one left valve) from Katwahi
are as follows : —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell 27 mm. 15 mm.
„ breadth , 22 „ 13 „
Thickness of one valve ........ 7 „ 4 „
Apical angle . 120° 123°
No large specimens of this species have been observed by me in the Salt-range.
Locality and geological position.— This, species is not rare at certain localities
in the Salt-range, but seems to be entirely restricted to the upper division of the
Productus-limestone. Most of the specimens were collected by myself near
Katwahi, on the road to Shahpur, in a yellowish-grey friable sandstone forming part
of the middle region of the upper division of the Productus-limestone. There are
eight specimens from this locality (five right and three left valves), which all have
their shell preserved. At other localities the species seems to be less numerous.
Two small specimens of it were collected by me at Chidru in the top bed of the
upper division of the Productus-limestone, and another (duplicate) was found by
M. "Wynne at Khund Ghat together with a great lot of other fossil, characteristic
of the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — Though the shells which I consider to belong to Sch. rotundatus,
Brown, show a very great resemblance to the typical form as figured by King, yet
some slight differences might be pointed out, which are, however, barely of
sufficient importance to warrant a specific distinction of the Indian fossils. Eirstly,
it may be noticed that the Indian specimens attain a much more considerable size
than is stated for Schiz. rotundatus. The figure by King represents the species,
already twice magnified, and thus the original was only as large as the smallest
specimens I have for description from India. But in specimens of a similar size
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 235
tlie form of the Indian shell is perfectly identical with King's figure. Large
specimens become somewhat more elongated in comparison to their breadth ; but one
character is always very conspicuous ; this is the Tery considerable development of
the anterior part of the shell, in consequence of which the apex becomes nearly
median in its position. In young specimens this position is entirely median, but in
old ones the posterior part of the shell is a little more produced, and thus the posi-
tion of the apex is shifted slightly towards the anterior side.
Another character in which the Indian fossil agrees with Schiz. rotundatus is the
solidity of its valves, which occurs also, according to King's description, in the Eng-
lish fossil. This latter character, the solidity of the valves, has evidently been over-
looked by Geinitz, when he identified Schiz. rotundatus with his Schiz. schlotheimi.
Thus, in comparing the Indian shells with Brown's species, there can absolutely be
detected no other characters of distinction except the large size of the Indian
specimens. But this alone is certainly not sufficient for the distinction of a proper
species.
Eor a long time I have been in doubt whether I should not better identify the
shells here under consideration with Schizodus truncatus, King, with which they
would better agree in size ; but as far as I have been able to examine specimens
undoubtedly belonging to King's species, this seemed always to possess a less
strongly projecting anterior part of the shell and more inflated valves. There has
been figured by Geinitz (Dyas, PI. XIII, fig. 4) a specimen as Sch. truncatus, which
approaches Very near the form of the Indian shell, but yet this is more inequilateral
than are equally sized specimens from India.
A question very difficult to solve is, whether Schiz. rossicus, Vem., ought to
be considered as identical with Schiz. rotundatus. It is very much to be regretted
that the figures in the Geology of Russia are drawn from so very small specimens,
and have not been enlarged, so that it becomes more or less difficult to judge of the
characters of this species. As far as is known to me the species has never been
figured again from better Russian materials, but it has been considered by
von Moller as identical with Schiz. truncatus. In describing the species, Verneuil
compares it to Sch. schlotheimi, Gein., but states that it is distinct from that species
by a shorter posterior part of the shell. Prom all this it is barely possible to come
to any definite conclusion, and as long as no better figures exist, Sch. rossicus will
always remain a doubtful species. The shells figured by Geinitz under the name of
Sch. rossicus from Nebrasca may be identical with Verneuil's species, but tbey are
certainly not identical with Sch. rotundatus and with our Indian fossils. The
identification of the specimens figured by Geinitz with Sch. entus, M. and W., as
asserted by Meek and Hayden, is however decidedly mistaken.
Of other species, Schizodus wheeleri, Swall., is most nearly allied to the shells
here under consideration. But from this species our Indian fossils are well dis-
tinguishable by the shorter posterior part of their shell and the more median position
of the apex.
236 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Among the lower carboniferous species there are several more or less similar
to the present one, but I think that it cannot be identified with any of them with
greater right than with Schiz. rotundatus.
2. Schizodus pingtjis, "Waagen, n. sp., PI. XIX, figs. 7 — 10.
The general outline of this shell is about axiniform or elongately oval, the
valves are very strongly inflated, the surface of the shell nearly quite smooth.
The beaks are inflated, little prominent, pointed and distinctly bent over. The
anterior margin is very broadly rounded ; the ventral margin also forms a very flat
arch. Where this latter joins the posterior margin a very obtusely prominent and
rounded-off corner is formed.
The posterior shell margin is short and straight, ascending in an oblique direc-
tion. It forms an obtuse angle with the hinge line, which ascends straight and very
obliquely to near the beak.
There is no lunula in front of the beaks, nor any area posteriorly to them.
Just behind the beak there is an external ligament, not very long, supported by
strong and distinct fulcra.
The hinge apparatus could be observed in both valves. In the right valve
there is a very strong median cardinal tooth, and a rather long but very compressed
posterior cardinal, which is for its entire length attached to the hinge margin.
Between these two cardinal teeth a very large triangular pit is placed. Anteriorly
to the median cardinal tooth there is a smaller pit, rather narrow, limited on its
anterior side by the hinge margin, which is, however, in this place very considerably
thickened, so as to form nearly a third cardinal tooth. Lateral teeth seem not to
exist. In the left valve there is a large indistinctly bifid tooth, a little posterior in
its position and fitting into the largest pit of the right valve. Anteriorly to it there
is a large triangular groove for the reception of the large tooth in the right valve ;
it is limited on its anterior side by a narrow, but very distinct second cardinal tooth,
entirely detached from the hinge margin, but not much divergent with it, and
separated from it by a deep, long and narrow groove.
Posteriorly to the large cardinal tooth lies a deep and narrow groove for the
reception of the posterior cardinal tooth in i the right valve. An indistinct third
posterior cardinal tooth follows, which is attached for its entire length to the hinge
margin, and but little projecting. Above it is placed the fulcrum for the support
of the ligament.
The surface of the shell is very strongly arched in every way ; only from the
apex to the lower posterior corner of the shell there extends a curved, very obtuse,
barely perceptible ridge, which marks off a triangular flattened posterior part of the
shell. Not a trace can be observed of any kind of surface sculpture, even with the
lens ; the shell appears to be nearly quite smooth, only with difficulty can some
very fine striae of growth be observed.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 237
The substance of the shell is thick and solid, and so, the muscular and pallial
impressions are strong and deep. These latter, however, are better observed on
internal casts, which can sometimes be prepared : they are very strongly arched
and show the pallial and muscular impressions in an excellent manner. The anterior
muscular impression is roundish, not very large and somewhat sunk in the cast, and
thus supported by a thickening of the substance of the shell in specimens showing
the inside of the valve. This thickening extends from the muscular impression
upwards, towards the beaks, forming a kind of thick broad ridge, which extends
laterally to the hinge margin, causing also this part of the shell to be thickened and
swollen. Thus a condition of the shell prevails which very nearly approaches that
of Myophoria. Prom the anterior side of the anterior muscular impression the
pallial line descends in a flat arch, about parallel in its direction to the shell margin,
forming further-on a nearly straight, only very little curved, line. In approaching
the posterior part of the shell it suddenly bends round, forming an obtuse angle, and
ascends in an oblique direction to meet the posterior muscular impression at its
posterior margin ; just before reaching it the pallial line shows a very slight and
shallow sinuation. The posterior muscular impression is of an oval shape and very
prominent in the cast, surrounded anteriorly by a sharp edge. Separated from tbis
muscular impression by a broadly rounded excavation, and more approached to the
apex, is a small slight triangular impression, caused by tbe insertion of the pedal
muscle.
The dimensions of the largest specimen from Chidru are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 33 mm.
„ breadth „ 27 „
Thickness of the right valve 10 „
Apical angle " 115°
Locality and geological position. — This species is very common in the Salt-
range, and entirely restricted to the upper division of the Productus-limestone, as
far as has been observed up to the present. It was numerously observed by me in
the mountains east of Katwahi, where it fills a whole bed with hundreds of speci-
mens ; this bed is situated not more than six feet below the lowest strata of the
ceratite formation. The specimens are, however, for the most part badly preserved.
Other specimens of this species were collected by myself at Chidru in the middle
region of the upper division of the Productus-limestone (two specimens, one right
and one left valve), as well as in the top beds (also one right and one left valve), and
Trans-Indus at Kafirkot (two left valves).
Remarks. — This species is a very characteristic fossil of the upper divi-
sion of the Productus-limestone, and seems to represent in the Salt-range the
Schiz. obscurus, Sow., of the permian formation of Europe. It is allied to
Sowerby's species by the great solidity of its shell, and the general outline, but can
be distinguished by its less prominent and less narrow posterior side, by the greater
o
238 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
inflation of its valves and by its smooth surface. The constantly smaller size may
also constitute a point of distinction.
Very similar in shape is also Schizodus (Donax) sulcatus, Sow., from Coal-
brook Dale ; but also here the greater shortness, inflation, and solidity of the Indian
shell, which is also less distinctly carinated, make a distinction not difficult.
Though this species by the peculiar thickening of the substance of its shell
above the anterior muscular impression very nearly approaches the genus Myophoria,
and must be considered as a truly transitional form, yet I have placed it in the
genus Schizodus on account of its great similarity to Sch. obscurus, Sow.
3. Schizodus dubiiformis, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XIX, figs. 15 — 16.
The general form of this species is transversely oval, with prominent beaks,
everywhere rounded margins, and not much inflated valves.
The beaks are strongly prominent, thin, pointed, and rather strongly incurved.
They are nearly median in position, the whole outline of the valves being but very
little inequilateral ; thus the beaks are only slightly anterior. There is a slight
excavation in front of them, causing the formation of a very small indistinct form
of lunula.
The anterior margin of the shell is very broadly rounded and strongly promi-
nent. A much flatter curve is formed by the ventral margin, which latter joins
the posterior margin in forming a very obtuse, barely perceptible angle. The
posterior margin is not quite straight ; it shows a very flat arch, and unites with the
sloping hinge line under a very obtuse angle. There is no trace of an area behind
the beaks.
The surface of the shell is nearly quite smooth. There extends a very indis-
tinct angular curved ridge from the beak to the lower posterior corner of the shell ;
it is, however, in some specimens barely perceptible. By it a triangular flattened
posterior part of the shell is marked off. Otherwise the whole surface is covered by
very fine, irregular, barely visible concentric strise of growth, of which only some
few are more strongly marked, though these also are very little conspicuous.
Immediately behind and partly below the beaks there is an extremely small
external ligament, supported by equally small fulcra. The whole hinge apparatus
is very reduced in size, but showing the characteristic features of Schizodus.
Only the hinge of the right valve is known to me. There are two very small but
distinct cardinal teeth, of which the posterior one is for its entire length united
with the hinge margin. The anterior tooth is very little larger, separated from
the posterior one by a large triangular pit ; it descends in an oblique direction
towards the anterior part of the shell. In front of this anterior cardinal tooth there,
is a smaller oblique triangular pit, limited on its upper side by the hinge margin,
which is not thickened.
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 239
On the inside of the shell the muscular impressions are situated very high up
near the hinge line. They are rather strongly marked in some specimens ; in others
they are harely perceptible. The impression of the anterior adductor is tolerably
large, oval in shape, and situated very near the margin of the shell ; it is joined on
its anterior side by the pallial impression, which descends from there and proceeds
about parallel to the ventral margin, forming a flat curve along it, to the posterior
part, where it suddenly turns up, forming a blunt obtuse corner and showing
a very shallow sinuation above, to meet the impression of the posterior adductor.
This latter is very small, roundish, and mostly rather strongly marked.
In well preserved casts, besides the impressions just described, there descends
from within the beak to the posterior part of the shell, not quite reaching the
posterior muscular impression, an impression of a shelly ridge, which seems to have
served to strengthen the very thin and brittle shell.
The substance of the shell is extremely thin and quite transparent, showing in
this respect a great similarity to the shell of ScMz. dubius, Schl. (Schiz. schlotheimi,
Gein.).
The dimensions of a full-grown specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell . . 29 mm.
„ hreadth „ 24 „
Thickness of the right valve 6 „
Apical angle 113°
Locality and geological position. — This species was found by myself at one
locality only, but in tolerably large numbers, at Chidru, where it occurs in a
yellowish- grey hard sandstone, forming the top bed of the upper division of the
Productus-limestone. On account of the great thinness of the shell, most of the
specimens were already in a broken state in the rock. I was able to bring away
only five tolerably well preserved specimen/ (three left and two right valves). .
Hemarks.— This species is rather nearly related to Schiz. dubius, Schloth., and
very likely must be considered as the representative of that species in India. Like
Sch. dubius, also Sch. dubiiformis possesses a very thin and fragile shell, and has the
angular ridge, extending from the beak to the lower posterior corner of the shell,
very little developed. It is distinct by its beak, which has in all stages of growth
about the same relative size, whilst it gets thick and inflated in older specimens of
Sch. dubius ; and by the less elongated posterior part of the shell.
Thus the three principal types of Schizodus occurring in the permian strata of
Europe are represented in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range : the type of
Sch. truncatus, King, by Sch. rotundatus, Brown ; the type of Sch. obscurus, Sow.,
by Sch. pinguis, W. ; and the type of Sch. dubius, Schl., by Sch. dubiiformis, W.
A fourth type which occurs in the permian beds of Russia is represented by the
next described species.
240 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
4. Schizodtjs compeesstts, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XIX, fig. 6.
This is a rather large species, one of the largest as yet known to exist within
the genus.
The general form of the shell is roundish-oval, the valves very compressed,
without prominent sculpture.
The beaks are not very prominent, pointed, but barely incurved, somewhat
anterior in their position. There is no indication of a lunula in front of them ; but
the valves are perfectly continuous, the beaks being appressed to each other.
The anterior margin of the shell is not perfectly preserved, but seems to have
been very broadly rounded, perfectly continuous with the ventral margin, which
shows also a broad prominent curve. It unites with the posterior margin in
forming a broadly rounded obtuse angle. The posterior margin is very short, flatly
arched, oblique, joining the sloping hinge line under a very obtuse angle.
The surface of the shell is very flat, without prominent sculpture. There
extends from the apex to the lower posterior corner a curved, obtusely angular ridge
which marks off a triangular flattened posterior space of the shell. The surface is
covered by irregular very fine concentric striae of growth.
The substance of the shell is very solid.
Immediately behind the beaks there is a somewhat long external ligament,
supported by very strong fulcra. The hinge apparatus is tolerably well visible, but
only that of the left valve is known to me. It has three cardinal teeth, of
which, however, only one is very distinct, not bifid, triangular in shape, somewhat
posterior and oblique in its position. In front of it there is an extremely large
triangular groove, and then follows a long but very narrow anterior cardinal tooth,
which is for the greater part of its extent united with the hinge margin. Behind
the principal cardinal tooth there is a very narrow slit-like triangular groove, and
then follows a very indistinct posterior cardinal tooth, which is for its entire length
joined to the hinge margin, and is limited above by the fulcrum for the support of
the ligament.
Muscular and pallial impressions cannot be observed.
The only specimen of this species exhibits the following dimensions : —
Entire length of the shell, about SO mm.
breadth „ „ . . 41 „
Distance of the lower posterior corner from the apex . .... 37 „
Length of the posterior margin . . 17 „
Thickness of the left valve 8 „
Apical angle - 128°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species preserved
in the Salt-range collection was found by myself at Kufri in a yellow oolitic
limestone forming part of the upper division of the Productus-limestone (division
No. 14 of my note- book).
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 241
Remarks. — This species, by its compressed form and large size, is rather nearly-
related to a shell described by Golovkinsky from the permian beds of the country
round Kasan, under the name of ScMz. planus, Gol. ; the Indian species is, how-
ever, easily distinguishable from this fossil by its greater shortness and the more
median position of its beaks.
Golovkinsky, in describing the Sch. planus, points out certain peculiarities
which, according to his views, occur in the hinge apparatus of his species, and which
he states to consist in the hinge of the left valve bearing two, and that of the
right valve three, cardinal teeth, a statement which seems not to be borne out by
his figures.1
Of carboniferous species none is known to me which could be particularly
compared to the present species.
Genus MYOPHORIA, JBronn.
If one wished to be rigorous in the retention of genera, and to accept only those
which in every case can be readily distinguished, the genus Myophoria would
certainly not be among those which could be retained, if one had to describe a rich
fauna of bivalves from upper palaeozoic strata. The forms of the triassic species of
Myophoria are as characteristic and well distinguishable, as are uncertain the
characters of some shells which I have presently to describe.
In upper palseozoic strata the genus Myophoria seems to be just in process of
being coined, and thus a number of shells occurs in which the characteristic feature
of the genus (a ridge extending internally from the anterior muscular impression
up to the apex) is developed in a way that it seems quite optional whether such a
fossil should better be retained in the genus Schizodus, or should be removed to the
genus Myophoria.
Already in describing the Schizodus pinguis I was in a position to point out how
the generic determination of this fossil was not above every objection, as a peculiar
thickening of the shell at the place where the anterior adductor was inserted and
extending up to near the apex appeared to be very similar to the internal ridge
which characterises the typical species of Myophoria. I preferred in that case to
ignore this peculiarity, as it was not exactly like that occurring in Myophoria, and
because the shell bearing this character was in every other respect very nearly allied
to Schiz. obscurus, Sow., so that it did not seem advisable to place the two shells in
two different genera.
The case stands otherwise with several other species occurring in the Salt-range.
Only in one of them, to which I shall give the name of Myoph. prcecox, W., is the
characteristic internal anterior ridge of Myophoria typically developed, and its belong-
ing to the genus cannot be questioned ; two other species, however, have this character
1 Materials for the Geology of Russia, Vol. I, 1869 : Ou the Permian formation of the Kama- Volga Basin, page
368, pi. Ill, figs. 21—23. (Original in Russian.)
242 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
not more strongly developed than is exhibited by Schiz. pinguis, W. Nevertheless
these two also may more conveniently be considered as belonging to the genus
Myophoria than to Schizodus, as they have their nearest relations not among the
species of Schizodus, but among the Myophoria. One of them seems to be most
nearly allied to Myoph. cardissoides, Alb., and therefore will bear the name of
Myoph. cardissa, W. ; the other is very similar to Myoph. elegcms, Dunk. (Myoph.
curvirostris, Ant.), and thus will best be called Myoph. sub-elegans, W.
It might be considered as a somewhat strange way of proceeding not to assign
species simply according to the similarities they exhibit to one or the other genus,
but to take also other considerations into account. One might say : either the
genus Myophoria stands, and all the shells which do not exactly present the
characters of the genus must be considered as belonging to other genera ; or, the
genus Myophoria cannot be kept up as distinct, and then the name of Myophoria
would have to supersede that of Schizodus, and all the species, which are now
counted as belonging to the two genera, would have to bear the first of the two
names. If the first case be adopted, the species here under consideration, viz., Schiz.
pinguis, W., Myoph. cardissa, W., and Myoph. sub-elegans, W., would very likely
have to be considered as forming a separate genus, as they do not agree entirely
either with Schizodus or with Myophoria ; but then the new genus would only be
based upon the degree (more or less) of one character, and comprise a very small
set of forms, on the one hand in perfect transition with Schizodus, on the other with
Myophoria.
If, however, we take the second case into consideration we find that the
species of Schizodus as well as those of Myophoria known up to the present have
been very well distinguishable generically, and that there are only the few species
from the Salt-range which establish a transition of the characters of the two genera.
Ought we then, only on account of these Salt-range species, entirely to suppress the
one name, though in most cases the two genera are perfectly distinguishable?
There is evidently some cause, of place or of time, by reason of which intermediate
forms between the two genera appear in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range ;
but it does not seem to me practicable that these local occurrences should be taken
to disturb long-established facts so as entirely to overthrow the conclusions which
have been drawn from them.
One thing is established upon evidence from these Salt-range fossils, that it is
chiefly a difference in time and locality which makes a distinction between the two
genera possible, and that the limits between them disappear as soon as these differ-
ences in time and locality vanish ; in other words, that during the time of the deposi-
tion of the palaeozoic strata in the Salt-range, the genus Myophoria began to be
developed out of different species of Schizodus, or, to use a term applied above,
began to be coined. In the lapse of time between the deposition of the Salt-range
strata and the European trias by changing their place of abode, the shells got the
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. US
character of the internal ridge more strongly and more constantly developed, and
formed then a well distinguishable genus ; but this genus ought to be retained
also for the Salt-range shells, here under consideration, as their affinity lies entirely
with the more recent Myophorice.
1. Myophobia. precox, Waagen, n. sp. , Plate XIX, figs. 17 — 19.
This is a rather small species, bearing a very characteristic sculpture. The
general outline is transversely ovate, inequilateral, slightly truncated behind,
broadly rounded in front, with valves not much inflated.
The beaks are rather prominent, distinctly pointed, well incurved. There is
a very small rounded indistinct kind of lunula in front of them. The anterior
margin of the shell is broadly rounded, not much projecting. It joins without
demarcation the ventral margin, which is flatly arched. Where the latter meets
the posterior margin a rounded corner is formed. The posterior margin ascends
obliquely, and is very slightly curved ; it joins the sloping hinge line in forming a
very obtuse rounded angle. There is no trace of an area behind the beaks.
The surface of the shell is tolerably strongly arched. Prom the apex to the
lower posterior corner there extends an angular ridge which marks off a rather
broad posterior triangular space. Upon this posterior part of the shell a second
radiating flat ridge can be observed, but it is very indistinct. The whole surface
of the shell is covered by a neat concentric striation, which is very characteristic,
so much so that every small fragment of the shell can readily be recognised by
it as belonging to the present species. This striation is very fine and closely
arranged near the apex, whilst the strise are more distant from each other near the
ventral margin. They are not caused by lines of growth, but are an independent
sculpturing characteristic of the shell. The single strise are rounded on the top near
the apex, and imbricating near the ventral margin. The striation is much finer and
less distinct on the posterior triangular part of the shell than on the remaining surface.
The hinge apparatus is only known to me from an excellently preserved inter-
nal cast of the right valve which I have been able to prepare. It consists in this
valve of one very large and prominent cardinal tooth, not quite vertical, but some-
what inclined towards the anterior side of the shell. Posteriorly there seems to
be a second cardinal tooth, very obliquely situated, but very narrow and rather
indistinct. The fulcrum for the support of the ligament, which must have been
above this tooth, cannot be observed. Immediately in front of the beak there is the
impression of a sharp but not very long ridge, extending from within the apex
towards the anterior muscular impresssion. The muscular impressions seem both
to have been situated very high up towards the hinge margin, but they are so
very indistinct that no exact observation is possible. Also the pallial impression
cannot be seen.
244 ' SALT-RANGE EOS.SILS.
The substance of the shell is tolerably solid.
The measurements of two specimens, one from Virgal (duplicate) and one from
Chidru (left valve) are as follows : —
i. ii.
Entire length of the shell 9"5 mm. 17 mm.
„ breadth „ 9 „ 15 „
Thickness of both valves 5 „
„ of the left valve 4 „
Apical angle 120° 125°
The specimen No. II is the largest that has been found up to the present.
Locality and geological position. — This species seems to be restricted to the
top bed of the upper division of the Productus-limestone. It has been found in
this bed by myself at Chidru (two left and one right valve) and at Virgal (one
duplicate).
Remarks. — This is, as far as is known to me, the geologically oldest species
of an undoubted Myophoria that has been described up to the present. The con-
dition of the cast, which I was fortunate enough to be able to prepare, shows
beyond any doubt that we have to deal here with a true Myophoria which is
already rather nearly related to some triassic species.
Of triassic forms, Myoph. orbicularis, Bronn, seems to be most nearly related,
and even the long posterior impression ( ? a muscular impression), which has been
drawn on the cast of the triassic fossil by Seebach, is to be found again less dis-
tinctly in our specimen, only the posterior ridge which he describes is absent.
Specimens of this triassic species with the shell preserved have been figured by
Giebel under the name of Lucina plebeja. In general form they are not at all
dissimilar to our Myoph. prcecox, but they have their apex a little more median
in its position, and their surface is described by Giebel as smooth and shining,
the characteristic sculpture of Myophoria prcecox being thus decidedly absent in
Myoph. orbicularis.
Also Myoph. ovata, Bronn, might be compared to the present species, but it has
a narrower and more prominent posterior part of the shell.
Of permian and lower carboniferous species there is none with which the fossil
here under consideration could be particularly compared.
2. Myophokia cardissa, "Waagen, n. sp. Plate XXIV, figs. 10—11.
This is a middle-sized species of triangular shape, but little inequilateral,
about as long as it is high.
The beaks are nearly median, very little anterior in their position, not much
prominent, pointed, and little incurved. There is barely a trace of a lunula in
front of them. The anterior margin is broadly rounded and little prominent, and
unites with the more flatly curved ventral margin without any interruption or
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 245
demarcation, The lower posterior corner of the shell, where the Tentral and
posterior margins meet, is well rounded. The posterior margin ascends obliquely
in a nearly straight line, and unites with the rather short sloping hinge line in form-
ing a very obtuse angle. A kind of a very narrow and short area extends along the
hinge line, forming an elongated groove between the two valves in which the short
ligament is lodged.
The surface of the shell is not very strongly arched, and in consequence of this
the valves are not much inflated. Prom the apex to the lower posterior corner of
the shell there extends a distinct angular ridge, not very sharp, marking off a very
narrow posterior triangular space. Otherwise the surface of the shell is only covered
by very fine striae of growth, which are very rarely, and only in some specimens,
interrupted by stronger concentric folds, marking stages of growth.
The hinge apparatus cannot be observed in any of the specimens.
An artificial internal cast which I tried to prepare seems to show a thickening
of the shell above the anterior muscular impression. Though it is not easy to arrive
at a certainty on this point, yet the existence of such a thickening is highly probable
from the appearance of this cast. The posterior muscular and the pallial impressions
could not be observed.
The substance of the shell is tolerably solid.
The dimensions of the largest specimen of this species which has been found up
to the present are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell ........... 25 mm.
„ breadth „ 23 „
Thickness of the left valve 5 „
Apical angle 110°
Locality and geological position. — There is only one locality where specimens
of this species have been found ; this is near Katwahi on the road to Shahpur,
where I collected four specimens (three left valves and one right one) in a light
greyish- yellow, very friable, sandstone belonging to the middle region of the upper
division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This species can only with difficulty be compared to carboniferous or
permian fossils. In the mountain-limestone there is only Dolabra securiformis,
M'Ooy, which can at all be compared, but it is much less triangular, and thus only
slightly similar to our Myoph. cardissa. The same is the case with Schizodus
truncatus, King, and the other permian species of Schizodus. Only among the
triassic species of Myophoria more similar shells can be detected.
There are chiefly Myoph. cardissoides, Alb., and Icevigata, Alb., very similar to
the species here under consideration. Both seem, however, to be distinct by the
height or breadth of the shell being more considerable in comparison to the length,
by a more flatly arched ventral margin and by the angular ridge, extending from
the apex to the lower posterior corner of the shell, being more acute. On the whole
it appears, however, highly probable that Myoph. cardissa will have to be considered
246 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
as the ancestor of the two species from the Muschelkalk, a circumstance which
would be much more apparent, if any species allied to Myoph. cardissoides were to
be detected in the lower Bunt Sandstein formation.
3. Myophobia. sub-elegans, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XIX, figs. 13 — 14.
This species, of rather moderate size, has a more or less roundish general outline,
with a broadly rounded anterior, and a truncated posterior side, sub-central beaks,
and rather much inflated valves.
The beaks are very small, very little prominent, strongly pointed, and distinctly
incurved towards the posterior side of the shell. There is barely a trace of a lunula
in front of them, but the whole anterior side of the shell is slightly impressed, form-
ing a kind of anterior area. The anterior shell margin is very broadly rounded and
strongly prominent, forming (chiefly in its lower part, together with the anterior
part of the much vaulted ventral margin) a very prominent semi-circular outline.
Posteriorly the ventral margin is very distinctly sinuated, and the lower posterior
corner of the shell is pointed and strongly projecting. The posterior margin of the
shell is but very little oblique, nearly straight, very little sinuated in the middle ; it
joins the sloping hinge line under a distinct obtuse angle.
The surface of the shell is rather strongly vaulted, and thus are the valves
rather much inflated. Anteriorly an indistinct angular elevation extends a short
way down from the apex, not quite reaching the margin, and marking off a kind
of anterior area. Much more distinct is a strong prominent ridge which takes
its origin posteriorly at the apex and runs from there in a somewhat curved line to
the lower posterior corner of the shell. Por its whole extent it is limited on its
anterior side by a very distinct excavation. Posteriorly a more or less flat tri-
angular space of the shell is marked off by this ridge. On the middle of this tri-
angular space a second radiating rib may be discerned, but much less strongly
developed.
The surface sculpture of the shell consists, in very numerous and very sharp
concentric costse, nearly parallel to the shell margin over the whole extent of the
shell. The costse themselves are angular and separated from each other by flat
spaces.
The substance of the shell is tolerably solid.
The hinge apparatus could not be well observed in any of the specimens. One
right valve from Virgal seems to possess a rather large anterior cardinal tooth, in
front of and behind which large grooves are situated. Another posterior cardinal
tooth is smaller, and joined for the greater part to the hinge margin; still, however,
it is comparatively rather large. The external ligament is rather long and supported
by a very strong fulcrum. On the whole the hinge seems to be absolutely identical
with the hinge of the right valve of Neoschizodus curvirostris (Myoph. elegam) as
figured by Giebel.
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 247
I did not succeed in preparing an artificial internal cast ; from what I could
observe, however, it seems probable that an internal thickening of the shell occurs
above the insertion of the anterior adductor.
The general shape of the species is not absolutely identical in all stages of
growth, young specimens are more broadly oval than old ones.
The dimensions of the largest specimen from Chidru are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 12 mm.
„ breadth „ 12 „
Thickness of the right valve 3'5 „
Apical angle 112°
The species seems not to attain any larger size.
Locality and geological position. — This species is not rare in the top bed of the
upper division of the Productus-limestone, but seems to be restricted to that horizon.
It has been collected by myself in this bed at Chidru (one right valve) and at
Virgal (one duplicate, three left and two right valves).
Remarks. — As in the preceding species, also in this one its position in the genus
Myophoria might be questioned ; but on the one hand the thickening of the shell
which seems to occur above the anterior adductor, on the other hand the near rela-
tion in which this shell stands to typical triassic species of Myophoria, seem to
warrant its position in the genus.
The nearest relation to the present species is beyond doubt Myoph. elegans,
Dunk. {Myoph. curvirostris. Gdf.). If we compare shell-bearing specimens of both
species, the differences may be stated to consist in the following points: — Myoph.
elegans, D., is more trigonal in its general outline than the Indian shell ; the furrow
in front of the posterior transverse ridge is deeper and more strongly expressed, and
the concentric striation is less fine and less numerous.
These differences are certainly sufficient to distinguish the species, but other-
wise a very near relationship of the two shells cannot be denied.
Thus we have already three very characteristic types of German Muschelkalk
fossils represented in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range : —
Myophoria orbicularis, Bronn, is represented by Myoph. prcecox, W. ;
Myophoria cardissoides, Alb., is represented by Myoph. cardissa, ~W. ; and
Myophoria elegans, Dunk., is represented by Myoph. sub-elegans, W.
This is again a very striking proof of the mixed character exhibited by the
fauna of the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range.
248 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Family: NVCVLANIB^l.
Sub-Family: NUCULANINj®.
Genus : NUCULANA, Link.
It is only by tbe external form of the shell that I assign a species from the
Salt-range to the genus Nuculana, the internal characters, sinuosity of the pallial
impression and size of the cartilage pit, cannot be seen in the specimens at my
disposal.
The genus Nuculana seems to date very far back in the geological series ; though
it is difficult to arrive at any certain conclusion about the matter, yet it is highly
probable that already in devonian strata true species of Nuculana existed. From
these upwards in every formation up to the present time species of the genus occur,
though they are rarely very numerous. It is barely possible to indicate any period
in which the genus may have had its chief development, as the species are very
equally distributed throughout the whole series of formations.
The name Nuculana must stand in preference to Leda, Schum., for two reasons :
first, because Nuculana has long priority ; and second, because the name Leda had
already been pre-occupied for a genus of Arachnids.
1. Nuculana. subacuta, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XX, figs. 1 — 2.
This is a very small species of which up to the present only two specimens have
been detected.
The general form is elongately oval, inequilateral, pointed behind, and tolerably
broadly rounded in front, with very prominent beaks, and not very inflated valves.
The beaks are excentric in their position, situated more towards the anterior
part of the shell, thin, pointed, and very strongly incurved. There is a small, very
deep, but not sharply defined, lunula, which causes a distinct sinuation of the out-
line of the shell just in front of the beaks. The anterior margin of the shell is
strongly prominent, but not very broadly rounded. It unites without demarcation
with the ventral margin, which is broadly and flatly arched. There is no distinct
posterior margin, the ventral margin uniting directly with the hinge line in form-
ing a rounded acute angle. The hinge line is posteriorly slightly excavated, and shows
a distinct sinuation just behind the beak. Along the posterior part of the hinge
line an indistinct sort of area is present, which is impressed and limited on both
sides by very indistinct rounded ridges. The impressed or excavated condition of
this area is the cause that the hinge line proper cannot be seen in a side-view of the
shell.
The surface of the shell is tolerably strongly arched, the greatest thickness of
the valves being situated at about the middle of the height of the shell below the
PRODTJCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 249
beak. The whole surface of the shell is covered by a very regular and very fine
concentric striation. There are about thirty raised striae with as many equally
broad furrows between them. They are all parallel to the ventral and anterior
borders of the shell.
The substance of the shell is tolerably solid.
The hinge cannot be well observed on account of the very diminutive size of
the shell, but it seems that the hinge teeth are not so very numerous, and compara-
tively not so very small. The internal cartilage pit cannot be seen.
As there were only two specimens of this species it has not been possible to
prepare an artificial cast, nothing could therefore be observed of the pallial and
muscular impressions.
The measurements of one of the specimens are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell, about 8 mm.
„ breadth „ 6 ,.
Thickness of the left valve 2"5 „
Apical angle . ............. 115°
Locality and geological position. — The only two specimens (a right and a left
valve) of this species in the Salt-range collection were found by myself at Chidru,
in a hard yellow sandstone forming the top bed of the upper division of the Pro-
ductus-limestone.
Remarks. — The species which seems to be most nearly related to the Indian
shell is Nucula acuta, Sow., from Coalbrook Dale. The two species are so very
similar to each other that I thought it barely possible to distinguish them, but on a
closer examination certain differences can be detected wbich make it highly probable
that we have to deal with two different species. In size both forms are very similar,
but the Indian shell is a little more elongated in its general outline, the beaks are
more pointed and prominent ; but the chief difference consists in the posterior hinge
area, which is impressed in the Indian fossil in such a manner that the hinge line
is not visible in a side-view of the shell, whilst it is roof-shaped in Sowerby's species
and bounded on both sides by angular ridges.
Another species which can be compared to Nuculana sub-acuta is Nuc. kazan-
ensis, Vern. The original figures of this species in the " Geology of Russia " repre-
sent two specimens, one internal cast and one impression in the rock, both of rather
large dimensions, which can easily be distinguished from the Indian shell, not to
speak of their far more considerable size, by their more prominent anterior and
narrower posterior dimensions.
Very nearly related to Nuc. kazanensis, Vern., as well as to our Nuc. sub-acuta
is Nuculana bellistriata, Stevens, from the coal-measures of Illinois and JNebrasca.
In size it approaches more the Indian fossil ; but, like Nuc. acuta, Sow., it can be
distinguished from it by the presence of a roof-shaped posterior hinge area, limited
on both sides by prominent angular ridges. Nuculana bellistriata has already been
described from Spitzbegen by Toula.
250 SALT-BANGE FOSSILS.
Thus the Indian Nuc. sub-acuta, W., is related as •well to coal-measure as to
permian species, but seems to be in less close connection with species from the
mountain-limestone.
Family: NVCTJLIVM.
Sub-Family: NUCTJL1NJE.
Genus: NUCULA, Lamk.
This genus is one of those which have been most frequently quoted in a fossil
state ; and chiefly in palaeozoic formations it has for a long time been the custom
to consider many shells which could not well be determined as belonging to any
other genus as forming part of the genus Nucula. More recently, however, several
other genera have been distinguished, which though allied to Nucula, yet are
different from it, and thus it has become more easy to make any indications
as to the existence of the genus Nucula, properly speaking, in geologically older
formations.
It remains doubtful whether during silurian times the genus had already
existed. It seems to have been represented there by the genus Tellinomya, Hall,
Ctenodonta, Salt., which differs from Nucula by the presence of an external ligament.
In devonian strata the genus Nucula has already very frequently been quoted,
and it seems that some of the species really belong to the genus. Others, however,
have been attributed to other genera, of which chiefly Nuculites, Conrad (? ? iden-
tical with Cucullella, M'Coy), and Palceaneilo, Hall, are noteworthy. The former
is easily distinguishable by an internal ridge which extends in a vertical position
just in front of the beak down to near the ventral margin of the shell, so that casts
in which the characters of the hinge cannot be observed very much resemble casts
of Cleidophorus. Palceaneilo, H., is very nearly related to Tellinomya, H., and only
more explicit publications of this author will throw light iipon the question as to
whether these two genera are really distinct. The external form of Palceaneilo is
very characteristic and well distinguishable from Tellinomya.
Not more largely than in devonian deposits does the genus Nucula seem to be
represented in the carboniferous period ; and it is chiefly in the coal-measures that
a somewhat large number of species occurs. By the side of the Nucules species of
Tellinomya are still found in the mountain-limestone. In the permian formation
the genus is not very rich in species, but very rich in individuals, whilst during
mesozoic times everywhere species of Nucula are met with, often in very great
numbers.
The genus Nucula is represented in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range by
two species, which are both very rare. One of them might possibly best be identi-
fied with a species from the American coal-measures, which has been called by Hall
Nuc. ventricosa ; the other species is identical with a shell which occurs in the
PEODTJCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 251
permian beds of the country round Kasan, and has been considered by Golovkinsky
as belonging to Nucula beyricU, Schaur., which is, however, not identical with
Schauroth's species, but has been described by Eichwald under the name of Nucula
trivialis.
Thus the relations of the species of Nucula lie entirely with very young palae-
ozoic species, the coal-measure species occurring originally in the upper coal-
measures of Iowa, but it was afterwards detected to occur also in the beds of
Nebrasca, which have been considered by very high authorities as belonging to the
permian formation, the other having been described originally from the typical
permian beds of Russia.
There are exhibited by both the Salt-range species of Nucula very striking
relations to geologically older forms. Nucula ventricosa, Hall, is very nearly related
to Nuc. tumifla, Phill., from Bolland, or not less to Nuc. unilateralis, M'Coy, from
the mountain-limestone (carboniferous slate) of Lisnapaste ; Nucula trivialis, Eichw.,
on the other hand, is with difficulty distinguishable from Nuc. delta, M'Coy, the
exact geological position and locality of which is not known, but which undoubtedly
came from the mountain-limestone of Ireland.
It is thus highly probable that also within the genus Nucula, in the sense just
indicated, developmental series exist, but it seems to me barely possible to make
any direct indication in that direction, without the opportunity of studying in
monographical form a greater number of the allied species, for which I have at
present neither time nor materials.
1. Nucula. ventbjcosa, Hall, Plate XIX, fig. 20.
1858. Nucula ventricosa, Hall : Report, Iowa I, pt. II, p. 716, pi. XXIX, fig. 5 a. b.
1872. Nucula ventricosa, (Hall) Hayden : Pinal Report, Nebrasca, p. 204, pi. X, fig. 17 a. b. e.
The general outline of this little shell is transversely oval, with very excentric
beaks, strongly produced in front and truncated behind, the valves very convex.
The beaks are sub-posterior in their position, rather strongly inflated, not much
prominent, pointed, and distinctly incurved towards the posterior side. In front of
them there is a sloping, elongately oval, tolerably deeply impressed kind of area or
lunula, which is, however, not sharply denned, and causes no sinuation whatever in
the outline of the shell. The anterior margin is very narrowly rounded and very
much produced. It joins the flatly-arched ventral margin without distinct demar-
cation. The posterior margin is somewhat more broadly rounded and distinctly
sinuated just below the beaks. This sinuation corresponds to an excavation of the
shell posteriorly just below the beaks, very similar to the lunula of other shells.
The valves are rather inflated, the greatest thickness being situated not quite
in the middle of the shell, a little in front of the beak.
The substance of the shell is rather solid.
252 SALT-KANGE FOSSILS.
The hinge apparatus cannot be very distinctly observed. It can only be seen
that the hinge consisted of a number of crenulations, the exact number of which
can, however, not be stated. The ligamental pit is also not visible.
The surface sculpture of the shell is very characteristic. It consists of very
numerous and very fine concentric striae, only visible with the lens. They are not
all equal in strength, some being more strongly expressed, marking larger stages of
growth.
The dimensions of the only specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 8 mm.
„ hreadth „ 7 „
Thickness of the right valve 2' 5 „
Apical angle 98°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species that has
been found up to the present was collected by myself at Virgal in the topmost
bed of the upper division of the Productus-limestone, composed of a hard greyish-
yellow sandstone. The specimen represents the right valve only.
Remarks. — I was for a long time very much in doubt whether the shell here
under consideration had better be united with Nucula beyrichi, Schaur., from the
German Zechstein, or with Hall's Nucula ventricosa, but at last I have decided in
favour of the latter opinion. In the first place Nuc. beyrichi very rarely grows so
large as our specimen, and then it is also always shorter in comparison to its
breadth, and the dorsal line anteriorly to the beaks is less impressed. All these
characters distinguish the Indian shell from Nucula beyrichi, and connect it more
or less with Nuc. ventricosa. Also the apical angle is somewhat smaller in our
shell than in Nuc. beyrichi.
In size, in general outline, in the inflation of the valves, the apical angle, and
the surface sculpture, our shell is most similar to Nuc. ventricosa, and thus, I think,
I am justified in uniting the Indian shell with Hall's species.
Of other shells Nucula tumida, Phill., from the mountain-limestone is most
nearly related. According to the figure, however, that shell seems to grow some-
what larger, and to have a coarse sculpture ; also the inflation of the valves seems
to be more considerable. Nucula unilateralis, M'Coy, from the mountain-limestone
of Ireland is also larger, and has the dorsal region of the anterior part of the shell
not impressed.
Nucula ventricosa, Hall, occurs in the upper coal-measures of different localities
in America, but seems generally not to be very numerous. By Meek it is stated
to have been found also in the lower coal-measures of West Virginia.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 253
2. Nucula trivialis, Eichwald, Plate XXIV, fig. 8.
I860. Nucula trivialis, Eichw. : Leth. Eossica, Vol. I, part 2, p. 995, pi. XXXVIII, fig. 15.
1869. Nucula beyrichi, (Schaur.) Golovkinsky : On the Permian Formation of the Kama- Volga Basin :
N. Golovkinsky's — Materials for the Geology of Russia, Vol. I, p. 370, pi. V, fig. 4 (non Schauroth).
This very small species is of a very characteristic general outline, nearly tri-
angular in its shape, with tolerably inflated valves.
The beaks are nearly median, slightly posterior in their position, pointed, promi-
nent, and distinctly incurved backwards. In front of them the dorsal margin is
strongly inclined, nearly straight, very little arched. The anterior shell margin is
tolerably strongly produced and very narrowly rounded. It unites with the flatly-
arched ventral margin without proper limit. This latter forms a rounded, nearly
rectangular, junction with the posterior margin. Posteriorly the shell is obliquely
truncated, the margin being, however, but little prominent, nearly straight, slightly
excavated just below the beaks, forming there a kind of small lunula posteriorly
to the latter.
The hinge margin is about rectangular, but the number of hinge teeth cannot
be observed in the Indian specimen. According to Golovkinsky's drawing, the
species had eight such teeth on the anterior part of the hinge line and five on the
posterior part, on both sides some teeth less than Nucula beyrichi, Schaur.
A peculiarity very characteristic of this species is the apical angle, which is in
the Indian specimen as well as in Golovkinsky's drawing not more than 81°.
The substance of the shell is rather solid ; the surface sculpture consists of
very fine but very regular concentric striae, which are as if cut in with a knife in
the substance of the shell and leave tolerably broad flat spaces between them.
There are no more strongly marked stages of growth observable.
The measurements of a specimen from Chidru are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 6 mm.
„ hreadth „ 5'75 „
Thickness of the right valve 2 „
Apical angle 81°
Locality and geological position. — The figured specimen of this species was
found by myself at Chidru, in a hard yellow sandstone forming the top bed of the
upper division of the Productus-limestone. Another specimen (a duplicate) was
collected also by myself at Khura, in a hard grey limestone in the upper region of
the middle division of the Productus-limestone. According to Golovkinsky's indica-
tions the species is not rare in the Government Kasan along the shores of the river
Volga, where it occurs in the upper as well as in the lower division of the permian
limestone, from which localities the species was originally described by Eichwald.
Remarks. — Golovkinsky was quite right in uniting this shell with Nucula
beyrichi when he did not wish to acknowledge Eichwald's species. There is but
254 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
little doubt that of all species known Nuc. beyricM is most nearly related to the
shell here under consideration ; on the other hand there are differences observable
which make it highly probable that we have to deal with two different species.
The fact of such differences had, indeed, been observed by Golovkinsky ; but of
these he thought the strong development of an anterior (posterior according to his
views) muscular impression the only one worthy of notice. I have had occasion to
compare the shell here under consideration with a number of well preserved speci-
mens of Nuc. beyrichi sent to me by Director Professor Dr. Liebe of Gera for in-
spection, and I can state that Nucula beyrichi, Schaur., is generally distinguish-
able from the present species by a less triangular outline, less median position of the
beaks, the anterior dorsal outline being somewhat more vaulted and the posterior
less truncated, and by a much smaller apical angle. The apical angle of Nuc.
beyricM is generally 95 to 100 degrees, rarely less, as is shown also by Geinitz's
figures, whilst it is in Nuc. trivialis 81 to 83 degrees at the maximum. Thus I
think the latter species can well be considered as distinct from the shell which is so
common in certain beds of the German Zechstein. Nevertheless Nuc. trivialis,
Eichw., is also a shell characteristic of the permian formation, and it seems to replace
the Nuc. beyrichi in this formation in the country round Kasan.
Another species, very similar to the present one, is Nucula delta, M'Coy, from
the mountain-limestone of Ireland. It is, however, easily distinguishable by the
flattened, compressed form of its valves and by the smooth surface of its shell.
Family: AHCIBM.
Sub-family: ARCINJS.
Genus : MACRODON, Lycett.
This genus is one of those which are most largely represented in the fossil
state ; and most of the shells which have been generally called Area, especially in
the older formations, will have to be assigned to the genus Macrodon.
It is doubtful whether the genus existed during silurian times, but in devonian
strata its presence is beyond doubt, though species belonging to it are not very
numerous. So much the more abundant do they appear in the carboniferous form-
ation, and the mountain-limestone has furnished already some dozens of species.
Erom this upwards the genus is continuously represented, and it seems to have
attained a second maximum of development in Jurassic strata, but in the cretaceous
period we find already its last representatives. As far as is known to me no species
of Macrodon has been detected up to the present in tertiary strata.
A genus very nearly related to Macrodon, but which yet must be kept separate,
is Dolabra, M'Coy. This will be treated of further on in this work.
The genus Macrodon is represented in the palseozoic deposits of the Salt-range
PRODUCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 255
by a single species, which shows, however, dimensions rather unusual for a palseozoic
species of the genus. In general outline and sculpture it is most nearly related to
Macrodon striatum, Schloth., sp., of European permian strata, but the two can
readily be distinguished. In the carboniferous formation forms like Macr. lacor-
daireanum, Kon., M. verneuilianum, Kon., or M. cancellatum, Sow., might be com-
pared, but their resemblance to the Indian shell is much less striking. I shall give
the name of Macrodon geminvm, W., n. sp., to the Salt-range species.
1. Macrodon geminum, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XX, fig. 3.
This is a tolerably large species of transversely oval general shape, very in-
equilateral, with not very strongly inflated valves, small area and radial sculpture.
The beaks are very excentric in their position, prominent, distant from each
other, and distinctly incurved towards the front, not pointed. Below them there
extends a rather narrow distinct triangular area, which stretches along the entire
length of the straight hinge line. Anteriorly a prominent pointed angle is formed,
where the hinge line unites with the anterior shell margin ; posteriorly the angle is
very obtuse between the hinge line and the posterior margin. The anterior margin
of the shell is flatly rounded, and passes without distinct limit into the slightly
sinuated sloping ventral margin. The posterior margin is broadly rounded, form-
ing a prominent arch where it unites with the ventral margin.
The substance of the shell has been lost in one of the two specimens I have for
description, and only the internal cast is available for observation. In the other
specimen parts of the shell are preserved, and it can be stated that its substance
was not very solid.
In one of the specimens the impression of the hinge can be partly seen, and
from this it appears that on the posterior part of the hinge line there are two
horizontal laminar teeth one above the other, the upper one being the smaller. The
more or less vertically placed small teeth seem to have commenced already poste-
riorly to the beaks, and to have extended to the anterior end of. the hinge line. As
far as can be made out there seem to have been about ten of them.
The valves are not very strongly inflated, and as also the area is not very broad,
it is a natural consequence that the beaks are not very far distant from each other.
The greatest thickness of the valves occurs anteriorly, directly below the beaks,
owing to the presence of a kind of broad low protuberance extending radially from
the beak to the ventral margin of the shell. Behind this there is a very low barely
perceptible broad depression of the shell, also in a radial direction from the beak
to the ventral margin, on which latter it produces a slight sinuation. Posteriorly
it is limited by an angular elevation, which shows a distinct declivity on its poste-
rior side, marking off a comparatively flat triangular posterior space of the shell.
The whole surface in the casts is covered by strong radial folds, to the number
256 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
of about 24; they take their origin near the beak, and are not augmented by-
bifurcation in their extension to the ventral margin. They therefore increase very
much in size in the vicinity of that margin. All the radiating folds are crossed by
rather distant concentric plications, marking larger stages of growth, and producing
a sort of swellings where they cross over the radiating folds, in consequence of
which the radiating costse appear coarsely and irregularly nodose.
Though one of the specimens at my disposal is partly and the other entirely
an internal cast, yet on neither can anything be seen of the pallial and muscular
impressions.
The dimensions of the larger of the two specimens are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 52 mm.
,, breadth „ 32 „
Thickness of the left valve 11 „
Apical angle, about 125°
Locality and geological position. — There are two specimens (both left valves)
of this species preserved in the Salt-range collection, the larger of which (an internal
cast) was found by Mr. Wynne at Morah in a very hard grey limestone, evidently
belonging to the middle division of the Productus-limestone. The other, a speci-
men with partly preserved shell, was collected by myself at Khura in a thinly-
bedded hard grey limestone forming the upper region of the middle division of the
Productus-limestone.
The species seems thus to be restricted to this division of the Productus-
limestone.
Remarks. — The species which in most characters seems to be most nearly re-
lated to the present one is Macr. striatum, Schloth., sp., from the Zechstein of
Germany, less so is Macr. tumidum, Sow., from Tunstall Hill. Prom both species
the present one can easily be distinguished by its larger size, coarser radial fold-
ing and smaller area. It is, however, highly probable that Macr. geminum, W., is
a vicarious form in India for Macr. striatum.
Of other shells, that which has been figured by de Verneuil in the Palaeonto-
logy of Russia under the name of Area lacordairiana, Kon., but which is not at
all similar to Koninck's figure, might also possibly be compared to the present
species. It has much finer radial folds, which are, however, also slightly nodulose.
Thus it is more or less probable that the species Macr. lacordairianum, Vern.
(non Kon.), Macr. striatum, Schl., sp., and Macr. geminum, W., may form a deve-
lopmental series ; but as I have not seen authentic specimens of the first of these
species, I cannot decide on the matter. At the same time it is interesting to ob-
serve that also in this species the most striking relation lies with European permian
species, and that the relation to carboniferous species in Europe as well as in
America is a much less close one.
PRODUCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA 257
Genus DOLABRA, Mc'Coy.
This is one of the most difficult genera in existence, and the views regarding it
that have heen taken hy different authors are so widely different from each other
that it is barely possible to penetrate to a right understanding as to which shells
should be properly included in the genus.
The genus was characterised originally by Mc'Coy as follows : — " Sub-rhomboidal,
gibbous, slightly inequi valve, inequilateral, anterior side rounded, posterior side
subtruncate, generally oblique, shell thick, beaks large, prominent; in the left
valve two long, diverging cardinal teeth, anterior one longest, and two lengthened,
posterior, lateral teeth." At the same time he says that species belonging
to Dolabra have been described as Lyrodon, Cucullaea, Gypricardia, &c. The shells
which he figures as Dolabra are of very distinguishable shapes, and certainly
include very different things.
In 1853 de Byckholt emended the genus Dolabra in the second part of his
" Melanges Pal^ontologiques," but I think in the wrong direction. He considers it
identical with his Tornacia, and places all the palaeozoic shells, which had been
previously described as belonging to the genera Tellinites, Tellina, Amphidesma,
Mactra, Axinus, Sanguinolaria, in the genus Dolabra, within the scope of which
according to his definition would thus also fall the genera Schizodus and Myophoria.
Such an emendation of the genus Dolabra is decidedly wrong, and involves a mixing
up of very different things.
As, however, the genus cannot stand as originally defined by Mc'Coy, an emen-
dation must be attempted, and it will be best to accept the emendation proposed in
1855 by Mc'Coy himself in his " British Palseozoic Eossils," and which in very
radical points differs from the original characteristic of the genus. According to
the definition given there, the shells belonging to the genus possess a flat narrow
ligamental area, extending over the whole length of the hinge line, and " one thick
elongate posterior lateral tooth or cardinal ridge in each valve, inclining at an acute
angle from the hinge line, that of the left valve, sometimes bifid ; pallial scar
entire."
According to this definition the shells belonging to the genus would greatly
resemble the Arcidce, chiefly the genus Macrodon, and their position in the Sale-
myidce, as advocated by Stoliczka, is even more than doubtful. It is, however, on
the other hand certainly going too far to unite Dolabra entirely with Area, Cucul-
Icea, or even Macrodon, as forming one and the same genus. Though a general
relation to the genus Macrodon cannot be denied, there yet exists a very great
difference in the absence of the small hinge teeth anterior to the beaks. The same
difference exists also between Dolabra and the genus Cypricardites, Conr. (=Palce-
arca, Hall), though chiefly the Australian species belonging to this latter genus are
rather similar to the Indian species of Dolabra. The presence of an area for the
T
258 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
attachment of the ligament combined with the other characters make it highly
probable that we have to consider Dolabra as a genus belonging to the family
Arcidce.
I shall describe two species from the Salt-range as belonging to tbe genus, but
of neither of which is it certain whether it really belongs to the genus. Of one of
these shells the binge is not known, and this one is assigned to the genus solely on
account of its external characters (comparatively thin structure of the shell and
small area). In the other species the hinge is tolerably well visible, but the
elongated posterior tooth cannot be well observed. Both species, however, agree very
well, in general outline and the very small ligamental area, with the greater number
of the shells described under Mc'Coyss genus.
The geological distribution of the genus cannot even approximately be stated,
as species belonging to it are mostly quoted under other generic designations.
1. Dolabra arcina, Waagen, n. sp. PL XIX, fig. 21.
This little shell has an elongated oval shape, little prominent beaks, a straight
hinge line, and tolerably inflated valves.
The beaks are sub-anterior, rather obtuse, distinctly incurved, very nearly
contiguous. The hinge line is straight, extending over the greater part of the length
of the shell. The anterior margin of the shell is obtusely rounded, and joins the
hinge line at nearly a right angle. Tbe ventral margin is flatly arched, not distinctly
separated from the anterior and posterior margins. The latter is also rounded, but
more narrowly than the anterior one, and joins the hinge line under a very obtuse
angle.
Below the beaks, along the hinge line there extends a very narrow flatly tri-
angular area, but it is not certain whether it served for the insertion of a ligament
as is the case in the Arcidce. The manner in which the ligament may have been
fixed cannot be observed.
The hinge itself is not visible.
The surface of the shell is flatly arched, the greatest thickness of the valves
being situated below the beaks in the anterior part of the shell. There is no surface
sculpture observable, except very fine and distant concentric strise of growth.
The substance of the shell is not very solid, but tolerably so.
The dimensions of the only specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 15 mm.
„ breadth „ „ 9*5 „
Thickness of both valves 5-5 „
Apical angle 142*
Locality and geological position. — There is only one specimen of this species in
the Salt-range collection ; it was found by myself in the grey micaceous sandstone
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 259
of the Nila "Wan, which constitutes there the lower division of the Productus-
limestone.
Remarks. — Though the generic position given to this shell is not quite certain,
yet it is the most probable one. The only genus to which it might also possibly be
assigned is Area or some allied genus, but in these genera the area is very rarely so
small as in the shell here described ; the shell of the species here under considera-
tion is moreover somewhat too thin for an Area. But the two characters just
indicated are characteristic for Dolabra, and thus the position of this fossil in
Mc'Coy's genus is, I think, perfectly justifiable.
As to species, it is very difficult to find out whether there is any nearly related
to the form here described. Among the shells which have been called Dolabra by
former writers, there is none which could be compared to our shell, but under the
different species of Area or Cucullaa there may well be more or less allied forms _
Arcafaba, Kon., for instance, is very likely a Dolabra, and in its general form not
dissimilar to our Dol. arcina, but it can easily be distinguished by the concentric
sulcation on its surface. Of other species the generic position is too doubtful to
allow of a closer comparison with the species here under consideration ; only Palce-
arca mterrupta, Kon., from Australia might yet be mentioned. It is about of the
same size as our Indian fossil, but more elongated in its general outline, and bears
a concentric folding which is absent in the Indian shell.
2. Dolabra cohbina, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XXIV, fig. 6.
The general outline of this rather small species is somewhat quadrangular,
truncated in front and behind, the hinge line is straight, the valves inflated.
The beaks are nearly median in their position, very little prominent, pointed,
inflated, and distinctly incurved towards the front. When the valves are in juxta-
position it seems that the beaks nearly touch each other. Below the beaks a very
small elongated triangular area is present for the attachment of the ligament ; it
extends the whole length of the hinge line. The hinge line is quite straight and
about as long as the entire shell. Anteriorly it joins the anterior shell margin in
forming a rounded angle of about 90 degrees. The anterior margin is nearly
straight, barely at all curved, and so is the ventral margin ; they meet in forming
an obtusely rounded angle. Also at the point of junction between the ventral and
posterior margins an obtuse angle is formed. The posterior margin is somewhat
more curved than the anterior one, and unites with the hinge line in a gentle
curve.
The substance of the shell is tolerably solid; nevertheless it has not been
possible to clear the region of the hinge from the adhering rock. All that could be
observed is that anteriorly to the beak the hinge margin is smooth, not crenulated.
The ligament commences a short distance in front of the beak, and its extent can
260 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
be distinctly traced by a sbarp groove, which served for its insertion, and wbich runs
along the whole posterior part of the area. The mode of insertion of the ligament
is very much like that occurring in Deoaroa. The rock is too hard to admit of
the characters of the hinge being traced any further ; but in one of the specimens,
the largest, it seems as if there were an elongated laminar posterior tooth parallel
to the hinge line.
The pallial and muscular impressions could not be observed.
The surface of the shell is rather strongly vaulted. Prom the apex to the
lower posterior corner of the shell there extends in two of our specimens an indis-
tinct angular ridge, marking off a posterior triangular space of the shell ; in the
third specimen this ridge is obliterated. The greatest thickness of the valves is
about in their middle. The whole surface of the shell is covered by very numerous
and very fine concentric striae of growth, which at intervals form strong imbricating
folds, marking larger stages of growth.
The dimensions of a middle-sized specimen from Chidru are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 13 mm.
„ breadth „ „ 11 „
Thickness of the right value 6 „
Apical angle, about 125°
The largest specimen found up to the present is not entire; but it seems to
have been about 25 mm. in length and 18 mm. in breadth.
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether three specimens of this
species preserved in the Salt-range collection, all three right valves, found by myself
at Chidru, in a hard yellow sandstone forming the top bed of the upper division of
the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — Nothing seems to be more difficult than to fix the genus to winch
the present shell ought to be assigned. For a long time I considered Unicardium
as the proper designation for it, but after I had ascertained that the ligament was
not supported by fulcra, but attached to a kind of area, it was evident that JJnicar.
dium could not any longer be taken into consideration. Of all the other genera
only Dolabra would fit at all, and thus I have placed the present shell in Mc'Coy's
genus.
There is quite the same difficulty in regard to the shells to which the present
species can be fitly compared. A shell which exhibits really a very great similarity
to our Dolabra corbma is Panopcea mackrothi, Gein., from the " Weissliegenden"
of Tieschitz near Gera. The difficulties as to the generic classification of this shell
have all been pointed out by Geinitz, and he states that certain specimens show
as much affinity to Area as to Unicardium, and that the position in the genus
Panopcea is only a provisional one. So long as the muscular and pallial impressions
of this species are not known, its position in the genus Panopcea seems to be very
questionable. If we compare this Panopcea mackrothi with our Dolabra corbina
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 261
the two shells agree in the squarish outline of the valves, the median position of
the beaks, a tolerably straight or little arched hinge line, and the great inflation or
convexity of the valves. Besides these characters the specimen figured in Geinitz's
Dyas (PI. XII, fig. 22) exhibits also an angular ridge extending from the apex to the
lower posterior corner, and marking off a posterior triangular space of the shell.
The two species differ from each other by the more considerable size of Panopcea
macJerothi and by its regular concentric striation. On the whole it seems probable
that Dolabra corbina, W., is the representative, the vicarious species, of Pcmop.
machrothi in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range.
Of mountain-limestone and older palaeozoic species none is known to me which
could be particularly compared to the present species. So much the more interest-
ing is it to observe how this species exhibits so very near a relation to a shell occur-
ring in the permian formation of Europe.
Order: MYTILACEA.
Eamily: MYTILIBM.
Sub-Eamily: DREISSENIN^!.
Genus: SEPTIPER, Eecluz.
There is nothing surprising in the occurrence of a member of the sub-family
Dreissenince in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range; as it is well known,
that already in the devonian period shells occur, which beyond doubt belong
to the present sub-family, and which have received from Sandberger the name of
Hoplomytilus.
It is somewhat more unexpected to find the genus Septifer represented in these
deposits. The geologically oldest species that can be attributed to the genus is Mytilus
eduliformis, Schl., from the European Muschelkalk, unless Mytilus comptus, Mc'Coy,
from the mountain-limestone of Ireland has to be considered as a representative of
the genus. The former species according to Giebel's drawing exhibits very clearly
the internal plate which serves for the insertion of the anterior adductor and the
sinuation and incurvation of the anterior ventral margin, characteristic of the genus ;
but the radial striation and the crenulated margins as well as the cardinal teeth,
which are mostly present in Septifer, are absent in the triassic shell. As long as no
more species are known in which the hinge has been observed so distinctly as in
Myt. eduliformis, it will barely be possible to indicate whether the differences just
pointed out are sufficient for the distinction of a new genus, and thus it will be
better for the present to retain Schlotheim's species in the genus Septifer.
The generic position of Mytilus eduliformis, Schloth., is of great importance in
the present case, as the shell which I have to describe from the Salt-range is very
nearly related to that species, and as all the characters of the hinge cannot be
262 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
distinctly made out, it is chiefly the affinity to Myt. eduliformis which must decide
its generic position.
As has been noted above, the radial sculpture, which is present in most species
of Septifer, is absent in Myt. eduliformis as well as in the Indian shell. According
to the presence or absence of such sculpturing two sections can be conveniently
distinguished within the genus, the one devoid of radial sculpture might be termed
■" Zceves," and the one on which the sculpture is present might bear the name
" Radiata."
The Indian shell belongs to the first of the two.
Section I: L^IVES.
1. Sbptifee, squama, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XXIV, fig. 7.
The general shape of the shell is elongately oval, angular on the top, and broadly
rounded below. The beaks are perfectly terminal and pointed, little incurved.
The ligamental area is short and slightly curved. It unites in a gentle arch with
the dorsal margin, which descends in a low curve to meet the returning curve of the
ventral margin of the shell. This latter is strongly bent inward immediately below
the apex, but very soon turns out again and forms a prominent arch, descending
thus to the lower or posterior margin, which joins the dorsal margin in a rather
narrow curve. The excavation of the shell thus formed below the beak is deep
but very short, and extends to not even half the length of the shell.
The valves are flatly arched, only the ventral excavation is surrounded by an
obtuse ridge. The surface of the shell is covered by somewhat scaly imbricating
strise of growth, which are, however, only well visible near the margin.
The whole shell is strongly compressed and flattened, and the transverse
diameter of both valves is only one-third of the entire length of the shell. The
greatest transverse diameter is situated quite near the apex, only one-sixth of the
length of the shell distant from it.
The shell is of rather thin structure.
The measurements are as follows : —
Greatest length of the shell 25 mm.
„ breadth „ „ 16 „
Thickness of the left valve ........... 3#5 „
Apical angle 73°
Locality and geological position.— The only specimen of this species in the
Salt-range collection was taken out of a piece of light greyish-yellow sandstone,
brought by Mr. Wynne from Khund Ghat. It contained also a specimen of a large
Streplorhynchus, and comes certainly from the upper division of the Productus-
limestone formation. Very likely this sandstone is among the highest beds of this
division.
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 263
Remarks. — The position of this shell in the genus Septifer is not above every
doubt, as I have been unable to clear its entire hinge line from the adhering rock ;
but as far as it could be inspected it seemed not to possess the characteristic grooves
of Myalina. Moreover, the strong inflection of the anterior ventral margin speaks
very much in favour of Septifer.
In its general form this species resembles two different palaeozoic fossils. Eirst
it has a certain likeness to Mytilus comptus, Mc'Coy, from the carboniferous-slate of
the yellow- sandstone group below the mountain-limestone of Ireland, which species
also might be a Septifer. This species is, however, distinguishable from the Indian
fossil by its more slender and more curved apex and by its more broadly rounded
inferior or posterior margin.
The other species with which the present one can be compared is Mytilus
squamosus, Sow. ( = Mytilus hausmanni, Godf., = Aucella hausmanni, Gein.),
from the permian strata of England, Germany, and Russia. In this case, however,
the similarity is only an external one. I have, for comparison, quite a number of
very excellent specimens of Mytilus hausmanni, — thanks to the great kindness of
Professor Liebe in Gera ; but to judge from these specimens this shell can be
neither a Mytilus nor a Septifer, nor an Aucella nor a Myalina. It cannot be a
Mytilus or a Septifer, because the ligamental area is not a simple line for the
attachment of the ligament, but is provided with pits as in Gervillia. It cannot
be an Aucella, because a byssal sinus in the smaller right valve is absent, and it
cannot be a Myalina on account of the absence of the longitudinal grooving of the
ligamental area which is characteristic for that genus. The only genus with which
this very strange form of shell could possibly be counted is Mytiliarca ; but this
position also seems not to be tenable, and it will be necessary, as will be done
further on in this work, to create a new genus for the reception of this shell. On
a first glance it is evident that the hinge of the Indian Septifer squama is quite
different from that of Mytilus hausmanni, and thus the similarity of form of the
two shells is only apparent. But also externally the two species can be distin-
guished without difficulty. The Indian shell is much more rounded in outline
and deeply excavated on the ventral side which is not the case in Myt. squamosus
or hausmanni.
A much greater similarity than to any palaeozoic species is exhibited by the
shell here under consideration to Septifer eduliformis, Schloth., from the Muschel-
kalk of Germany. If we compare the two shells as to their external characters, we
find that only very trifling differences exist, and that it is rather doubtful whether,
if more extensive materials were procurable, the Indian shell could yet be considered
as forming a species different from that of the German Muschelkalk.
In the Indian fossil the beak is somewhat less pointed, the sinuation of the
anterior part of the ventral margin is somewhat less strong, and thus the whole
shape of the shell somewhat more regularly triangular and somewhat broader in
comparison to its length. All other characters are perfectly identical, and thus it
264 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
may be presumed that also the characters of the hinge, which cannot all he
observed in the Indian shell, agree to a certain extent. As, then, these characters
in Mytilus eduliformis, Schl., are of such a nature that this shell must be con-
sidered as belonging to the genus Septifer, it is also more than probable that the
Indian shell belongs to this genus.
That in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range a shell should occur which
even specifically can barely be distinguished from a species of the German Muschel-
kalk, is certainly a fact of great geological importance.
Sub-family : CRENBLLINM.
Genus : LITHODOMINA, Waagen, n. gen.
The sub-family Crenellince is, according to Dr. Stoliczka, characterised by a
thin shell, tumid valves, and a quite internal ligament, which is lodged in a linear
groove, extending posteriorly along the hinge line, and by two distinct muscular
impressions. Besides these characters there occurs in recent species generally
a radial striation covering entirely or partly the surface of the shell, and a denti-
culation of the hinge line on its posterior part. These latter characters do not
occur in all the genera or species belonging to the sub-family, and thus they cannot
be considered as indispensable for the reference of a genus to the sub-family.
The shells which I shall describe under the name | of Lithodomina agree with
the sub-family Crenellince in the thin shell, the quite internal ligament, which is
lodged in a linear groove parallel to the posterior hinge line, and the tumidity of
the valves. The rather great development of the anterior part of the shell is also
suggestive of an anterior muscular impression, though this has not been observed
up to the present. For these reasons I consider it .not quite improbable that these
shells should belong to the sub-family Crenellince.
I was a long time in great doubt what should be done with the shells here
under consideration. In general outline they most approach certain shells, which,
in palaeozoic strata, have mostly been described in the genus Nucula, but which are
now attributed to different other genera, all however belonging to the Nuculidce.
In the shells here under consideration the crenulations of the hinge line character-
istic of the Nuculidce are decidedly absent, and thus there can be no question of
these shells being Nuculidce.
The very elongated form exhibited by some of these shells seemed then possibly
to indicate a relationship to the Solenidce, and as two muscular impressions seem to
be present, a relationship was not quite out of the question. There is, however, not
a trace of a sinuation in the pallial impression observable, the hinge is absolutely
toothless, and thus these shells cannot belong either to the Solenidce.
A similarity of the external form, which is very striking, exists also to Sole-
nocaris of Meek, a genus which is considered to belong to the phyllopodous crus-
taceans. Similar as the external forms may be, there is yet one character absent in
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 265
the Indian shells, which is very characteristic for Solenocaris ; this is a very
singular sculpture of the shell. The same character ought to he present if the
Indian shells were JEntomostraca ; either the shell or the cast ought to show certain
furrows, which might be microscopical, but which ought to be present. As iny
materials were not sufficient to make microscopical preparations, some doubt remains
whether we have not to deal here with Entomostraca, but the whole appearance of
the shell, the characters of the hinge, and the singularly flattened appearance of
the beaks make it more probable that these fossils are bivalved shells, and among
these the only group to which they can belong is the Mytilidce. Every doubt
would immediately be removed if pallial and muscular impressions were distinctly
observable, but, as is generally the case in such thinly shelled fossils, these im-
pressions are very indistinct, and it remains doubtful whether the marks, which are
observable, belong to these organs.
The shells which I consider to belong to the genus Lithodomina are more or-
less elongate, equivalve, very excentric, with subanterior beaks, little developed
anterior part of the shell and very elongated posterior part, and with nearly parallel
dorsal and ventral margins. The beaks are singularly flattened as in Lithodomus.
The hinge is edentulous. Along the hinge line extends a long, not very deep,
furrow for the insertion of an internal ligament. There seem to be two muscular
impressions, between which an entire pallial line seems to extend, but no distinct
observation on this point is possible.
The structure of the shell is very thin, devoid of every kind of sculpture and, if
well preserved, shining smooth. Only with a strongly magnifying lens very fine
distant striae of growth are observable.
Prom all these characters it appears that the shells belonging to Lithodomina
are most nearly related to Lithodomus, the chief difference consisting in a more
strongly developed anterior part of the shell, which is very likely coincident with
a stronger development of the anterior adductor. In this respect these fossils re-
semble the Crenellince, with which they appear also to be related by the nearly
internal elongated ligament.
Of the geological distribution of the genus very little can be told. A shell
which very likely belongs to the genus is Nucula cardiiformis, Eichw., which has
been excellently figured in the geology of Russia. If this shell were a true
Nucula, traces of the hinge teeth would be visible in the cast, but according to the
impression of the hinge on the cast it seems to have been edentulous, as has also
been observed by de Verneuil. Besides this the nearly parallel dorsal and ven-
tral margins make the position of this shell in the genus Lithodomina very pro-
bable. This species has been found in the mountain-limestone, and is apparently
the oldest that is known up to the present.
Another species, which, from the strong development of the anterior part
of the shell, also very likely belongs to the genus here under consideration, is
Lithodomus prisons, Giebel, from the Muschelkalk of Lieskau.
266 SALT-EANGE EOSSILS.
In India the genus is represented by two species, one of which approaches in
its general outline more to the Nucula cardiiformis of Eichwald, the other is more
similar to Lithodomus priscus of Giebel. They occur together in the topmost beds
of the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
1. Lithodomina ttpa, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XVIII, figs. 8, 9.
The general outline of this species is very elongated, very excentric, with
tolerably inflated valves and shining smooth shell.
The beaks are subanterior in their position, very little prominent, inflated,
flattened, and but little incurved forwards. In front of them there is a very small,
not very deep, lunula ; it is not sharply denned from the rest of the shell, but pro-
duces a very distinct and deep sinuation in the outline of the shell in front of the
beaks. The anterior part of the shell is distinctly prominent, narrow, and limited
by a narrowly curved parabolic margin. The ventral margin is very flatly arched,
nearly straight, and is not distinctly limited either anteriorly or posteriorly. The
posterior margin forms a somewhat broad parabolic outline, and is joined abruptly
by the dorsal margin, which is very long and quite straight parallel to the ventral
margin ; in some specimens it is a very little impressed along the hinge line.
The hinge is quite edentulous. The hinge line is straight, and a very little
thickened posteriorly to the beaks. There extends a long and shallow furrow along
this thickened part for the reception of a ligament, which seems to have been
sub-internal.
The valves are rather strongly vaulted, being thickest in the dorsal region a
little posterior to the beaks.
The substance of the shell is very thin, the surface shining smooth; very fine,
not numerous, striae of growth are only observable with the lens.
The measurements of an entire specimen from Chidru are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 18 mm.
„ breadth „ 65 „
Thickness of the right valve 4 „
Apical angle 142°
Locality and geological position. — There were originally three specimens of
this species in the Salt-range collection, one of which I have broken in trying to
clean the hinge from the adhering rock. There were two right valves and one dupli-
cate, all found by myself at Chidru in the hard yellow sandstone forming the top
bed of the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This species is in general form not dissimilar to Lithodomus priscus,
Giebel, from the Muschelkalk of Lieskau. The differences of the two species con-
sist chiefly in the broader anterior part and more pointed apex of the triassic fossil.
Of palaeozoic species none is known to me which could be in particular com-
pared to the present species.
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELEOYPODA. • 267
2. Lithodomina abbreviata, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XVII, fig. 10 ; PI. XXIV, fig. 12.
The general outline of this shell is elongately trapezoidal, with a very short
truncated anterior and an elongated posterior part. The valves are rather com-
pressed.
The beaks are nearly quite anterior in their position, not prominent, pointed,
distinctly flattened, and little incurved. There is a small indistinct lunula in front
of them which causes a slight emargination in the outline of the shell. The an-
terior shell margin is barely at all prominent, broadly rounded, and unites with-
out proper limit with the nearly staight ventral margin. The posterior margin is
not very broadly rounded, the dorsal margin is slightly arched, and on the whole
about parallel to the ventral one.
The shells belonging to this species are, however, a little variable in their general
outline. Sometimes the whole shell is more elongated in comparison to its breadth,
sometimes it is shorter. In some specimens the breadth increases from the anterior
towards the posterior part of the shell, sometimes it decreases in the same direction,
so that sometimes the greatest breadth of the shell is situated near the apex,
sometimes it is near the posterior end of the shell.
The hinge of this species is tolerably well visible. There are no teeth of
any kind below or near the apex. Behind the apex there commences along the
hinge margin a slight furrow, limited on its lower side towards the posterior end of
the hinge line by a lamellar shelly ridge, which is, however, barely strong enough
to be considered' as a sort of tooth. This furrow has evidently served for the
insertion of a ligament, which was partly internal.
Of pallial and muscular .impressions only very indistinct traces can be seen.
The substance of the shell is very thin. The surface is shining smooth if well
preserved, only with the lens are distant fine striae of growth observable.
The dimensions of a specimen from Ohidru are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 12 mm.
„ hreadth „ „ 7 „
Thickness of the right valve . 2 „
Apical angle 100°
The species seems not to become much larger.
Locality and geological position. — There are three specimens, all right valves,
preserved in the Salt-range collection ; they were found by myself together with the
preceding species at Chidru in the yellow hard sandstones forming there the top bed
of the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — There is a remarkable similarity between this species and Xucula
cardiiformis, (Eichwald) Vern. The only difference at all apparent consists in
the somewhat greater inflation of the valves of the Russian species. The figure,
PI. XVII., fig. 10, which is rather badly executed, does not exhibit this striking
similarity; it is drawn from a rather elongated variety, not quite intact at
268 ' SALT-RANGE "FOSSILS.
its posterior end, and therefore appears to have a strange oblique truncation, which
is not observable in other specimens.
The specimen figured in Eichwald's Lethsea Rossica. seems to be different from
the fossil figured by de Verneuil under the name of Nucula cardiiformis, and
might be a true Nucula. It is only to de Verneuil's drawing that there is a
similarity in our Lithodomina abbreviata, but I did not venture to unite the
two fossils specifically ; first there seem to be real differences, such as the greater
inflation of the valves and somewhat shorter general outline in the Russian shell ;
and as I have not been able to examine de Verneuil's original specimen, it is
impossible to tell whether this fossil may be identical with our Indian species ; so I
have preferred only to indicate their resemblance.
Sub-family: MTTILINJB.
Genus : LITHODOMUS, Cuvier.
This genus is not easily recognised in a fossil state, and it seems to have escaped
notice to a great extent in deposits belonging to the older formations. The geologi-
cally oldest species which I find quoted occur in the carboniferous formation,
but in these strata already about four or five species have been noticed. It would
thus seem highly probable that the existence of the genus dates further back
in the series of formations, and that it has been overlooked on account of the
but little prominent characters exhibited by these shells.
The chief features that may be used to recognise the genus are the smoothness
and thickness of the shell, the nearly terminal and sometimes flattened beaks
which are well incurved, and the nearly parallel uj3per and lower margins of
the shell in the typical forms.
Among the living species of the genus two groups of forms can be distinguished,
the one containing the typical shells, with nearly parallel upper and lower margins,
the other, more modioliform and only with difficulty distinguishable from Modiola,
has been separated by Morch as a separate genus Botula.
Both these groups seem to have been represented already ainong the oldest
species of Lithodomi that are known to exist. To the first, genus Lithodomus
in a restricted sense, Lithodomus jenkinsoni, Mc'Coy, from the carboniferous-lime-
stone of Lowick seems to belong, and also Lithodomus per tennis, Meek and "Worthen,
from the St. Louis limestone of Illinois.
A second group ( ? representing the genus Botula of Morch) appears to be
indicated by Mc'Ooy's Lithodomus dactyloides from the carboniferous-limestone
of Millicent. Though the general shape of this species is somewhat modioliform, yet
the perfectly terminal position of its apex seems to warrant its being placed in
the genus Lithodomus. The position of Phillips' Modiola lingualis in the genus,
as has been advocated by American writers, is somewhat more doubtful. If it
be a Lithodomus, it will probably have to be placed in the sub-genus Botula.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTO^E.— PELECYPODA. 269
The genus seems not to have been observed, as yet in permian rocks, but there
is little doubt that species belonging to it did exist during that period.
Prom the trias upwards species of Lithodomus recur sparingly in every form-
ation, but never more numerously than in the present seas.
In the palaeozoic strata of the Salt-range there occurs but one species, which is,
however, well characterised by its smooth shell, not very thin, its terminal apex,
and the parallel upper and lower margins. The species shows no affinity to any
of the hitherto described species of Lithodomus from palaeozoic strata.
1. Lithodomus atavus, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XX., fig. 13.
There is but one valve of this species in the Salt-range collection, and even
this is not entire, but what remains of it is highly characteristic, and sufficient to fix
the species. ,
The general form of this shell is elongated oval, narrow, but little inflated,
thickest about in the middle of its length. The beak is nearly quite terminal, little
incurved and barely at all prominent, with a very small lunula below and in front
of it ; anterior margin narrowly rounded, almost imperceptibly prominent in front
of the beak ; posterior margin not preserved ; dorsal margin straight; hinge edentu-
lous ;. ventral margin very slightly convex, about parallel to the dorsal one. Shell of
thin structure, with a shining surface and indistinct distant striae of growth.
The measurements are as follows : —
Entire length of shell, about 23 mm.
Breadth of shell (from dorsal to ventral margins) 7 „
Thickness of the right valve 5 „
Apical angle, about 93°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species in the
Salt-range collection was found by myself in the uppermost beds of the Productus-
limestone just below the base of the Ceratite formation at Chidru. It consists of a
fragment of the right valve only.
Remarks. — As to the position of this species in the genus Lithodomus, there
can be no question whatever. Specifically the shell can be barely compared to any
paheozoic species ; the only form of these showing a slight similarity is Lithophagus
pertennis, M. & "W. Like the Indian species, this one has a straight dorsal and a
slightly convex ventral margin, but these margins are divergent in the American
shell, whilst they are parallel in the present species. Thus the greatest breadth of
the American species is near the posterior end of the valves, whilst it is about
central in the Indian fossil. A somewhat more close resemblance to the species
here under consideration is exhibited by Modiola macadami, Portl., var. angusta.
It might be questioned whether this very peculiar form is only a variety of the
typical species, or whether it is not in reality a Lithodomus ; there is no doubt,
however, that in its general outline it is most similar to the Indian shell. But the
x
270 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
surface sculpture, as described by Portlock, is sufficient to distinguish it from Litho-
domus atavus, W., and bring ii» into closer connection with the typical form of
Modiola macadami, Portl.
Of triassic species there is none known to me which could be particularly
compared to the present species.
Genus: MODIOLA, Lamark.
This is a genus which in general is not very difficult to be recognised, though
transitional forms to other allied genera exist in rather great numbers ; this is also
a reason why it seems rather difficult to fix at what horizon the genus made its
first appearance. It is rather doubtful whether true Modiolce existed during
silurian times. In devonian strata the genus is beyond any doubt represented by
typical species, and from this formation upwards they increase constantly in
numbers until reaching their maximum of development about in the present period.
Like the recent species, so are also the fossil ones often found in great numbers
together, but there are also many solitary forms, and even the greater number of
fossil species seem to have been solitary and not gregareous.
The geologically older species of the genus are generally of very moderate size,
whilst in the mesozoic formations the single individuals of Modiolce seem to reach
their maximum development in size.
During carboniferous times the number of species of Modiola is already rather
large, but in permian strata the genus seems to become again very scarce. Golov-
kinsky figures a species of Modiola out of permian beds near the Volga. This is,
however, not a typical shell, but might rather belong to Lithodomus. Also in the
Muschelkalk the genus is yet rather rare, but from the lias upwards great numbers
of it appear.
In the palaeozoic strata of the Salt-range there is only one species which can
with all certainty be attributed to the genus Modiola.
1. Modiola transparens, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XX, fig. 11.
This is a medium-sized species with a very thin transparent shell.
The general form is elongated oval, with a straight ventral and an arched
dorsal margin. The greatest breadth is in the last third of its length. The shell is
moderately inflated, with small, little incurved, and little prominent beaks. In the
specimen which serves for description there seems to run down from the apex to the
posterior end of the ventral margin a prominent angular ridge ; this is, however,
only caused by the state of preservation, the shell having been subjected to a
pressure which caused the beaks to be flattened and gave rise to this ridge. The
beaks are strongly anterior, but not quite terminal, showing a very small, indistinct
lunula in front of them.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 271
The anterior margin is well rounded and slightly projecting. The posterior
part of the shell is very produced and terminates in a somewhat truncated posterior
margin, which forms a distinct obtuse angle with the ventral margin of the shell,
but unites with the dorsal margin in a well-rounded curve.
The hinge line is arched, but there is no place visible for insertion of the
ligament.
The greatest thickness of the shell is situated not far behind the beaks.
The structure of the shell is glassy thin, with a smooth shining surface, and
very thin, regular, but indistinct striae of growth.
Muscular impressions and pallial line are not visible.
The dimensions of a specimen are as follows : —
Total length of shell, about 41 mm.
Greatest breadth of shell 19 „
Thickness of both valves ll-5 „
Distance of the apex from the anterior margin 3 „
„ „ „ posterior margin 38 „
Apical angle 136°
Locality and geological position. — Two specimens of this species were collected
by myself at Jabi in the upper division of the Productus-limestone, in the same
bed in which Cyclolobus oldhami was found.
Remarks. — This species, though not very remarkable in its form, is yet not
very difficult to distinguish from other similar species. The nearest ally to it seems
to be Modiola teplofi, Vern., out of carboniferous strata of the Donez. It is,
however, easy to distinguish this species from the Indian shell by its concave ventral
margin, its straight hinge line, and the angular junction of the dorsal and posterior
margins. Of other species none can be particularly compared.
Genus : MYTILUS, Linn.
This genus is one of those which are most frequently quoted from all the fossil-
bearing formations, but of which nevertheless the geological distribution is very
uncertain up to the present.
This uncertainty arises chiefly from the imperfect knowledge of the hinge in
most species, which makes an exact generic determination of these shells absolutely
impossible.
Already in silurian rocks species of Mytilus are quoted, and in the devonian
not less than 25 species are said to occur, but of all these it is more than doubtful
whether they are really Mytili, and not rather Myalince, of which the hinge is
imperfectly known.
From carboniferous strata there appear altogether 38 species of Mytilus in
Bigsby's tables. Most of these are Modiolce ; but some might be really Mytilus, as
Myt. comptus, Mc'Coy, flemingi, Mc'Coy, or Myt. triangularis, Sow. ; of none
272 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
of them is the hinge well known, and thus always some douht exists, as in shape
they might be as well Myalmce if the longitudinal grooving of the hinge area were
traceable.
It is therefore of interest to note that in the palseozoic strata of the Salt-range,
there exists an undoubted species of Mytilus, showing all the characters of the recent
species. It exhibits the thick tooth-like tubercle below the beak as many recent
species do, the dorsal margin is simple without a trace of longitudinal grooves.
The Salt-range strata must certainly now be counted among the higher divi-
sions of the palseozoic formations ; and thus we can say that the genus Mytilus
takes its origin during palseozoic times, though the existence of the genus during
palaeozoic times is denied by American authors.
1. Mytilus patriarchaiis, Waagen, n. sp. PL XX, fig. 12.
The shell which served for the description of this species is of moderate size
and more or less triangular shape.
The beaks are anterior and quite terminal, somewhat flattened, little incurved.
The dorsal shell margin is rather long and slightly arched. Below the apex there
is an oblique, thick, rounded, tooth-like prominence, which extends from the apex
to the inner anterior margin of the shell. The anterior and ventral margins are
quite united, and no limit can be drawn between them. They form together a
slightly excavated arch, producing a long and rather broad, but not very deep, kind
of lunula below and in front of the beak. In the upper part of this ventral
excavation immediately below the beak there is a slight protuberance, indicating
the position of the anterior shell margin.
The dorsal margin unites without forming any angle with the posterior margin,
which bends round in a low arch to meet the ventral margin forming with it a
more narrow curve.
Thus results the more or less triangular shape of the shell, in which, however,
only the angle at the apex is acute, the others being rounded off.
The ligament was sub-interior, and lodged in a barely perceptible line along
the dorsal shell margin.
The shell is rather inflated, as the transverse diameter of both valves is only
a little less than half the length of the entire shell.
The surface is smooth, and even with the lens no strise of growth can be observ-
ed ; these, however, might have been rubbed off or obliterated by the process of
fossilisation.
The substance of the shell is tolerably thick and compact.
The measurements of the only specimen are as follows : —
Greatest length of shell 25 mm.
„ breadth „ „ . . 14 „
Thickness of the left valve 5 „
Apical angle 53"
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 273
The figured specimen was complete originally, but in trying to clean the hinge
from the adhering hard rock it was broken, and the lower half could not be saved ;
so the figure is incomplete.
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species in the
Salt-range collection was found by myself at Chidru in a bed of hard sandstone
forming the topmost band of the upper division of the Productus-limestone forma-
tion.
Remarks. — Though of none of the species of Mytilus described up to the pre-
sent from palseozoic formations has it been shown that the hinge agrees with the
typical forms now living, yet there are some species which in their outward appear-
ance so closely resemble the shell here described that a comparison is unavoidable.
There must be mentioned before all Mytilus triangularis, Sow., from the car-
boniferous-shales of Coalbrook Dale. This species agrees almost perfectly in shape
with the Indian shell ; also the size is nearly the same ; but the ventral portion of
the shell is not excavated, and the beak is less terminal ; so the Indian form cannot
be united with it.
Of other species Mytilus flemingi, Mc'Ooy, might also possibly be compared,
but its similarity to the Indian Mytilus pair iarchalis, W., is already more remote.
The occurrence of a typical species of Mytilus in the upper division of the
Productus-limestone of the Salt-range gives a rather recent character to the pele-
cypod fauna of these deposits. Up to the present typical Mytili have only been
stated with full certainty to occur in secondary formations, and thus it must appear
somewhat unexpected to find a species in the Productus-limestone.
Of triassic species, Myt. cristatus, Seebach, sp. is not quite dissimilar, but can
easily be distinguished by a broad distinct posterior wing, and a straight ventral
margin.
Genus: ATOMODESMA, Beyrich.
In 1863 Beyrich described two species of a bivalved shell in the " Abhandlungen
der k. Academie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin" under the generic name of Ato-
modesma, of which he gave a very short characteristic, to the effect that the genus
exhibits the structural peculiarities of Inoceramus, having a prismatic structure,
but is distinct from that genus by its ligamental area, which is continuous and not
divided into several pits as is the case in Inoceramus.
This characteristic seems perfectly sufficient to fix the genus and to identify
similar shells if found elsewhere.
The two species from which the above generic characters were deduced came
from beds of uncertain age of the island of Timor, and were detected there by
Dr. Schneider associated with Ammonites megaphyllus, Beyr. If the ligamental
area of these two species had not been detected, they would undoubtedly have
passed as Inocerami.
274 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The genus Inoeeramus has already very frequently been quoted from palaeozoic
strata hut it is more than doubtful whether any of those species belong to that
genus. A part of them has been recognised as belonging to the genus Ambonychia
or Mytiliarca of Hall, others, chiefly the Australian ones, have received a proper
generic designation, and have been called Aphanaia by de Koninck in 1876.
Aphanaia is a genus which is certainly very nearly related to Atomodesma, but
it is very difficult to pronounce any opinion as to their identity. As has been stat-
ed above, the characters of Atomodesma were taken from the shell, whilst in
Aphanaia only internal casts are known. But even in these it can be seen that the
ligamental area was entire, and not divided into several pits. The other characters)
which are taken from the muscular impressions on the one hand and from the
structure of the shell on the other, are incomparable. In general outline both
genera agree perfectly well, and I am very much in doubt whether the little shell
I have to describe from India should be better placed in the one or in the other
genus. Or mignt de Koninck's sentence : " sommets anterieurs separ^s par une area
creuse ayant encore un ligament" possibly indicate a generic distinction between the
two groups of forms designated as Atomodesma and Aphanaia ?
The systematic position of both genera is certainly in the order Mytilacea and
the family Mytilidce.
The geological position of the originally described species of Atomodesma is
not quite certain, as stated above ; yet it is possible to say that they must be either
of the oldest triassic or of the geologically youngest palaeozoic age. The genus
Aphanaia belongs to the so-called carboniferous deposits of Australia, the exact geo-
logical horizon of which seems also not yet quite fixed.
In India a single species of Atomodesma has been detected up to the present.
1. Atomodesma indicum, "Waagen, n. sp. PI. XX, fig. 4
The shell constituting this species is of very moderate size. Its general out-
line is elongately oval, not oblique, and tolerably inflated, with strong concentric
plications.
The beak is very pointed and about median in its position. It is only little
bent over. The ligamental area is short, and placed about horizontally, below and
posterior to the apex. It bears a very narrow longitudinal groove for the insertion
of the ligament, and joins the dorsal margin of the shell in forming an obtuse angle
producing a very small posterior wing. Prom there the posterior margin descends
in a low oblique arch.
The anterior margin is obliquely cut off in a straight Une from the beak
downwards. This oblique truncation is caused by an obtusely rounded ridge,
which descends from the beak and encircles a narrow, not very deep, lunula, and is
itself again separated from the remainder of the shell by a low but distinct sulca-
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 275
tion, wliich takes its origin at the beak and extends to the ventral margin of the
shell.
The ventral margin unites with the anterior one in an obtuse angle, is then
slightly sinuated at the sulcation above mentioned, and joins the posterior one in
a tolerably broad arch.
The surface of the shell is covered by broad, low concentric undulations, which
are somewhat deflected from their course at the anterior sulcation.
The shell, though very thin, exhibits clearly the prismatic structure character-
istic for the genus Inoceramus.
The measurements of the only specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 22 mm.
Greatest breadth „ .„ 14'5 „
Thickness of the left valve 5 „ „
Apical angle ■ 83°
The greatest transverse diameter (thickness) of the shell is situated about in
the middle of its length.
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species in the
Salt-range collection was found by myself at Jabi in the same bed in which also
Cyclolobus oldhami and the other Ammonitidoe were detected by me.
Remarks. — The generic position of this shell, as I have placed it, is I think
pretty sure and cannot be much doubted. That its general appearance is Inocera-
mus-like, is evident on a first glance, and it is supported by the structure of the
shell and the other characters.
Erom the species of Atomodesma hitherto described the Indian shell deviates,
however, rather considerably. Two species are mentioned by Beyrich — At. mytiloides
and At. exaratum. Both are much more oblique than the Indian species ; if this were
not the case, At. exaratum would be rather similar. It presents an anterior sul-
cation, which is, however, much deeper than in At. indicum; it deviates otherwise by
its much more considerable size and apparently thicker shell, and by its concentric
undulations being much less numerous and more distant from each other.
The two species of Aphanaia known up to the present are both far more consi-
derable in size, and differ also otherwise so far from the present species that it does
not seem necessary to make a closer comparison.
It is worthy of notice that the Indian shell occurs together with all those
Cephalopoda, which are described on pp. 24 and 34 — 43 of this volume ; and this
is a very similar association to that in which the genus was originally detected in
the island of Timor, as there also Am. megaphyllus, Beyrich, seems to occur together
with the Atomodesma. The formation in which both of these occur is a complex
group of variegated marls and sandstones, the geological relations of which are,
however, up to the present very obscure. It is quite unknown in what relation
these beds stand to the greenish calcareous sandstones in which carboniferous spe-
cies of Bracbiopods occur.
276 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
On the whole, the occurrence of a species of Atomodesma in the palaeozoic depo-
sits of the Salt-range must always be considered as of high interest.
Family: AVICVLID^.
Sub-family: AV1GULINM
Genus : PSEUDOMONOTIS, Beyrich.
This genus, though very characteristic in its typical species, is yet rather diffi-
cult to recognise in less typically developed forms. The chief difficulties in this
respect arise from the blending together of several genera, the distinct limits of
which it is barely possible to trace.
The genus Pseudomonotis is chiefly characterised by the strong inequality of
the two valves, by the small byssal sinus in the smaller one, and very nearly
obsolete wings. But these characters do not always hold good. There are forms
which are nearly equivalve, others in which the wings are strongly developed, and
so on ; and in such cases it is very difficult to decide whether a species should be
rather considered as an Aviculopecten, an Oxytoma, or Pterinea. I have accepted as
a rule to consider those shells as belonging to the genus Pseudomonotis, in which
the left valve is more or less strongly inflated and its beak incurved, whilst the
right one is considerably flattened, and bears anteriorly a distinct byssal sinus, and
in which the sculpture is more or less irregular, the radiating lines of sculpture
being often wavering in their direction, suddenly stopping and replaced by others.
Smaller species show this latter character less distinctly developed than larger ones.
According to this definition of the genus a number of species belonging to it
occur in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range. Among them the forms of the
highest interest are those which are more or less nearly allied to Pseudomonotis
speluncaria, Schloth. This latter species is one of the most puzzling that exists in
palaeontology ; and though I have studied a very great number of specimens of it
from the German Zechstein, I have not come to a satisfactory conclusion as to its
specific characters. There is no doubt that all the different forms which have been
described as Avic. speluncaria, radialis, garforthensis, kazanensis, hawni, Ostrea
matercula, and many others, are very nearly related to each other, and that in most
cases intermediate forms exist which make a distinction very difficult indeed, but
nevertheless I should not like to advocate that all those names should be aban-
doned, and only the one name of Ps. speluncaria be retained. It would, for
instance, give quite an inadequate idea of the forms of shell occurring in India,
if I were to quote simply the name Ps. speluncaria, as just that typical form
to which the name was originally applied in Europe is altogether absent in India.
A name given to a shell is simply the means of conveying to other fellow-
workers a concrete idea of what is meant, and this purpose is not gained if we
unite too many and different forms under one name. Now-a-days we have in
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 277
science in reality only to deal with names, because nobody can say what a species
is, or what definition of a species must be given. The time will come when
we shall be able to indicate with all possible certainty the rank a certain being
should occupy in the succession of affiliated forms, but in the present moment
this is only possible in exceptional cases. But if we are ever to arrive at a
thorough understanding of the relations which exist between the different forms
of life, we must fix the stages by which one form seems to pass into another,
or under which a form appears in different geographical and geological posi-
tions. Such stages are only fixed, and can be again recognised by our fellow-
workers, if proper names be given to them. At the same time we must not forget
the relations themselves, and must group the names in such a manner as to bring
out such relations as clearly as possible when they are known to exist.
Thus, then, within the group of Pseudomonotis speluncaria I shall retain several
of the names given by former writers, and which seemed to them necessary to
fix certain forms that appeared sufficiently distinct to deserve a proper designation.
If such forms can be recognised with all possible certainty among Indian materials,
this fact alone goes far to demonstrate the constant recurrence of such forms and
their comparatively well-founded specific validity.
Of the varieties, or whatever one may like to call them, of Pseudomonotis
speluncaria, the following have been collected in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-
range : —
Pseudomonotis garforthensis, King.
„ radialis, Phill.
„ kazanensis, Vern.
These three species form one group, that of Pseudomonotis speluncaria.
Other species of Pseudomonotis, which occur in the palaeozoic deposits of the
Salt-range, cannot be brought directly into connection with Ps. speluncaria, though
they also seem more or less allied to it ; they are
Pseudomonotis giganlea, Waagen.
„ inversa, „
„ deplanata, „
The great development of the genus Pseudomonotis in the palaeozoic deposits
of the Salt-range is a remarkable fact of great geological importance. The genus
has, up to the present, been taken very little notice of, and thus it is but very rarely
quoted from older than permian deposits. Miller in his catalogue puts only Avi-
cula curta of Hall from the coal-measures into the genus Pseudomonotis ; whilst
Stoliczka thinks that already Pterinea bifida of Sandberger should be considered as
a Pseudomonotis. There is no doubt that the number of species, chiefly in the car-
boniferous formation, will be greater than is at present to be found in the litera-
ture ; nevertheless this will barely change the fact that the genus is of chiefly
permian distribution. In the trias species of Pseudomonotis are not very rare in
278 SALT-BANGE FOSSILS.
the Alpine facies of the Bunt Sandstein, but from that upward the genus seems
rapidly to disappear.
From the six species found in the Salt-range, three are identical with permian
species in Germany, England, and Russia, and three others are more or less allied
to such permian species.
Thus the manner in which the genus Pseudomonotis appears in the palaeozoic
deposits of the Salt-range is very suggestive of the idea that the beds in which
they have been found are of permian age. This view is supported by the great
number of new species furnished by the Salt-range strata. In general the fauna of
the mountain-limestone is very uniform over the whole world, and thus the great
number of species occurring in the Salt-range, which have not been detected in any
other part of the world, is very suggestive of an age differing from that of the
mountain-limestone for the strata where these have come from.
This question can, however, only be solved later on in this work, when yet more
of the fossils will have been described.
a. Group op PSEUDOMONOTIS SPHLUNCAEIA, Schloth.
1. Pseudomonotis gaefopthensis, King, sp. PL XXII., fig. 2.
1850. Monotis garforthensis, King : Permian Fossils, p. 157, PI. XIII., fig. 24 (? 25).
1861. Avicula speluncaria, (Schl.) Geinitz: Dyas, p. 74 (pars).
1866. Avicula speluncaria, (Schl.) Geinitz : Carbon and Dyas in Nebraska, p. 28 (pars).
The general form of this shell is roundish oval, very little oblique, flattened,
with a small anterior and an about equally-sized posterior wing. Prom the apex to
the periphery along the posterior end of the shell there extends a shallow impres-
sion or sulcation, which is, however, so low that it can be seen only with difficulty.
This is the general outline of the left valve. The right valve has not been observed.
The left valve shows a slightly prominent, moderately incurved, pointed apex.
Below it a tolerably straight hinge line is situated which extends along the two
wings. On the anterior side the anterior margin of the shell joins the hinge line
at about a right angle, bears a sinuation where the anterior wing joins the body
of the shell, and then encircles in an elegant curve the anterior part of the shell.
The posterior wing is partly rounded off, and there is no proper limit between the
hinge line and the posterior margin of the shell. , Also there is a sinuation where
the wing terminates below. Prom there the shell is rather projecting, this being
caused by a slight distortion of its whole outline, making the whole shell appear
somewhat oblique, the posterior part being more projecting than the anterior. The
margin of the shell makes here a convex arch, but is sinuated again further oh
where the excavation stretching down from the apex reaches the margin. Thus a
more or less distinct posterior lobe of the shell is marked off. The posterior margin
is not all in one plane, but wavers variously to and fro.
The inferior or ventral margin is simply rounded.
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 279
The sculpture of the shell is very irregular and complicated. It consists of
two systems, one radial and one concentric. The radial sculpture is composed of
radial ridges of very unequal strength. All the ridges are interrupted at certain
places by projecting elevated hollow scales. There are about a dozen ridges of the
stronger sort, between each pair of which two or three thinner ones are situated.
All these ridges are crossed at certain intervals by strong scaly lines of growth,
which are, however, not quite regular, but undulating and often disappearing, or one
replaced by two others.
The shell is compact, but not very thick.
The dimensions of the figured specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 60 mm.
Greatest height „ „ 8a „
Thickness of left valve , . . 25 „
Apical angle without the wings 115*
Locality and geological position. — There are several specimens of this species
preserved in the Salt-range collection, all from Dr. Verchere's collection, and which
were all found in the Trans-Indus continuation of the Salt-range. A piece of
reddish calcareous shale from Bilot contains several specimens of this species, all
closely pressed together. According to the appearance of this rock it must have
come from the upper region of the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
Another specimen, also from Dr. Verchere's collection, is preserved in a whitish,
hard, compact limestone, which also contains remains of Producti. It was found
in the Eotta Eoh, and comes evidently also from the middle division of the Pro-
ductus-limestone.
Remarks. — All the specimens of this species preserved in the Salt-range collec-
tion show dimensions somewhat more considerable than those of the original speci-
men of Pseudomon. garforthensis. But as the only point of difference consists in
these more considerable dimensions, I thought this and the slightly deviating sculp-
ture not sufficient whereupon to found a new species. The sculpture of Pseudomon.
garforthensis consists of numerous radiating ridges about equal in size, between
which only sometimes a smaller one is intercalated. The hollow projecting scales
are more numerous than in the Indian shell, but if one considers how variable in
general is the sculpture of the species belonging to the genus Pseudomonotis, these
little differences between the sculpture of the one and the other shell can barely
be considered as criteria for the distinction of separate species.
The species is very nearly related to the typical form of Pseudomonotis spelun-
caria, Schl. It is, however, as I think, sufficiently well distinguishable from it by
its depressed form, its little obliquity, and its little incurved apex.
280 SALT-EANGE POSSILS.
2. Psetjdomonotis radialis, Phillips, sp. PI. XXIII, fig. 5.
1834. Pecten radialis, Phillips, Encycl. Methol, Vol. IV, PI. III, fig. 5.
1850. Monotis radialis, (Phill.) King : Monog. Perm. Poss., p. 157, PI. XIII, figs. 22, 23.
1861. Monotis speluncaria, (Schl.) Geinitz : Dyas, p. 74 (pars).
1866. Monotis speluncaria, (ScM.) Geinitz ; Carbon and Dyas in Nebraska, p. 28 (pars).
This species is represented in the Salt-range collection only by a very small
specimen, about half as large as that figured by King, but it is quite sufficient to
fix the species.
This specimen is roundish oval in shape, nearly symmetrical, flattened, with
two very distinct wings.
The apex is very small, pointed, not incurved ; the hinge line rather long and
straight. The anterior wing is tolerably large and bluntly angular in its outline ;
the anterior margin of the shell joining the hinge line in an obtuse roundish angle.
This same margin shows a distinct sinuation where the anterior ear joins the body
of the shell, and then turns in a slightly projecting arch to the ventral part of the
shell.
The posterior wing is sharply pointed, a little smaller than the anterior one ;
the posterior margin of the shell joins the hinge line in a concave contour ; from
the base of the wing the outline is somewhat more projecting than anteriorly,
from which circumstance the whole outline of the shell becomes slightly oblique.
The sculpture of the shell is very characteristic. It consists of rather numer-
ous radiating ridges of unequal strength. Between two stronger and more elevated
ones there is a lower and thinner one intercalated. All these ridges are crossed by
rather numerous strong scaly striae of growth, which at certain intervals cause the
radiating ridges in crossing them to appear somewhat swollen or slightly tubercu-
lated. The two wings are very different in their sculpture, the anterior one is
radiately ribbed, and its sculpture is in every respect, similar to that of the body of
the shell, the posterior one, however, is deprived of radial sculpture, and shows only
closely arranged striae of growth.
The dimensions of the little shell are the following : —
Entire length of the shell, about 7 mm.
„ height „ 10 „
Thickness of the left valve 2 ,,
Apical angle 165°
Locality and geological position. — The single specimen of this species which
has served for the description was collected by myself in the light yellow coloured
sandstones which form the top of the upper division of the Productus- limestone
at Chidru.
Remarks. — The position of this little specimen in Phillips' species is not
above every doubt, as the specimen is so small that the specific characters are not
quite well developed in it. But yet I thought it not unjustifiable to assign it
PBODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECTPODA. 281
thereto. There can only be the question whether it is a very young specimen of
Pseudomonotis speluncaria, or whether it might he better placed with Pseudomonotis
radialis.
In looking through the beautiful and very extensive collections at the Museum
of Dresden, I saw a number of such-like young specimens from the German Zech-
stein, which all agreed perfectly with my Indian shell. There were, however, some
in which the anterior wing was radiately ribbed as in my shell ; in others this sculp-
ture on the anterior wing was absent. As, then, in Pseudomonotis radialis the ante-
rior wing is very distinctly radiately ribbed in typical specimens, I thought that
young shells showing this character should be best counted with Phillips' species.
All other characters of this little shell are also in accordance with King's figure
of Pseudomonotis radialis, and thus I think I can safely apply that name to the
Indian shell. The posterior wing of the enlarged figure on PI. XXIII (fig. 5c)
is too much pointed, owing to an error of the draftsman.
I consider Pseudomonotis radialis distinguishable from Pseudomonotis speltm-
caria by its less oblique and more regular shape, the more regular sculpture, and
its well developed and nearly equal wings, one of which is radiately ribbed.
This species has a very near ally in North America. This is Aviculopecten
parvulus, Hall, from the permo- carboniferous formation. The American shell is
even smaller than the Indian one, but in general shape they are very similar. The
former is only a little more oblique and deprived of the very distinct bines of
growth, which are so very conspicuous in the sculptural system of Pseudomonotis
radialis.
3. Pseudomonotis kazanensis, Vern., PI. XXII, fig. 3.
1845. Avicula Jcazanensis, Verneuil : in Murchison, Verneuil, and Keyserling, Geol. of Euss., Vol. II, p. 320,
PI. XX, fig. 14.
1850. Monotis speluncaria, (Schl.) King : Perm. Foss., p. 156 (pars).
1861. Avicula Jcazanensis, (Vern.) Geinitz : Dyas, p. 75.
1869. Avicula speluncaria, var. Jcazanensis, Golovkinsky : On the Permian Formation of the Kama- Volga
Basin : Materials for the geology of Blissia, Vol, I, p. 376, PI. IV, £ 19, 21, 23, 24 (non fig. 20).
This is a very characteristic form, which can without much difficulty be distin-
guished from the typical Pseud, speluncaria.
The general form of the shell is elongately oval, not much inflated, with a large
anterior and a small posterior wing. The posterior part of the ventral margin is
obliquely truncated.
The apex is not very prominent, tolerably pointed, and not very much incurved.
The hinge line is straight and not very long, about two-thirds of the entire breadth
of the shell. The anterior wing is prominent and obtusely angulated. There is a
sinuation at the base of it. Further down the anterior margin is strongly project-
ing, and then bending round in a flat curve to the ventral margin.
The posterior wing is very small, not quite in a line with the anterior one, and
Al
282 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
obliquely truncated at the upper side. The posterior margin joins the hinge
line under an angle of 150°, and descends in a nearly straight line to the rather
strongly projecting posterior end of the shell, which is. narrowly rounded, and then
turns in a very flat curve towards the ventral portion of the shell. This latter part
is rather narrowly rounded off. Thus the whole outline of the shell assumes more
a rhomboidal than an, strictly speaking, oval form.
The sculpture of the shell is very characteristic. It consists of eight or ten
thick radiating ridges, between which lie a number (2-6) of very fine undulating
ribs. The prominent radiating ribs are nodose at intervals, each of them bearing
eight or ten knobs. These ribs are restricted to the body of the shell ; both wings
are perfectly free of them. Besides this radiating part of the sculpture there are
a great many very fine striae of growth, which cover the whole shell, and are more
or less undulating where they cross over the radiating ribs.
The hinge is very simple. It shows in the middle a somewhat triangular
emargination, very likely for the reception of a cartilage. Anteriorly to it there is
a broad facet, which reaches to the end of the anterior wing. Its lower margin is
somewhat prominent and forms a kind of very indistinct elongated tooth. Poste-
riorly to the ligamental groove the hinge line is simply thickened.
The measurements of the figured specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 42 mm.
Greatest breadth „ „ 40 „
Thickness of the left valve 13 „
Apical angle without the wings, ahout 80°
„ „ with the wings 125°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species that has
been found in the Salt-range was collected by Mr. Wynne in the upper division of
the Productus-limestone at Khund Ghat. It is a left valve only.
Remarks. — There cannot be the slightest doubt as to the identity of the Indian
shell with the true Pseudomonotis hazanensis, Vern. One needs only compare the
figures given in Golovkinsky's memoir with the one on PI. XXII of this volume,
and the identity will be clear at a glance.
Another question is whether the name hazanensis can be rightly applied to the
form here under consideration. The figures given by de Verneuil in the geology of
Russia are very insufficient and not likely to lead to the conclusion that the
full grown form would look like the shell I have figured. In the description of the
species de Verneuil, however, remarks that his Avicula hazanensis was a very
common shell in the country around Kazan and chiefly at IJstlon. This very
common species has now been collected in great numbers by Golovkinsky, and
after having studied the species carefully he came to the conclusion that fig. 14a of
Verneuil is very bad, and that the species is never so oblique as it is represented there.
The full grown form has been figured by him, and his figure agrees, as stated
above, exactly with the Indian shell.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 283
Pseudomonotis kazanensis is distinguishable from Ps. speluncaria by the great
development of its anterior ear, the very great inequality of its radiating ribs and by
the constant absence of the posterior sulcation, which in Ps. speltmcaria is so very
conspicuous, and which also exists, in a much less degree, in Ps. garforthensis. All
these characters seem to distinguish the form quite well from Schlotheim's specks,
and they seem perfectly sufficient for the establishment of a proper species.
Pseudomonotis hawni, M. & H., of the permian beds of North America seems
to be very nearly related to the present species. . -
b. ISOLATED SPECIES.
4. Pseudomonotis gigantea, "Waagen, n. sp. Pis. XXI., XXII., fig. 1.
Of this very large species a fragmentary specimen, in which both valves are
present, is preserved in the Salt-range collection.
The general form of the shell seems to have been nearly circular, little oblique,
flattened, with not very strongly developed wings.
The left valve is much larger than the right one. Its apex is obtuse, not
prominent, not enrolled. The hinge line is not preserved, but seems to have
been straight and rather long. It cannot be stated how large and of what shape
the wings may have been ; so much, however, is certain that the anterior wing
was much larger than the posterior one. The anterior margin of the shell is gently
rounded ; all the other margins are broken off.
The sculpture is very characteristic, although the fossil consists of a cast only-
Prom the apex there descend towards the periphery of the shell four highly
prominent rounded ridges, which are indistincty bifid about half way towards
the margin of the shell. Between these prominent ridges there is a great number
of very fine radiating striae or ribs, 18 — 20 and more, between each pair ; they are
very irregular and often divided towards the periphery of the shell. The striae
of growth are, as must be expected on a cast, very indistinct ; they are rather far
apart, and more or less irregular. If the shell was perfectly preserved it is probable
that the termination of the strong prominent ridges at the periphery would project
beyond the margin in long thorn-like processes.
The shell is not much inflated, but rather flattened. Its greatest thickness
is not far from the apex.
The right valve is very different from the left one, and being much smaller,
a greater portion of it is preserved on the piece of rock containing the* fossil, and a
more accurate description of its shape can be given. It is like the other valve
about circular in its outline, slightly oblique, with a deep byssal sinus on its
anterior part, and apparently a large anterior and a small posterior wing.
The apex is not at all prominent, not enrolled, and like the whole valve nearly
quite flat. In the vicinity of the apex the shell is still preserved as a rude mass of
284 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
calcspar. It seems to have been tolerably thick. Towards the periphery some
layers of shelly matter are left, but not in its entire thickness.
The sculpture of this yalve is very different from that described on the other
valve ; it consists of straight radiating ribs, not very strong in comparison to the size
of the shell, and though they are not all of equal strength, none are very prominent,
as is the case in the other valve, but all are, notwithstanding minor differences, of
about equal development. The striae of growth are few in number and at very un-
equal distances.
The measurements of the specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the left valve, about 159 mm.
„ height „ „ „ probably 163 „
Thickness of the left valve 34 „
Entire length of the right valve, about 131 „
f„ height „ 140 „
Thickness of the right valve 11 „
„ of both valves 51 „
Apical angle without the wings 130° to 140°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species comes
from Dr. Verchere's collection. It is preserved in a very hard, ringing, compact
limestone of somewhat greenish- grey colour. It was found by Dr. Verchere in
the Rotta Roh, but the exact locality is not known, nor the bed from which it came.
From the character of the rock in which the fossil is preserved it is probable that
it came from the middle region of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This fossil cannot be compared to any of the hitherto described
species of Pseudomonotis. By the character of its sculpture it recalls to a certain ex-
tent the form of Ps. speluncaria, or more particularly that of Ps. Tcazanensis, and it
thus may stand in a certain relation to the group of these shells ; nevertheless I
should not like to directly put it into the group of Ps. speluncaria.
5. Pseudomonotis inveksa, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XXII, fig. 4
This little shell is remarkable on account of its general outline, which is elon-
gately oval, with a very large posterior ear, and a nearly quite obsolete anterior.
The apex is tolerably prominent, little incurved. The hinge line is short and
straight; anteriorly it terminates very close in front of the beak, forming a very
small anterior ear, which is entirely concealed in a kind of deep lunula excavated in
the anterior side of the valve. The anterior margin of the shell forms an obtuse
angle with the central margin where the lunula terminates.
Posteriorly the hinge line extends over the large posterior ear, which is
cut off by the posterior margin of the shell in an obtuse angle. There is no sin-
uation of the margin where the wing unites with the body of the shell, and the pos-
terior margin joins the ventral one in a well-rounded curve.
PPODUCTtJS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 285
The sculpture of the shell consists in numerous fine radiating ribs, which are
alternately stronger ; but this difference in strength is not much. These radiating
ribs are crossed by numerous very fine striae of growth, without giving a scaly appear-
ance either to the ribs or to the spaces between them.
The substance of the shell is thick and heavy. The valve is rather strongly
vaulted. This is only the left valve. The right valve has not been observed.
The dimensions of the figured specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 15 mm.
„ breadth „ „ • 14 „
Thickness of the left valye .... 5 „
Apical angle 125°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species in the
Salt-range collection was found by myself in a grey sandstone forming the top bed
of the upper division of the Productus-limestone at Amb.
Remarks. — This species resembles somewhat Pseud, radialis Phill., but the ab-
sence of an anterior ear, the much finer striation, and the thick heavy shell make a
distinction not difficult ; of other species there is none to which it could be com-
pared.
6. Psetjdomonotis deplanata, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XX, figs. 16, 17.
This is a species the generic affinities of which are very difficult to determine.
There is no complete specimen in the Salt-range collection, and thus it is not easy
to give an exact description of the species. Nevertheless the shell is of interest, and
I thought it not advisable to leave it unnoticed.
I think the specimen is a right valve, but this cannot be decided definitively, as
the wings are not visible.
The general outline of the shell seems to have been nearly circular or broadly
triangular, but this either cannot be well determined. Similarly it cannot be seen
whether there were ears, and of what shape they were. The shell is rather flattened
and depressed, and might as well be a Sinnites as a Pseudomonotis.
The only thing that can be well seen is the sculpture. This consists of about
ten rather strong prominent ribs, which radiate in a diverging manner from the apex.
On these ribs at certain irregular intervals prominent hollow shelly scales are placed.
Between the principal ribs a number of smaller or thinner ones occur, generally six
or seven in the space between two larger ones. All these ribs are slightly undulat-
ing and wavering in their direction. A small fragment, which I consider to belong
to the same species, and which I have figured, PI. XX, fig. 17, exhibits this irregular
sculpture most clearly.
Between the ribs very' numerous fine striae of growth are visible.
b2.
286 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The measurements cannot be taken on any of the specimens, as they are too
imperfectly preserved.
Locality and geological position. — There are two specimens of this species in
the Salt-range collection, both found by myself. The more complete of them
is preserved in a grey, shaly, calcareous rock, very argillaceous and slightly
oolitic ; the other smaller fragment is contained in much the same rock,, which has
however, by the action of weathering, become of a dark-yellow colour.- Both spe-
cimens come from Chidru, where they were found in the middle- region of the up-
per division of the Productus-limestone in the identical bed with Xenod'iscus carbo*
narius, "W.
Remarks. — It will seem, I fear, rather hazardous on my part to found a new
species on such indifferently preserved specimens as those by which the present spe-
cies is represented, but by these specimens the existence of a further species, very
likely belonging to the genus Pseudomonotis, is proved beyond any doubt, and the
drawings I have given will be, I think, sufficient to recognise the form if found again
in the Salt-range or elsewhere, and thus I think it will be by far more convenient to
give a name to this shell than to carry it on in the literature as sp., without a name.
In its general form and kind of sculpture this shell recalls' several species de-
scribed by former authors. There is the Pecten kokscharofi, Vern., which is slightly
similar, also Pect. bouei, Vern., but in both the' similarity is only a distant one. A
much closer resemblance exists between the present species and a shell fragment
that has been figured by Meek in the final report on Nebraska as Pseudomonotis, sp.
This fragment is only distinguishable by its somewhat finer ribs, but otherwise it
might belong to the same species. As it is, however, only a fragment, nothing
certain can be said about it. Of other species, only Pect. subclathratus, Keys,
might be mentioned, but the figure of it is so bad that an exact comparison between
this species and the Indian shell seems barely possible-
Genus OXYTOMA, Meek.
The genus Oaytoma differs very little from Pseudomonotis, and when the' wings
of the specimens are not well preserved, it is very difficult to state with which genus
a shell should be counted. Thus Stoliczka seems to be' right when he advocates that
the two genera should be united. There are indeed some Jurassic species, like Avic.
echinata, tegulata, etc., in which a distinction from Pseudomonotis is very difficult;
but other species again like Avic. munsteri, incequivalvis, etc., bear such a character-
istic kind of sculpture, not to speak of the different development of the wings, that
it is not impracticable to follow Meek's example, and to consider these forms as con-
stituting a separate group which deserves a proper designation.
A species which according to its sculpture must be counted with the genus
Oxytoma occurs in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range, and is of great interest
PRODUCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 287
for the sole reason that in its general form and sculpture it recalls much more recent
species of the genus. Thus it may be safely considered as the geologically oldest
representative of the genus, known up to the present.
1. Oxytoma atavtjm, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XX, figs. 6, 7.
Several specimens of the left valve of this species are known to me, but of the
right valve not a single specimen has been detected up to the present.
The general outline of the left valve is roundish oval, slightly oblique, and
strongly inflated. The wings are not perfectly preserved in any of the specimens,
but seem to have been very small.
The apex is small, little prominent, obtuse, and strongly bent over. The hinge
line seems to be tolerably straight, extending over both wings. The anterior ear is
very small, little prominent, and obtusely angular. The rounded anterior part of
the shell projects far in front of the wing.
The prosterior wing is larger than the anterior one, and seems to be also obtuse-
ly angulate. It reaches further down the posterior margin, but nevertheless this
margin also projects far beyond the posterior termination of the wing ; it is flatly
rounded, and joins the ventral margin without forming any angle.
The outline of the whole periphery of the shell, except the hinge line, is very
characteristic, and is caused by the kind of sculpture which covers the surface of
the shell. It is provided with ten long thorny processes which project a long way
from the margin of the shell.
The surface sculpture consists of ten strong, radiating costae:, which are sharp
and cutting at top. and broad at the base with sloping sides, thus exhibiting a roof-
like appearance; they are limited on both sides by deep furrows. The spaces be-
tween them are slightly arched, and some three or four very fine radiating ribs are
visible on them. The whole shell is covered by numerous fine concentric strias of
growth, which are chiefly visible in the spaces between the high ribs. They are not
straight, but undulating and deflected from their course by the fine ridges interca-
lated between the high ones.
The high costse project, as indicated above, a long way out from the margin,
making it appear deeply indented.
The substance of the shell is not very solid. The left valves are strongly in-
flated or vaulted.
The species seems to have attained a rather considerable size, as the fragment
figured on PI. XX would indicate a shell of at least 45 to 50 mm, in diameter. The
measurements of a smaller specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 29 mm.
„ breadth' „ 23 „
Thickness of the left valve 8 „
Apical angle 120°
288 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Locality and geological position. — There are three specimens of this species
preserved in the Salt-range collection which were all found by myself. All three
are left valves. The largest specimen, which is, however, only fragmentary, was
procured at Jabi in the upper division of the Productus-limestone, in the same bed
in which Cyclolobus oldhami occurred. The other two specimens were detected by
me in the upper region of the middle division of the Productus-limestone, one at
Khura in a grey shaly limestone, and the other in the Chita- wan, in a brownish
coloured limestone,
Remarks. — The general outline of this shell has remained a great riddle to me,
and even now I am not perfectly certain how to interpret what can be observed.
If we compare different specimens of this ' species, we find that they are turned
different ways, and it appears as if we had to deal with right and with left valves.
If this were the case, the shell would have been equivalve, and could not belong to
the AvicuUdce. The structure of the shell, however, as well as the kind of sculp-
ture, agree so very well with the AvicuUdce, that I do not think it will be possible
to assign this shell to any other family. The proper way to consider these irregu-
larities is, I think, to suppose that the typical form of this shell is about equilateral,
with median beaks. In certain varieties the anterior part of the shell may be more
prominent, in others the posterior one, and thus the shell appears sometimes turned
to the right, sometimes to the left side, though only left valves may be accessible to
observation. In this respect the shell here under consideration resembles greatly
the nearly equilateral species of JPseudomonotis.
This shell is of rather extraordinary shape for a palaeozoic species, and we
must go rather far up in the series of formations before we encounter similar forms.
In the permian strata there is no shell which could be closely compared with
the present species, nor is there in the Bunt Sandstein or Muschelkalk formations
anything similar. In the upper trias (Kossen beds) species of Oxytoma begin
to make their appearance in Europe, and from that upwards throughout the
Jurassic and cretaceous formations numbers of species occur. Of Jurassic species
chiefly the forms belonging to the group of Avicula interlcevigata, Phill., from the
Yorkshire lias, and those more or less allied to Oxytoma costatum, Sow. sp., from
bathonian strata, recall to a certain extent our species; but the posterior wing in those
forms is much larger, and the strong costse are not so prominent, and not sharp at
the top with sloping sides. If, however, Oxytoma atavum is somewhat worn down
by weathering, it resembles greatly the bathonian shell, or not less Oxytoma incequi-
valvis or munsteri from liassic and inferior-oolitic strata, the only striking difference
consisting in the more equilateral form.
The occurrence of such a form in the strata of the Salt-range gives a very
recent habitus to its bivalve fauna. The mixed character of this fauna, which I
have already several times had occasion to allude to, is particularly well illustrated
by such a species.
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 289
Genus AVICULA, Klein.
This is a very well known genus, but there is much discrepancy of opinion as to
how it should be named. In the more recently published works on conchology or
palaeontology we find in one the name Avicula, whilst in another the same shells
are subsumed under the name of Pteria. In England and Germany the name
Avicula has long been used in preference, but in America the name Pteria has
been adopted in recent publications. The reasons for this proceeding are given by
Meek in his " Report on the Invertebrate Cretaceous and Tertiary Eossils of the
Upper Missouri." He says that the name of Avicula was not used by Klein in a
strictly binominal sense, and that before Klein's name had come into proper use,
Scopoli proposed for the game shells the name of Pteria, which ought, therefore, to
be used in preference. Nevertheless the name Avicula has come into general use,
and every man of science immediately knows in hearing the name what is meant
by it. Though it may be more in accordance with the rules to reject the names
published previously to 1758, yet it seems only natural that general usage should
have some weight in the retention or rejection of names. To reject a name which
has been perfectly well founded, the characters of the genus having been well
recognised and typical species having been quoted, simply on the ground that it
was published five years previous to the normal year of 1758, notwithstanding that
it has been adopted generally in science, is, I think, going too far. It is something
different with names that have escaped general notice, and which thus have not
come into general use. In this case I should not think it prudent to rescue such
names from their general oblivion, and to re-establish them in spite of another
name having a due claim as published after the year of 1758, and which had come
into general use.
Thus, I think it better to retain the name Avicula, Klein, in preference to Pteria,
Scopoli, which, though published in 177 7, has never come into general use, and is
a stranger, or at least not a current name, among most men of science.
The genus Avicula is already largely represented in palaeozoic formations,
though many of the species quoted as Avicula will have to be considered as belong-
ing to other genera. Erom the carboniferous formations a great many species are
known, but in the permian the genus seems to be again very much reduced in
numbers. In the trias the number of- species increases again, and is largest in
Jurassic and cretaceous times, though true Aviculm seem to have been never very
numerous.
In the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range a very interesting little species
of Avicula occurs. It is on the one hand very nearly related to Avicula sulcata,
Gein., of the permo-carboniferous strata of Nebraska ; on the other hand, in its
general outline it has a somewhat surprising similarity to Avicula socialis of the
c3
290 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Muschelkalk. This latter similarity is, however, only an apparent one, as Avicula
socialis is not an Avicula, hut a Gervillia with distinct ligamental grooves in its
hinge area.
There is, however, a little Avicula in the Muschelkalk formation, Avicula
bronni, which hears a rather close resemblance to the Indian fossil.
1. Avicula chidrtjensis, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XX, figs. 8-10.
This is a rather variable shell ; it can, however, in all variations of its external
shape be always readily recognised by the high sharp concentric lamellae which
cover the surface of the left valve, and by the deep sulcation which runs from the
apex over the anterior face of the shell to the ventral margin.
In general the outline of the shell is transversely oval, very oblique, with a
tolerably large posterior wing, and a very small anterior.
The left valve is rather strongly inflated ; the beak tolerably prominent, acute,
and strongly incurved. Below the beak there is a distinct smooth area, which
extends along both wings, and forms a straight hinge line. The beak is nearly
terminal, the anterior wing being so small as to be barely prominent. This wing
is very obtuse, and in some specimens (forming a somewhat shorter variety) there
is a short anterior margin of the shell distinguishable ; in other specimens the mar-
gin of the shell descends immediately from the obtuse termination of the anterior
wing in a very oblique curve to the ventral side of the shell. This latter is very
flatly curved and slightly sinuated in its anterior part. Posteriorly a rather large wing
is present. The shape of this wing is very different in different specimens, as may
be seen from the figures on PI. XX. It is sharply pointed and sinuated at its base
in the longer and more oblique varieties, and obtuse, with a sloping posterior margin,
in the shorter and less oblique specimens. The posterior part of the shell is in
different individuals more or less strongly projecting beyond the base of the wing,
and sometimes almost pointed, sometimes more or less broadly rounded. The
sculpture of the left valve is most characteristic. Even small fragments of the
shell can be easily recognised by the high sharp concentric lamella?, which at certain
intervals cover the whole surface. They follow the margins of the shell in all their
curves, but are most distinct and at the same time most distant from each other on
the high crest, which extends from the apex to the posterior end of the shell, marking
off the posterior wing.
This crest is rounded on its top, producing a concave curve ; from this to the
anterior side the shell is slightly convex, and similarly to the ventral margin. On
the anterior part of the beak a distinct sulcus takes its origin, extending in a 'radial
and somewhat posterior direction to the ventral margin of the shell. It is limited
on its posterior side by a sharp angular crest, on its anterior side by a rounded
elevation. It becomes rapidly broader as it approaches the ventral margin.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 291
The right valve is considerably smaller than the left one, and rather flat. The
beak is very small, little prominent, and barely incurved. Prom the apex to the
posterior end of, the shell there runs a low elevation marking off the posterior
wing. The anterior ear is barely distinguishable. Corresponding to the sulcation
of the left valve, there extends a very flat impression anteriorly from the apex to
the ventral margin of the shell. The concentric sculpture so characteristic on the
left valve is absent on the right one ; but in this valve the whole surface is covered
by very closely arranged lamellar striae of growth.
The hinge cannot be observed in any of the specimens, but enough is seen to
show that there are no such ligamental grooves as in Bakeveilia or Geroillia.
The measurements of the two specimens are as follows : —
i. ii.
Greatest length from the posterior to the anterior end .... 17 mm. 19 mm.
„ breadth from the lowest part of the ventral margin to the apex . 11 „ 10 „
„ „ of the right valve 10 ,. ?
Thickness of the left valve 5 „ 5 „
„ of the right valve 3 „ ?
Apical angle 110° 110°
Locality and geological position. — This species is not at all rare in the palaeo-
zoic deposits of the Salt-range, but it seems to be restricted there to the topmost
beds of the upper division of the Productus-limestone. It is, however, not easy to
get good specimens out of the very hard rock. All the specimens of the species in
the Salt-range collection were found by myself. The greater number (six) are from
Chidru, where the species occurs in a hard yellow sandstone, forming the highest bed
of the upper division of the Productus-limestone. In the same geological position
in a hard grey sandstone two other specimens were collected by me at Amb.
Remarks. — This species is of high interest, as it is again one of those presenting
great similarity to a North American form, yet not identical. These shells can
only be considered as vicarious species, representing a certain group of forms in
geographically distinct geological provinces.
The species to which the present one is most nearly allied is Avic. sulcata,
Geinitz, of the permo-carboniferous beds of Nebraska. More recently the same
species has also been detected by Prof. Golovkinsky in the permian limestones of
the country near Kazan. This species can be easily distinguished from Avic.
chidruensis, W., by the presence of two anterior sulcations, whilst there is only one
in the Indian shell. Otherwise the two species are very similar, and seem to replace
one another.
As has been stated above, the similarity of the Av. chidruensis to Oerv.
socialis, Schl. sp. and other species of the Muschelkalk is only an apparent one, as
the two shells belong to different genera. It has, however, already been remarked
by Geinitz that his Avic. sulcata had a strong resemblance to some triassic species.
Associated with the Gervillice in the German triassic strata there is, however, a
292 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
species of true Avicula, which has "been demonstrated to he such hy Giebel, from speci-
mens in which he had been able to clean the whole hinge line from the adhering rock,
showing that no separate pits for the insertion of a divided ligament were present.
His indications were called in doubt by Seebach, who considered the absence of
pits as purely accidental and caused by the mode of preservation. On the other
hand, Noetling has most recently accepted Giebel's Avicula bronni, stating that it
most certainly was distinct from the similar species of Gervillia, This Avicula
bronni now seems to be most nearly related to our Av. chidruensis ; it is best
distinguished by its large posterior wing and a deeper sulcation on the anterior part
of the shell. The other characters are all identical, and even the sculpture seems
to be very similar in certain varieties.
It is a very remarkable fact that Av. chidruensis, W., should be so very nearly
related to this triassic shell, while it is not quite so similar to permian species,
and only in remote affinity with the fossils from the mountain-limestone.
If we look through the German and English permian species, we find that
in general outline several can be compared to the fossil here under consideration ;
as, for instance, Bahevellia ceratqphaga, Schloth., Bakev. antiqua, Miinst., etc. But
in these shells the condition of the hinge is sufficient to distinguish them from
Avic. chidruensis, as they possess a divided ligament, which is continuous in the
Indian shell.
Of mountain-limestone species, Avicula recta, M'Coy, is not dissimilar in its
sculpture, but the anterior sulcation is absent, and the whole shell is less inequila-
teral.
Sub-Eamily MELINWM
Genus LIEBEA, Waagen, n. gen. PL XXIV, figs. 13-16.
In working up the bivalves of the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range I
found a small shell, which on a first glance seemed to be a Gervillia with little
developed posterior wing, and which for a long time I considered as such.
When, however, I came to study the fauna of the German Zechstein, in order
to find out in what relation this fauna might stand to the palaeozoic fauna of
the Salt-range, I was struck with the similarity my little Gervillia exhibited to
certain specimens of Aucella hausmanni, and I was very soon convinced that both
shells belonged to one and the same genus.
That German species had been described originally as a Mytilus by Goldfuss
under the name of Myt. hausmanni, and was subsequently transferred by Geinitz to
the genus Aucella. It is evidence of much palaeontological skill on the part of
Mr. Geinitz to have placed this shell in Keyserling's genus, because decidedly
Aucella is the only genus into which these shells can be brought, if one does
not wish to create a new genus for their reception, and it was rather out of place to
blame that author on account of his having called that shell Aucella hausmanni.
PRODUCT US-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPOD A. 293
That these shells belong to the Aviculidce is already very probable from the
inequality of their valves and the scaly surface of the shell ; but if one wishes to
retain more narrowly limited genera, and to introduce into palaeontology the
sharper distinctions applied most recently in the description of the now living shells,
the fossils here under consideration cannot be assigned to Aucella, or to any of the
established genera of Aviculidce ; they seem to form the type of a new genus.
The genus Aucella was characterised by Count Keyserling in a truly excellent
manner, and from his description it can easily be seen that we have to deal here
with a shell very nearly related to Keyserling's genus. A point of similarity,
which is very striking, is the peculiar development of the anterior ear in the left
valve, as occurs in a more or less similar manner in the different species of Aucella.
Also the general outlines of Myt . hausmanni and of Aucella are not dissimilar, and
thus Geinitz's views, that this shell should be considered as forming part of the
genus Aucella, can very well be justified. It is certainly more justifiable than
to consider Myt. hausmanni as a Myalina.
With these points of similarity there exist, however, also discrepancies of a
rather grave nature. If we consider the right valve, we find no byssal incision in
this valve in Myt. squamosus or hausmanni, and this character alone would be
sufficient to distinguish this shell generically from Aucella. Other dissimilarities
can be observed in regard to the ligament ; it is quite internal in Myt. hausmanni,
and generally placed in a number of separate pits, which are not well observable
in young specimens, but are always present in old ones. Taking all these characters
into consideration, we can say with confidence that we have to deal here with
a new genus, more or less allied to Aucella, but certainly different from it.
This new genus may be characterised in the following manner : —
Shell inequivalve, the right valve smaller than the left one ; inequilateral,
mytiliform, with a small, not very distinct, posterior wing in both valves, and with a
very small anterior wing in the left valve only. The position of this latter wing
is not as in other Aviculidce, but is placed about vertically to the plane of the
valve, turning round the smaller right valve and embracing it partially. This wing
is compressed from both sides, bearing on its top a sharp ridge, which projects
at about right angles from below and in front of the beak of the left valve,
terminating the area of that valve anteriorly and. giving it a squarish shape.
In the right valve the existence of an anterior wing is barely indicated. In
its place there is an incision of the shell, into which fits the bent-over anterior
wing of the left valve.
Both valves are provided with a more or less distinct sharply defined area,
which is linear in youns specimens and very broad in old ones. It is smooth, and
only covered by distinct striae of growth, parallel to the hinge margin.
The area in the left valve is broader than that in the right one.
The entire hinge line serves for the attachment of a quite internal ligament.
4 D
294 SALT-KANGE FOSSILS.
This ligament seems to be linear in young specimens, but in old ones it is distinctly-
divided in several parts, which are attached to a number of pits, between "which the
hinge margins of both valves seem to have nearly touched each other. The num-
ber of pits is generally four or five. The first is situated just below the beaks,
the others are distributed over the posterior part of the hinge line.
The hinge seems to have been quite edentulous, as no trace of teeth has been
detected up to the present.
Internally, below and in front of the beaks, there is in each valve a small
septum, which separates the anterior wing from the remainder of the shell.
The muscular and pallial impressions cannot be observed in any of the specimens
at my disposal. They have been described accurately by King, only the position of
the anterior adductor, as indicated by him, seems to be somewhat doubtful. If the
anterior adductor had been attached to the anterior wing of the shell, it must have
been much larger in the left than in the right valve, as in the latter this wing is so
rudimentary that there was not much place for the attachment of a large muscle.
Of the characters indicated in this diagnosis only the condition of the ligament
will possibly be doubted by some, as a crenulation of the hinge line in casts has
been observed by Geinitz, but was taken by him to be a result of weather-
ing. I was able, through the kindness of Director Liebe in Gera, to examine a
very great number of specimens of Myt. hausmanni from different beds of the
German Zechstein, and I most decidedly can assert that this "crenulation is not
produced by weathering, but is an essential character of the hinge line of adult
specimens. And not only in the German specimens was I able to mark this charac-
ter, but also in the Indian fossil. As the shell of these species is never very thick,
and the ligament entirely internal, it is only natural that in young specimens this
character cannot be well observed, but in adult shells it cai# always be seen.
If only single valves were accessible to observation, it would be difficult to find
out whether the crenulation of the hinge line was caused by a dentition, as in
Area or Crenella, or by the ligament being attached in separate pits. As, however,
duplicates are numerously found, it is very easy to decide that the crenulation of
the hinge line is caused by pits for the attachment of the ligament. The projecting
parts of the hinge line, as well as the grooves, are not alternating, but correspond
with each other on both sides.
The characters exhibited by the shells belonging to this genus are of a most
conflicting kind, and it seems very difficult to decide in what family these shells
ought to be placed. The general form recalls most the family of the Mytilidce, with
which also the quite internal ligament is in accordance. On the other hand, it
cannot be denied that the shells here under consideration are also very nearly re-
lated to Aucella, a genus of the Aviculidce. I have placed the genus provisionally
in the sub-family Melinince on account of its ligament being divided into several
parts attached to different pits of the hinge line. Here it will very likely have to
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 295
be placed next to Bahevellia, King, from which the present shell can easily he dis-
tinguished by the smooth area, absence of hinge teeth, and strange development of
the anterior wing.
Inoceramus might also have some relation with the genus under notice, but
neither in the German nor in the Indian specimens can the structure of the shell be
well observed.
I call this genus Liebea in honour of Director Prof. Dr. Liebe in Gera, who
has furnished me with ample materials for comparison, and whose name, since the
beginning of the more accurate studies of the permian formation of Germany, has
been intimately connected with those studies.
The geological distribution of the genus Liebea seems up to the present to be
very restricted, and so is the number of species. In Europe there seem to occur
two : Liebea squamosa, Sow. sp. (hausmanni, Gdf. sp.), and Liebea septifer, King
sp., both coming from the permian formation of Central Europe. The third species
belonging to the genus has been found by me in India, and will be described under
the name of Liebea indica, W.
It is doubtful whether the genus occurs in the permian beds of America.
Mytilus hausmanni is quoted from there, but it remains doubtful whether it is iden-
tical with the European shell.
1. Liebea indica, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XX, fig. 5 ; PL XXIV, fig. 13.
The general outline of this shell is mytilif orm, elongately oval, with a moder-
ately developed posterior wing and anterior beaks. The two valves are different
in size, the left one being the larger ; they are very little inflated.
The beaks are pointed, quite anterior in their position, and barely at all incurv-
ed. In the left valve there is a very small anterior wing, which bends nearly
vertically round to meet the smaller right valve and envelopes the beak of the
latter almost entirely. It commences immediately below and slightly in front of
the apex, and bears a high and sharp crest on the top, on the inside of which is the
line where the valves meet. In this place there must be a sinuation m the smaller
valve, replacing partly the anterior ear, but this sinuation is not very large, and
there is always found a trace of an interior ear in the smaller valve also.
Below this anterior wing a distinct sinuation in the outline of both valves
takes place. Erom there the anterior shell margin descends in a nearly straight
line, and meets the ventral margin in a rather broad and prominent curve. Also
the posterior shell margin ascends in a nearly straight line, being only very flatly
arched. It meets the perfectly straight dorsal margin under a very obtuse but
distinct angle.
Posteriorly to the beaks there extends a distinct triangular area in both valves,
quite smooth, only covered by more or less distinct lamellse of growth, and limited
296 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
on its lower side by the perfectly straight hinge line. The hinge lines of both
valves touch each other for their entire length, and nothing of a ligament is visible ;
only after scratching away a thin shelly layer at certain distances along the hinge
line could pits be observed, which served for the attachment of a divided ligament.
There seem to be four of these pits present, but a quite certain observation as to their
number has not been possible, as the hinge had partly been broken in trying to clean
it from the adhering rock.
Of hinge teeth not a trace could be observed.
The substance of the shell is not very thin, and is composed very distinctly of
two different layers, one outer layer, which is rather thin and of a brown colour,
and a somewhat thicker inner layer, composed of white calcspar. The materials
were too scanty to admit of making microscopical preparations to observe the finer
structure of these two layers.
The original colour of this shell has apparently been preserved, and seems to
have been a uniform dark reddish-brown.
The surfaces of the valves are differently arched. The greatest thickness of
each valve is below and a little posteriorly to the beaks. The posterior wing is
flattened. The surface sculpture of the shell consists in scaly concentric striae of
growth, which are of very unequal strength, interrupted sometimes by more pro-
minent folds marking larger stages of growth.
The measurements of the only specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell (from anterior to posterior margin) 11 mm.
„ height „ (from apex to ventral margin) 18
Greatest thickness of hoth valves . 6 „
Thickness of right valve ........... 4 „
left „ 25 „
Apical angle 52°
Angle of posterior margin with dorsal margin 133°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species that has
been found up to the present was collected by myself near Amb in a black, coaly,
argillaceous sandstone, at the very base of the Productus-limestone formation, con-
taining much pyrites and many specimens of Aulosteges, and resting immediately
on 10 feet of Lavender-clay, below which a 20 feet thick bed of red and white
speckled sandstone follows.
Remarks. — The species here described is most nearly related to Liebea squa-
mosa, Sow. sp. (Myt. hausmanni, Gdf.), and there will be many who would consider
the Indian species as identical with the European one rather than recognise a speci-
fic distinction. It cannot be denied that the characters, by which it is possible to
distinguish the two shells, are in fact of minor importance, but as an absolute iden-
tity cannot be established between the two forms, and as it would be of so much
geological consequence to identify specifically this shell with a permian fossil, I
thought it more prudent to describe the Indian form under a proper specific desig-
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 297
nation. The characters by which the two species can he distinguished are, the less
considerable inflation of the valves, and the less rounded outline of the posterior
wing in the Indian shell; both characters can be well seen in the figures on
PL XXIV, where I have had drawn several specimens of Liebea squamosa for com-
parison.
But already the occurrence of the genus Liebea in the lowest fossiliferous
beds of the Productus-limestone is of very great interest,, as the genus recurs, so
far as is known up to the present, exclusively in the permian beds of Europe.
Though the generic identity of this single shell with an exclusively permian genus
is not an overwhelming proof for the permian age of the beds in which it occurs,
yet it adds one more to the facts which may serve to settle definitively the question
of the age of the Productus-limestone in the Salt-range.
Order: OSTREACEA.
Family: BABUL IB J]!.
Genus: LIMA, Brug.
The name of this genus seems at present not very strictly settled ; it therefore
requires some remarks on my part as to why I use the name Lima in preference
to the name Badula of Klein, which is in reality the older one.
Already in the introductory remarks to the genus Avicula I have indicated
my views in this respect, and I can only repeat here that Klein's names having
been published previous to the year of 1758 ought not to be employed if they have
passed into oblivion since ; and they must not be re-established now in the place of
other well known and much employed names. This rule would, of course, not
apply when Klein's names had come into general use in the early times of malaco-
gical enquiries. It will never do to rush into extremes in these questions ; here, as
in so many other matters, the proverb " summum jus summa injuria" finds its
application. Names like Avicula, Lima, etc., have attained a historical right to
existence, though the rules if strictly applied would not allow them to stand. If
we will not acknowledge such historical rights, our nomenclature can never come to
anything like stability. There will ever be some old name or other unearthed to
replace a more recent and generally accepted name, and thus changes without end
will ensue. The general use and the general familiarity with the denotation of such
a name is, I think, of much more worth than the right of priority of some old writer.
The genus Lima is very rare in palaeozoic formations ; and all that have been
described under that name from older formations than carboniferous must be
transferred to other genera. The geologically oldest species of Lima that are
known at present with certainty are those described by de Koninck from the car-
boniferous deposits of Bleiberg. The species assigned to the genus by M'Coy are
E 5
298 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
all more or less doubtful. In permo-carboniferous beds the little Lima retifera
occurs in America, whilst in the permian strata of Europe Lima permiana, King,
represents the genus. With the triassic formation the genus takes a very sudden
development, numbers of species of large size making their appearance. From
these upwards the genus increased slowly in numbers during Jurassic and cretaceous
times, but in tertiary and recent formations it is decidedly on its decline.
In the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range a very nice little species occurs,
which in its sculpture and outline shows the typical characters of the genus. In
its general appearance it resembles palaeozoic more than triassic species.
1. Lima footei, Waagen, n. sp. PL XX, figs. 14,15.
This little species is of an elongately oval shape, produced anterior and very
short posterior side, small wings, and not much inflated valves.
The apex is somewhat posterior in its position, little prominent, pointed, and
not much incurved. On both sides of it small wings are present, the anterior one
being the smaller. On their upper side they are cut off by a straight hinge bine.
The anterior shell margin originates at this hinge line under an obtuse angle, and
then descends nearly straight and obliquely to the very prominent and not very
broadly rounded anterior part of the shell. The lower or ventral margin of the
shell forms a rather flat, not quite symmetrical, arch, which joins without any de-
marcation the broadly rounded, very little prominent, posterior margin. The hinge
line forms with the posterior margin an angle, only slightly larger than a right one.
The general outline of the shell is, however, subject to slight variations in
different individuals, such as the posterior part of the shell being sometimes more
narrowly rounded and slightly more prominent, and as both .wings being sometimes
marked off in the outline of the shell by slight sinuations. Also the obliquity of
the shell is not always perfectly the same.
The valves are not strongly inflated, and thus the lunula on the anterior part of
the shell is not very broad, though rather long. It is more or less roof-shaped, not
at all impressed.
The substance of the shell is very thin.
The whole surface of the shell is covered by a very distinct radiating sculpture,
crossed at regular intervals by a very fine and closely arranged system of striae of
growth. The radiating sculpture is very variable in its development. Originally,
in quite regularly grown specimens, it seems to consist of about 30 rather broad,
strong roof -shaped folds, with a sharp rib on top, and narrow valleys between them.
These original ribs are, however, in most specimens to a more or less large extent
split up into a number of smaller folds intercalated between the larger ones. Only
on the anterior part of the shell some of the original ribs are always preserved ; but
the number of these is very variable, in some specimens nine, whilst in others it is
PPODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 299
eighteen. The remainder of the shell surface is covered by less prominent and
narrower radiating costse, which are very irregular in size and very variable in
number. The radiating sculpture spreads over the whole of the surface of the
shell, and covers the anterior lunula, where it is very fine, as well as the posterior
extremity of the shell. The wings also are not exempt from it : on each of them
some five or six radiating striae can be observed.
At the apex the radiating sculpture is very little expressed, this part of the
shell being nearly quite smooth.
The hinge apparatus could not be observed on. any of the specimens.
The measurements of one right and one left valve are as follows : —
i. ii.
Entire length of the shell (antero-posterior diameter) 9 mm. 10 mm.
„ height „ . . 9 „ 10
Thickness of one valve 2 ,, 3 „
Length of the hinge line 4 „ 3-5 „
Apical angle 105° 100°
Locality and geological position. — There were altogether three specimens of
this species in the Salt-range collection, two right and one left valves. All three
were found by myself at Chidru in the hard yellow sandstone forming the top bed
of the upper division of the Productus-limestone. One of the specimens has been
broken by me in trying to clean the hinge from the adhering rock.
Remarks. — Though the hinge of this species has not been accessible to
observation, yet it seems nearly certain that the species belongs to the genus Lima,
properly speaking. This genus is, as stated above, not largely represented in
palaeozoic formations, and thus also the forms with which the present species can
be compared are rather limited in number.
The shell which bears the greatest resemblance to the species here under con-
sideration is Lima retifera, Schum., from the permo-carbonif erous beds of Nebraska,
but a distinction between them is very easy. The American shell is larger in size,
and has much less numerous radiating costee, which are all about equal in strength ;
and besides this it has smooth wings, whilst these are distinctly radiately ribbed in
Lima footei.
Of the lower carboniferous species of Bleiberg, Lima haueriana, Kon., might be
compared, but in this shell the radiating costae are even less numerous than in
Lima retifera, Schum., though the wings are radiately ribbed like in the present
species.
Among triassic species none is known to me which would bear a striking re-
semblance to the present one.
300 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Family PEOTINID^l.
Genus AVICULOPECTEN, M'Coy.
There is no other family in which it would be so difficult to clear the hinge
apparatus from the adhering rock as in the family Pectinidce, and only very rarely
is there an opportunity of founding a generic determination within this family upon
specimens in which all the internal characters can be observed. The shells belong-
ing to this family are either preserved in very hard limestones in a manner that makes
it from the beginning hopeless to clear the hinge apparatus, or, if preserved in other
somewhat less hard rock, the shell is so very brittle, that also in this case every
attempt to prepare the hinge for inspection must be given up.
Nevertheless in one or the other case it has been possible for me to make the
hinge line visible, and from these sporadic cases it appears beyond any doubt that
among the materials in hand not only the genus Aviculopecten, but also the true
genus Pecten, is represented. As soon as this fact had been fairly established, it
was not difficult to distribute the single species among the two genera, as for each
of them there are well known external characters, which make it possible to recog-
nise the genus without being able to inspect the hinge apparatus.
I have, as a rule, considered as belonging to the genus Aviculopecten those
species having the anterior wing smaller than the posterior one ; whilst on the con-
trary the species, with a very large anterior and a small posterior wing, were con-
sidered by me as belonging to the genus Pecten.
The genus Aviculopecten is considered as an exclusively palaeozoic genus. It
seems to make its first appearance only in the devonian formation, but already
during the carboniferous period it had attained its chief development. The number
of species during that period is quite astonishing ; in Bigsby's tables alone there
are not less than 200 species quoted, and every search in carboniferous rocks fur-
nishes new forms belonging to the genus.
Already in the permian formation, however, the genus appeared to be very
reduced in numbers, and it has been quoted from this formation chiefly from
American localities, whilst in Europe true species of Pecten or JEuchondria are not
rare in these beds; the genus Aviculopecten on the contrary is barely at all
represented.
In the Salt-range there are not less than nine species belonging to the genus
Aviculopecten, none of which, I regret to say, can be identified with any European
species.
I have only partly been able to re-examine the species of Pecten described by
de Koninck from the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range, as of the three species
only one has been found among the material I have received for description. Two
of these species may belong to the genus Aviculopecten, but the third, according to
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 301
the development of its ears, is more likely a true Pecten. Besides these there
occur seven more species belonging to the genus, and I feel quite sure that every
search in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range will augment this number con-
siderably. In this case, as in the Pelecypoda in general, the species which have
been detected up to the present represent beyond doubt only a very small fraction
of the real number in those palaeozoic deposits ; they only suggest what these beds
may yield to a continued careful search.
Among the new species several groups may be discerned. There is first a
group which is very conspicuous by the largeness of the shells belonging to it, as
well as the strong, broad, rounded, radiating ribs, separated from each other by
sharp, narrow valleys. There is no European species with which this group could
be closely compared. In the Keokuk limestone of Illinois there occurs, however,
a species which possibly may be considered as the predecessor of the group of forms
here under consideration ; this is Aviculopecten indianensis, M. and W. Another
allied species is Aviculopect. illawarensis, Dana, from Australia, which is charac-
terised by far less numerous radiating costse. Though both species exhibit a very
similar character of sculpture, yet it is not probable that both should belong to
one and the same developmental group or series, and it will be more practicable
to take them as the prototypes of two different groups. I thus shall distinguish a
group of Aviculopect. indianensis, M. and W., with one Indian species Aviculopect.
jabiemis, W., and another group as " group of Aviculopect. illawarensis, Dan.," with
two Indian species : Aviculopect. derajatensis, "W., and Aviculopect. pseudoctenos-
treon, W. Another new species represents a very characteristic mountain-lime-
stone species, and furnishes an interesting link in a whole series of forms ; for this
series Aviculopect. fimbriatus, Phill., must be considered as the type. Another link
is Aviculopect. subfimbriatas, Vern., and our Aviculopect. morahensis, W. n. sp.,
from the Salt-range belongs to the same series of forms.
A group of forms which is very characteristic for the upper division of the
carboniferous formation is that of Aviculopect. carboniferous, Stevens, which is best
known in Europe under the name of Aviculopect. hawni, Gein., or also Aviculopect.
exoticus, Eichw. This group of forms, characterised by broad, strong, acute ribs,
and the strangely cut out and thorned ventral margin is represented in the Salt-
range by one species, for which I shall introduce the name of Aviculopect. sub-
exoticus, W.
A small species found in the Nila-wan belongs to a group of forms which all
more or less resemble Pseudomonotis. This group is chiefly distributed in permo-
carboniferous strata, and thus species belonging to it have up to the present
been chiefly described from America. But also in India, in the Himalaya, the
group is represented by Aviculopect. hiemalis, Salt., and I take this fossil as the type
of the group which I call the group of Aviculopect. hiemalis, Salt. The species
occurring in the Nila-wan can be identified with one of the species described by
F 6
302 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
M. de Koninck from tlie Salt-range, and thus has to bear the name of Aviculopect.
crebristriatus, Kon.
Another species which I must consider as new is of rather uncertain affinities
as its sculpture is of a not very characteristic pattern. It is an isolated species,
and I shall give it the name of Aviculopect. katwahiensis, W.
Lastly, there is a small species, which by its very narrow, high form, and con-
centric sculpture declares itself as a new species. Nor can it be considered as
standing in intimate relation to any already described form, and thus it appears
also as an isolated form. I will describe it as Aviculopect. squamula, W.
One of Mons. de Koninck' s species, Aviculopect. asiaticus, Kon., has been com-
pared by the learned author to Aviculopect. plicatus, Sow., but, as far as can be
judged from the drawings, the affinity between the two shells is only a distant one.
The other species, Aviculopect. crebristriatus, Kon., has just been mentioned above.
According to these indications we are able to group the species of Aviculo-
pecten, occurring in the palseozoic deposits of the Salt-range in the following
manner : —
a. Group of Aviculopect. indianensis, M. and W.
1. Aviculopect. jabiensis, W.
1. Group of Aviculopect. illawauensis, Dana.
2. Aviculopect. derajatensis, W.
3. Aviculopect. pseudoctenostreon, W.
c. Group of Aviculopect. pimbriatus, Phill.
4. Aviculopect. morahensis, W.
d. Group of Aviculopect. exoticus, Eichw.
5. Aviculopect. subexoticus, W.
e. Group of Aviculopect. hiemalis, Salt.
6. Aviculopect. crebristriatus, Kon, sp.
f. Isolated species.
7. Aviculopect. katwahiensis, W.
8. Aviculopect. squamula, W.
g. Group unknown.
9. Aviculopect. asiaticus, Kon. sp.
Of these species, Aviculopect. jabiensis, W., Av. pseudoctenostreon, W., Av. sub-
exoticus, W., Av. Jcatwahiensis, W., and Av. squamula, W., occur in the upper division
of the Productus-limestone ; Av. derajatensis, W., and Av. morahensis, W., in the
middle division ; and lastly Av. crebristriatus, Kon. sp., in the lower division of the
Productus-limestone.
Of Aviculopect. asiaticus, Kon. sp., the exact position is not known.
PROD [JCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 303
a. Group of AVIGVLOPECTEN INDIANENSTS, M. and W.
1. Avtculopecten jabiensis, "Waagen, n. sp. PI. XXIII, fig. 2.
Only the inside of the left valve is accessible to observation ; one can, however,
judge that it is a characteristic species, which can well be distinguished from other
allied forms.
The general outline of the shell seems to have been nearly circular, about as
high as broad. The anterior part is somewhat broken, and thus the exact form of
the outline cannot be ascertained.
The apex is median in its position, and the margins of the shell are all contin-
uous. There is a very large posterior wing; the anterior wing has been broken
off ; they seem both to be distinctly marked off from the remainder of the shell.
The posterior wing is pointed, and distinctly and broadly emarginated before it reached
the posterior shell margin. This latter does not project further than the most
prominent point of the posterior wing. Anteriorly very likely the shell margin pro-
jected in front of the wing.
The hinge line is very long and straight. As far as it has been preserved, a
very distinct furrow stretches along it for the reception of the ligament, no trian-
gular groove for the insertion of the cartilage being present, and thus the position
of this shell in the genus Aviculopecten is beyond any doubt.
Only the most external layer of the shell seems to be preserved. This is ex-
tremely thin, like paper, and reproduces the external sculpture in every detail.
The sculpture can be seen only from the inside, and thus is just the reverse of
what it would be if the shell were visible from the outer side. If we describe it as
from the outer side of the shell, it consists of numerous, broad, vaulted radiating
ribs, which only in very few cases augment by intercalation of a new rib ; they
simply increase considerably in breadth as they approach the ventral margin, and
are separated from each other by very narrow sharp and deep valleys. The number
of ribs seems to have been about thirty, but it cannot be stated exactly, as a part of
the anterior margin of the shell is broken off. These radiating ribs do not extend
to the posterior wing, which is for the most part smooth, with only a very few very
thin radiating costse not far from the hinge line.
The whole shell is covered by very numerous and very closely arranged lamellar
striae of growth, which extend parallel to the shell margin and cross over the
radiating ribs as well as over the smooth part of the posterior wing.
The whole shell is nearly quite flat, but very little vaulted.
The dimensions of the only specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell (anteroposterior diameter) 45 mm.
„ height „ 48 ,,
Thickness of the left valve 5 „
Apical angle without the wings 10O(
304 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species that has
been found up to the present was collected by myself at Jabi in the upper division
of the Productus-limestone in the identical bed in which Cyclolobus oldhami and
the other Cephalopoda were detected by me.
Remarks. — This species is interesting on two accounts, first, because the furrow
along the hinge line for the attachment of the ligament is so very well visible, and
thus its position in the genus Aviculopecten is beyond any doubt; and second,
because it resembles so very much the American Aviculopect. indianensis, M.
and W., from the Keokuk group that it becomes not quite easy to distinguish it
from that species. The chief differences consist in the general outline and the
development of the posterior wing. Whilst in Aviculopect. jabiensis, W., the
length or antero-posterior diameter of the shell falls slightly short of the height,
in Aviculopect. indianensis, M. and ~W., this diameter exceeds the height by
some millimetres. In Aviculopect. jabiensis the posterior wing is so very large
that the shell margin does not project further out than the upper end of the
wing ; in Aviculopect. indianensis, on the contrary, the posterior wing is much
smaller, and the posterior shell margin projects far beyond its termination.
Besides this, the number of radiating folds is somewhat more considerable in
Aviculopect. indianensis (about forty) than in Aviculopect. jabiensis (about thirty).
Thus it appears that the two species are very well distinguishable, though
they are very nearly related to one another. Of the two, Aviculopect. indianensis
is decidedly the older one.
6. Group op AVICULOPECTEN ILLAWABENSIS, Dana.
2. Aviculopecten derajatensis, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XXIII, fig. 1.
This is a largish species of nearly circular outline, thick shell, and with very
broad and coarse radiating folds. There are only two right valves available for
description.
The apex is about median in its position, obtusely rounded, and not prominent.
It is limited on both sides by wings, which are not distinctly marked off from the
remainder of the shell. The posterior of these is very large, flat, limited on the
upper side by the straight hinge line, pointed, and slightly cut out posteriorly. The
posterior shell margin descends from the emargination of the wing directly, being
faintly prominent, and forming a very broad and flat arch in uniting with the
ventral margin, which is about semi-circular. The anterior shell margin is rather
prominent, and ascends obliquely to the very small anterior wing. This latter is
not well preserved in any of the specimens. It seems to have been pointed and
slightly emarginated, but there is not a trace of a byssal incision observable. On
its upper side it is also limited by the straight hinge line.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 305
The shell is not much vaulted, its greatest thickness heing situated in the upper
third of the diameter extending from the apex to the ventral margin.
The most characteristic feature of this species is the external sculpture of
the shell. It consists of 17 or 18 broad radiating folds separated from each other by
very narrow and deep valleys. The folds are not sharp, but rounded on their tops,
and are covered by very strongly marked lamellose striae of growth, which are
rather irregular, and form broad arches on the tops of the ribs, and angular
tongue-shaped processes in the valleys between the ribs. These very likely formed
thorny projections at the margin of the shell, but in the specimens at my disposal
the margin is not sufficiently well preserved to show these processes entire.
The wings of the shell are devoid of radiating sculpture ; but the lamellose
irregular striae of growth, extending parallel to the posterior and anterior margin of
the shell, are very distinctly developed on the wings.
The mode of insertion of the ligament on the hinge cannot be observed in any
of the specimens at my disposal.
The measurements of a specimen from Kiri are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 52 mm.
„ height „ 48 „
Thickness of the right valve ......... 12 „
Apical angle without the wings 100°-110°
Locality and geological position. — There are two specimens of this species pre-
served in the Salt-range collection, both found by Mr. Wynne. The better preserved
of the two comes from the trans- Indus continuation of the Salt-range at Kiri.
It is preserved in a marbly yellowish- grey crinoidal limestone, very hard, and break-
ing into splinters. According to the description of the section given in Wynne's
report (Trans-Indus Continuation of the Salt-range, Mem., Geol. Surv. of India, vol.
XVII, p. 275 1,65)) a similar limestone seems to form there the top beds of the
middle division of the Productus-limestone. A species of Pecten is mentioned by
Wynne from sandy beds forming the topmost layers of the Productus-limestone
formation. No such fossil, however, preserved in a rock of that description, is among
the materials I have received for description.
The other specimen of this species was found by Mr. Wynne at Katwahi ; it is
preserved in a white, splintery crinoidal limestone, and comes beyond doubt from
the middle division of the Productus-limestone formation.
Remarks. — It is not quite certain whether this species really belongs to the
genus Aviculopecten, but from the general outline of the shell it becomes highly
probable that this is the case.
Though it is probable that the species belongs to the same group, to which also
Aviculopect. illawarensis must be assigned, yet the similarity between the two
species is only a distant one. The Australian species has a much smaller apical angle
and less numerous radiating folds than the Indian shell, making a distinction between
the two very easy.
g7
306 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
A species, however, which bears a very great similarity to Aviculopect. derajat-
ensis, W., is Avicula impressa, Keyserling, from the permian beds of the Petshora-
land. The general habitus of the two shells is nearly identical. Both possess those
broad, rounded, radiating folds, separated by narrow sharp valleys ; in both, the
margin of the shell possesses thorny processes where the valleys reach it; both
have a similarly obtuse apical angle, so that a very close relation between the two
shells can barely be denied. The differences consist in the less considerable size and
less numerous radiating folds in Avicula impressa.
Of other species none is known to me which could be more particularly
compared to the species here under consideration.
3. Avicttlopecten PSEUDOCTBNOSTREON, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XXIII, fig. 7.
Though this species occurs in very great numbers at certain localities of the
Salt-range, yet it was extremely difficult to bring away a tolerably well preserved
specimen. The description which follows is made up partly from the specimen
figured on PI. XXIII, partly from notes and sketches I made on the spot.
The species is of rather large size, with fiat valves, broad, rounded, radiating
folds, and nearly circular outline.
The apex is obtuse, slightly anterior in its position, and little prominent. It
is limited on both sides by wings, which are not quite equal in size, as the posterior
one is somewhat larger than the anterior. In the left valve the anterior wing is
obtuse, not emarginated at its base, and marked off from the remainder of the shell
by an impression, which extends from the apex to the anterior shell margin, In
the right valve the anterior wing is distinctly emarginated, but no proper byssal
incision seems to be present. The anterior shell margin forms a broad curve, which
projects far in front of the anterior wing, and unites with the ventral margin
without proper demarcation. The posterior shell margin is also broadly rounded,
projecting further than the posterior wing, and emarginated where that wing com-
mences. The latter is slightly larger than the anterior, and forms about a right
angle where the posterior margin unites with the straight hinge line. It is not dis-
tinctly marked off from the remainder of the shell.
The hinge line is considerably shorter than the length of the shell. The mode
of insertion of the ligament could not be observed.
The shell is provided with broad, well rounded, radiating folds, of which there
are about 15 to 17 in one valve. They are separated from each other by equally
broad rounded valleys. All the folds originate near the apex, and do not augment
in number towards the margin of the shell. They are equally well expressed on
the internal cast as on the shell.
All the folds are crossed by shelly lamellae, representing the stages of growth.
These are not all equally strongly developed, some are more conspicuous than others,
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE. -PELECTPODA. 307
by which peculiarity the folds appear, chiefly in certain specimens, somewhat
nodose. On internal casts only impressions of the larger of these concentric lamellae
are visible. The wings are without radial sculpture, but the lamellose striae of
growth extend up to the hinge line.
The substance of the shell seems not to have been very thick.
The measurements of the single specimen I have for description seem to have
been as follows : —
Entire length of the shell, about 82 mm.
Length of the hinge line, probably .......... 45 „
Entire height of the shell ............ 81 „
Thickness of the left valve ............ 13 „
Apical angle without the wings, about 117°
Locality and geological position. — The species was observed by me to occur
very numerously in a section east of Katwahi, where in the middle of the upper
division of the Productus-limestone a whole bed of sandy calcareous rock was filled
with its valves, but all the specimens were so much impacted in the rock, that it
was absolutely impossible to extract any in a tolerably perfect state. On first
seeing those specimens I thought, from their size and bulk, they belonged to the
genus Ctenostreon, but after a closer inspection I was soon convinced that they
were Aviculopecten.
At other localities the species seems to be rather rare, and in one place only
could I succeed in procuring a tolerably complete specimen. This was also near
Katwahi on the road to Shahpur, where it occurred in a friable sandstone in the
middle region of the upper division of the Productus-limestone, together with the
species of Schizodus and Myophoria described in the foregoing pages.
Remarks. — This species is rather nearly related to Aviculopect. derajatensis, "W.,
described before. It is distinct from that species by its generally more consi-
derable size, and the broad valleys it bears' between the radiating folds which
compose the sculpture of this shell, in consequence of which character the shelly
lamellae which cross over the folds do not form in the valleys between them such
pointed tongue-shaped processes as they do in Aviculopect. derajatensis, and conse-
quently there is not so serrated a ventral margin as very likely existed in that species.
Another species with which the present one must be compared is Aviculopect.
illawarensis, Dana. All the specimens of this species, which have been figured up
to the present, are of much larger size than the Indian shell, but the character of the
sculpture is very similar. There are about 20 broad radial folds, separated from
each other by similarly broad rounded valleys, but there is always a very striking
difference between the two species in the much less considerable apical angle, and
thus also in the much less circular outline exhibited by Aviculopect. illawarensis.
We thus may consider Aviculopect. pseudoctenostreon as a well distinguishable
species characteristic for the upper division of the Productus-limestone of the Salt-
range.
308 SALT-KANGE FOSSILS.
c. Geotjp of AVICTTLOPECTEN FIMBRIATUS, Phill.
4. Aviculopecten mobahensis, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XXIII, fig. 8.
The general outline of this species is broadly oval, not quite circular. There
are only two right valves accessible to observation. These are very flat and provided
with very numerous sharp radiating costse, bearing a characteristic ornamentation.
The apex is about median in its position, not pointed nor prominent, and is
limited on both sides by apparently not very large wings, which are, however, not
well preserved in any of the specimens at my disposal. The hinge line seems to be
mucb shorter than the antero-posterior diameter of the shell, and thus the anterior
as well as the posterior shell margins project far in front and backwards of the
hinge line. The shell margins are all continuous and broadly rounded. The wings
are marked off from the remainder of the shell by deep furrows. It cannot be
stated whether there was a byssal incision on the anterior wing.
The most characteristic feature consisted in the sculpture of the shell. Looked
at with the naked eye this seems to be made up of numerous, sharp, radiating
costse, about 33 in number; they are not all of equal strength, but observe an apparent
alternation of a smaller with a larger one. All these ribs are crossed by very
numerous shelly lamellse marking stages of growth, and which form broken lines,
with the retreating angles on the top of the costse and the projecting ones in the
valleys between. But it is only under the lens that the most characteristic features
of the sculpture can be detected. The radiating costse appear as broad roof -shaped
folds, on the top of which a strong rib is visible, and on the declivities on both
sides very fine longitudinal striations can be observed. All this system of radial
sculpture is crossed by the shelly lamella?. They form broad ogival vaults on the
radiating folds, but the valleys between are so very narrow that the vaults of two
succeeding costse unite in forming a very acute pointed angle.
The substance of the shell is rather thin, not solid. In consequence of this the
internal casts are in every way similar to the perfect shell-bearing specimens, only
the minute sculpture, which has been described above, and which is so very charac-
teristic, is, as might be expected, absent on internal casts.
There is no perfect specimen accessible to observation, but, as far as can be
made out, the measurements seem to have been as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 36 mm.
„ height „ 40
Thickness of the right valve . . 5-5 „
Apical angle 90°
The species seems not to have much exceeded these measurements.
Locality and geological position. — There are two specimens (right valves) of
this species in the Salt-range collection, both of which were found by Mr. "Wynne
PPODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 309
at Morah. One of them is an internal cast, the other is preserved with its entire
shell. Both are enclosed in a very hard splintery light-grey limestone, and there
is but very little doubt that they came from the middle division of the Productus-
limestone.
Remarks. — This species belongs to a group of forms which includes very char-
acteristic mountain-limestone species. There is first Aviculopect. fimbriatus, Phill.,
to be compared, but which can readily be distinguished by its less numerous radiat-
ing folds. Another allied species is Aviculopect. subfimbriatus, Vern., from the
mountain-limestone of Peredki in the Valdai. This, on the other hand, has much
more numerous radiating folds than the Indian shell, and its distinction is there-
fore also not difficult.
Already Mons. deVerneuil had drawn attention to the fact that his species was
apparently very nearly related to, if not identical with, a shell figured by Portlock
under the name of Pecten ottonis, Gdf ., which does in fact show a great similarity to
Aviculopect. subfimbriatus, Vern., but just for that reason it is easily distinguishable
from our Aviculopect. morahensis.
In all the species hitherto mentioned the finer details of sculpture are not
known, and thus by the presence of the longitudinal striation with which the
radiating folds are covered, Aviculopect. morahensis, W., appears to constitute a well
distinguishable and perfectly characterised species. Its position in the genus Avi-
culopecten is not quite certain, as the mode of insertion of the ligament could not
be observed, but it seems highly probable that the shell here under consideration
belongs to M'Coy's genus.
d. Group op AVICULOPHCTEN UXOTICUS, Eichw.
5. Aviculopecten STJBEXOTicus, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XXIII, fig. 6.
It is* from a rather small shell, represented in the Salt-range collection only by
a single right valve, that the present species is indicated.
The general outline of the shell is nearly circular, just as long as it is high.
The valve is tolerably inflated and covered by rather numerous coarse radiating
folds.
The apex is pointed, little prominent, slightly anterior in its position, and well
incurved. It is limited on both sides by wings, of which the anterior one is very
small, but well defined from the remainder of the shell by a deep furrow. It is
pointed at its anterior extremity, but bears, as far as can be observed, no distinct
byssal incision, only a sinuation of its anterior margin extending down to the anterior
end of the shell. The anterior, ventral, and posterior margins of the shell are all con-
tinuous, forming a little more than a semi-circle, and strongly indented in the spaces
between the secondary radiating folds, much more so than is indicated in the
h8
310 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
drawing. The posterior shell margin passes without proper limit into the margin
of the posterior wing. This latter is not very large, but considerably larger than
the anterior one. Its posterior margin ascends obliquely, and meets the hinge line
under an obtuse angle.
The hinge line is straight and much shorter than the entire length of the shell.
The mode of insertion of the ligament cannot be observed.
The surface sculpture of the shell is very characteristic. It consists of twenty-
three radiating folds, which are very regularly more and less strong alternately. The
principal ribs, of which there are eleven, are broad and rounded on the top, not very
high ; where they reach the margin, a deep sinuation is formed. Between them
equally high, but much narrower, secondary ribs are intercalated, having also no
sharp edge at top. Where they reach the margin of the shell blunt thorny
processes are formed on the prolongation of the rib.
The ribs are not all straight, but are all slightly bent forwards, so as to form
a convex arch towards the posterior side of the shell.
The specimen under description is for the most part an internal cast, and thus
nothing can be said as to the finer detail of sculpture of the shell. Only at the two
extremities near where the' wings unite with the body of the shell traces of shelly
substance are observable, and on these parts it appears as if the radiating folds
were ornamented on the top with small, distant tubercles, but no distinct observa-
tion on these points is possible.
The substance of the shell seems to have been very thin.
The measurements of the only specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 13 mm.
„ height „ 12 „
Thickness of the right valve 3 „
Apical angle, about 106°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species in the
Salt-range collection is a right valve, and was found by myself at Chidru in a very
hard yellowish sandstone forming the top bed of the upper division of the Pro-
ductus-limestone.
Remarks. — On a first glance it would not seem advisable to assign the present
species to that group of shells of which Aviculopect. exoticus, Eichw., is the prototype.
The group has on the whole a very characteristic aspect, and is chiefly conspicuous
by its digitate shell margin.
As far as can be judged from the figures of the different shells belonging to the
group, two different varieties of form may easily be distinguished, one with sharp
roof -shaped radiating folds, having a western (American) distribution, and one in
which the radiating folds are rounded, and which seems to be represented chiefly in
the eastern hemisphere.
The former variety is typified by Aviculopect. hawni, Geinitz, which is most
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELE C YPOD A. 311
probably a, different species from Aviculopect. carboniferous, Stevens. The latter,
according to Meek's description, has simple, sharp, radiating folds, whilst the folds
of the former are accompanied on each side by a small secondary fold, which
gradually becomes indistinct towards the margin of the shell. This character has
been described very well by Geinitz, and could also be confirmed by myself when
examining Geinitz' s original specimens. In the figure given by Geinitz, however,
this is not well expressed.
The second variety of form includes the typical species Aviculopect. exoticus,
Eichw. This shell presents, according to the drawing, broad rounded radiating
folds, with equally broad rounded valleys between, in the hollow of which traces of
a secondary rib can be discerned. A further development of the same type is
represented by our Indian Aviculopect. subexoticus, ~W. The secondary ribs have
become here about equal in strength to the primary ones, and extend down to the
digitate processes of the shell margin. A very close comparison is, however, not
possible, as all the remarks made upon the forms relate to left valves, whilst ours is
a right one. Nevertheless it is highly probable that the group characters find
expression also on the right valves. A form which seems to be very nearly related
to the Indian species is Aviculopect. hawni, (Geinitz) Stache (left valve), from the
permo-carboniferous deposits of the Alps. If the drawing be correct, the secondary
ribs were here developed almost to the extinction of the primary ones, and thus
the most prominent radiating folds seem to correspond with the thorny processes of
the shell margin and not with the intervals between them.
Erom these deductions it appears that the Indian Aviculopect. subexoticus cor-
responds with the Russian Aviculopect. exoticus, Eichw., from the upper mountain-
limestone of the Ural, and very likely stands in developmental connection with
this species much more closely than it does with the American Aviculopect. hawni.
e. Group op AVIGZfLOPECTEN EIEMALIS, Salter.
6. Avictjlopecten crebristriatus, Koninck sp. PI. XXIII, fig. 4; PL XXIV,
fig. 3.
1863. Pecten creh-istriata, Koninck : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Lond., Vol. XIX, p. 8, Pi. IV, fig. 5.
1863. Pecten crebristriata, Koninck : Fossiles paleozoiques de 1' Ind., p. 17, PI. IV, fig. 5.
The general outline of this rather small species is nearly circular, with tolerably
inflated valves and unequal wings. There are only internal casts of this shell
available for description, or impressions on the rock of the outer side of the shell.
The two valves were different in sculpture.
The apex is about median in its position, slightly prominent, pointed, and
incurved. It is limited on both sides by wings, which are not distinctly marked
off from the remainder of the shell. The anterior wing is not well preserved in
any of the specimens at my disposal. In one of them, a left valve, the anterior
312 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
wing seems to stretch rather far down the anterior margin of the shell, and io be
limited on its upper side, not by a horizontal, but by a sloping hinge line. There is,
however, no distinct observation possible as to the exact shape of this wing.
It seems also to be emarginated on its anterior side. The anterior, ventral,
and posterior margins of the shell are all continuous, and form about a semi-circle-
The posterior wing is much larger than the anterior one. It is distinctly sinuated
on its posterior margin, pointed at its extremity, and limited above by a horizontal
straight hinge line. It is identical in shape in both valves.
The two valves are about equally inflated. The substance of the shell seems
to have been very thin.
The sculpture is very variable and different in the different valves. In the
left valve the radiating lines, of which the sculpture is composed, are very unequal
in strength, and not so numerous as in the right valve. They are either regularly
alternating, so that always one smaller rib is intercalated between two larger ones,
or the larger ribs are less numerous, and there are two to three finer ribs placed
between two of the larger sort. All these ribs are crossed by numerous striae of
growth, which are very irregular in strength, but which cannot be observed on the
cast. They are chiefly distinct on the wings, where the radial sculpture is developed
in shell-bearing specimens only as a few very fine distant, radiating lines. On
internal casts the wings are entirely smooth.
The right valve has been figured and described by Mons. de Koninck. It is
covered by extremely numerous, very fine radiating striae, which are not equal in
strength, but between which also no distinctly more prominent ones can be dis-
cerned. They are very often bifurcating in such a manner that on the top of one
of the ribs a furrow appears, which gets gradually deeper, and thus divides the rib
in two. Striae of growth are also very numerous on this valve, but they seem to
be finer and less irregular than on the other one. I have no external impression of
the wings of this valve. On the casts the posterior wing at least is smooth.
The dimensions of the largest specimen at my disposal, a left valve, are as
follows : —
Entire length of the shell 14 mm.
„ height 15 „
Length of the hinge line, ahout . . . . . . . . . . 11 „
Thickness of the left valve . ...*... 3 „
Apical angle without the wings 90°
The species seems not to become larger than the specimen of which the
measurements are given.
Locality and geological position. — This species is rather common in the Nila-
wan, where it occurs in a peppery-grey sandstone with very numerous white spots of
porcelain earth. In certain parts of the ravine this sandstone forms the very lowest
fossiliferous bed of the Productus-limestone formation, immediately above the
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA 313
thick Lavender-clays. A single small piece of rock I brought from that locality
contained not less than seven specimens of this species, mostly left valves. Where
Mons. de Koninck's specimen came from is not known. I myself found the species
at no other locality.
Remarks. — This species belongs to a small group of forms, which is represented
during the carboniferous period in Asia and in America, but which seems to be
absent in Europe, unless some triassic shells should be considered to belong to the
group.
A species which has been described already a long time since is Aviculopect,
Memalis, Salt., from the carboniferous deposits of the Himalaya. This species is
not easy to distinguish from Aviculopect. crebristriatus, but on the whole it seems
to possess a somewhat more pointed and more prominent apex and a less circular
outline, as this shell is considerably higher than it is long. Another species which
is very nearly related to the one here under consideration is Aviculopect. curtocar-
dinalis, Hall, from the Poot-hills in "Western North America. In sculpture and
general outline this shell resembles Aviculopect. crebristriatus so very much that it
is very possible the two shells might be identified if specimens were available for
comparison. Hall's species was found in permo-carboniferous strata.
Of triassic species Monotis albertii, Gdf., the different varieties of which have
been recently so well described and distinguished by Noetling, should be compared.
f. ISOLATED SPECIES.
7. Avictjlopecten katwahiensis, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XXV, figs. 1-2.
The general outline of this species is broadly rounded, about as long as it is
high. There is only the left valve known to me, and thus it cannot be stated
whether the species has been equivalve or not. The valve accessible to observation
is tolerably vaulted.
The apex is median in its position, little prominent, pointed, and barely in-
curved. It is limited on both sides by large wings, of which the posterior one
is the larger. Both wings are distinctly marked off from the remainder of the shell
by furrows, of which the anterior one is, however, deeper than the posterior.
The anterior wing is limited on its upper side by the slightly sloping hinge
line, is rounded at its anterior extremity, and its outline shows a distinct sinuation
just where it unites with the body of the shell. The anterior shell margin is
broadly rounded, and projects only slightly in front of the anterior wing. It is con-
tinuous with the very broadly arched ventral margin. The posterior margin is
more narrowly rounded, and forms a kind of an obtuse posterior angle of the shell,
from where the margin ascends in a nearly straight oblique line, which finds its
continuation in the furrow separating the posterior wing from the remainder of
314 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
the shell. The posterior wing reaches barely further down than the anterior one.
It is broadly and flatly emarginated posteriorly, and bears a narrowly pointed pos-
terior extremity, nearly on a line with the posterior extremity of the shell. It is
limited above by a horizontal straight hinge line.
The valve is regularly but not strongly vaulted, its greatest thickness being
situated about in the upper third of its height.
The surface sculpture of the shell consists of closely arranged, unequal, radiat-
ing costsB. There are about fourteen principal ribs, between which generally three
secondary ones are placed, of which the middle one is the strongest; in some places
five secondary ribs are intercalated. The ribs are tolerably broad and flattened on
the top. There are altogether between forty and fifty ribs. On the wings the
radial sculpture is much less distinct, but some five radial ribs can be observed.
The whole system of radial sculpture is crossed by very numerous and very closely
arranged lamellose strise of growth, which extend parallel to the shell margin and
run up to the hinge fine. Though they are not all quite equal in strength, yet none
are very conspicuous.
The substance of the shell seems to have been very thin.
The measurements of the only entire specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 21 mm.
„ height „ 21 „
Length of the hinge line 17 ,
Thickness of the left valve 4
Apical angle without the wings 82°
Locality and geological position. — There is one entire left valve and fragments
of another specimen of this species in the Salt-range collection. Both were con-
tained in a piece of yellowish- grey friable sandstone collected by myself near
Katwahi on the road to Shahpur, together with all the other bivalves which have
been described on the foregoing pages from the same locality. The rock which
contained the fossils forms part of the middle region oE the upper division of the
Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — It would require a prolonged monographical study of the species
belonging to the genus Amculopecten to ascertain in what connection the present
species stands to other similar forms. There are a number of shells to which the
one here under consideration can be compared. As the most similar one, Aviculo-
pect, ruthveni, M'Coy, from the mountain-limestone of Dent may be considered ;
but the character of the sculpture in the Indian shell is considerably different by
the flatness of its radiating folds. In this character our shell somewhat resembles
Aviculopect. plcmoradiatus, M'Ooy. It thus becomes very difficult to decide on the
group into which the present species ought to be placed, and I therefore preferred,
until better information should be available, to consider it as an isolated one.
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA.
315
8. Aviculopecten sqtjamtjla, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XXIV; fig. 5.
This little shell, of which the right valve only is known to me, has an elon-
gately oval shape, very flat valves and a nearly smooth surface.
The apex is very small, little prominent, pointed, and not incurved. It is
limited on hoth sides hy flat wings of unequal shape and size. Both wings are
distinctly marked off from the remainder of the shell hy deep furrows. The
anterior ear is small, truncate at its anterior extremity, and strongly emarginated
below. The anterior shell margin is broadly but flatly arched and protrudes far in
front of the anterior wing. It is continuous with the more narrowly rounded
ventral margin. The posterior margin has about the same shape as the anterior
one. The posterior wing is tolerably large and rectangular in its outline. It does
not extend as far as the posterior shell margin.
The whole right valve is very flatly arched, its greatest thickness being situated
about in the middle of its height.
The substance of the shell is comparatively rather solid.
The surface appears smooth to the naked eye. With the lens, however, a very
neat concentric sculpture can be observed, consisting of very numerous and rather
high, fine lamellae, very closely arranged in an imbricating manner parallel to the
margins of the shell. This sculpture seems not to extend on the wings.
The mode of insertion of the ligament cannot be observed, but the smallness
of the anterior and the largeness of the posterior wing make it highly probable that
we have to deal here with a shell belonging to the genus Aviculopecten.
The measurements of the only specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell .
6'5mm
height „
• 8 „
Length of the hinge line
4 „
Thickness of the right valve
1 „
Apical angle without the wings .
91°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species that has
been observed up to the present was detected by me in cleaning a specimen of
Streptorhynchus from the adhering rock. It was the same piece of rock in which
also Septifer squama, W., was contained. As has been stated already above, this is
a hard, pale yellowish-grey sandstone, very likely belonging to the highest beds of
the upper division of the Productus-limestone. The locality where it came from is
Khund Ghat.
Remarks. — There is a certain group of carboniferous species of Aviculopecten to
which the present one might be compared, that to which Aviculop. barandianus,
Kon., Aviculopect. mundus, M'Coy, Aviculopect. circularis, Kon. (or mactatus, Kon.),
&c, belong. There is, however, one radical difference between these species and
316 SALT-RANGE POSSILS.
the one here under consideration, namely, that in de Koninck's and M'Coy's species
a faint radial sculpture is present crossing the concentric one, whilst in the Indian
shell not a trace of such a sculpture exists.
Of American species Streblopteria tenuilineata, M. and W., might be compared ;
but, not to speak of the circumstance that the Indian shell is certainly no Streb-
lopteria, the American species is also much more circular in its outline, and has a
less distinct concentric striation.
Thus it must remain undecided to what group of species Aviculopect. squamula
ought to be assigned, and it will be best to consider it for the moment as an isolated
species.
g.— Group UNKNOWN.
9. Aviculopecten asiaticus, Koninck. PI. XXIV, fig. 1.
1863. Fecten. asiaticus, Kon. : Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, London, Vol. XIX, p. 7, PI. IV, fig. 6.
1863. Pecten. asiaticus, Kon. : Eossiles Paleozoiques de 1' Inde, p. 17, PI. IV, fig. 6.
As there is no specimen of this species in the Salt-range collection, and as
Mons. de Koninck's original is also not among the specimens preserved in the Geo-
logical Society's collection, I can only reproduce here what has been said about this
species by Mons. de Koninck himself.
This species, he says, is much larger than Aviculopect. crebristriatus, and is a
little broader than it is long. It is slightly and tolerably regularly inflated. Its
surface is ornamented by 12 — 15 radiating ribs, which are most conspicuous about
the middle of their extent, and vanish partly in the marginal region. In the valleys
between two of these ribs 3 — 5 secondary ribs can be observed, which are by far
thinner and less regular than the principal ones, and which are also most conspicuous
in the cardinal and central region of the valves. The striae of growth are barely visible
even with the aid of a lens. The wings are small and rectangular. They are
covered by a minute striation parallel to the hinge margin. The apex is rather
prominent. This species possesses on a first glance a certain similarity to Pect.
plicatus, Phill., but on a closer examination it will be easy to distinguish the two
shells by the small secondary ribs, which are absent in Phillip's species.
The measurements are, according to Mons. de Koninck and in the terms gene-
rally used in this work, as follows : —
Entire length of the shell . 45 mm.
„ height „ 40 „
Thickness of one valve .... ?
Locality, and geological position. — Neither the exact locality nor the exact
geological position of this species can be stated. It is only certain that it came
from the Salt-range.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPOD A. 31 7
'Remarks. — It requires some words of explanation why I have placed this
species in the genus Aviculopecten. The reasons are of a purely negative kind.
As the specimen figured by Mons. de Koninck shows only one wing, and thus no
indication whatever was available that we had to deal here with a true Pecten, and
as on the other hand the genus Aviculopecten is by far in preponderance over the
genus Pecten in palaeozoic rocks, I thought it more advisable to place this species
also in the genus Aviculopecten, than to consider it without sound reason as belong-
ing to the genus Pecten proper.
Genus: PECTEN, Klein.
It is not usual in recent publications to find the genus Pecten in a restricted
sense quoted in palaeozoic strata. Only the permian formation makes an exception
in this respect, as generally the pectinoid shells of that formation are quoted as
true Pecten. But even in these cases the determination has been questioned by
American writers, and, whilst formerly considering those shells as belonging to the
genus Streblopteria, M'Coy, they now have created a proper genus to receive them
under the name of Euchondria, Meek. It cannot be doubted that these smooth
permian shells are not typical Pecten, related to Pecten varius, Lin. ; and as little
can they be united with Amusium or Pseudamusium on account of their more solid
shell and differently developed wings, and thus the creation of a new genus seems
to be quite appropriate, the former affiliation of these shells to Streblopteria was
certainly a mistake.
That there really existed species of true Pecten in palaeozoic deposits, is, how-
ever, proved by several specimens that have been collected by myself and Mr.
Wynne in those deposits in the Salt-range. It is partly the development of the
wings, which induces me to consider these specimens as belonging to the genu8
Pecten, but partly also the direct observation of the triangular cartilage pit, which
confirms the determination in the most decisive manner.
There are not less than five species that I am inclined to assign to the genus
Pecten, though not for every one of these species can the position be directly
proved. But after it had been confirmed beyond doubt that true species of Pecten
occurred, it appeared highly probable that all those shells in which the anterior
wing was larger than the posterior one belonged also to the genus.
The affinities of the shells which I consider to belong to the genus Pecten are
very difficult to ascertain, — on the one hand, because it is up to the present doubtful
whether a transition exists between the generic characters of Aviculopecten and
Pecten, and whether species of Pecten can thus be brought into relation with
species of Aviculopecten or not; and on the other hand, because in the oldest
mesozoic formations, Bunt Sandstein and Muschelkalk, no more extensive molluscan
KlO
318 . SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
faunas have been detected up to the present, and thus also the relations of the Salt-
range species to more recent forms must remain doubtful.
I am therefore not in a position to assign the species I shall have to describe
to certain groups of forms, but can only compare each single species to the different
shells which they seem more or less to resemble.
The species I shall have to describe are the following : —
1. Pecien prtecox, W.
2. „ wynnei, W.
3. „ prototexlorius, W.
4<. „ subgranosus, W.
5. „ Jiemingianus, Koa.
The latter species is not represented in the Salt-range collection, but according
to the development of the wings I thought it could not be very wrong to let it
remain in the genus to which it had been assigned by Mons. de Koninck.
1. Pbcten precox, Waagen, n. sp. PL XXIII, fig. 3.
This little species, of which only one left valve is accessible to observation, has
a rather strongly elongately oval outline, depressed valves, a thin shell, and com-
paratively large wings.
The apex is about median in its position, pointed, very little prominent, and but
very little incurved. It is limited on both sides by unequal wings of which the
anterior one is considerably larger ; it has been partly broken in cleaning the speci-
men from the adhering rock, but originally it was flat, rectangular, and somewhat
sinuated at its base. It is distinctly marked off from the remainder of the shell
by an impression or furrow. The anterior shell margin is very flatly arched, and
but little more prominent than the extremity of the anterior wing. The ventral
margin forms about a semi-circle, and joins without distinct demarcation the posterior
margin, which is in shape very similar to the anterior one, being, however, a very
little more prominent, on account of the posterior wing being much smaller than
the anterior one. The posterior wing also is not entirely preserved, having been
partly broken in cleaning the shell. It is also rectangular and slightly sinuated
at its base, not very distinctly marked off from the remainder of the shell.
Both wings are limited above by a straight hinge line. On the inside this
hinge line shows a barely perceptible furrow stretching along the whole line for the
insertion of a ligament. In the centre, below the apex, there is a deep, somewhat
oblique, triangular pit for the reception of a comparatively large cartilage. On both
sides of the pit the hinge area is perfectly smooth, no teeth being observable. From
this it appears beyond any doubt that we have to deal here with a true Pecten.
PROBUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA* 319
It is to be regretted that fig. 3 on PI. XXIII does not bring out all the charac-
ters sufficiently clearly. ■*
The left valve, which serves for description, is very little inflated, and the sub-
stance of the shell is very thin. The whole surface is covered by very numerous,
unequal, radiating striae or fine little ribs, which augment in number repeatedly
by intercalations towards the margin of the shell. Near the margin forty-one
of these striae can be counted, whilst not far from the apex only about twenty
are present. The valleys between the ribs are of very unequal breadth. Besides
this radiating system of sculpture there is also a concentric one, consisting of very
numerous striae of growth, which are chiefly conspicuous in the valleys between the
ribs. Some larger stages of growth are marked by stronger concentric folds. The
wings are devoid of radial sculpture. On the anterior one very distinct striae of
growth are visible, which extend parallel to the anterior margin of the wing and
terminate at the hinge line. The posterior wing is entirely smooth.
The measurements of the only specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 7 mm.
„ height , 9 „
Length of the hinge line, about] 5 „
Thickness of the left valve 1*5 „
Apical angle without the wjngs 87°
Locality and geological position. — The single specimen that has served for
description is a left valve, and was collected by myself at Virgal in the grey sand-
stones forming the top band of the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
MemarJcs. — Among the species of Pecten hitherto described, those which have
been figured by Stache from the Bellerophon-limestone of the Alps seem to be
most nearly related to the shell here under consideration, and among these again
the most similar one is Pecten pardulus, St. The sculpture consisting of unequal
ribs with irregular valleys between them is very similar in both species, but
Stache's species is more circular in outline, and thus easily distinguishable ; but
it is not finally determined as a true Pecten, as the hinge apparatus has not been
observed. The shape of the wings seems to be very similar to that occurring in
Pecten prcecox.
In America also several species have been described, bearing a sculpture more
or less similar to that of the present species ; but they all undoubtedly belong to the
genus Aviculopecten, and thus a closer comparison seems to be unnecessary. All
of them can easily be distinguished by differently developed wings, and the greater
number have also got a more circular outline and more inflated valves.
320 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
2. Pbcten wynnei, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XXIII, fig. 9.
This is a middle-sized species, of which, however, only one left valve is available
for description. The general outline is elongately oval, considerably higher than
it is long ; the valve tolerably vaulted with a conspicuous radial sculpture. The
anterior wing very, large, the posterior one very small.
The apex is about median in its position, barely prominent, pointed, and very
little incurved. It is limited on both sides by wings of very unequal shape and
size. The anterior wing is not entirely preserved, but seems to have been very
broad, flat, and rounded rectangular. It is distinctly emarginated at its base, and
separated from the remainder of the shell by a very broad and very deep furrow.
The anterior shell margin is rather narrowly rounded, and not much projecting in
front of the anterior wing. The ventral margin is about semi-circular, the posterior
rather flatly arched. The posterior wing is very small, not emarginated at its base,
and forms an obtuse angle at its upper posterior extremity. It is separated from
the remainder of the shell by a shallow furrow.
The hinge line is tolerably long and straight. It has not been possible to
observe the mode of insertion of the ligament or cartilage.
The surface of the shell is tolerably strongly vaulted with a deep oblique im-
pression along the base of the anterior wing. The substance of the shell is rather
thin.
The whole surface is covered by a very characteristic sculpture, which consists
of two systems, one radial and one concentric. The radial sculpture is composed of
rather strong, unequal, straight ribs, distributed in groups of three, in which the
middle [one is the strongest, and is accompanied on each side by a much finer
secondary rib. The principal ribs are not all equal in strength, but very often a
thinner one is intercalated between two of the larger sort. This is caused by the
circumstance that the number of principal ribs or groups of ribs augments towards
the margin of the shell by intercalation. The principal ribs are also remarkable by
the circumstance that they appear perfectly smooth ; even with the lens the striae
of growth cannot be observed on them ; this character, however, may be due to the
mode of preservation of the shell.
The valleys between these groups of ribs are rather broad and deeply, but
roundly, hollowed out. In these valleys the concentric sculpture is very conspicuous
and easily observable with the naked eye. It consists in very numerous, sharp,
concentric lamellae which distinctly cross over the secondary ribs, producing small
knobs. All these lamellae are parallel to the shell margin,
On the wings the concentric sculpture is more conspicuous than the radial one,
The furrow which separates the anterior wing from the body of the shell is only
marked with the concentric sculpture, the single lamellae forming a, sinu^ted Ime.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 321
and being very conspicuous. On the flat part of the wing a radial sculpture appears
again, but is very fine, and chiefly observable in producing a nodulose appearance
on the concentric lamellae. All these latter terminate at the hinge line. On the
posterior wing the sculpture is not sufficiently well preserved to state with certainty
whether a radial sculpture existed or not.
The measurements of the only specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell ,25 mm,
„ height „ 31 „
Length of the hiDge line, ahout 15 „
Thickness of the left valve 6 „
Apical angle without the wings 94°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen, a left valve, of this
species in the Salt-range collection was found by Mr. Wynne at Morah. It is
preserved in a very hard grey limestone, and comes beyond any doubt from the
middle division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — There are a number of species figured by M'Coy which bear a
similarly reticulated sculpture as is exhibited by the shell here under consideration.
The one which most resembles the present species is Feet, clathratus, M'Coy. There
is, however, already in the sculpture a certain difference : the valleys between the ribs
are much narrower, and the concentric folds more distant from each other in
M' Coy's species than is the case in the Indian shell. Besides this, the latter has
a more elongated general shape and differently developed wings ; in fact, it is
a Pecten, whilst the other is an Aviculopecten.
Of lower triassic species none is known to me, which could be in particular
compared with the present species.
3. Pectbn prototextorius, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XXIII, fig. 10.
Though there are three specimens of this species preserved in the Salt-range
collection, not one has the whole shell preserved, and thus it is rather difficult
to say what the general outline was like. It seems to have been rather elon-
gately oval, with a very large anterior and a smaller posterior wing. A strong
radiating sculpture is also characteristic of this shell.
The apex is about median in its position, a little turned towards the front,
pointed, very strongly incurved, but not much prominent ; it is limited on both
sides by wings, of which the anterior one is by far the larger. In the left valve it
is flat and separated from the remainder of the wing by a very broad and deep
furrow. It is limited above by the straight hinge line. The anterior margin of the
wing unites with the hinge line in forming a rounded right angle ; below, it is
distinctly sinuated, though scarcely so much as is indicated in the drawing PI. XXIII,
fig. 10a. In the right valve the anterior wing is also large, flat, and separated from
Lll
322 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
the remainder of the shell by a furrow, which is, however, not so deep as in the left
valve ; at its lower end there is a deep byssal incision.
The anterior shell margin is flatly rounded, and but little more projecting than
the anterior extremity of the wing. The ventral margin is not entirely preserved
in any of the specimens. It seems also to be broadly rounded. The posterior
margin is flatly arched, more flatly than the anterior one, yet it projects much
further than the very small posterior wing. This latter is about rectangular in
its outline and distinctly separated from the remainder of the shell by a shallow
furrow. It is identical in its shape in both valves.
The sculpture consists in both valves of strong radiating costse of unequal
size. Generally they are alternating, chiefly in the middle of the shell, but
towards the anterior and posterior margins the ribs become more equally strong and
no alternation can be made out. There are altogether about twenty-six ribs, of
which the smaller ones disappear towards the apex. The ribs are separated from
each other by about equally broad deep valleys.
This whole system of sculpture is crossed by concentric imbricating folds,
which form high scaly lamella? on the top of the ribs, but which can be followed
also in the valleys between the ribs. Between these concentric folds a number of
striae of growth are visible.
On both wings a radial sculpture is present. On the anterior one of the left
valve this is, however, not more conspicuous than the concentric folds, and thus a
very characteristic reticulation is formed, all the points where the two systems of
ribs cross each other being marked by highly projecting shelly lamellae. This mode
of sculpture begins already in the furrow, which separates the wing from the body
of the shell. On the posterior wing a not very strong fine radial sculpture can
be observed.
The sculpture of the anterior wing of the right valve is not known to me.
The valves are both tolerably strongly and equally vaulted. The substance of
the shell is very thin.
The dimensions of a left valve from Jabi, as far as they can be taken, are as
follows : —
Entire length of the shell 23 mm.
„ height „ ?
Length of the hinge line, about 16 „
Thickness of the left valve 6 „
Apical angle without the wings 82°
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether three specimens of this
species in the Salt-range collection, all found by myself. One, a left valve, comes
from Jabi out of the same bed in which Cyclolobus oldhami and the other Ammo-
nitidce occurred ; the other, a right valve, was found by me at Chidru, also in the
bed of the Ammonitidce ; and the third I collected near Katwahi in the friable sand-
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA, 323
stone which furnished also a number of other Pelecypods. The species thus seems
to be characteristic for the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This species resembles very much certain shells of the mesozoic
formations chiefly of the Jurassic period, and one would not be in the least aston-
ished to find such a shell in the coral beds of the upper jura. It is, however, I
think not necessary to enter here into any closer comparison between those Jurassic
species and the shell here under consideration ; it will be sufficient to look out for
similar forms in other formations geologically less far distant from the Salt-
range strata than is the Jurassic period. There is first in palaeozoic beds a shell
which is very similar to the present one, namely, Pecten sclerotis, M'Coy, from the
carboniferous-limestone of Ireland. I have no specimen of this species for compar-
ison, but, as far as can be judged from the figure, the valleys between the radiating
ribs are broader, smooth, and flat — all characters which do not exist in the Indian
shell — and also the concentric scaly lamellae seem to be more numerous. The chief
distinction, however, consists in the wings, which are different not only in their
shape, but which show also just the reverse development in the two species. There
can be no doubt that in the Indian shell the large wing is the anterior one, and
from this circumstance it becomes also highly probable, though the mode of inser-
tion of the cartilage be not observed, that it is a true Pecten. Much less cer-
tain is this with Pecten sclerotis ; it may even be said that most probably it is
an Aviculopecten. The difference of the two shells is then evident.
In the strata of the Muschelkalk there is a species of Pecten not very dissimi-
lar to the present one ; it is Pecten reticulatus, Gdf . It has strong radiating ribs of
alternating strength and crossed by scaly lamellae, but on the wings the radiating
sculpture is absent, and the whole outline is more circular, so that a distinction of
this species from the Indian Pecten jprototextorius is not very difficult.
4 Pecten stjbghanosus, "Waagen, n. sp. PI. XXIII, fig. 11.
This elegant species is represented in the Salt-range collection by a single right
valve, which is about circular in its general outline, little vaulted, with flat unequal
wings, and a fine radial sculpture.
The apex is slightly anterior in its position, little prominent, pointed, and little
Incurved. It is limited on both sides by wings, of which the anterior one is very
large, the posterior one seems to be rather small. Both are marked off from the
remainder of the shell by deep furrows. The anterior one is not entirely preserved,
but from what remains it can be seen that it possessed a very deep byssal incision
at its lower end, and that its anterior margin was very likely cut off obliquely, so
that the upper part of the wing was more projecting than the lower one. The
margins of the shell are all continuous, and form together a nearly circular outline.
The anterior margin is but little projecting in front of the wing, but the posterior
324 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
margin bends rather far out. The posterior wing is broken off for the greater part,
but seems to have been rather small.
The most characteristic feature of the shell consists in the sculpture. This is
composed of extremely numerous, fine, unequal radiating ribs, about eighty in num-
ber, covering the whole shell. They augment considerably by intercalation in ap-
proaching the margin, and thus one or two smaller ribs may be observed between two
larger ones. The valleys between the ribs are about as broad as the ribs themselves.
All the ribs are not smooth, but very finely and very closely granular, so as to ap-
pear under the lens like strings of very fine beads. The formation of these granules
is apparently caused by a concentric system of sculpture crossing the radial one,
but the granules are so very irregular in their distribution that it is not possible to
discern distinctly concentric lines in their arrangement. Only on the anterior wing
the concentric system of sculpture is somewhat more distinct, and especially in
the furrow separating the wing from the remainder of the shell is it conspicuous
as fine lamellae forming a row of receding arches. On the wing itself a combina-
tion of the radial and concentric sculpture produces again numerous fine granules
arranged in radiating lines.
The posterior wing is almost entirely broken off, and thus its sculpture cannot
be observed.
The valve is very regularly and moderately vaulted ; the substance of the shell
is thin.
The measurements of the only existing specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell , .... 46 mm.
„ height „ 53 „
Thickness of the right valve 7 „
Apical angle without the wings .......... 87°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species in the
Salt-range collection was found by Mr. Wynne in the trans-Indus continuation of
the Salt-range, at Bilot. The bed from which the specimen came is not marked on
the label, and in Wynne's report no species of Pecten is mentioned in a special bed.
The rock in which the specimen is contained is a light-coloured, nearly white, very
hard calcareons sandstone, or sandy limestone with ferruginous partings. This con-
dition of the rock seems to correspond best with some layers mentioned by Wynne
in the upper division of the Productus-limestone at Bilot.
Remarks. — There are but very few species to which the present one can be
compared. It is beyond doubt a Pecten, as appears from the very strong develop-
ment of the anterior wing, though the insertion of the cartilage cannot be observ-
ed, and thus only species of Pecten ought to be taken into consideration for a
comparison. However, there is no species of Pecten known to me within palaeozoic
or lower triassic rocks, which could be compared to the present one, and only some
forms of Aviculopecten bear a certain resemblance to it. Aviculopect. granosus, Sow.,
PEODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 325
may be first mentioned. The sculpture of both shells is rather similar, though
Sowerby's species seems to bear in certain varieties coarser radiating ribs, but in
other varieties again there are as many as eighty ribs, all finely granular or nodulose.
There are, however, very considerable differences iu the wings, as the anterior wing
is very small and the posterior one undefined, just the reverse of what occurs in
Feet, subgranosus. Also the apical angle is considerably different ; it is as much as
125° in Sowerby's species, whilst it is only 87° in ours.
Of M'Coy's species Pecten (Aviculopect.) fallax and Lima decussata may be
compared. The former is easily distinguishable by the development of its wings,
but the latter requires further notice. How M'Coy came to consider this species as
a Lima, if we may take the figure as correct, is difficult to understand. If the
figured specimen were the right valve of a true Pecten, an opinion that is not
altogether excluded, it would be rather similar to the present species. The radial
striation is, however, somewhat finer, and the anterior wing different in shape.
In America, as far as is known to me, no species occurs, which could be in
particular compared to the present one.
5. Pecten flemingiantjs, Koninck. PL XXIV, fig. 2.
1863. Pecten flemingianus, Kon. : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Lond., Vol. XIX, p. 7, PI. IV, fig. 4.
1863. Pecten flemingianus, Kon. : Foss. Pale"oz. de 1' Iude, p. 17, PI. IV, fig. 4.
As there is no specimen of this species in the Salt-range collection, and Mons.
de Koninck's original is also not among the materials preserved in the collection
of the Geological Society, I can only repeat here what has been said about this shell
by Mons. de Koninck.
This species, he says, is of a middle size, longer than it is broad, and has a
sub-oval general outline. Its surface is ornamented with a small number (8-9) of
radiating ribs, which are little prominent. The space between the ribs is nearly
quite smooth, and there are only very indistinct strise of growth to be observed,
barely visible with the naked eye. The wings are small, of triangular shape, and
have a smooth surface.
The measurements, expressed in the terms generally used in this work, are as
follows : —
EDtire length of the shell 14 mm.
„ height , '. . 16 „
Locality and geological position. — There is no mention made by Mons. de
Koninck as to the exact locality where the shell came from. As also the condition
of the rock in which the specimen is contained is not indicated, it is impossible to
guess what geological position the species may have occupied.
9 m!2
326 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
Bemarks. — I have already explained in the introduction to the genus Pecten
why I introduce this species under the heading Pecten.
As to the affinities of this species, no indication is given hy Mons. de Koninck.
Genus Etjchondbia, Meek.
The smooth species of Pecten from the permian formation have for a long time
heen a puzzle to palaeontologists, as they would not fit into any of the recently
created genera.
They could not be well considered as species of Aviculopecten, as most of them
have the anterior wing larger than the posterior one, and to consider them as true
Pecten would not do on account of the smooth condition of their shells. Pseuda-
musium, Entoliivm, Syncyclcmema, were then attempted, but for these genera the
shell of the fossils under consideration was mostly too solid in its structure and too
much inflated, and the wings show markings of a radiating sculpture ; so that at
last it was unavoidable to create a new generic designation.
It had been proposed by Meek to use the name of Streblopteria, M'Coy, for
these shells ; but it is not probable that such a proceeding would be correct, as the
forward obliquity of the shell is much less apparent in the forms here under consi-
deration, and because the posterior wing is always distinct in these forms, whilst
it is continuous with the body of the shell without the slightest demarcation in
Streblopteria.
The genus Euchondria has been proposed for Pecten neglectus, Gein., as typical
species ; but I think that though the posterior wing in Euch. neglecta is somewhat
larger than the anterior one, yet the permian species like Pect. pusillus, Schl., etc.,
might far better be united wtih Euchondria than with Streblopteria.
The internal arrangement of the hinge with its cartilage has not been observed
in any of the permian species, and it is also not visible in the shell I shall have to
describe from the Salt-range.
As far as is known up to the present, the genus has a Very small geological
range, as it seems to be restricted to the upper -coal measures of America and the
permian beds of Europe, unless forms like Pecten consimilis, M'Coy, ought also
to be considered as belonging to it.
Erom the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range I have to describe a single
species as probably assignable to this genus.
1. Etjchondria stjbptjsilxa, Waagen, n. sp. PI. XXIV, fig. 4.
This neat little species is represented in the Salt-range collection only by one
right valve, the general outline of which is transversely oval, flat, with a smooth
surface.
PUODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PELECYPODA. 327
The apex is about median in its position, a little turned towards the front,
pointed, and not prominent. It is limited on both sides by unequal wings, which
are distinctly marked off from the remainder of the shell by furrows. The anterior
wing is the larger one, obtusely rounded at its extremity and distinctly sinuated at
its base. The anterior margin is comparatively narrowly rounded and projecting
very far in front of the wing. The ventral margin is very flatly arched, and joins
the broadly rounded posterior margin without demarcation ; it projects far beyond
the termination of the posterior wing. This latter is very small, triangular in its
shape, and terminating posteriorly in an obtuse angle.
The hinge line is straight and tolerably long. The mode of insertion of the
cartilage cannot be observed.
The valve is not much vaulted ; its substance is comparatively solid, not trans-
parent.
The surface of the shell is quite smooth, and even with the lens very fine striae
of growth can only with difficulty be detected. Only some few of them are stronger
and form concentric folds, whick mark larger stages of growth. The wings also are
nearly quite smooth; the fine horizontal grooves seen in the magnified drawing on
the anterior wing have apparently only been marked by the needle in cleaning the
shell of the adhering rock. There are, however, very faint traces of a radiating
sculpture present on this wing.
The measurements of the only specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 8 mm.
„ height „ 6 „
Length of the hinge line 4 „
Thickness of the right valve 1 „
Apical angle without the wings 118°
Locality and geological position — The only specimen of this species that has
been found up to the present is a right valve, which was collected by myself at
Virgal in the grey sandstones which form there the top band of the upper division
of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — There are several forms to which the present one can be compared
among the species which I consider to belong to the genus Euchondria. Eirst, the
typical species, Euchondr. neglecta, Gein., requires a close comparison. It also is a
very small species, about the same size as Euch. subpusilla, W., but it can with-
out difficulty be distinguished by its shorter and higher general outline, the larger
wings, of which chiefly the posterior one is very large, and the distinct radiating
lines found on them.
Another species to which a certain similarity is presented by the shell here
under consideration is Euchondr. pusilla, Schl. sp., from the German Zechstein.
This species becomes slightly larger than the Indian shell, but the development of
the wings is similar, only the anterior wing has a more distinct byssal incision in the
328 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
German species. Also the transversely oval shape of the Indian fossil is a point of
difference, hut this might possibly partly be caused by pressure. On the whole, the
similarity between Euchondr. pusilla and Euchondr. subpusilla is greater than that
between the latter species and Euch. neglecta. But also in America (upper coal-
measures) there is a species very similar to Euch. pusilla as well as to Euch. sub-
pusilla, this is Euchondr. (Sfreblopteria) tenuilineata, Meek. It can be distinguish-
ed from our Euchondr. subpusilla by the same characters by which the latter, differs
from Euch. pusilla.
There have still to be mentioned two shells of the Salt- range collection of which
no description can be given here. The one is an Ostrea or Terquemia attached to
specimen of Streptorynchus, and too badly preserved to allow of an exact
description. The occurrence of such a shell is, however, of sufficient interest to
be noticed even in so badly preserved a specimen.
The other is a shell which has been described by Mons. de Koninck under the
name Anomia lawrenciana. This shell is not at all rare in the Salt-range, but I
shall give a description of it only later on in this work, as this very curious fossil is
certainly not a Pelecypod, but either a Brachiopod or a coral ; which of the two I
am not quite certain, as I have not yet succeeded in cleaning completely the
inside of the shell.
Province: MOLLUSCOIDA.
Class : BRACHIOPODA.
Order: ARTHROPOMATA.
Family : TUB EBB A TTTLID^.
The Brachiopoda are the most numerous among all the fossils occurring in the
Productus-limestone of the Salt-range, and the materials of this class in my hands
are so extensive, that it will be possible to add several new observations to the
stock of knowledge already in our possession regarding these fossils.
It is however a matter of much controversy in what manner such observations
ought to find expression, whether they should take form by the creation of new
genera and species, or whether they should merely be used to illustrate the relations
between different groups of the class as now imagined.
It cannot be denied, that in the systematic arrangement of the Mollusca in
general, there has in recent times prevailed a tendency to restrict the large generic
groups, resolving them into a number of smaller and more sharply defined genera,
which should at the same time serve to bring out more clearly the changes the
Molluscs have undergone in time, so as to unite under one generic heading those
forms which are not very far separated from each other in time. This tendency
had its beginning with the American palaeontologists, whilst the sharper distinction
of genera amongst the recent Mollusca was inaugurated by the brothers Adams.
There is no obvious reason why the Brachiopoda should be excluded from the
tendency now prevailing among men of science in relation to the Mollusca proper,
the less so as, the shells of Brachiopoda require even sharper distinction than do
the shells of Mollusca. Any one who has ever had to determine the shells of
Brachiopoda must know, that in certain groups, for instance, in the group of the
biplicate Terebratulce, it is nearly impossible to determine a species without knowing
the formation from which the specimens came ; and even if this latter fact be known,
it requires the utmost carefulness and the observation of the most minute characters
to distinguish the different species and arrive at a satisfactory specific determina-
tion of these shells.
A most striking instance of the difficulties that surround the determination of
such shells is furnished by a species that occurs in the Salt-range, and which has
been described by Mr. T. Davidson as Terebratula biplicata, Brocchi, var. pro-
blematica. This shell exhibits in a very striking manner the external characters
330 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
of biplioate Terebratulce, and, led by these external characters, Mr. Davidson sug-
gested that this species came from mesozoic (probably cretaceous) strata, and that
thus also this formation was apparently represented in the Salt-range. As a matter
of fact the shell comes from the Productus-limestone, and has nothing whatever to
do with Terebratulce biplicata, Brocchi. To make out this fact it was only necessary
to investigate the internal structure of the shell. All the European palaeozoic
Terebratulce have an internal structure which deviates by certain very constant
peculiarities from the structure of the mesozoic shells. Just the same peculiarities
which characterise the European palaeozoic Terebratulce are also exhibited by the
Indian species, and thus it becomes evident that this shell also is of palaeozoic age.
Now it is not likely that any one in the world would pretend that he knows the
Brachiopoda more thoroughly than the celebrated palaeontologist of Brighton, yet
even he has been misled by the external form. Had a more minute generic group-
ing existed at the time of the description of this shell, and had it been unavoidable
to ascertain at least some of the internal characters of such a shell in order to
effect an exact generic determination, such a mistake would have been impossible,
as the author would immediately have known that he had to deal with a palaeozoic
species.
By such occurrences it is strikingly demonstrated how useful the distinc-
tion of more limited generic groups in reality is ; so it must be considered as
a most meritorious undertaking on the part of M. Bayle, as well as by M. Douville,
to split up the old genus Terebratula into several new generic groups, or at least
to advocate the retention of the generic groups already created by King and
others, but which had been considered until very recently as simple synonyms of
Terebratula.
Douville's remarkable paper starts from the consideration of the mode of deve-
lopment of the internal appendages in the shells of recent Terebratulidce, and comes
to the conclusion that, according to this development, two large divisions should be
distinguished ; one comprising the forms with a long loop, to which should be added
those forms like Terebratella or Megerlea, in which the loop is doubly or trebly
joined to the valve ; and another division comprising the shells with a short loop.
The author wishes to consider the two groups as separate families for which he
introduces the names of " Waldheimidce " and " Terebratulidce.'" I do not think it
practicable thus to destroy the old family Terebratulidce, which seems to be so well
founded, and has been so excellently denned. It will be quite sufficient for the
purpose of bringing out the significance of these groups to consider them as sub-
families, for which I wish to introduce respectively the names of " Terebratulince "
and " Waldheimiince."
If however subfamilies are once introduced, the other genera which cannot be
comprised in the two preceding subfamilies must also be brought under similar
headings. There is not much that I can suggest in this direction. A limited
group seems to be indicated by some forms, of which Centronella, Billings,
PBODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BEACHIOPODA. 331
might be taken as the type. They have no cardinal process in the smaller valve ;
the loop is of medium size, very simple, and without recurring branches, but it seems
not to be sufficiently known in all the forms apparently belonging to the group.
These forms might nevertheless be conveniently united in a subfamily bearing the
name of Gentronellince. The subfamily is also represented in the Salt-range. A
fourth subfamily might be formed by the genera Meganteris, Suess, and Bens-
selceria, Hall, but I cannot say anything positive on this point.
The geological distribution of the different subfamilies thus established is very
different. The oldest are apparently the Waldheimiince, which seem to include
the oldest forms of all the Terebratulidce. The form to which I allude is Tere-
bratula melonica, Barr., from upper silurian strata of Bohemia. The general arrange-
ment of the internal appendages in the smaller valve seems, according to M. Hall's
figures,1 not quite dissimilar to that prevailing in Macandrewia, King. In the
larger (ventral) valve there are two very long dental plates, whilst in the smaller
or dorsal valve the sockets for the reception of the teeth of the other valve are sup-
ported by two plates extending in an oblique direction from the bottom of the valve
up to the sockets, and for which I shall introduce the name of septal plates, as, if
their direction is very oblique, they unite in the middle and form together a distinct
septum. These plates are of great importance for the classification of the Terebra-
tulidce in general. The loop is long, reaching more than halfway down to near
the front of the shell. It possesses two long recurring branches, which unite by a
slender transverse piece. The peculiar feature that seems essentially to distinguish
this loop from that of Macandrewia is the position of the spurs which support the
oral opening of the animal so very far from the apex of the shell. According to
Douville's method this form should probably receive a proper generic designation, and
might perhaps belong to the genus Cryptonella, Hall, but the transverse band on the
crura uniting them near their origin on the dorsal side has not yet been observed.
Be this as it may, there is no doubt that the subfamily Waldheimiince was already
represented during the upper silurian period, after the detection by Mr. Davidson
of two species, which he described under the names of Waldheimia mawei and W.
glassi from the soft Wenlock shales. Though these species be very minute, and
Mr. Davidson may prefer to quote them only with a query under the heading of
Waldheimia, yet the drawing of the loop represents so undoubtedly a form belong-
ing to the subfamily, the external shape of the shell recalling already the general
form of Antiptychinor and Aulacothyris, that the representation of the subfamily
in upper silurian strata can barely be doubted. In the carboniferous formation
also, a species has been detected which undoubtedly agrees in all its characters with
the typical species of the Waldheimiince. This shell occurs in the carboniferous
deposits on the Bio Tapajoo in Brazil, and has been described by Mr. 0. A. Derby
under the name of Waldheimia continhoana. The loop which he figures leaves
1 Hall'a 16th Report of the New York State Museum, 1863, reproduced in Barrande's Systeme Silurien de la BohSme,
vol. V, pi. 141.
332 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
no doubt as to its family relations, and the species might with great probability-
be attributed to the genus Zeilleria of Bayle. Terebrat. bovidens, Mort., is also
said to possess a long apophysary system, but this has not been figured up to the
present.
In the older palaeozoic epochs, together with the typical forms just men-
tioned, there occur in somewhat greater numbers some forms of shells which
also belong very likely to the subfamily Waldlievmiince, but which have been
distinguished by Hall under the name of Cryptonella, Hall (1861, fourteenth Report
of the New York State Museum, p. 21; Pal., New Y., Vol. IV, p. 392, pi. LXI).
This genus is characterised by a very long loop with long recurring branches. The
crura near their origin on their dorsal side are united by a transverse shelly band.
Of the characters of the hingeplate nothing is known; there seems to be no
septum. In the ventral valve dental plates seem to be present. So far as is now
known the genus is restricted to the silurian and devonian periods.
Erom the trias upward, the Waldheimiincs begin to get numerous ; but it is only
in Jurassic times that they begin to be split up into a number of different genera-
Of these the following may be mentioned : —
Plesiothyris, Douv. (Bull. Soc. Geol. de France, 3 ser., Vol. VII, p. 275, 1879) : dental plates
in the ventral, and a septum in the dorsal valve ; loop long, free ; general form biplicate.
Zeilleria, Bayle (Expl. Carte Geol. de France, Vol. IV, Atlas pi. IX, 1878) : dental plates
in the ventral, and septum in the dorsal, valve ; loop long, free ; general form with
a straight frontal line.
Aulacothyhis, Douv. (Bull. Soc. Geol. de France, 3 ser., Vol. VII, p. 277, 1879) : ventral
valve, carinate, with dental plates ; dorsal valve sinuate, with a septum ; loop long, free.
Antiptychina, Zittel (Handb. d. Palceont., p. 704, 1880) : ventral valve with dental plates and
two strong folds in the frontal part ; dorsal valve with a septum, a sinus in the frontal
region with a fold in the middle ; loop very long, free.
Eudesia, King (Perm. Foss., p. 144, 1850) : internal arrangement as in Zeilleria ; shell strongly
plicated.
Terebratella, Orb. (Pal. Fr. Terr. Cret., Vol. IV, p. 1 10, 1 847) : loop long, but not free, affixed
to the cardinal plate as well as to the septum.
Megerlea, King (Perm. Foss., p. 81, 145, 1850) : loop trebly attached.
Of these genera only one is restricted to the Jurassic period, viz., Eudesia,
King; all the others extend also into cretaceous strata. Here, however, a number .
of new genera is added. Of these may be mentioned —
Lyra, Cumberl. (Sow. Min. Conch, pi. 138, f. 4-6, 1816).
Trigonosemus, Koenig (Icones Foss. Sectil., p. 3, pi. IV., f. 73, 1825).
Kingeka, Davidson (Mon. Brit. Cret. Brach., p. 42, pi. IV, f. 15-28, 1852).
Magas, Sow. (Min. Conch. II., p. 39, pi. 119, f. 1-5, 1816).
Bhynchora, Dalm. (Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl., 1827, p. 105) ;
which are all sufficiently well knowu so that their diagnosis need not be repeated
here.
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 333
In the actual period Macandrewia, King ; Neothyris, Douv. ; and Wald-
heimia, King, further augment the number of genera, not to speak of Maga-
sella, Dall ; Erentjla, Dall, etc.
One strange fact, however, cannot be passed in silence, that the appearance in
time of the genera belonging to the subfamily Waldheimiince is very little in ac-
cordance with what one might expect according to the laws of development.
The individual development of the recent Waldheimiince has been studied by
Eriele, Dall, etc., and it has been found that the internal apparatus of the recent
species undergoes a number of changes before it attains the shape and arrangement
of the adult specimens. The first stage that has been observed is an arrangement
of the loop, very similar to that occurring in adult specimens of the genus Magas.
In the further development of the specimens of Waldheimiince the very large
septum is partly re-absorbed, and then appears a stage which is most similar
in its loop to that existing in adult specimens of Terebratella ; and only after a
further partial absorption of the septum, and other changes in the loop, does the
permanent shape of the loop of Waldheimiince appear, and the specimen is at last
full grown. If now the development of the individual only repeats the develop-
ment the whole family has taken, we should expect to find that the geologically
oldest representatives of the subfamily should exhibit a loop similar to that of
Magas, and that the long and free loop of Waldheimia ought to appear only in
later geological periods. But just the reverse is the case. The geologically oldest
representative, Terebr. melonica, Barr, has a long, free loop ; and even if this species
should prove to belong to the genus Qryptonella, this would not materially alter the
fact. Even if we exclude the genus Oryptonella from the discussion, yet we find
already in the upper silurian period (the Wenlock shales), a shell which in all import-
ant characters agrees with the Jurassic Antipty china or Aulacothyris, having a well
developed, long and entirely free loop. The first species of Terebratella have up
to the present been observed to occur in Jurassic strata, whilst Magas does not occur
earlier than in the cretaceous period. The mode of development the single individuals
of the recent Waldheimia undergo is thus rather to be termed a retrograde than a
progressive one.
The subfamily Terebratulina was already well developed in the devonian
period, though forms belonging to it were not very numerous. Some of these
devonian species seem to belong already to the genus Dielasma of King, whilst
others seem to form part of a new genus, which has also many representatives in
the Salt-range. The subfamily has been considered up to very recent times as
being composed only of two genera, viz., Terebratula {Dielasma, King, having been
considered as synonymous) and Terebratulina. It has been shown by Douville' not
only that the genus Terebratulina was in a more close relation to Terebratula
than to any other genus, the two thus forming one family (or subfamily), but
also that the enormously large number of forms included in the old genus Tere-
bratula could very conveniently be subdivided into a number of generic groups.
334 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Douville" founds his classification partly on the external form of the shells, partly
on the presence of dental plates or of a septum ; but to him the fact was not yet
known that in the Terebratulince the septum is only produced by the junction of
the two septal plates, and that it is a mere matter of degree whether the septal
plates are so oblique in their direction as to join and form a septum, or whether they
are less oblique and meet the bottom of the valve before reaching the middle of
it. This latter fact has been clearly brought to light by the very careful inves-
tigations of the rhsetic Brachiopoda and their allies by M. Zugmeyer. Therefore
not only the septum but also the existence of septal plates is a factor of great im-
portance in the classification of the Terebratulince.
If we apply these principles of classification to the mass of shells which have
hitherto been considered to belong to the genus Terebratula, we come to the follow-
ing generic subdivisions : —
Terebrattjlina, Orb. (Ann. Sc. Nat. VIII, p. 249, 1847) : shell finely striated
radially ; loops short, free, forming a closed circle : Jurassic to recent.
Terebratula, Klein (Tentamen methodi ostracologicse, p. 171, pi. XI, nr. 74,
1753) : shell biplicate ; loop short, free; not annular, without septal plates ; no dental
plates in the ventral valve. Liothyris, Douv., can barely be considered but as a
subgenus of Terebratula, since young specimens of Terebratula, as has been rightly
remarked by Zittel, would very often have to be considered as Liothyria, whilst
the adult forms would be Terebratula : (? devonian) triassic to recent.
Rh^etina, "Waagen, n. gen. : shell biplicate ; loop short, fixed to the bottom
of the valve by septal plates, which sometimes form a septum, sometimes not ;
ventral valve without dental plates. Type : Terebratula gregaria, Schafh. from
rhsetic beds : rhsetic.
Dielasma, King (Nat. Hist. Rev., Vol. VI, p. 519, 1859 )=J3pithyris, King (non
Phillips) : shell biplicate or simply vaulted on the frontal line ; loop short, fixed
to the bottom of the dorsal valve by septal plates, which form sometimes a distinct
septum (see Davidson Monogr. Perm, fossils, pi. I, figs. 18-20) ; very strong dental
plates in the ventral valve : devonian to trias.
Zugmeyeria, Waagen, n. gen. : shell biplicate ; loop short, without septal plates ;
strong dental plates in the ventral valve. Type, Terebrat. rh&tica, Zugm. : rhsetic.
Coenothtris, Douville (Bull. Soc. Geol. de Prance, 3rd ser., Vol. VII, p. 281}
1879) : shell with a vaulted frontal line ; loop short, fixed to the bottom of the
dorsal valve by strong septal plates, which mostly unite to form a strong and to-
lerably long septum ; transverse part of the loop, uniting the recurving branches,
forms a flat shield ; in the ventral valve dental plates are developed in young speci-
mens, which are however re-absorbed in adult ones : muschelkalk.
Pygope, Link. (Handb. Phys. Erdbeschr., Vol. II, part 1, p. 451, 1830) : dorsal
valve with a mesial impression, ventral valve with a fold ; the mesial part, occupied
b y the sinus in the dorsal valve, often stops in growth, whilst the lateral parts
continue augmenting in size, thus forming a perforation in the shell; the loop
PRODUCTUS-L[MESTONE.-BRACHIOPODA.
335
is very small and free ; neither septal nor dental plates exist. It seems to me per-
fectly reasonable in Zittel to unite Douville's genus Glossothyris with Pygope, as
the distinction between the two genera seems to be only a matter of degree :
Jurassic and lowest cretaceous.
Dictyothyris, Douville (Bull. Soc. Ge'ol. de Prance, 3rdser., Vol. VII, p. 268,
1879): plication of the valves the reverse of that occurring in the Biplicatce ; the
dorsal valve with two impressions, and the ventral one with two folds ; loop short
and free ; neither septal nor dental plates ; surface of the shell mostly finely striat-
ed radiately : Jurassic and lower cretaceous.
Hemiptychina, Waagen, n. gen. : surface of the shell smooth, or irregularly
folded in the frontal region ; frontal line vaulted ; loop short like in Terebratula ;
with distinct septal plates, which very rarely unite to form a septum. Type, Terebr.
himalayensis, Davids. It seems that the Jurassic forms (as Ter. plicata, Buckm.,
T. fimbria, Sow., etc.,) resembling Hemiptychina are distinct from the palaeozoic
shells by the absence of septal plates ; they would then very likely have to be con-
sidered as forming a distinct genus.
Dielasmina, "Waagen, n. gen. : shell strongly but irregularly folded radially,
internal arrangement as in Dielasma. Type : Diel. plicata, ~W. n. sp.
It may perhaps be desirable to bring the above-mentioned genera into a tabular
arrangement, similar to that given in DouvilhVs paper in the Bull. Soc. Geol. de
Prance, 3rd ser., Vol. VII, p. 263. They would then have to be arranged in the
following manner :
LOOP SHORT.
Annular— by the union of the
Not annular -by thr disunion op the oral processes.
Neither dental nor septal
plates.
Neither dental nor
septal plates.
Only dental but no
septal plates.
Only septal but no
dental plates.
Septal and dental
plates*
Terebratulina, Orb.
Terebratula,
Kleiu.
Zugmeyeria,
Waagen.
Plicetina,
Waagen.
Dielasma, King.
Ccenothyris, Douv.
Biplicatce.
(Nov. gen P)
HemiptycMna,
Waagen.
Dielasmina,
Waagen.
Fimbriates.*
Pygope, Link.
Nucleate?.
Dictyothyris,
Douv.
Coarclatce.
By far the greatest number of forms belonging to the family Terebratulidcp
is included in the two subfamilies treated of on the foregoing pages ; there are
however yet remaining a small number of generic groups which do not fit into these
two subfamilies, and which in part at least can be considered as forming distinct
subfamilies. Already above I have shortly hinted that yet two more subfamilies
1 I use the name of " Fimbriates " for those forms which never are truly hiplicate, but smooth in the young state.
and more or less strongly and irregularly plicated when adult. Example : Terebrat. fimbria, Sow.
336 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
may be distinguished, which, may respectively be termed " Centronellince " and
" Meganterince." Within these two subfamilies all the remaining genera of Terebra-
tulidcB (except quite doubtful ones like Vitulina, Hall, Leptoccelia, Hall, etc.) can
be brought. Only for one genus does the systematic position remain doubtful ; this is
Hynniphoria, Suess.
There is a genus of Terebratulidce in the Salt-range for which I propose to
introduce the name of Notothyris. It is very difficult to assign a place in the system
for this genus, as its internal arrangement is not yet entirely known. The most
characteristic feature of its internal appendages is that the hingeplate in the dorsal
valve bears a distinct oval foramen in the umbonal region. The loop seems not to
have been complete. On the whole it seems not improbable that these shells are
more or less nearly related to Gentronella, and I thus shall put this genus into the
subfamily Centronellince.
Subfamily : TKREBRATULINM.
Genus : DIELASMA, King.
There are not many writers up to the present who would have accepted this
genus as well founded and would have kept it entirely apart from Terebratula. It
cannot be denied that its affinity to Terebratula is very great ; but if we observe
how very constant the characters are by which it can be distinguished from the true
Terebr alulae, and how the occurrence of these characters is limited to certain forma-
tions, it must be admitted that the distinction of the genus is of great practical
value and of the utmost importance at least to the geologist, who finds in the dental
and septal plates of such indifferent forms as the biplicate Terebratulce a most
convenient clue for the determination of the geological age of the beds containing
such fossils.
The characters of Dielasma are very easy to be recognised. They consist in
the general terebratuloid form of the shell ; a short loop like in Terebratula, fastened
near its origin to the bottom of the smaller or dorsal valve by two plates,
which extend in a more or less oblique direction from the sockets for the recep-
tion of the cardinal teeth towards the middle line of the dorsal valve, forming
sometimes a septum. The umbo of the smaller valve bears a distinct cardinal
process. In the larger or ventral valve the cardinal teeth are supported by very
strong dental plates. The existence of these dental plates as well as of the septal
ones can easily be made out by scraping off a little of the shell on the beak as well
as in the umbonal region of the smaller valve ; the plates will then soon appear as
dark lines, converging towards the termination of the beak as well as towards the
apex of the smaller valve.
The genus was already distinguished by King in the year 1850, but at that
time the author thought it possible to utilise the old name of Epithyris (given by
Phillips to all the Terebratulce) for this particular group, and thus he introduced
PRODUCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 337
the forms belonging to the genus under the name of " Epithyris, Phillips." The
same view of the matter is also taken by Dall, who accepts the name Epithyris
for these forms, but writes " Epithyris, King " not Phillips. Now, in reality, King
never created a genus under the name of Epithyris ; he only used Phillips' deno-
mination in a wrong sense. It thus seems incorrect to apply the name of
Epithyris to this group ; as it cannot be admitted that a name should be used in
science in a sense quite different from that attributed to it by the author who
created it. It seems therefore that King was quite correct in creating a new
name for the forms here under consideration, and in doing so he very likely acted
upon the same considerations as have led me to adopt his name Dielasma.
M'Coy, in his "British Palseozoic Eossils," thought proper to apply the name
Seminula, which he had formerly given to other shells, to the species which form
now the genus Dielasma; but, as in the original diagnosis of Seminula only those
shells were comprised which belong to the families Rhynchonellidce and Spiriferidce,
it does not seem advisable to transfer the name now to shells belonging to the
Terebratulidce ; thus, from this consideration also, the name Dielasma will have
to stand.
The genus seems to commence in the devonian period, but it does not appear
to have been very common then. Terebrat. lincklaeni, Hall, seems to belong to
it, but otherwise many species do not seem to occur. The chief development of
the genus is during carboniferous and permian times, in which till quite recently
no other forms were known to exist. Already in the trias the genus seems to
become again very scarce, and in the upper region of this system, the Kossen beds,
it is entirely replaced by Bhcetina, Waagen, and Zugmeyeria, Waagen; so that in
these beds no traces of Dielasma are any longer found. Also in Jurassic and creta-
ceous times the genus is entirely absent.
Among the forms of Dielasma occurring in Europe in carboniferous and
permian strata, probably not less than six series may be distinguished ; it seems
however to be such a heresy to utter this opinion that I must dwell with some
words more on the point. According to the views now greatly prevailing, all the
shells which, in my opinion, may be grouped into six series, do not form more
than one species. This species not only comprises all the carboniferous, but
also the permian forms of Terebratulidce, and has to be called Terebrat. sacculus,
Martin. If we now review all the forms that come within the range of this name,
we find that we have first the large forms, with a straight, not vaulted, frontal line,
Terebrat. hastata, Sow., which would have to be counted among the 'Cinctse' of Leop.
von Buch and Quenstedt. The same would occur with a small form with vaulted
valves and a more or less emarginated front, the Terebr. sacculus, Mart., in a
restricted sense, and perhaps Terebr. sufflata, Schloth. Then come the forms with
a vaulted frontal line— Terebr. ficus, M'Coy; Ter. virgoides (M'Coy) Dav.; Terebr.
sp., Dav., Mon. Brit. Perm. Brach., pi. 1, fig. 18 ; Terebr. hastmformis, Kon.; Terebr.
plica, Kutorg; Terebr. Gillingensis, Dav. ; Terebr. elongata, Schloth, etc.; which
338 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
would all have to be counted with the " Biplicatce" of Leop. v. Buch and
Quenstedt. Lastly there come the forms with a concave frontal line like Terebrat.
vesicularis, Kon., which forms part of the " Antiplicatce. " All these forms now make
up the one species Terebrat. sacculus, Mart. If now we find in any work the species
Ter. mcculus, M., quoted as occurring in any particular bed, do we obtain by such a
quotation the slightest idea what form really occurs ? Or is it indeed quite irrelevant
what form we have to deal with, or what form occurs just in that particular bed ?
Certainly not. The names which we apply to objects in nature have all been invented
for the sole purpose of conveying to us concrete ideas of the objects themselves, but
this point is absolutely lost, if we subsume such a number of forms to one name.
A species of so monstrous an extension as is Terebr. sacculus (Mart.), Davidson, is
absolutely useless for stratigraphical as well as for biological purposes ; and if in
every class of animals a similar extension were to be given to the species, we should
soon have to renounce all the more exact stratigraphy and all our historical account
of the development of the animal kingdom, resulting from an exact observation
of the stratigraphy in connection with the minute distinction of the animal
forms.
But there decidedly exist intermediate forms between all the above-mentioned
species or sub-species, or whatever we like to call them ; and a perfect transition can
be traced from one form to the other. It cannot be doubted, and the standard of
thorough study and excellent power of observation exhibited by all the works of Mr.
Davidson is an absolute security for this, that the transitional forms really exist, and
that all the fossils mentioned under the above names are all most intimately con-
nected together; nevertheless, I must retain the opinion that these fossils have
all to be considered as distinct species. Any one, who has collected Brachiopods
in large numbers in the field, will have made the observation that in this class of
Molluscs, more than in other classes, transitional forms between different species
occur, and that such transitional forms are chiefly numerous in certain groups, for
instance in the biplicate Terebratulce, more than in others. That such transitional
forms occur between species which are of different geological age is only natural,
and depends upon the mode of development of the species; but also between
contemporaneous species transitional forms exist. In this latter case, the distri-
bution of the transitional forms is very unequal ; in some localities many of them
occur, in others they are only very sparingly represented or even entirely absent.
This mode of occurrence seems now to be in direct proportion to the number of
specimens of each species which are found in each locality. In places where very
great numbers of individuals of two species are heaped together, transitional forms
are more numerous ; in other localities, on the contrary, where two species occur,
but not in great numbers, transitional forms are rare or even entirely absent. This
seems to indicate a circumstance which has not up to the present been sufficiently
taken heed of. In localities where two species in very great numbers were crowded,
there seems to have been great possibility for the production of hybrids, whilst in
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 339
other localities where the two species were not so numerous few or no hybrids
were produced, and thus in the cases of contemporaneous species the transitional
forms might for the greater part be due to hybridity. But the production of hybrids
cannot establish identity of species. It can thus, I think, very well be sustained
that, even if transitional forms exist, yet two fossils of different shapes might very
well form different species, and thus we come back to the old axiom that every
form that can be fixed and distinguished from others by description and figures,
has to be considered as constituting a species, though this must be understood
" cum grano salis. "
To return then to our starting point, I must repeat that the retention of
more concise species can very well be sustained on biological grounds, and that it is
an absolute necessity for the field-palseontologist (' paleontologue voyageur ' as
the Trench would say) to have more concise species, as he cannot speak for
instance on the permian formation of Terebr. sacculus, because on the one hand
forms exactly resembling the typical sacculus do not occur at all, on the other
hand, because the form which really in great numbers do occur have not even
the slightest resemblance to the typical Ter. sacculus. Identical shapes may be
picked out among a great number of specimens', as was done by Mr. Davidson, and
that such specimens should occur is only natural, and can easily be explained by
atavism, but the average form of the Terebratulce occurring in each formation is
perfectly sufficiently distinct to keep the two sets of shells separate as distinct
species.
Starting from such considerations it seems to me that the more generally
known European species occurring in the carboniferous and permian formations
may be grouped in the following manner : —
I. Group of DlELASMA HASTATUM, Sow.
II. — Group of Dielasma ficus, (M'Coy) , Dav.
„ sp. nov., Dav., Mon. Brit. Perm, Brach., PI. I, fig, 18
III. — Group of Dielasma sacculus, Mart.
„ sufflatum, Sehloth.
IV. — Group of Dielasma gillingense, Dav.
„ elongatum, Sehloth.
V. — Group of Dielasma virgoides, (M'Coy). Dav.
VI. — Group of Dielasma vesiculaee, Kon.
By the true Dielasma ficus, M'Coy, with its undulating frontal line, the existence of
one more series might be indicated, but I cannot say anything positive about it. Of
thase series three pass up into the permian formation, whilst three others seem
to be restricted to carboniferous strata.
In the Salt-range the genus Dielasma is rather largely represented, and the
existence of several of the series of forms which have been just indicated as
340 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
distinguishable among the European species, can be recorded also in India. There
are altogether ten species of Dielasma in the Productus-limestone of the Salt-
range, which may be grouped in the following manner : —
1. — Group of Dielasma saccules, Mart.
1. Dielasm. gutlula, W., n. sp.
II. — Group of Dielasma gillingense, Dav.
2. Dielasm. elongatum, Schloth. sp.
3. „ nummulus, W., n. sp.
III. — Group of Dielasma ficus, (M'Coy) Dav.
4. Dielasm. truncatum, W., n. sp.
5. „ minor, W., n. sp.
6. „ itaitubense, Derby.
IV. — Group of Dielasma biplex, W.
7. Dielasm. biplex, W., n. sp.
8. „ breviplicatwm, W., n. sp.
9. „ acutangulum, "W., n. sp.1
10. „ problematicum, (Dav.) W.
The last of these groups is one which is not represented in Europe, though
it might stand in a certain relation to the group of Dielasm. virgoides, (M'Coy) Day.
On the whole, the affinity of the species of Dielasma occurring in the Produc-
tus-limestone of the Salt-range is more with permian than with carboniferous
species. Not only that one of the forms can be identified with the permian Die I.
elongatum, Schl., but also D. guttula and nummulus can only be compared to
D. sufflatum, Schloth. and D. elongatum, Schl., respectively ; and even the whole
group of D. biplex seems to be most intimately connected with D. elongatum. The
form D. acutangulum so closely resembles elongated varieties of Schlotheim's
species that I formerly did not think it quite improbable this shell may turn out
to really belong to that species.
Of the other forms D. truncatum, W., is quite singular, and has not been ob-
served anywhere else, whilst D. Itaitubense, Derb., was originally described from beds
in Brazil which, according to the other Brachiopods occurring in them, will have
to be considered as being about on the same level as the upper coal-measures of
North America.
I.— Geoup op DIELASMA SACCULUS, Mart.
1. Dielasma gtjttuia, Waagen, n. sp., PL XXVIII, fig. 14.
This very small species is about similar in size and form to a grape seed,
inflated, rounded, with a small adpressed beak and a straight frontal line.
The ventral or larger valve is considerably more strongly inflated than the
smaller one, and this holds good as well in the longitudinal as in the transverse
direction. Posteriorly it is produced into a beak, which is in comparison to the
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 341
size of the shell rather thick, but not long, and bent distinctly over. It is pierced
not quite at its extremity, but just posteriorly to it, by a tolerably large oval fora-
men. The beak is shut in below by a very indistinct false area, which can barely
be called such, so much does it pass all round imperceptibly into the sides of the
valve. The beak is so firmly adpressed to the apex of the smaller valve that it
cannot be observed whether deltidial plates were present or not.
The smaller or dorsal valve is much flatter than the ventral one ; it is, how-
ever, also very regularly vaulted. Both valves meet all round in a nearly per-
fectly straight line.
The surface of the shell is covered by numerous rather strong strise of growth.
The punctation of the shell cannot be very distinctly seen, as the shell is not very
favourably preserved for the observation of this character. As far as it can be made
out, the punctation seems to have been rather coarse.
Of the internal characters nothing can be seen, even the existence of dental
plates remains doubtful. The shell has been placed by me in the group of Diet,
sacculus on account of the general similarity which it exhibited to the species
belonging to that group.
The measurements of the only existing specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 6 mm.
Length of the smaller valve 5 „
Entire breadth of the shell 4'5 ,.
„ thickness of the „ 4 ,,
Apical angle of the larger valve 62°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species was collect-
ed by myself at Amb at the very base of the compact limestones forming the middle
division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This little shell may possibly be the fry of some other large form,
and thus the propriety of its description as a distinct species may properly be
doubted. It is however pretty certain that this shell is not the young of any of the
species I shall have to describe, and thus it may pass as indicating the existence of a
distinct species, of which the adult form may possibly yet be discovered. But this
may just as well be a small species, of which the dimensions may never become
much larger. This is a point which can only be cleared by further discoveries.
As far as can be judged from the little specimen available, it does not seem
that this form is identical with any of the European species. The small specimens
figured by Davidson, Mon. Brit. Carb. Brach., PI. II, figs. 1, 2, have a much
smaller and less stout beak, and it is almost beyond doubt that by the small specimen
from the Salt-range a different species is indicated. There is a somewhat greater
resemblance to young specimens of Diel. sufflatum, Schl. sp. as figured by Davidson,
Mon. Brit. Perm. Brach., PI. I, figs. 11, 12, 13 ; but they differ in that the dorsal
valve of the Indian specimen is much flatter than that of the specimens figured by
342 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Davidson, and that the whole shell is covered by strong imbricating strise of growth,
which do not exist in the permian specimens. On the whole I feel justified in con-
sidering this shell as a distinct species, which is, however, most nearly related to
Diel. sufflatum, Schloth.
II.— Group of DIELASMA GILLINGENSE, Dav. sp.
2. DlELASMA EL0NGATUM, Schloth., Sp., PL XXV, fig. 10.
1816. Terebr. elongaia, et complanata, Schloth.: Denkschr. Acad. Munchen, Vol. VI, p. 27, pi. VII,
figs. 7, 8, 9, 13, 14.
1850. Epithyris elongata (Schloth.) King : Monogr. Perm. Foss. of England, p. 147, pi. VI, figs. 30-45.
1858. Terebratula elongata (Schloth.) Davidson : Monogr. Brit. Perm. Brack, p. 9, pi. I, figs. 5-7, 14, 19-22.
1861. Terebratula elongata (Schloth.) Geinitz : Dyas, p. 82, pi. XV, figs. 14-28.
1870. Terebratula elongata (Schloth.) Quenstedt : Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands : Brachiop .,p.42o, pi. 50,
figs. 104-116.
The general outline of this shell is slightly pentagonal, considerably longer than
it is broad ; the beak is small and adpressed, pierced just at its apex by a not very
large, round foramen ; the line in which the two valves meet is tolerably straight
and only little vaulted in the frontal region.
The larger, or ventral, valve is a little more strongly inflated than the smaller
one ; its curve is very regular, the greatest thickness being a little below the middle
of the length of the shell. Anteriorly it is slightly produced and bent up, forming
the slightly vaulted frontal line. The beak is small and well bent over, limited on
its lower side by an indistinct area, which is shut in on the upper side by indistinct
ridges starting from below the foramen and extending to near the lateral parts of
the valve. The beak is so firmly adpressed to the smaller valve that nothing can be
seen of deltidial plates. The foramen is round and not large.
The smaller, or dorsal, valve is a little more flattened than the ventral one;
nevertheless it is distinctly arched longitudinally, and in this respect resembles
more that of Dielasma sufflatum than that of D. elongatum. The apex is pointed
and slightly bent in.
The surface of the shell is smooth and only few striae of growth are distinctly
visible. The punctation of the shell can only be observed in some places with the
lens. It appears that the shell bears a kind of epidermis which covers up the
punctation, and only when this epidermis is removed can the punctation be seen. It
is very much like that of Diel. elongatum figured by King, very close and very fine.
Of the internal characters of this shell nothing can be seen, nor can they be
made out for the present, as no large materials of this species are available. There
is, however, but very little doubt that it bears the characters of the genus Dielasma
in general, as in outward appearance it resembles so closely other species of the
genus that an internal similarity may be expected.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 343
The measurements of the figured specimen are as follows :—
Entire length of the shell 18 mm.
Length of the smaller valve 16 „
Entire breadth of the shell 14 ,,
„ thickness „ „ . 8'5 „
Apical angle of the larger valve, about 79°
„ „ „ smaller valve 110°
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether three specimens of this
species preserved in the Salt-range collection : one collected hy myself at Katta in
the very lowest beds of the compact limestones forming the middle division of the
Productus-limestone (bed Nr. 12 of my note-book) ; two others were also found by
myself at Amb in a black, coaly sandstone forming the lowest fossiliferous bed of
the lower division of the Productus-limestone at that locality.
Remarks. — The general form of this shell is rather similar to Diel. sufflatum,
Schloth. sp., and resembles chiefly the variety figured by King on pi. VII, figs. 6, 9.
Nevertheless I do not think that this shell should be considered identical with that
species of Schlotheim, as several points of difference exist which make a distinction
not only easy but even necessary. In the Indian shell the median depression, which
extends from near the beak to the frontal region, corresponding to the bend in the
frontal line is totally absent ; the valves are both less inflated, and the general form
of the shell is altogether more elongated than in Dielasm. svffiatum ; but just by
all these characters it agrees with Diel. elongatum. Of carboniferous species, Diel.
gillingense must chiefly be compared ; but, after a careful examination of the figures,
it seems directly impossible to unite the Indian shell with that carboniferous form.
The highly characteristic flatness of the dorsal valve is absolutely wanting in the
Indian shell, and, thus, the two forms cannot possibly be considered identical. On
the other hand, if we compare the figures of Diel. elongatum, for instance that on
PL VI, fig. 37 of King's monograph, or PL I, fig. 7 of the monograph of Mr. David-
son, the similarity of these figures to the one on our Plate XXV is so striking that
it cannot be doubted that the specimens represented by all these figures belong to
one and the same species. If I were to adopt Mr. Davidson's view in the matter,
I would have to quote the Indian shell, not as Diel. elongatum but as Terebratula
sacculus, Martin, as both these forms belong to one and the same species. But
what would be the use of such a quotation ? The simple mention of a name like
Ter. sacculus, a thoroughly carboniferous species, would immediately suggest a
carboniferous age for the beds in which it occurs, and yet the form which, in fact,
occurs, has not the slightest similarity to the average form of Terebratula occurring
in carboniferous strata ; on the contrary, it can only be more particularly compared
to the average form of Terebratulce occurring in permian beds. Thus the quotation
of Diel. sacculus in the Salt-range would simply be misleading as to the probable
age of the beds in which this fossil occurs as well as to the real affinities exhibited
by the specimens. This is a most striking example, how necessary the more minute
344 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
distinction of the species for the proper determination of the age of a bed may be ;
though I will not say that, by the occurrence of Diet, elongatum in the Productus-
limestone, these beds will irrevocably pass into the permian formation.
3. Dielasma ntjmmtjlus, Waagen, n. sp., PL XXV, fig. 9.
This species is in its general form closely related to Diel. elongatum, Schloth.
sp., but yet differs so far from it in several important characters that I think it
more correct to describe this shell as a distinct species.
The general form is nearly circular, very little elongated, and in no way
pentagonal ; both valves are flattened ; the beak is small and distinctly bent over ;
the frontal line nearly straight and but very little raised in the middle.
The ventral valve is not quite regularly vaulted, as, longitudinally, the curve
from the end of the beak to about the upper third of the length of the valve is
rather abrupt, and from there it is rather gradually tapering to the frontal line.
The beak is truncated just at its extremity by a round, and not very large foramen.
Prom both sides of the foramen to the lateral parts of the shell two indistinct ridges
descend in a gentle curve, marking off an indistinct false area. The beak is so firmly
adpressed to the apex of the dorsal valve that it cannot be seen whether deltidial
plates are present or not.
The dorsal valve is even more flattened than the ventral one, and is nearly
quite circular in its outline, the apex being but very little projecting. The
line in which the two valves meet is very nearly straight all round.
The surface of the shell is entirely smooth, and even with the lens barely any
strise of growth can be seen. The punctation is excellently preserved in the
specimen under description, but it is so fine that it becomes almost microscopical,
and can only be observed with a very powerful lens, and is much finer than that
of Diel. elongatum.
In the only specimen I have for description nothing can be seen of the internal
characters.
The measurements are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell ......... 21 mm.
LeDgth of the dorsal valve 19 „
Entire breadth of the shell 18 „
„ thickness „ 9 „
Apical angle of the larger valve 80°
„ „ „ smaller „ 114°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species that has
hitherto been found was collected by myself at Katta in the very lowest beds of the
compact limestones forming the middle division of the Productus-limestone (bed
Nr. 12 of the section in my note-book).
Remarks. — This species belongs beyond any doubt to the group of forms to
which also Diel. elongatum belongs ; nevertheless I do not think that it should be
PPODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.-BRACHIOPODA. 345
united with that species. The greatest difference consists in its nearly circular form,
and in this respect it resembles more nearly Terebratula lata, Schloth., which is,
howeyer, by most authors also considered only as a variety of Dielasm. elongatum.
There is, moreover, always a further marked difference in that the present species is
quite rounded, whilst Ter. lata is more or less distinctly pentagonal. The sinus, too,
in the larger valve is more strongly developed in Schlotheim's species than in the Indian
shell, where it is nearly quite absent. Another marked difference consists in the lateral
aspect of the shell, where the line in which the two valves meet is nearly quite
straight in the Indian shell, whilst it is distinctly curved in Terebr. lata. This
character indicates a different transverse curvature in the dorsal valve of the two
species. Thus it seems to me probable that a distinct species is represented by the
Indian specimens.
III.— Group op DIELASMA FIG US, (M'Ooy) Davidson.
4. Dielasma tpjjncattjm, Waagen, n. sp., PI. XXV, figs. 11, 13.
This rather large species has a somewhat pyriform general shape, is elongated,
truncated in the frontal region, with a somewhat vaulted frontal line, and a very
thick beak, which is strongly bent over, and bears a large oval foramen.
The larger, or ventral, valve is very strongly inflated, most so in the region near
the beak, gradually tapering towards the frontal line. A short distance, however,
before reaching it, it is abruptly deflected at an obtuse angle and ascends to meet the
dorsal valve. The longitudinal curve of the valve is thus first (near the beak)
nearly semicircular, then flattened, and at last geniculated. In the transverse
direction this valve is considerably flattened in the middle and suddenly bent up
on both sides. The beak is very thick and short, and strongly bent over. The
foramen is oval, situated not quite on the apex of the beak, but somewhatbehind it,
a position which is similar to that occurring in Ter. bovidens, Morton. Prom both
sides of the foramen indistinct ridges extend down the beak, marking off a very ill-
defined false area.
The dorsal valve is about as much inflated as the ventral one, but its curve is
more regular. Prom the apex to near the frontal line it is very regularly vaulted ;
it is then suddenly deflected and bends down upon the ventral valve. Transversely
this valve is much more strongly vaulted than in the longitudinal direction.
The sculpture of the shell consists only in not very numerous and not very
strongly developed strise of growth. The punctation of the shell is very fine, as fine
as in Diet, elongatum.
Of the internal structure of the shell only the very strongly developed dental
plates can be seen. Of the septal plates or the loop nothing can be seen.
In young specimens the inflation of the valves is much less considerable, and
the truncation in the frontal region is entirely wanting.
346 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The measurements of two specimens are as follows : —
i. II.
Entire length of the shell ... 35 mm. 12"5 mm.
Length of the smaller valve 29 „ 11 „
Entire breadth of the shell 22 „ 9'5 „
„ thickness „ 19 „ 55 „
Apical angle of the larger valve 51° 56°
„ smaller „ 63° 75"
Locality and geological position. — There are only two specimens of this species
preserved in the Salt-range collection, which were both found by myself at Amb in
a black, coaly sandstone forming part of the lower division of the Productus-lime-
stone. From the same bed a great many specimens of Chonetes were obtained, so
that I called the bed " Chonetes bed " in my note-book.
Bemarks. — This shell, when full grown, is very singular in its shape, and cannot
easily be mistaken. It resembles none of the hitherto described forms more parti-
cularly, though it cannot be denied that it stands in a certain relation to Diel. ficus
as figured by Davidson, Mon. Oarb. Brach., PL I, fig. 13 ; the great inflation in the
region of the beak is similar in the two species, but the development of the frontal
region is peculiar in the Indian shell. In young specimens distinctive characters
are not displayed, so they resemble Diel. elongatum or Ter. bovidens ; they seem,
however, to be distinct from these shells by a somewhat smaller apical angle.
Another species which might be compared is Diel. plica, Kutorga. The typical
form of this species, as figured by Kutorga, shows very little resemblance indeed, but
V. v. Moller in his monograph of the carboniferous Brachiopods of the Ural, besides
the typical form which is represented PI. I, fig. 3 of the monograph, figures
another variety which he considers to belong also to Ter. plica, but which very likely
represents another species, and to which figs. 4, 5, and 6 will correspond. This
species is in general outline very similar to Diel. truncatum, but can be distinguished
by an impression extending all along the ventral valve from the beak to the front,
and by the sharper margins, chiefly in the frontal region.
5. Dielasma minor, Waagen, n. sp., PI. XXV, fig. 12.
Together with the species just described there occurs another shell, which in
most respects agrees with Diel. truncatum, but which is distinct by its shorter and
comparatively broader form, larger apical angle and much less considerable size.
The general form of this shell is somewhat pentagonal, the greatest breadth
being situated about in the middle of the length of the shell, from there it tapers
towards the beak as well as towards the front. Both valves are about equally
inflated, the larger one more so in the region of the beak, the smaller one more in
the frontal region. The beak is very short and very thick, perfectly rounded, distinctly
bent over and pierced a little behind its apex by a very large oval foramen. The false
PllODUCTUS-LIMESTOKE.— BRACHIOPODA. 347
area on both sides of the beak is very small and indistinct, and not even by the
slightest indication of ridges is it limited off from the remainder of the shell.
The front of the shell is remarkable by its truncation, which is similar to that
of the preceding species, and is produced by the sudden deflection of both valves all
round towards the line in which the two valves meet. In the smaller valve the apex
is very distinctly elevated, and there extends a ridge from the apex to the front,
which broadens and flattens as it approaches the frontal region. On both sides of
the apex the valve is strongly depressed and then spreads wing-like to its largest
transverse extension. This feature is not well expressed in the drawing PI. XXV,
fig. 12a.
Of the internal characters of this shell nothing can be seen. The granulation
of the shell substance is in this species still closer and finer than in any of the pre-
ceding ones ; in fact, it is so fine that it can only be seen under very favourable
circumstances.
The measurements of the only specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 19 mm.
Length of the smaller valve 16 „
Entire breadth of the shell 15 „
„ thickness „ 10"5 „
Apical angle of the larger valve 78°
„ „ smaller „ 123°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species that has
been found up to the present was collected by myself at Amb in the lower division
of the Productus-limestone in the so-called Chotietes-hed. of my note-book, together
with Dielasm. truncatum, ~W.
Remarks. — It appears probable that this species is only a variety of Diet, trun-
catum ; still, there are such marked differences between them, and transitional forms
have not been detected up to the present, that I prefer until more complete mate-
rials will be available, to consider the two shells as representing different species.
The characters by which the two species can well be distinguished consist in
the shorter, broader, and more pentagonal form of Diet, minor. The apical angle
in this latter shell is much more considerable than in Diet, truncatum, and it exhibits
the characters of the full-grown shell (the truncation of the valves all round) of a
size at which specimens of Diet, truncatum must still bear a sharp frontal line ; it is
thus probable that Diet, minor was always of a much smaller size than full-grown
specimens of Diet, truncatum.
Of other than Indian shells none can be particularly compared to the present
species. Terebr. bovidens, Mort., is not quite dissimilar ; chiefly the beak bears a
certain resemblance, but the peculiar truncation of Diet, minor is absent in the Ame-
rican shell.
348 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
6. Dielasma itaitubense, Derby, sp., PI. 3&VI, fig. 5.
1874. Terebratula itaituhensis, Derby, Bull. Cornell Univers. (Science), Vol. I, No. 2, page 1, pi. II, figs. 1, 3,
8, 16 ; pi. Ill, fig. 24 ; PI. VI, fig. 15.
The species is of rather large size, elongated, flattened, with sharp margins and
a not very large beak.
The ventral valve is flattened, broad, elongated, oval. The beak is distinctly
bent over, not very thick, long and entirely free, not adpressed to the apex of the
dorsal valve. The foramen is triangular, and apparently piercing just the apex of
the valve ; it is not very large, and appears to be limited on its lower side by small
deltidial plates. From both sides of the foramen very sharp and distinct ridges
originate, producing the triangular shape of the foramen ; they descend in a
slight curve to the lateral parts of the valve, thus marking off a rough, but rather
distinct false area. In the frontal line the ventral valve is only very slightly
produced, causing the frontal line to ascend a little and to form a very slight
arch. This arcuation of the frontal line appears in the specimen which serves
for description much stronger than it is in reality, owing to a malformation
in the specimen in the process of fossilisation, as can be well seen from the cracks
in the shell. As the specimen has been exactly copied by the artist, this arcuation of
the frontal line is equally exaggerated in the figure.
The dorsal valve is also flattened, more strongly arched in the transverse than
in the longitudinal direction, and a little bent up in the frontal region, according to
the arcuation of the frontal line.
Of the internal characters of this shell nothing can be seen. Nevertheless it is
highly probable from the near relation it seems to exhibit to Diel. hastatum, Sow.,
that it belongs to the genus Dielasma.
The substance of the shell exhibits under the lens very distinctly a close and
fine granulation, which is, however, not so fine as in the species described on the
foregoing pages.
The measurements of the only existing specimen are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 41 mm.
Length of the smaller valve t 38 „
( Entire breadth of the shell 31 „
„ thickness „ 14 „
Apical angle of the larger valve 62°
,, smaller „ 85°
The thickness as measured is probably too small, as the specimen has suffered
somewhat from pressure ; it may very likely be as much as 16 mm.
Locality and geological position.— The only specimen of this species that is
contained in the Salt-range collection was found by myself in black calcareous beds
at Nursingpahar, on the limit between the middle and lower divisions of the
Productus-limestone.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BEAOHIOPODA. 349
Remarks, — Prom all the forms of Brachiopods that have hitherto been described
out of carboniferous deposits, Ter. itaitubensis from Brazil is the only one that
can be particularly compared to the Indian shell just described, and it seems to
be so far identical in all its characters to our Indian fossil that I thought it proper
to apply the above name also to the latter.
The most striking characters the species possesses consist in the considerable
flattening of both valves towards the frontal region, the very slightly arched or
nearly straight frontal line, and the overhanging and strongly carinated beak. The
Indian specimen is somewhat broader in comparison to its length than the speci-
mens that have been figured by Derby from Brazil, but this single difference seemed
to me not sufficient to distinguish the Indian shell as a separate species.
Of other species Melasma ficus, M'Coy, is most nearly related, but can easily
be distinguished by its much more inflated valves, and non-carinated beak. Diet.
, cymbaformis, Dana, from Australia has very nearly the same characters as Diel. ficus
but is distinguished from this species chiefly by its more broadly ovate form and the
concentric undulations of the shell. Prom Diel. itaitubense it can be distinguished
in the same manner as Diel. ficus.
An European carboniferous shell which by its flat valves, long thin beak, and
nearly straight frontal line recalls to a great extent the form of Diel. itaitubense is
Diel. hastceforme, Kon. sp., but this species seems not only never to attain the size
of the Indian shell, but is also devoid of the lateral carinations on the beak which
are so characteristic of Derby's species.
IV.— Group op DIE LAS MA B IP LEX, Waagen.
7. Dielasma. biplbx, Waagen, n. sp., PI. XXV, figs. 3, 4, 5.
This species is somewhat variable in its general outline. It is always more or
less distinctly pentagonal, but some specimens are about as long as they are broad,
whilst others are much more elongated, and then their pentagonal outline is much
less distinctly developed.
On the dorsal side of the shell two strong straight folds start from the apex of
the smaller valve, whilst on the ventral side only one mesial fold exists. The
frontal line is vaulted, with a sinuation in the middle as in biplicate Terebratulce.
The larger, or ventral, valve is very regularly arched in the longitudinal direc-
tion, but it is generally flatter in young specimens than it is in old full-grown ones-
In the transverse direction on the contrary its arcuation is rather irregular. In
young specimens it is everywhere flatly vaulted, but in old ones it becomes nearly
quite flat in the middle of its length. Laterally this valve is rather strongly cut out
for the reception of a lobe coming from the dorsal valve. The beak is not long, toler-
ably thick and distinctly bent over. It is pierced just behind the apex by a tolerably
large oval foramen. The deltidium is not very large, but distinctly visible in some
specimens. The false area, which adjoins the beak on its lower lateral part, is
350 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
tolerably broad, but not distinctly marked off from the remainder of tbe shell. From
the middle of the length of the ventral valve a well developed but not very broad or
high obtuse ridge extends towards the frontal line, and is shut in on both sides by
low rounded excavations, corresponding to the zigzag bend of the frontal line.
The whole frontal part of this valve is distinctly bent up.
The dorsal valve is nearly quite straight, only slightly vaulted longitudinally,
but is strongly bent transversely, and generally more so than the ventral valve.
This bent condition causes the dorsal valve to form on both sides a kind of lobe or
prominence, which fits into a broad sinuation of the margin of the ventral valve.
From near the apex there start two strong, perfectly straight rounded folds which
get stronger tbe nearer they approach the frontal line. Between them a deep valley
is formed, which commences not far from the apex as a low, flat depression of the
shell, and is deepest on tbe frontal margin. Near the apex, which is rather pointed,
the margins of this valve are slightly excavated, and then descend in a broad, pro-
minent arch to the zigzag frontal line.
The internal structure of this shell is not known to me in every detail, but in
some of the specimens it can distinctly be seen that strongly developed dental as
well as septal plates are present.
The punctation of tbe shell, which can be very distinctly seen on two of the
specimens, is extremely fine but not very close, but, on tbe whole, much finer than
in any of the species described on the foregoing pages.
The measurements of the three figured specimens are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell .
Length of the dorsal valve .
Entire breadth of the shell .
Entire thickness „
Apical angle of the larger valve
ji „ » » smaller „
The shell is widest about the middle.
Locality and geological position : — There are altogether three specimens of
this species in the Salt-range collection. One of them was found by myself at
Virgal in the white crinoidal limestone forming the middle division of tbe Produc-
tus-limestone. The two others were collected by a native servant called Mogul
and have been communicated to me by Dr. H. Warth. One of them is from
Vurcha, preserved in a reddish hard limestone, and comes beyond doubt also
from the middle division of the Productus-limestone. Tbe other comes from Musa-
kheyl and is silicified. Tbe numerous silicified shells wbicb have made this locality
celebrated come out of a bed which must be assigned to the middle division of tbe
Productus-limestone, and it is thus highly probable that also this third specimen was
found in that division. From this it is probable that all our specimens of Diet.
biplex came from the middle division of the Productus-limestone, and that the
species is restricted to that division.
I.
II.
III.
33 mm.
27 mm.
21 mm
30 „
25-5 „
19-5 „
21 „
20 „
18 „
14 „
11 „
9 „
65°
65°
70°
100°
103°
105°
PRODUCTITS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 351
Remarks. — This species seems to be somewhat variable chiefly as to its
length, breadth and thickness. By the three specimens figured on PL XXV these
variations are well brought out. Whilst fig. 3 represents a very short and broad,
nearly pentagonal variety, which is also rather flat, the other extreme as regards
length and thickness is represented in fig. 5. The apical angle is also slightly variable
in different varieties. One character however, which can very easily be recognised,
and which is highly characteristic for the species, and common to all the varieties,
is the presence of strong, straight folds, which start from near the apex of the
dorsal valve and reach down to the frontal line. It is by this character that this species
can be distinguished from Diel. problematicum, (Dav.) W., and the other species which
will have to be described hereafter.
Of non-Indian shells there are very few which could be compared to the present
one. Of all that are known to me from the carboniferous deposits of Australia,
Rhynchonella mversa, Kon., is the only one that possibly could be compared to our
Dielasma biplex. The general arrangement of the plications, the somewhat pen-
tagonal shape, the thick overhanging beak, truncated by an oblique large foramen,
all these are points of similarity which cannot be denied. M. de Koninck does not
state his reasons for considering this shell as a Rhynchonella. The figure, with its
thick truncated beak, ^certainly recalls the form of a shell belonging to the
Terebratulidce rather than that of a Rhynchonella.
Of Terebr. bisinuata, M'Coy, which might possibly resemble the present
species, and which also occurs in the carboniferous deposits of Australia, neither
figures nor description are accessible to me.
■ 8. Dielasma problematicum, (Dav.) Waagen, n. sp., PL XXVI, figs. 3, 4.
1862. Terehratula biplicata, Brocchi (P), var. problematical, Davidson: Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, Lond., Vol.
XVIII, p. 26, pi. I, fig. 3.
1863. Terehratula biplicata, Brocchi (P), var. problematica, (Dav.) Koninck. Foss. Pal<5oz. de l'Inde, p. 31,
pi. IX, fig. 3.
The general outline of this species is somewhat trapezoidal or elongately
pentagonal, the greatest breadth of the shell being situated high up, not far from
the beak. The shell is very strongly inflated, but the two valves are vaulted in an
opposite direction. Whilst the ventral valve is curved longitudinally, the dorsal
one is vaulted transversely. The frontal line is biplicate.
The ventral valve is longitudinally very strongly but very regularly vaulted,
and it is only slightly more curved in the region of the beak than in the frontal
part. In the transverse direction, on the contrary, it is for the greater part of its
length, beginning not far from the beak, nearly entirely flat or even slightly ex-
cavated, as shown by fig. 3c on PL XXVI. In all the specimens that have
been found up to the present a more or less prominent rounded longitudinal ridge
is present on the ventral valve, which generally commences about the middle of the
352 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
length of the shell and, growing slowly stronger, reaches down to the frontal line.
In some specimens this ridge is limited only to the frontal part, whilst the remain-
der of the ventral valve is smooth ; in others, but very rarely, this ridge commences
already on the beak and thus extends over the entire length of the shell. In these
latter specimens it is at the same time more strongly developed than in others.
In every case this ridge is accompanied on both sides by depressions, more or less
deep, which commence where the ridge begins and extend to the frontal line, corre-
sponding there to two projecting parts of the valve, causing the plications of the
dorsal valve.
The beak is not very thick, nor prominent, but well bent over. It is obliquely
truncated by a tolerably large oval foramen, which pierces the beak just behind
its apex. The deltidium is well developed but mostly concealed. On both sides be-
low the beak a broad false area extends ; there are, however, just the slightest traces
of ridges which would define the false area from the remainder of the shell.
The dorsal valve is very characteristic by its general configuration. It appears
very flat when seen in profile, as it bends but very slightly inside in the region of the
apex, and is otherwise perfectly straight. The bend of this valve appears, however,
perfectly different in a transverse section of the shell, or, if we consider the front
view as represented in fig. 3c of PL XXVI, in which the lateral parts of the shell
are strongly depressed, whilst the middle part is strongly elevated ; an appearance
which is caused by the lateral parts of this valve forming broad, rounded lappets,
hanging so far down on both sides of the shell, that, in a profile or side view,
the ventral valve is entirely concealed by the dorsal one from about the middle
of the length of the shell down to the front.
The dorsal valve is ornamented by two strong folds, separated from each other
by a deep groove ; they commence about the middle of the length of the valve, but
never at the apex, and reach down to the frontal line.
Both valves show a number of striae of growth, which are, however, never very
conspicuous.
Of the interior arrangement of this shell nothing but two very strongly de-
veloped dental plates can be seen.
The punctation of tbe shell is as fine in this species as in the preceding one,
but there are many slightly larger pores irregularly disseminated between the
smaller ones.
The measurements of three specimens, I and II from Morah, No. Ill from
Musakheyl, are as follows : —
i. II. in.
Entire length of the shell 36mm 29 mm 19 mm
Length of the smaller valve ? 31 „ 25 „ 17 „
Entire hreadth of the shell 24 „ 17 „ 13 „
„ thickness „ P 19 „ 14 „ 11 „
Apical angle of the larger valve 77° 75° 68°
„ smaller , ? 110° 95°
PEODUCTUS- LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 353
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether four specimens of
tins species in the Salt-range collection. Two of them were found by Mr. Wynne
at Morah in the middle region of the Productus-limestone ; one, the largest,
1=3 only a ventral valve and is contained in a very hard white limestone ; the other,
smaller, comes out of a yellowish, slightly oolitic marly limestone. Another
specimen, a fragment of a dorsal valve was collected hy myself in the mountains
east of Katwahi in a very hard, compact, white limestone forming the lower part
of the middle division of the Productus-limestone in that country. The last speci-
men was furnished to me by Dr. H. Warth and was collected by his servant Mogul
at Musakheyl. The specimen is silicified and was evidently obtained from the
particular bed that has yielded so many other fossils from that locality, that is to
say out of the upper region of the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
The species thus seems to occur in different horizons within the middle Productus-
limestone, but seems not to descend into the lower nor to go up into the upper
division of the same formation.
Remarks. — This species is most strikingly characterised by its short folds,
which never reach the apex of the smaller valve, and by the greatest breadth of
the shell being situated not far from the apex, producing an outline as of shoulders,
from which the shell tapers more or less regularly towards the frontal line. These
are the characters by which this species can most easily be distinguished from
other allied forms, such as Diel. biplex described above, in which species the folds
reach up to the apex of the smaller valve, and the greatest ,breadth is situated about
the middle of the length of the shell.
Terebratula biplicata, Brocchi, with which this shell has been compared by
Mr. Davidson, may be similar in its general outline, but the strong dental plates
which can easily be stated to exist in every specimen are absent in the cretaceous
species, and, thus, there can be but very little doubt that the Indian shell is widely
different from Brocchi's species.
9. Dielasma ACUTANGULUM, Waagen, n. sp., PL XXVI, figs. 1, 2; PI.
XXV, fig. 7.
This very interesting species is characterised by its narrow elongated shape,
rather flat valves, and a sharp, slightly biplicate frontal line.
The ventral valve is regularly but not strongly curved in both directions.
Longitudinally the curvature is a little stronger on the beak than in the frontal
region, and also transversely this valve is more strongly vaulted near the beak
than near the front. In the frontal region this valve is produced into two bent-
up lappets corresponding to the two folds of the dorsal valve. Between these two
lappets, which are slightly depressed, the margin of the valve is cut out correspond-
ingly to a slightly elevated rounded ridge, which extends a little way up the
shell. The beak is small and well bent over, pierced just behind its apex by a
354 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
rather small roundish, foramen. The false area extending on both sides below
the beak is tolerably broad, and reaches far down on both sides of the shell. It
is limited above by a very indistinct, obtuse ridge, which commences on both
sides of the foramen and terminates low down at the lateral parts of the valve.
The dorsal valve is not quite so strongly vaulted as the ventral one. In a
longitudinal direction it is very flat, and deviates but little from the straight line.
Only near the apex it is somewhat more strongly curved, but in the frontal
region it appears sometimes as if impressed, which causes the extreme sharpness
of the front. Transversely this valve is much more strongly vaulted than
longitudinally, and equals in that respect the curvature of the ventral valve.
In the apical region this transverse curvature produces peculiar features in most
of the specimens. From both sides of the apex flat triangular spaces descend along
the margins of the valve, forming part of the false area, which thus encroaches upon
the smaller valve. These flat spaces are divided from the remainder of the valve by
very obtuse, barely perceptible ridges.
In the frontal region of this valve there are two more or less strongly developed
short folds, which are entirely absent in young specimens, and are even in old ones
often so very little expressed that they might easily be overlooked. In other
specimens they are more strongly developed, but never more so than in Fig. 1 on
PL XXVI.
This species is very apt to display the internal characters, as it is generally
very completely silicified, and with diluted acid the internal structure is readily
exposed. Yet it is not easy to get a complete loop, as most specimens have received
slight cracks by pressure, and the loop falls to pieces when the matrix is removed.
From all that I have been able to observe, I cannot but doubt that the loop was short
and very much like that in Terebratula, the crura remarkably straight, attached for a
rather long way to the dental sockets, which are long and very strongly developed.
At the place where the crura get detached, two long convergent spurs are situated.
From there the crura descend quite straight, and are then united by a small curved
and tolerably broad cross-piece, without any recurving branches. At the apex there
is a rather strongly developed cardinal process. Immediately below this process a
broad triangular slit commences, limited on both sides by the attached parts of the
crura. Between these one looks down to the bottom of the shell. Here, very near
the middle line, the two septal plates take their origin and ascend in an oblique
direction to be joined to the bottom of the dental sockets. Between these plates, the
sockets and the external shell, a triangular pyramidal hollow space is separated from
the remainder of the space of the shell, commencing with its very pointed apex
at the cardinal process and reaching down as far as the septal plates extend.
These latter are very long in this case, attaining nearly the length of the loop. At
the point where the septal plates terminate as low ridges, the impressions of the
two anterior adductors are situated rather far apart, separated from each other just
by this last extension of the septal plates. Further up, situated partly on the
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA.
355
septal plates and partly on the bottom of the shell the impressions of the two
posterior adductors can be observed ; they are much smaller than those of the anterior
adductors, are very close together, and nearly touching each other in the median
line.
In the ventral valve two very strong dental plates are present, but the muscular
impressions could not be made out.
The vascular impressions cau be seen on a partial cast, in which however the
apical region is concealed. Two strong veins are observable in the dorsal valve ;
these originate apparently ou the inner side of the anterior muscular impressions
and extend, in a slightly divergent direction, towards the two folds of the valve.
They do not seem to ramify much. On the lateral parts of the valve these two
principal veins are followed by several others of smaller size, which go in a
nearly parallel direction, diverging only very slightly towards the lateral margins
of the valve. In the ventral valve one very strong median vein is observable ; it
commences about where the dental plates disappear and extends for about one-third of
the entire length of the shell. Near its lower end, on both/sides, a number of smaller
veins appear, which are also nearly parallel, and stretch down to near the lower
lateral margin of the valve with but slight divergence. In all these veins no distinct
ramifications can be observed.
The measurements of two specimens, one from Jabi, the other from Chidru,
are as follows : —
I.
II.
Entire length of the shell
27 mm.
26"5 mm.
Length of the smaller valve
25 „
24-5 „
Entire hreadth of the shell
16-5 „
16 „
„ thickness „
10 „
10 „
Apical angle of the larger valve
55°
53°
„ „ of the smaller „
77°
73°
Individuals of this species seem to grow much larger than the specimens of which
I have given the measurements. There are some fragments which indicate a shell
of at least 38 mm. in length, whilst at the same time their breadth has not been
more than 19 mm. and their thickness 16 mm. The region of the beak gets very
much inflated in these large specimens, and, in consequence, the apical angle of the
larger valve decreases considerably as the shell grows larger, so that in one of
the fragments mentioned it is not more than 35°.
Locality and geological position. — Several specimens of this species were
collected by myself at Jabi and Chidru, at both localities in the so-called Cephalo-
poda-bed. At the first locality I found six specimens together with Cyclolobus
oldhami, W., described on the foregoing pages, whilst at the latter locality four
specimens were detected by me in the bed with Xenodiscus carbonarius, W. Only
one fragment of a large specimen was found by me at Chidru in beds a little
above the Xenodiscus carbonarius bed. It is thus evident that this species is most
characteristic of the Cephalopoda bed of the upper division of the Productus-
356 SALT-RANGE POSSILS.
limestone, and that it is only very rarely met with in beds a little above the one
mentioned.
Remarks. — The most striking feature of this species is the very small apical
ano-le and the very elongated shape the shell attains. The slight development
of the frontal folds led me formerly1 to compare this species to Diel. elongatum,
Schl. sp., a comparison which cannot stand any longer, as nothing but a generic
affinity exists between the two forms.
Of the shells hitherto described only Diel. problematicum, (Dav.) Waagen*
can be more particularly compared, but this species can easily be distinguished
from the one here under consideration by its larger apical angle, less elongated
form, and the particular curvature of its dorsal valve. The affinity between the
two forms is, however, not so close that it could be affirmed or made to appear
probable that the two species are in a developmental connection, though both
occur in succeeding strata.
10. Dielasma breviplicattjm, Waagen, n. sp., PI. XXV, figs. 6, 8 ; PI. XXX,
figs. 11, 12.
The general form of this shell is more or less pentagonal, rather broad in
comparison with its length. It is mostly rather flat and provided in the frontal
region on the dorsal valve with two short folds.
The ventral valve is very equally arched, sometimes less, sometimes more,
but there is no difference between the curvature on the beak or that near the
frontal region. Also, in the transverse direction the ventral valve is everywhere
well vaulted, never flat or excavated as in Diel. problematicum. The raised
rounded ridge which ornaments this valve in Diel. biplex or problematicum is here
absent, and only on the frontal region a slight elevation is observable according
to the folding back of the biplicate frontal line. The beak is not very large and
not much bent over. It seems to be pierced just at its extremity by a not very
large round foramen. A distinct small deltidium is present, but it is rarely visible.
The false area which extends from both sides of" the foramen is tolerably broad,
and separated from the remainder of the shell by a very obtuse ridge, which
extends from the sides of the foramen to the lateral parts of the valve.
The dorsal valve is longitudinally very little less vaulted than the ventral one.
Transversely the curvature of both valves is absolutely equal, only that the lateral
parts of the dorsal valve are a little more deflected than the remainder of the shell,
and thus hang down a little, thereby recalling, to a certain extent, the shape of the
dorsal valve of Diel. problematicum. In the frontal region the dorsal valve bears
two short folds, which do not extend even up to the middle of the length of the
shell but are entirely limited to the frontal region. Nevertheless, they are some-
» Mem. Geol. Surv., Ind., Vol. IX, p. 353.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTOXE.-BRACHIOPODA. 357
times very strongly developed, and even generally well expressed, only in few
specimens are they but slightly indicated.
The internal arrangement in this species could he well studied in some silici-
fied specimens, which were treated with diluted acid ; hut in this case- also the
internal parts could only be studied during the process of developing, as on
removal of the matrix they immediately fell to pieces owing to numerous minute
cracks, by which they were traversed. At the apex of the dorsal valve there is
a very distinctly developed cardinal process, at both sides of which the two
extremely long dental sockets take their origin. They are formed by a shelly
plate, which is fixed to the cardinal margins of the valve and first bends down
and then up again, forming a high crest, which limits the dental socket
on the inner side, and descends obliquely to the bottom of the valve, being
fixed there for its entire length. Joined to these shelly lamina? forming the
dental sockets and the septal plates, are the upper parts of the crura, which originate
at the cardinal process, and extend across the septal plates, projecting from them as
sharp, narrow, prominent margins. The space between these latter is free from
shelly matter up to the very cardinal process, and, thus, it can hardly be said that
there is a hinge-plate. At the bottom of the valve, which is thus exposed to view,
a thickened prominent line is observable, which takes its origin just below the
cardinal process, and descends as far as the septal plates extend, following exactly
the median fine of the dorsal valve. If then the septal plates are very oblique,
which is sometimes the case, they are no longer joined to the bottom of the valve,
but reach this raised middle line, and then it appears as if a septum were present,
and the whole apparatus takes a shape very much like that figured by Davidson
(Brit. Perm. Brach., pi. I, figs. 18-20) of Diel. elongatum, Schl. sp. At the
point where the crura get detached from the septal plates, the oral processes or spurs
are situated and converge directed slightly upwards and inwards towards the middle
of the shell. They are in no way very large or conspicuous. The crura themselves
descend in a remarkably straight manner for more than half the length of the valve,
diverging considerably as they extend, so that their lower ends are rather far apart.
They terminate in sharp points. Recurving branches do not exist. The cross-piece
is not well preserved in any of the specimens I was able to examine. It seemed
broad and very little curved, remarkable also by its comparative straightness.
In the ventral valve two very long and very strongly developed dental plates
are present. The hinge-teeth are developed as long and high ridges, which extend
from both sides of the deltidium along the hinge margin, and are separated from
the latter by a deep furrow. They are highest at their lower extremity, and united
at their inner side to the dental plates, which ascend vertically to the roof of the
valve. These two plates surround the foramen laterally, and then, fastened on
the one hand to the roof of the valve, on the other to the hinge-teeth, extend
in a divergent direction to about one-third of the entire length of the shell.
The muscular impressions could only be observed in the dorsal valve ; in the
358 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
ventral one even, with the utmost care, they could not be detected. In the dorsal
valve the impressions of the anterior adductors are most conspicuous. They are
large, and about the shape of a pointed leaf, the pointed side being turned to-
wards the apex of the valve. The point is situated a little above the lower termi-
nation of the septal plates, and from there the impression extends nearly parallel
to the middle line of the valve. The impressions of the posterior adductors are
much smaller, of an oval shape, and situated between the two pointed extremities
of the impressions of the anterior adductors. They are separated from each other
by the elevated middle line which I have described above, and from the impressions
of the anterior adductors by the ridges which form the last extension of the septal
plates.
The punctation of the shell is extremely fine, and the punctures show some
tendency to be arranged in radial rows.
The measurements of two middle-sized specimens, No. I, from Chidru, No. II5
from Khura, are as follows : —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell .25 mm. 24 mm.
Length of the smaller valve ..,.., 23 „ 22 „
Entire breadth of the shell 19 „ 16 „
„ thickness „ 10 „ 11 „
Apical angle of the larger valve 82° 75°
„ of the smaller ...... 110° 102°
Shells of this species attain to much greater dimensions than those of the speci-
mens of which the measurements are here given, but no complete specimen of larger
size has yet been obtained.
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether six specimens of this
species in the Salt-range collection, and all came from different beds of the upper
division of the Productus-limestone ; it thus appears that this species, in oppo-
sition to that last described, which is limited chiefly to the Cephalopoda-bed, is
characteristic of the whole upper division of the Productus-limestone, not limited
to any particular bed. It was found in this upper division by myself at Khura,
(1 specimen), at Chidru (1 specimen), and by Mr. Wynne in the Bazar Wan (1
specimen). Besides these, one specimen was collected by myself in the Cephalopoda-
beds of Chidru and two specimens in the same bed at Jabi.
Remarks. — This shell is allied chiefly to two of the before described species,
Diel. problematicum and Diel. acutangulum. With both it has the short folds on
the frontal part in common, but it can very well be distinguished from the first by
the much smaller curvature of its valves, and chiefly by the fact that both valves
are about equally vaulted, longitudinally as well as transversely, which is not the.
case in Diel. problematicum ; from the second it differs very considerably by its
much larger apical angle and comparatively short shape, as well as by some peculi-
arities of its internal arrangement.
With some varieties of Diel. biplex, W., the present species has the short
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE. -BBACHIOPODA. 359
pentagonal form and flatness of the valves in common, but it can easily be distin-
guished by the short frontal folds, which in Diel. biplex reach up to the apex of
the dorsal valve.
There is little doubt but that Diel. breviplicatum, W., is developmentally
connected with some of the geologically older forms, Diel. biplex and Diel. pro-
blematicum, more probably with the former than with the latter, on account of the
similarity in the general curvature of the valves which exists in the first case.
Genus : DIELASMINA, Waagen, n. gen.
Already in the introduction to the subfamily Terebratulince I have briefly
characterised this genus.
Erom the specimens contained in the Salt-range collection, it appears that the
shells belonging to the genus are characterised by a more or less globose form,
strong and irregular radial plications, which do not cover the whole shell, but are
limited to the marginal parts, and internally by the existence of strong dental and
not less strong septal plates.
The materials for this genus available are very small indeed, and thus it has
not been possible to develop the loop out of the matrix, or to make sections through
the shell in order to ascertain the extension and shape of the loop. Nevertheless, it
is nearly certain that the species belonging to this genus possessed a short loop, as
do the other shells of the subfamily Terebratulince.
On the whole this genus occupies a truly transitional place between the genera
Dielasma, King, and Hemipty china, W. The strong development of dental and
septal plates agrees with Dielasma, whilst the external shape of the shell is exactly
like that of BZemipty china.
The view might be advocated that the shells belonging to this genus ought to
be simply included under the genus Dielasma, and that the creation of a new genus
is superfluous. This view might be reasonable, if the opinion were held that all the
shells forming the subfamily Terebratulince ought to be considered as forming only
one genus ; but if Douville's and other genera be accepted, even only to a certain
extent, the creation of this genus can barely be avoided. Dielasmina differs from
Dielasma quite as much as Dygope, Link, differs from Terebratula, and it is only a
consequence of the system that the shells bearing the characters of Dielasmina
must be considered as constituting a proper genus.
Only one species belonging to this genus is known to me, — this is Dielasmina
plicata, "Waagen,— which occurs in the Salt-range in the uppermost beds of the
middle division of the Productus-limestone, and in the upper division of the same
formation.
360 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
1. Dielasmina plicata., Waagen, n. gen. et sp., PI. XXVI I, fig. 10.
The general form of this shell is more or less globular, with very much inflated
valves, strongly plicated at their margins, with a slightly vaulted frontal line and a
small but well curved beak.
The ventral valve is very strongly vaulted in both directions, longitudinally as
well as transversely. The longitudinal curvature is equal throughout the whole
extent of the shell in one specimen, whilst in another specimen it shows a sudden
bend not far from the frontal region. The frontal part is a little produced in this
valve, so that the frontal line appears slightly vaulted. Prom the beak to about
half the length of the valve the shell is entirely smooth, and even striae of growth
can barely be observed. After this the shell becomes undulating, the undulations
being at first very indistinct, and only as the shell expands are distinct radial folds
formed, reaching down to the margin of the valve. The number of these folds
is somewhat variable, and in this valve it is four to five in the frontal region
and two more on each lateral part. The frontal and lateral margins of the
valve form a zigzag line. The beak is small, well bent over, obliquely truncated,
and distinctly pierced behind its apex by a narrowly oval foramen. A false area
can hardly be said to exist, the beak being so perfectly rounded. Slight impres-
sions on each side below the apex replace the false area. The deltidium is con-
cealed in the two specimens I have studied.
The dorsal valve is even more strongly vaulted than the ventral one in both
directions, but longitudinally its curvature is very unequal. Beginning from the
apex it seems rather flat and straight until having reached about half its length,
when it first bends down in a strong curve and then even curves over, so that this
curved part of the dorsal valve overhangs the frontal line considerably. Where the
valve begins to bend its plication also commences, and stretches thence down to
the margins of the valve. There are either three or four folds on the frontal part,
and three more on each side of it.
Of the internal arrangement of this species the loop is not known to me,
but in both the existing specimens very strong and long dental plates can be
observed in the ventral valve. Between these, following the middle line of »the
valve a thickened shelly line exists, commencing at the margin of the foramen
and extending yet a little farther than the dental plates. In the dorsal valve
the dark lines in which the septal plates unite with the valve can be very
distinctly traced. In the middle line of the valve, beginning at the apex, there
is a very strongly marked, prominent, shelly ridge not unlike a septum but
much less high, exactly like that described a few pages back in Diel. brevi-
plicatum, W.
The substance of the shell is extremely finely punctured.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.-BRACHIOPODA. 361
The measurements of two specimens, IS'o. I from Khura, No. II from west of
that village, are as follows : —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell 22 mm. 22-5 mm.
Length of the smaller valve 19 „ 20
Entire hreadth of the shell 17'5 „ 17
„ thickness „ 16-5,, 16
Apical angle of the larger valve ....... 67° 69°
„ „ of the smaller „ 110° 113°
Locality and geological position. — Only two specimens of this species exist in
the Salt-range collection, hoth of which were found by me. One I got in the
section at Khura, in thin bedded light coloured limestones forming the upper part
of the middle division of the Productus-limestone. The other I found in the
section west of that village in yellow marly beds forming the very base of the
upper division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — Up to the present no palseozoic shell has been described which
could be more particularly compared to the present species. Terebrat. himalay en-
sis, Dav., has similarly arranged folds, but is much less inflated, and has no dental
plates, as will be shown in the description of that species further on in this work.
Of other shells Jurassic species chiefly may be compared with Dielasmina plicata,
and some are, according to their external form, even very similar. Among these are
notably Terebrat. fimbriceformis, Schaur., or Terebrat. renierii, Cat. On close
examination of these forms, however, it soon becomes evident that the similarity to
Dielasmina plicata is only an external one, as the dental plates which characterise
the genus Dielasmina are absent.
Genus : HEMIPTYCHINA, Waagen, n. gen.
In the introduction to the subfamily Terebratulinee, I have already given a
short diagnosis of the genus, and it remains now only to add some words more on
the geological distribution of the genus, &c.
The genus is distinguished very characteristically from the greater number of
palseozoic Terebratulce by the absence of dental plates in the ventral valve. In this
respect it approaches more closely the mesozoic forms, in which dental plates are
nearly always absent. The septal plates which the present genus possesses, though
more peculiarly characteristic of palaeozoic shells, are not restricted to shells from
those periods, as species with septal plates still occur commonly in the oldest
periods of the mesozoic era.
The loop itself is exactly like that of Terebratula proper, and is even less
peculiar than, for instance, that of Dielasm. breviplicatum, W., described above.
The plication of the shell, though the specific name points to this character, is
not absolutely indispensable for the shells belonging to the genus. Not only do
young shells generally appear to be smooth, the plication commencing only after
E
362 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
the shell has attained a certain size, but in some cases full-grown shells also are
absolutely devoid of plication, though this latter case appears to be only the
exception to the rule, plication being generally present.
It is almost certain that the genus existed already during the devonian period ;
and there is but very little doubt that some of the species of Terebratula described
by Hall in the fourth volume of his Paleontology of New York belong to this
genus. After this, however, there is a great gap, as I know of no species in the
mountain-limestone proper that I should like to attribute to the genus. The
small group of forms belonging to the genus in the Salt-range appears to be rather
isolated, as in more recent strata no similar forms are known to exist up to the
lias. The discovery of connecting links between the older devonian shell and the
more recent liassic shells must be looked for.
The liassic shells which I have just alluded to appear in the lias of the Alps in
grey limestones, which have been considered up to very recent times as belonging
to the inferior-oolite according to the numerous and well-preserved plant remains
they contain, but which have been shown by Zittel and others to be of liassic age.
There are chiefly two species which must be taken into consideration ; these are
Ter. rotzoana, Schaur., and Ter. renierii, Cat., or Ter. fimbriceformis, Schaur.
I had opportunity to study large numbers of these species, thanks to the kindness
of Prof. Benecke of Strassburg, who sent me all the stock of these forms
contained in the Strassburg Museum for comparison. Though the preservation
of these shells is very little favourable to a close examination of the interior
characters, yet so much could be made out that these shells very likely belong, in
part at least, to the genus Hemiptychina. Zittel, in his palseontological manual,
expresses the opinion that these forms probably were the precursors of Waldhei-
mia, but I could not find a long loop either in Ter. rotzoana nor in Ter. fimbrice-
formis, Schaur. In both these forms the loop is not longer than half the length of
the dorsal valve, and has no long recurving branches. Nevertheless the two shells
differ more or less strongly from each other. Ter. rotzoana possesses a strong
septum, to which the two short septal plates are fastened, exactly as is the case in
Ccenothyris. In Ter. renierii, Cat., on the contrary, a septum is absent ; the septal
plates, which are also very short, as in Hemiptychina, are fastened to the bottom of
the valve, and, as the dental plates in the ventral valve are also absent, there would
be no reason for distinguishing this shell generically from Hemipty china, except the
development of the cardinal process in the dorsal valve, which is very strong and
thick in Ter. renierii, whilst it is very small and little developed in all the species
of Hemipty china, as far as this part has been studied up to the present. Neverthe-
less it cannot be doubted that Ter. renierii is very nearly related to Hemiptychina,
and both can be considered as being in a developmental connection. Thus, it is
evident that the species of Hemiptychina occurring in the Salt-range represent more
a mesozoic than a palaeozoic type, as in the devonian formation shells probably
belonging to Hemiptychina are very rare, in the mountain-limestone proper they are
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 363
entirely absent, and it is only in the Salt-range and in mesozoic formations of
Europe that similar shells attain a greater development.
There is, however, yet another point worthy of consideration in connection
with the two Alpine species. Ter.' rotzoana is, as it seems, probably a Cceno-
thyris, though the shield-like expansion on the transverse piece of the loop has not
been observed up to the present (the dental plates in the ventral valve become also
in typical forms of Ccenothyris obsolete in adult specimens) ; whilst Ter. renierii
should very likely be considered as a Hemipty china ; nevertheless, there exists a
perfect transition of form between the two species, so that it would be possible to
figure even more complete transitional series of these two than those that have been
figured by Davidson of the different species of Terepratula occurring in the
carboniferous formation. It must, however, be remarked, that such transitional
forms are chiefly numerous at one locality, " Sega di Noviglio " near Rovereto,
where Ter. rotzoana occurs in very great numbers, whilst Ter. renierii is much
less numerous, but occurs intermixed with the other species. This occurrence of
intermediate forms between the two species, I am now very much inclined to
attribute to hybridity, which is so very easily effected in organisms where no
special organs for copulation exist, but where the sea-water is the only means of
sexual intercourse between the separate individuals. We can also make very similar
observations regarding the species of Hemiptychina occurring in the Salt-range.
The genus Hemiptychina is rather largely represented in the different divisions
of the Productus-limestone of the Salt-range, for not only are individuals belonging
to the genus rather numerous, but they can also be referred to a number of species.
Eive species of Hemiptychina are distinguishable among the specimens in the
Salt-range collection. One of them has been long known to science, and was
described by Davidson as Terebratula himalayensis. Two others are very nearly
related to Davidson's species, and are chiefly distinguishable by less strongly
developed folds. I shall call these two Hem. sublcevis, W., and Hem. sparsiplicata, W.
Another species is easily recognisable by its very inflated valves, and will bear the
name of Hem. inflata, ~W. The last species presents a great number of folds, and
will therefore receive the name of Hem. crebriplicata, W.
The geological distribution of these species is unequal. The oldest of them
is Hem. sublcevis, which occurs in the lower division of the Productus-limestone.
The lowest beds of the middle division of the same formation are characterised
by Hem. sparsiplicata, W., whilst in the upper region of the middle division
and in the upper division of the Productus-limestone Hem. himalayensis, Dav. sp.,
occurs in great numbers. There are, it cannot be denied, some stragglers of the
o-eolocically older species sometimes also in more recent strata, but in general
the appearance in time of the species is as I have indicated. The species men-
tioned are the three principal ones. They form in a very prominent manner a
developmental series, which is characterised by the successive apparition of folds
on the shell. Round this series the other species can be grouped — Hem. inflata, W.,
364- SAJLT-RANGE FOSSILS.
which, is not rare in the upper region of the middle division, and in the upper
division of the Productus-limestone, and Hem. crebriplicafa, W., which is restricted
to the middle division of the same formation.
1. Hemiptydhina SUBL2EVIS, "Waagen. n. gen. et sp., PI. XXVII, tigs. 1, 2, 3.
The general form of this species is more or less ovoid, with strongly inflated
valves, a thick well curved beak, with, tolerably large foramen, and a vaulted frontal
line, which is slightly indented only at the very margin of the valves, indicating
a plication that is a very little more distinctly developed in a few specimens.
The ventral valve is very equally vaulted in both directions. The beak is thick,
pierced well behind its apex by a tolerably large round foramen, from which a shal-
low channel extends down to the apex of the beak. The deltidium is large, excavated
and limited on both sides by sharp carinae of the shell ; generally, however, it is
concealed by the overhanging part of the beak. The false area which extends on
both sides below the beak is very broad, and not at all separated from the remainder
of the shell.
The dorsal valve is generally a little less strongly vaulted than the ventral one,
but the difference is very small, and applies only to the longitudinal bend, whilst
in a transverse direction both valves are equally strongly inflated.
The margins of both valves are very little bent ; they descend from the apex
of the smaller valve in a slight curve towards the ventral valve, and ascend again
in the frontal region to form a slightly vaulted frontal line. The lateral parts of the
margins are smooth, but the frontal part is indented, forming more or less distinctly
a zig-zag line. These indentations correspond in some specimens with indistinct
short folds, which are however limited to the immediate vicinity of the margins
themselves. These folds appear oftener on the ventral than on the dorsal valve.
Their number is irregular, but there are seldom more than three folds or indent-
ations on the dorsal, and four on the ventral valve. Very often there are only two
indentations observable in the dorsal valve, and even these are sometimes so
faintly expressed as to disappear almost entirely, and then the shell shows quite
smooth margins of the valves all round, and only a slightly vaulted frontal line.
Of the internal character of this species nothing could be ascertained, except
that in the ventral valve dental plates have not been observed up to the present,
but that in the dorsal valve well developed septal plates exist, as is shown by a
partial cast from Pail.
The substance of the shell is granulated, but this granulation is so extremely
fine that it can only be seen with a magnifying power of 15 to 20 linear, whilst in
other Terebratulidce a power of 5 or 6 is sufficient to bring out the puncturing
quite distinctly. The punctures are extremely close together, but do not show
any kind of regular arrangement,
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 365
The measurements of two specimens from Amb are as follows : —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell . . . ... 20 mm. 19 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve 17 „ 16 „
Entire hreadth of the shell 14 „ 14 „
„ thickness „ 10 „ 11 „
Apical angle of the larger valve 66° 70°
„ „ of the smaller „ 101° 104°
The size indicated above is not the largest the species can attain, as a specimen
from Pail attains a length of 23 mm.
Locality and geological position. — This species of the genus Hemiptychina is
tbe prevailing one in the lower division of the Productus-limestone. Most of the
specimens were collected by myself at Amb at two different horizons. Three of
them were found by me in the lowest fossiliferous bed there, and ten more in the
dark coloured sandstone called by me (in my note-book) " Ohonetes-bed, " which
also belongs to tbe lower region of the lower division of the Productus-lime-
stone. Three more specimens were collected by me at Pail in those rusty coloured
sandy limestones, which have furnished so many Eusulinae and Spirif ers, which will
be described later on in this work; these also form part of the lower division
of the Productus-limestone.
In higher beds specimens very similar to tbe present species are sometimes
met with, which should possibly be considered as belonging to it, as, for instance,
in the lowest beds of the compact Productus-limestone of Katta ; but they are
all more inflated and show also on the lateral margins of their valves some
indentations, and thus prove themselves to be truly intermediate forms between
the present and the following species, in either of which tbey might be placed
with equal right.
Remarks. — The peculiarities which characterise this species in particular,
and which distinguish it well from other allied forms, consist in the small num-
ber of indentations of the margins of the valves, which are generally exclusively
limited to the frontal part of the shell, and only exceptionally correspond to short
folds near the margins of the valves. In Hemiptychina Mmalayensis, Dav.,
which is the most nearly related one of all the species hitherto described, the
marginal folds are, according to Davidson's description, four or five in the frontal,
and two or three more on each lateral part of the shell, and reach for the length
of several millimeters up from the margins of the valve.
The specimens of Hem. sublcevis in which the indentations have been quite
obliterated, and smooth margins of the valves thus produced, are not at all
dissimilar to some of the species of Terebratula described by Hall out of the
devonian strata of New-York, and I therefore consider it highly probable that the
o-enus Hemipty china is represented already in the devonian period.
D
366 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
2. Hemiptychina spahsiplicata, Waagen, n. gen. et sp., PL XXVII, figs. 4,£5, 6.
The general outline of this shell is shortly ovoid, with tolerably strongly
inflated valves, small beak, and almost unvaulted frontline, which is composed
of many zigzag bends. The valves are smooth until a short distance from
the margin, where coarse plications appear, corresponding with the zigzag bends
of the frontline.
The ventral valve is very equally vaulted in every direction. The beak is well
bent over, not very thick, and pierced just behind its apes by a not very large
round foramen. The triangular deltidium is well developed, excavated, but mostly
concealed. The false area is tolerably, but not very, broad, very indistinct and
not separated from the remainder of the shell. The valve is entirely smooth for
about two-thirds of its length, and then a few coarse but not very prominent
folds appear. There are generally two of them in the frontal region and two
to three on each lateral part ; the two median ones are a very little more promi-
nent than the lateral folds. These folds reach down to the margins of the valve
and cause there very strong indentations, which are never, as is mostly the case in
the preceding species, limited to the frontal part, bat always extend on to the lateral
margins.
The dorsal valve is always as strongly vaulted as the ventral one, and its trans-
verse curve is only very little stronger than the longitudinal one. In this valve
the marginal plications begin to appear much later than in the ventral one, and
about three-quarters of the entire length are entirely smooth, only showing some
inconspicuous striae of growth. With the last quarter of the longitudinal extension
of this valve, distant folds begin to appear, which rapidly increase in size and height
as they approach the margin. The folds are situated at the interstices between
the folds of the ventral valve, causing strong indentations at the valve's margin..
There are in the dorsal valve three such folds in the frontal region, and two to three
on each lateral part of the valve in full-grown specimens, whilst in smaller ones
only one lateral fold is yet developed.
Of the internal characters of this species nothing could be observed, except
that there exist no dental plates in the ventral valve. The granulation of the' shell
is, if possible, even yet finer and closer than in the preceding species.
The dimensions of three specimens from Katta are as follows : —
I. II. in.
Entire length of the shell 18 mm. If '5 mm. 16 mm.
Length of the smaller valve 16 „ 15 ,, 14
Entire breadth of the shell 14"5 „ 14 „ 12
„ thickness „ 10 „ 10 „ 8'5 „
Apical angle of the larger valve 73° 76° 69°
„ of the smaller „ 120° 123° 1110
PRODUCT US-LIME8TONE.— BR ACHIOPODA. 367
Locality and geological position. — This species is not rare at certain localities
of the Salt-range, but it appears that its more numerous occurrence is restricted to
certain beds, which are yery limited in their vertical extent, and always compose
the lowest part of the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
The geologically oldest specimen of this species I collected at Amb together
with many specimens of Hem. sublcevis, W., in the so-called Chonetes-bed of the
lower division of the Productus-limestone.
More numerous specimens are met with, as soon as one enters the lowest beds
of the compact limestones forming the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
In this position I collected the species at Katta in a yellow marly limestone which
I designated in my note-book as bed No. 12, and not less than 15 specimens of this
species were collected by me in a few minutes. Three not very characteristic speci-
mens, showing to some extent a transitional form between the present species
and Hem. sublcevis, W., were collected by me in a similar geological position, but
probably somewhat lower down, at Nursingpahar, in a black sandy limestone,
together with Dielasma truncatum, W. Another specimen I found at Amb, also in
the lowest beds of the compact Productus-limestone.
There are in the Salt-range collection yet several more specimens of this
species, which were collected by Dr. Oldham, and ten of which come from Swas,
whilst others are from the Bazar Wan.
The species continues in some straggling specimens up into the upper beds
of the middle division of the Productus-limestone, and possibly even sometimes
into the upper division, but in these beds it is mostly replaced by Hem. hima-
layensis, Dav. sp. I collected the species in the upper region of the compact lime-
stones at Katta where I obtained two specimens and one at Musakheyl.
Remarks. — This species is chiefly characterised by its large apical angle and
its thus more or less roundish form, by its coarse and not numerous marginal folds,
and its comparatively small beak. It shows, however, much variation in form and
sculpture; and thus many transitions in shape to Mem. sublcevis, as well as to Hem.
himalayensis, Dav., can be pointed out. Nevertheless, I thought it expedient to
note the typical form by a special name, as it is very characteristic for certain
beds ; even if there were nothing but a number of Hemiptychina, one could tell,
by noting the prevailing form among them, what beds they might come from, as, for
instance, if the present species were found prevailing one might be sure that these
shells came out of the lower region of the middle division of the Productus-
limestone.
The characteristic features of this species given above are sufficient to distin-
guish it from the allied forms Rem. sublcevis, W., and Hem. himalayensis, Dav. sp.
368. SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
3. Hemipttchina himalayensis, Davidson, sp., PI. XXVI, figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
1962. Terebratula himalayensis, Davidson : Quart. Jour. G-eol. Soc, Lond., Vol. XVIII, p. 27, pi. II, fig. 1.
1863. Terebratula himalayensis, (Dav.) Koninck : Fossiles Pal^ozoiques de l'lnde, p. 32, pi. IX, fig. 1.
1878. Terebratula himalayensis, (Dav.) Waagen : Eec. Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol. XI, p. 186.
The general outline of this shell is very variable, roundish ovoid, or elongated,
with sharp margins, or, which is oftener the case, truncated at the front. At the
margin there are twelve to fourteen short distinct folds; the frontline is on the whole
nearly straight, the margin of the valves being, however, frequently indented
stronply and frequently according to the folds. The beak is small and pierced just
behind its apex by a not very large, sometimes round, sometimes oval foramen.
The ventral valve is generally not very strongly vaulted, and extends sometimes
with a very equal curve from the beak to the frontline ; but more often it is
suddenly deflected not far from the margin and turned with a strong bend upwards.
By this peculiarity the ventral valve appears much deeper and much more
strongly inflated than it would be otherwise. The beak is well bent over ; the fora-
men is just behind the very pointed apex, and mostly of a roundish form, with
a canal extending from the lower margin of the foramen to the apex of the beaks.
The deltidium is well developed, excavated for the reception of the apex of the
smaller valve, but it is, for the most part, concealed by the overhanging part of the
beak. The false area is generally not large and never marked off from the remaind-
er of the shell by any kind of ridge or the like. This valve remains smooth for
at least more than two -thirds of its entire length, and only then the plications
appear. It is not quite easy to tell which of these plications belong to the frontal
region, properly speaking, and which are on the lateral parts, as ' there exists no
proper limit to the frontal part. One can, however, in general, say that there are
on this valve at least five folds in the frontal region, whilst there are at least
three more of them on each lateral part, so that, on the whole, there are eleven to
twelve folds on this valve. When the shell suddenly turns up producing a trunca-
tion of the frontal regiou, this truncated part is covered with many regular, slightly
imbricating striae of growth.
The dorsal valve is as much vaulted as the ventral one. The bend is in some
cases quite regular, as in the specimen figured by Davidson ; more frequently, how-
ever, the valve suddenly turns down vertically or even bends inside to meet the
margin of the ventral valve. Generally this truncated part of the dorsal valve is
smaller, less high, than that of the ventral one. The dorsal valve remains smooth
for a longer distance than the ventral one, that is to say the plications appear
later in the dorsal than in the ventral valve, and. are therefore in the former more
limited to the vicinity of the margins. There are in this valve four to five folds
in the frontal region, and three more on each lateral part. In this valve also the
truncated part of the shell is covered by many slightly imbricating striae of growth
which form a zigzag line, as does the margin of the valve itself.
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 369
The internal characters of this species were very completely ascertained, but
it was impossible to distinguish the muscular impressions in the ventral valve.
In the ventral valve the beak is perfectly hollow, without any partitions. At
the foramen the margin of the shell is curved, so that the foramen is surrounded on
its inner side by a tolerably high, sharp, shelly ring. At both sides of the deltidium
the teeth begin as low ridges which extend on both sides along the hinge margins,
increasing at the same time in height, and terminating with a prominent but not
very high point. They are separated from the hinge-margin by a distinct furrow.
In the dorsal valve there is no very distinct cardinal process on the apex of the
valve. The so-called hinge-plate is slit open in the middle up to the very apex ; the
middle parts, beginning from the dental sockets, are deflected and bent down, and are
fixed as septal plates to the bottom of the valve. The dental sockets are on their
inner side limited by high, sharp crests, which form one plane with the septal plates.
These latter are cut out immediately below the dental sockets, but then again
stretch far down the valve as low ridges, separating the muscular impressions.
The crura take their origin just below where the dental sockets terminate as broad
laminse, which get rapidly narrower, being narrowest at about one millimeter from
their origin. Where the crura are narrowest, broad triangular spurs originate, which
are bent somewhat inward towards the middle of the shell. Prom the spur
the crura gradually taper again in breadth, and terminate after having reached
a length about equal to that of the dental sockets. The transverse piece of the
loop is attached at an acute angle to the crura ; it is very narrow and well bent
up towards the apex of the valve.
The muscular impression of the dorsal valve can be well seen. The anterior
adductors have left large marks near and below the termination of the septal plates.
They are of ovoid shape, pointed on the upper and broadly rounded on the lower
side, and are placed obliquely so as to touch, in their lower part, nearly the middle
line of the valve, whilst their pointed upper part is directed towards the lateral
parts of the hinge-margin. The impressions of the posterior adductors are situated
between and above those of the anterior ones, separated from the upper part of the
latter by the last termination of the septal plates. They are enclosed between the
septal plates, are very narrow and very elongated, reaching up to about the lower
end of the dental sockets and are separated from each other by a raised middle line
of the valve. Though the cardinal process is not strongly developed, yefc the
impressions of the cardinal muscles can be very well distinguished on it.
The substance of the shell is as finely granulated as that of the preceding
two species.
The dimensions of three different varieties of this species, No. I from Swas
No. II from Musakheyl, and No. Ill from Khura, are as follows :—
I. II. in.
Entire length of the shell 20 mm. 21 mm. 19'5 mm.
Length of the smaller valve 18 „ 18"5 „ 16 „
370 SALT-EATsTGE FOSSILS.
i. ii. in.
Entire breadth of the shell ' 16 mm. 14-5 mm. 17 mm.
„ thickness „ 11*5,, 13 „ 8 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve 75° 67° 1°
„ dorsal „ 115° 110°' 120°
The variety No. Ill is that figured by Davidson, only that his specimen was
somewhat large, and measured as much as 23mm. in length.
Locality and geological position. — This species is very common in the Salt-range,
though it is so only in certain beds. It begins already in the lower division of the
Productus-limestone, and was collected by me in this position in the " Ohonetes-hed"
near Amb, but I only got two specimens. In the lower part of the middle division of
the Productus-limestone it also occurs, but is very rare. A single specimen, found
by me at Katta in these beds, proves its existence there. The species attains chief deve-
lopment in the upper part of the middle division of the Productus-limestone, and
most of the specimens that are preserved in the Salt-range collection come from these
beds. I collected seventeen specimens of this species in these beds in the mountains
east of Katwahi in hard light-coloured limestone (silicified), five specimens at Katta
in light-coloured silicious limestones, one at Khura in the section there in the top-
most beds of the compact limestones, three on the road from Vurcha to Uchali in
light-coloured limestones, and two at Chidru in the top beds of the middle division
of the Productus-limestone. This species has been collected by Dr. Oldham in hard
light-coloured limestones at Swas (four specimens), at Morah (one specimen), and at
Musakheyl (seven silicified specimens). Mr. Wyime obtained one specimen from
these beds at Vurcha.
In the trans-Indus continuation of the Salt-range the species was detected in
the same geological position by Mr. Wynne at Kalabagh in a grey limestone (three
specimens silicified), and at Kafirkdt by myself in a light-coloured silicious lime-
stone (two specimens).
There are thus altogether in the Salt-range collection forty-seven specimens
out of the upper region of the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
In the upper division of the Productus-limestone this species was found by myself
at Jabi in the Cephalopoda-bed together with Cyelolob. oldhami, W. (four speci-
mens silicified) ; at Chidru in the Cephalopoda-bed (five specimens), and in the beds
above it (six specimens) by Mr. Wynne. This species was also found in this
division at Kkund Ghat, where Mr. Wynne obtained four specimens.
Memories This species, as I had already occasion several times to remark in
the description of it, is very variable in nearly all its characters, and it might thus
appear inconsequent on my part were I to leave all these varieties under one
specific designation. The truncated varieties, for instance, might well be considered
as being different from the broad, flat, typical form as figured by Davidson ; and also
the more cylindrical shapes might be something different from the broadly rounded
ones ; but the specimens I have at present at my disposal are not sufficient to
PBODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 371
settle these points satisfactorily. At present all these different forms seem to be
linked together by such an overwhelming number of transitional forms that a further
distinction seems at present absolutely impracticable.
The only character by which the species can always be recognised is the number
of folds it possesses. By this character alone it is possible to distinguish it from the
two previously described species. If one did not seize upon this character it would
not be possible to separate even those two species from the present one. I cannot
say why greater stress should be put on this character than on others ; but the fact
is that, in observing the number and development of the plications occurring on
these shells, it is possible to tell very positively what horizon a number of
Hemiptychince collected in the Salt-range may have come from. Among a set of
shells coming from the lower division of the Productus-limestone, there might be
one or two specimens of the form of Mem. himalayensis, Dav., but the majority of
specimens will always bear the characters of Hem. sublcevis, W. If, on the other
hand, such a set of shells comes from the lower region of the middle division of the
Productus-limestone, by far the majority of the forms will always exhibit the charac-
ters of Hem. sparsiplicata, W., though one or more specimens of the other two species
may be among the lot. In the upper region of the middle division, and in the upper
division of the Productus-limestOnes, the forms with numerous folds so far exceed in
number the other two forms that the occurrence of the latter becomes quite
unimportant.
This mode of occurrence is certainly worthy of notice and cannot be passed
over in silence. It is most certain to be taken note of, if the three forms are distin-
guished, as three distinct species, a mode of proceeding which I have adopted here.
Hemipt. himalayensis, Dav., sp., is not restricted to the Salt-range, but occurs
also in the Himalaya, where it was collected by Mr. Hughes on the Milam Pass in a
white compact limestone. In mentioning the occurrence of this species in the
Pec. Geol. Surv. of India, Vol. XI, p. 186, I compared the bed in which the species
there occurs to the " lower carboniferous limestone of the Salt-range." This I must
correct now to a certain extent, as, at the time I wrote that note, I thought that
the Productus-limestone of the Salt-range should properly be divided into only two
divisions, to the lower of which the beds in Hundes would possibly have been
parallel. Now, however, I can say more positively that it is very likely the middle
division of the Productus-limestone with which the Hundes beds may be compared.
I am led to accept this opinion not only by the occurrence of Hem. himalayensis,
but also by the presence of such species as Ter. sttbvesicularis, Dav., and by the
fossil which I mentioned under the name of Bactrynium sp., and which will be de-
scribed more accurately further on in this volume. All these forms are more or less
characteristic of the compact limestones of the middle division of the Productus-
limestone.
372 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
4. Hemiptychina inflate, Waagen, n. gen. et sp., PI. XXVII, figs. 7, 8, 9.
The general form of this shell is more or less globular with extremely inflated
valves, a not very large beak, and numerous and strong plications which cover, about
half the length of both valves.
The ventral valve is very differently curved according to the age and the
inflation of the specimen. In moderately sized and not too strongly inflated
specimens, the ventral valve is longitudinally and transversely very equally
curved, forming in both directions nearly a semi-circle. In somewhat large and
vet more strongly inflated specimens, however, the curve is only regular for about
half the length of the valve, then a rather sudden deflection takes place, and the
shell ascends more or less flatly to the frontal line. The beak is comparatively
small, distinctly bent over, and pierced behind its apex by a not very large
foramen. The false area is very oblique, not very broad, and not marked off
from the remainder of the shell. The greater part of the ventral valve is
covered by a strong radial plication, which commences not far from the beak
and extends down to the frontal line. In other specimens, half the length of the
Ventral valve is smooth and the other half plicated. There are four to six folds
in the frontal region, and generally three more on each lateral part. The folds
are mostly simple, but sometimes one or the other is split up into two already
from the beginning or, which is however very rarely the case, all the folds
become bifid not far from the frontal line. The margin of the valve, forming
a zigzag line, is generally not much produced in the frontal region, and accords
with the slightly vaulted frontal line. The valve is ornamented by some con-
spicuous striae of growth, which are chiefly crowded together near the margin
of the valve.
The dorsal valve is never so equally curved as the ventral one. In the
longitudinal direction this valve is nearly flat for about half its length, then a more
or less sudden deflection takes place, after which the valve descends either in a
slightly broken or rounded curve to the frontal line, or the deflection is so strong,
chiefly in the case of large and very strongly inflated specimens, that the shell
bends over inward, and the valve then appears slightly shorter at the frontal
line than at the place where it makes the bend. Also transversely this valve is
not quite equally vaulted. In the apical region the lateral parts are slightly
impressed, whilst further on towards the frontal part the transverse curvature
o-ets more regular, until, in very strongly inflated specimens, the lateral parts
also turn abruptly down to the margin of the valve. The plications begin in this
valve later than in the ventral one, and at least half or more than half of the
entire length of the valve is smooth. There are four to five folds on the frontal
part of the valve, and four or five more on each lateral part. The margin of
the valve is strongly indented where the folds reach it. There are many striae
of growth crowded together along the margin.
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRAOHIOPODA. 373
Of the internal characters of the species, the loop could not be made visible ;
it could, however, be clearly ascertained that in the dorsal valve two very strong
and very long septal plates existed, which approached each other very much, and
extended from the apex of the valve to about one-third of the length of it in
a nearly parallel direction, measuring 7 mm. in a specimen of 19 mm. total
length, and being at their lower extremity 1*5 mm. apart from each other. In
the ventral valve dental plates do not generally exist ; there is one specimen,
however, in one side of which a faint trace of a dental plate can be traced for
some length, whilst on the other side not a trace of such a plate can be detected.
(This is probably a case of hybridity with Dielasmina plicata, W.)
The granulation of the shell is as fine as in the other species of Hemipty-
china, and requires a very strong magnifying power to be at all detected.
The measurements of four specimens, Nos. I, III and IV from Morah, and
No. II from Khura, are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell .
Length of the smaller valve
Entire breadth of the shell .
„ thickness „
Apical angle of the larger valve
smaller „
i.. ii. nr. iv.
26 mm; 24 mm. 22 mm. 19 mm.
21 „ 20 „ 18-5 „ 16 „
20 „ 18 ., 17 „ 15-5 „
21 „ 18 „ 16-5 „ 14 „
71° 65° 72° 72°
124° 118° 118° 112°
The specimen No. I is the largest and most inflated one known to me.
Locality and geological position. — The greatest number of specimens of this
species were collected by Mr. Wynne at Morah in a light-coloured, compact lime-
stone, forming beyond doubt part of the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
There are not less than seventeen specimens from that locality. Another specimen
was found, also, by Mr. Wynne, at Musakheyl, in a reddish, compact limestone. By
myself the species was found in the section near Khura in the top beds of the
middle division of the Productus-limestone (two specimens), west of Khura in yellow,
marly beds at the very base of the upper division of the Productus-limestone (one
specimen), and in the mountains east of Katwahi in white limestones, low down
in the middle division of the same formation (three small specimens).
Remarks. — This species shows but small variations, and even young specimens of
it can easily be distinguished from Hem. himalayensis, Dav., by the very inflated
condition of its valves and by its plications, which commence on the ventral valve,
not far from the beak. Another species which is rather similar to the present one
is Dielasmina plicata, W. This can be distinguished from Rem. inflata, W., by its
less numerous plications, and the very distinct dental plates, which can generally
be made easily visible. I have already mentioned above that in one specimen of
the present species rudimentary dental plates, or at least one such plate, occurs. I
am inclined to consider this anomaly as the result of hybridity between Dielasmina
374 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
plioata and Remiptychina inflata, as both species are contemporaneous and occir in
the same beds.
Among the species occurring in Europe Remipty china renierii, Oat., from
liassic beds of the Alps, can preferably be compared "with the species under considera-
tion. I have already stated above the reasons why this species would be considered
as a Remiptychina. Erom our Rem. inflata it can be distinguished by its much
heavier shell, thicker and less curved beak, with its very large foramen, by the more
circular shape and less strongly inflated valves.
5. H^miptychina crebbiplicata, Waagen, n. gen. et sp., PL XXVII, fig. 11.
The general outline of this species is roundish ovoid, not much longer than it
is broad, with slightly inflated valves, a straight indented frontline and tolerably
small beak.
The ventral valve is not strongly, but very equally, vaulted in every direction.
The beak is not very thick, well bent over, and pierced just behind its apex by a not
very long, round foramen. The false area is rather narrow and not marked off from
the remainder of the shell. The valve is smooth for a little more than half its length,
then a number of folds begin to appear, which soon become very distinct and reach
down to the margin of the valve. There are seven folds in the frontal region, of
which the middle one is distinctly stronger than the others. On each lateral part
there are five folds more, so that this valve bears altogether not less than seventeen
folds, of which the two last lateral ones are however rather indistinct. The margin
of the valve is finely indented, where the folds reach it. Striae of growth cannot be
detected on the valve.
The dorsal valve is not as equally vaulted as the ventral one. In the longitu-
dinal direction it is tolerably flat for about two-thirds of it3 length, but from there it
bends more rapidly down to the margin. Transversely the curve is rather regular.
The flat part of the valve is perfectly smooth, and it is only where the shell bends
down that the plication begins to appear. There are six folds in the frontal region,
separated from each other by furrows, which are about as broad as the folds them-
selves. Only the middle furrow is broader and deeper, corresponding to the more
prominent median fold on the ventral valve. On the lateral parts there are six folds
on each side, so that the valve altogether bears eighteen folds, of which however the
two last lateral ones are rather indistinct. Striae of growth are absent.
The granulation of the shell is as fine as in the other species of Remiptychina.
Of internal characters only the existence of two strongly developed septal
plates can be observed. The plates are tolerably long and rather far apart from
each other. In a specimen 21 mm. in length they are 6 mm. long, and at their
lower extremity 3 mm. apart. In the ventral valve dental plates are decidedly
absent.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 375
The measurements of a specimen from Morah are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 20 mm.
Length of the smaller valve .18
Entire hreadth of the shell 17
„ thickness. „ 11 ,,
Apical angle of the larger valve 80°
„ » >, „ smaller , , 115°
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether three specimens of
this species preserved in the Salt-range collection, which were all found by Mr.
Wynne. Two of them are from Morah out of white limestones forming part of the
middle division of the Productus-limestone ; the third specimen is from Kalabagh hill
on the western shore of the river Indus, out of marly calcareous beds, also belonging
to the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks.— This species is more or less nearly related to most of the species
of Semiptychina described on the foregoing pages, but it can easily be distinguished
from all of them by its less inflated valves and by the far finer plication of its shell.
There has been, as far as I am aware of, no shell described from any not Indian
locality which would compare more particularly with the present species.
Subfamily: CENTRONBLHNA (?)
Genus : NOTOTHYEIS, Waagen, n. gen.
In the introduction to the family Terebratulidcs I have already mentioned the
existence of a genus in the Salt-range, which probably could be considered as be-
longing to the subfamily Centronellince.
According to the divisions of the Terebratulidce introduced by Von Buch and
Quensted the species belonging to this genus would have to be considered as forming
part of the Antiplicatce, as there is mostly a considerable sinus in the dorsal valve and
a corresponding, vault in the frontal line of the ventral valve, so that the general
curvature of the frontal line is in an opposite sense to that prevailing in the bipli-
cate Terebratulce. The internal characters of these shells are, however, much more
strange than their external shape.
In the ventral valve the hinge is composed of two strong, short teeth, which
are rather far distant from the deltidium. The space between the latter and the
teeth is occupied by the sharp hinge margin. The deltidium is generally not large
but distinct, but whether it was composed of two pieces or not is uncertain.
The beak is thick and strongly bent over, but not very long, pierced by a large oval
foramen. At the margin of the foramen the shell bends inward and surrounds it
on the inner side by a distinct, sharp and high shelly ridge. Dental plates are en-
tirely absent. The muscular and other impressions cannot be distinguished in the
ventral valve.
In the dorsal valve the apex bears no distinct cardinal process. Prom both sides
of the apex high, sharp ridges start, which are separated from the hinge margin by a
furrow which widens near the extremity of the ridges into a roundish groove for
376 SALT-KANGE FOSSILS.
the reception of the teeth of the ventral valve. Between these two ridges, at their
base, a perfectly level, shelly plate extends down to the end of the sockets, filling
the triangular space between the apex and the extremities of the two ridges.
At the place where this plate is joined to the sloping inner walls of the ridges men-
tioned above a shallow furrow extends. The most remarkable1 feature, however, is,
that this plate is pierced just in front of the apex by a tolerably large, elongately
oval, or slightly triangular foramen. At its lower extremity the plate is limited by
a straight, slightly thickened and somewhat raised margin. The crura are fastened
to the underside of this plate, at the place which is marked on the upper side by
furrows, and where this hinge plate is joined to the socket walls. The crura begin
already at the apex and extend on the underside of the hinge plate as divergent,
not very far projecting sharp ridges, which never reach down to the bottom of the
valve to form what in other genera I called septal plates. Where the hinge
plate terminates with its thickened margin, the crura make their appearance from
under it, and quickly extend into broad, shelly lamellae, bearing on their upper
margins a high sharp spur. The spurs of both crura are rather far distant from
each other. The crura are very strongly curved in the horizontal plane of the
valve, but not in a vertical direction. In front of the spurs they get again narrow
and extend down more than half (0-6) of the entire length of the valve.
Though I took very great pains, and sacrificed nearly a dozen specimens be-
longing to this genus, I never was able to detect a transverse shelly band connecting
the two lower extremities of the crura, and I am almost inclined to think that the
loop was not complete, that is to say, that it was only partly calcified.
The impressions of the muscles are also very strange, though very imperfectly
known to me. In the ventral valve nothing at all could be seen, but in the dorsal
valve there are two very large adductor impressions at the sides of a slightly raised,
somewhat broadened and flattened median line, and separated from the latter by
small sharp lines. They are of a broadly oval form, but seem to be single, as up to
the present not a trace of a second pair of adductors could be detected.
This is all that I could ascertain of the interior characters of this genus.
There is no doubt that shells bearing so strange internal appendages should be
considered as forming a separate genus, distinct from Terebratula and the other
genera that have been described up to the present ; but it is extremely difficult to find
out the relations in which this genus stands to the other Terebratulidce. That the
genus forms part of the large family Terebratulidce is demonstrated as well by the
absence of spirally coiled appendages, as by the structure of the shell, which is
very distinctly, though very minutely punctate. Its punctation is about as minute
as in Hemiptychina (see ante). But beyond this no certainty whatever exists. The
peculiarity of an internal foramen in the dorsal valve is, as far as I know, only
repeated in a certain group of species of Athyris, or even in all the forms belonging
to that genus, but beyond this there exists no analogy between Athyris and the
present genus. I have thought it expedient to bring Notothyris into a certain
relation to Centronella, as possibly belonging to the same subfamily, though I have
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BEACHTOPODA. 377
not any imperative reasons for doing so. In Gentronella, as well as in Notothyris,
the middle part of the frontline is depressed, whereby the two genera have to be
considered as belonging to the Antiplicatce. The transverse piece of the loop of Noto-
thyris is unknown up to the present, and it is not impossible that this part of the
loop was never calcified, but was replaced by soft fleshy parts. The curvature of the
crura, as far as they have been observed, is similar in both genera. In Gentronella
also the loop is perfectly free and no septal plates exist, and the cardinal process is as
little developed as it is in Notothyris. These are at least some analogies, and, as the
present genus shows even fewer analogies with the other groups of Terebratulidce,
it will be best to place it in a provisional way into the subfamily Centronellince.
The genus has, as far as is known up to the present, a purely eastern distribution,
and is found most numerously in the palaeozoic deposits of India, where it occurs
in tolerably large numbers in the Salt-range, and, more rarely, in the Himalayas.
One species has been described by Abich also from Djulfa on the Araxes.
In the Productus-limestone of the Salt-range there are not less than seven species,
which range through the middle and upper divisions of the formation. The
geologically oldest species was found by myself at Katta in the lowest beds of the
compact Productus-limestone. It is a very small species and will receive the name
of Notothyris simplex, "W. In the middle and upper region of the middle division
no less than six species have been met with. They are Notothyris multiplioata, W.,
Not. minuta, W., Not. djoulfensis, Abich sp., Not. subvesicularis, Dav. sp., Not.
inflata, W., and Not. warthi, W. The latter species also ranges up into the upper
division of the Productus-limestone, and is there the only representant of the genus,
excepting some few specimens of Not. subvesicularis, and Not. lentieularis, W.,
which will also be described later on.
The occurrence of Not. djoulfensis in the Salt-range is of some interest. The
identification of the Salt-range specimens with the Armenian species, will, I think,
be found correct, though the figures given on PL XXVIII do not look quite as
if they were identical with Abich's figure ; but there are specimens in the Salt-range
which on the one hand cannot be distinguished from Abich's figure, and on the
other hand belong unquestionably to the same species as those specimens figured by
me on PI. XXVIII. The interior of the original specimens of Ter. djoulfensis is not
known, and it is only by the analogy of the external form, and the ascertained
internal characters of the Salt-range specimens that I place this form in the genus
Notothyris. Not. djoulfensis is derived from beds which have been ascertained by
Prof. v. Moller to be of lower permian age.
Though all the species of this genus which have been found in the Salt-range
occur more or less in successive strata, yet no distinct law of development can be
made out among them. It is true that the geologically older species are mostly
smaller in size than the more recent ones, though none of these species attain con-
siderable dimensions, but at the same time small and larger species appear pro-
miscuously in the fossiliferous beds of Musakheyl, belonging to the upper region of
the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
G
378 SALT-KANGE EOSSILS.
1. Notothtris subvesicularis, Davidson, sp., PL XXVIII, figs. 3, 4
1862. Terebratula subvesicularis, Davidson : Quart, Jour. Geol. Soc. Lond., Vol. XVIII, p. 27, pi. II, fig. 4.
1863. Terebratula subvesicularis, (Dav.) Koninck : Foss. Paleoz. de l'lnde, p. 32, pi. IX, fig. 4.
The. general outline of this shell is broadly oval or slightly pentagonal, with, as a
rule, moderately inflated valves, a small beak and only one median fold in the sinus
of the smaller valve.
The ventral valve is slightly more strongly vaulted than the dorsal one. Its cur-
vature is very equal, longitudinally as well as transversely. The beak is rather
thin, short, not prominent, pierced at its apex or just behind it by a small round
or slightly triangular foramen. Below these extends a small triangular deltidium
which is mostly visible, as the beak is not firmly adpressed to the apex of the
smaller valve. The margins of the ventral valve are smooth for a certain distance
from both sides of the deltidium, but then they begin to be cut out into a zigzag
line having two to three indentations on each lateral part. In the frontal part a
very distinct sinuation of the margin of this valve takes place, which forms a
W-shaped line. The valve is smooth for about half its extent, beginning from the
beak, and then strong folds appear which are not sharp but well rounded, and
reach down to the margin of the shell. There are altogether six to eight folds
of which two, the two strongest ones, are on the frontal, and two to three on
each lateral part.
The dorsal valve is not quite so strongly vaulted as the ventral one, and its
curvature is generally not quite equal. It is somewhat flattened in the apical
region, and then bends down more suddenly to the margin where the folds appear.
Eor nearly two-thirds of its whole length, beginning from the apex, it is smooth
and only in the last third of its whole extent do strong, short folds make their
appearance and reach down to the margin. The latter is produced in the frontal
region, forming a tolerably broad W-shaped process. There are generally alto-
gether five to seven folds on this valve, of which three are on the frontal, and one
or two on each lateral part of the valve.
The internal arrangement of this species is as described in the character of the
genus, specimens of this species having chiefly served in the delineation of this
characteristic.
The structure of the shell can only be seen in one specimen, where it can be
ascertained that the shell is distinctly punctate. The punctation is, however not
very fine, mucb coarser than, for instance, in Hemipty 'china.
The dimensions of three specimens from Musakheyl are as follows : —
Entire length of tbe shell . . . .
Length of the dorsal valve . ...
Entire breadth of the shell . . . .
,, thickness „ . .
Apical angle of the ventral valve
„ „ of the dorsal „ .
I.
II. III.
13 mm.
13 mm. 12 mm
11 „
10 „ 10 „
1V5 „
10-5 „ 9-5 „
8'5 „
9 „ 8-5 „
91°
80° 80°
117°
117° 122°
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 379
Locality and geological position.— This species is not at all rare in the Salt-
range, and there were not less than 20 specimens of it in the collection, of which,
however, four have heen destroyed in trying to ascertain their internal characters.
Of these 20 specimens all but two came from the upper region of the middle
division of the Productus-limestone. In this latter position the species was found
by Dr. Oldham, Dr. Warth, Mr. Wynne and by myself at Musakheyl (eleven
specimens) ; by Dr. Oldham at Swas (two specimens) ; by myself at Khura (two speci-
mens) ; and on the road from Vurcha to Uchali (one specimen). In the Trans-Indus
continuation of the Salt-range the species was met with in the same geological
position by myself at Kafirkot (one specimen), and by Mr. Wynne in the Paranga
Kas (one specimen).
A single specimen was collected by myself in the upper division of the Pro-
ductus-limestone at Chidruinthe Cephalopoda bed, in which Xenodiscus carbonarius,
W., was also found. I detected another specimen at the base of the upper division
of the Productus-limestone in a section west of Khura.
Remarks. — This species was excellently described and figured by Mr. Davidson,
whose materials all came from Musakheyl, where, beyond doubt, the species is most
common, though it is not the only Notothyris which occurs at that locality. Never-
theless the species is easy to distinguish from its congeners by its small beak
and by the number of its marginal plications, which is never more than three on the
frontal region of the dorsal valve.
The species has been rightly compared by Davidson to Terebr. vesicularis, Kon., to
which it has really a great similarity. A very fundamental difference, however, exists
iD the entire absence of lateral plications in de Koninck's species, and this difference is
yet more manifest if we compare the internal arrangement of the mountain-lime-
stone species (which seems to agree in all respects with that of the Dielasma in general)
to that of our Indian shell, which in all respects differs widely from King's genus.
A certain similarity to Memipty china himalayensis exists also, and in some cases
it becomes even difficult to distinguish between the two species ; but there is in
Hemiptychina always a certain tendency to form a slightly vaulted frontal line,
whilst in Notothyris, on the contrary, the tendency prevails to bend the frontal line
in the opposite direction, and only in very few specimens can one be in doubt if this
character be properly taken heed of.
The species can be considered as characteristic of the upper region of the mid-
dle division of the Productus-limestone, as specimens in other geological positions
are extremely rare.
2. Notothyris djoulfensis, Abich, sp., PI. XXVIII, figs. 5, 6.
1878. Terebratula djoulfensis, Abich : Geologische Forschungen in den Kaukasischen Landem, I, p. 68. pi. 6.
fig. 10.
1879. Terebratula djoulfensis (Abich) Moller: Neu. Jahrb. f. Min., etc, page 228.
The general outline of tbis species is elongately oval or slightly pentagonal
380 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
with a moderately large beak, and valves that are generally pretty strongly inflated,
and bear only near their margins more or less strong plications, which are always
more numerous than in Not. subvesicularis, Dav.
The ventral valve is very generally more strongly inflated than the dorsal one,
and bears mostly a very equal curvature, so that transversely as well as longitudi-
nally the curvature is about equally strong. Only in some specimens, a sudden
bend in this valve appears at the place where the marginal plications commence. The
outline of this valve coincides with the outline of the whole shell, and thus, if this
valve is more elongately oval, the form of the whole shell is also such ; but when
this valve is more broadly rounded, and at the same time strongly inflated, a nearly
globular shape of the whole shell results. The beak is tolerably thin, not very
prominent, but strongly bent over. It is pierced just behind its apex by a not very
large oval foramen. The valve is smooth for about half its length from the beak,
then there appear tolerably strong, rounded folds, which extend down to the margin
of the valve. This latter is- distinctly sinuated in the frontal region, so that the
indentations corresponding to the folds of the frontal region are situated at a lower
level than those of the lateral parts. There are very constantly nine folds on this
valve ; only in one specimen there are indications of one more fold on each side. Of
these folds three are always in the frontal region of the valve, whilst the other six
are distributed on both lateral parts.
The dorsal valve is always less strongly vaulted than the ventral one; the differ-
ence is, however, in some cases more considerable than in others ; but the dorsal
valve never becomes quite flat, it being always more or less strongly curved. This
curvature is generally only transversely quite regular, but in the longitudinal
direction this valve is mostly rather suddenly deflected where the folds commence.
The folds are shorter in this valve than in the other one, and two -thirds or even three-
quarters of the entire length of the valve remain smooth. There are generally ten
folds on this valve, of which four are situated on the frontal part, whose margin is
slightly prolonged, corresponding to the sinuation of the ventral valve, and three
others are on the lateral parts. Both valves have in this species the peculiarity
that in more strongly inflated specimens near the margins a great many imbricating
striae of growth are crowded together, whilst in other specimens these striae of growth
are absent (as, for instance, in the specimen figured by Abich, and also in several of
the Salt-range specimens).
Of the internal arrangement of this species only the hinge-plate of the dorsal
valve with its large oval foramen near the apex could be observed ; the descending
branches of the crura were only very rudimentarily exhibited in all the specimens
I could spare for the investigation of the internal characters. In the ventral valve
the absence of dental plates could also be observed.
The punctation of the shell, which is very well observable in several speci-
mens, is much finer than in the preceding species, nearly as fine as in the genus
Hemipty china.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.-BEACHIOPODA. 381
The measurements of three specimens, Nos. 1, and III, from Musakheyl, and
No. II, from Swas, are as follows : —
I II ill
Entire length of the shell 16 mm. 16 mm. 15'5 mm.
Length of the smaller valve . . . . . . 14 „ 14 „ 14 „
Entire breadth of the shell 14 „ 13 „ 125 „
„ thickness „ , 12 „ 11 „ 12 „
Apical angle of the larger valve 80° 76° 70"
„ „ ,, smaller • „ 114° 112° 109°
Locality and geological position. — Of this species, which is somewhat less
common than the preceding one, there are altogether ten specimens preserved in the
Salt-range collection, all derived from the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
This species again is most common at Musakheyl, where it has heen collected
by Dr. Oldham and Dr. Warth (six specimens). Another specimen was also found
by Dr. Oldham at Sw&s. Mr. Wynne brought the species from Budikheyl (one
specimen) and from Kalabagh, Trans- Indus (one specimen). I myself collected this
species west of Khura, in beds which were just at the limit between the middle
and upper divisions of the Productus-limestone (one specimen).
Remarks. — The identification of the Salt-range specimens with Abich's species
does not seem to be in any way doubtful, judging at least by the excellent figure of
the species given by Abich. Why his species should not be considered as established,
and should be altogether excluded from the list of fossils occurring at Djoulfa, as
Prof. v. Moller proposes, I cannot conceive. If the materials for this species, col-
lected by Staatsrath Abich at Djoulfa were not very extensive, the specimen
figured by him was beyond doubt excellently preserved, and certainly the species can
very well be recognised from it. The occurrence of this form at Djoulfa is not the
less interesting, if only a few or even only one well-preserved specimen were found.
The species is very nearly re'ated to Notothyris subvesicularis, Dav., but can
easily be distinguished by the four folds on the frontal region of the dorsal valve,
which is a very constant character of this species, whilst in Davidson's species very
constantly only three folds appear on this part of the shell. Abich compares his
species rather more to Hemiptychina himalayensis, Dav., than to Not. subvesicularis.
It must be remarked, that Abich's description of the species is not quite in
accordance with the figure on PL 6 of the work ; and it appears from this description
not quite improbable that among the materials which served for the establishing of
his species there were really one or more specimens of Hemiptychina, leading
to the description of several characters which exist in Hemiptychina, but not
in Notothyris. It cannot however be considered in any way as a fault on the part
of Mr. Abich, that such a confusion of species should occur ; as only a scanty supply
of these forms was available, it was absolutely impossible to distinguish between
these shells, and it was only natural that all were considered as belonging to one
and the same species. The figure unquestionably represents a shell belonging to the
genus Notothyris and identical with the Indian fossils here described. That the
figure on Abich's plate is quite correct I can vouch for, as the plates for Abich's
382 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
work were executed by the artist who has drawn the plates for the present work,
and I am thus perfectly able to judge of the exactitude of his work.
It cannot be denied that a certain similarity exists also between Not. dj'oulfensis,
Ab., and Hemipty china Mmalayensis, but the two species can always be easily
distinguished if one observes the configuration of the frontal line. It is vaulted,
with a bend towards the dorsal valve, in Hemiptyehina, and curved in an opposite
direction, with a bend towards the ventral valve, in Notothyris.
Notothyris dj'oulfensis was described originally by Abich from Djoulfa on the
Araxes in Armenia. The beds in which the species occurred were considered by
him as forming part of the carboniferous formation, but were afterwards recog-
nised by Moller as being of permian age. They are of special interest on account
of their containing species of Cephalopoda that are generically identical with
those of the "Buntsandstein" of the Himalayas, described by Griesbach under the
name of Otoceras woodwardi.
3, Notothyris Warthi, Waagen, n. gen. et sp., PI. XXYIII, fig. 1.
The general outline of this species is slightly pentagonal, somewhat longer
than it is broad, with a very thick, overhanging but not adpressed beak, and very
strong radial folds which commence not far from the apex of the valves.
The ventral valve is not very strongly inflated and its curve not quite equable.
It is very strongly arched in the region of the beak, but gets much flatter towards
the frontal part. The beak is, as indicated above, very thick, long and strongly
overhanging, but quite distant from the apex of the smaller valve, so that below
it a large triangular deltidium can be seen, which seems to be made up of two
pieces. The false area is very broad and rounded, and extends from both sides of
the deltidium and foramen nearly half-way down the length of the shell. The
foramen is properly speaking roundish, and pierces the beak far behind its apex.
From the foramen, however, there extends an open canal down to the apex of the
beak, and this makes the foramen appear of a very elongated oval shape. This
valve is smooth just for one-third of its entire length, beginning from the apex of
the beak. Then very strong and rather sharp folds appear, which are very generally
not more than six in number ; only very rarely two additional very small lateral
folds occur. Of these folds only two belong to the frontal region, and two on each
side are on the lateral parts. As in other species of Notothyris, so in this one the
margin of the ventral valve is cut out in the frontal region, and the indentations
caused by the two frontal folds make the frontal margin appear of a distinctly
W-shape, as in Notothyris siibvesieularis, Dav. The whole valve is covered by
numerous striae of growth, which are, however, not very distinct on the greater part
of the valve, and become only conspicuous near the margin, where several successive,
strong, imbricating striae of growth can be observed.
The dorsal valve is nearly regularly pentagonal in shape, and is not quite as
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE. -BRACHIOPODA. 383
strongly inflated as the ventral one. Its curve is not quite regular, but it is some-
what flattened from the apex down to the beginning of the marginal folds, and
then more or less suddenly beads down to the margin,. This valve remains smooth
over a rather larger area than the ventral one, though the smooth part occupies here
also not quite one-half (exactly f ) of the whole length of the valve. The folds then
begin gradually but soon attain a considerable height and strength. There are seven
folds on this valve, of which three are on the frontal, and two on each lateral, part.
The folds are, however, very unequal in size. The two largest and most prominent
folds are the two external ones on the frontal region, whilst the median one, as well
as the folds on the lateral parts, are much less strongly developed. The margin of
the dorsal valve is also somewhat produced in the frontal region to meet the sinua-
tion of the margin of the ventral valve.
Of the internal characters nothing could be observed, but from the external
form it is almost certain that the internal characters are those generally occurring
in the genus Notothyris.
The substance of the shell is very distinctly but very finely granulated.
The measurements of two specimens, No. 1, from Jabi, and No. 2, from Musa-
kheyl are as follows : —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell 15 mm. 13'5 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve 12 „ 11 „
Entire breadth of the shell 12 „ 11 „
„ thickness „ ...... 10 „ 8'5 „
Apical angle of the larger valve 60° 60°
„ „ „ smaller „ 122" 117°
The specimen No. 1 is the largest that has been found up to the present.
Locality and geological position. — This species is equally common in the
middle division of the Productus-limestone as in the upper division. There are
altogether eighteen specimens preserved in the Salt-range collection, of which eight
are from the middle division, and ten from the upper division of the Productus-lime-
stone. In the former geological position the species was found by myself at Kafir-
kot (Trans-Indus) (five specimens), by Dr. Oldham at Swas (one specimen), by
Mr. Wynne at Kalabagh (Trans-Indus) (one specimen), and by Dr. Warth at Musa-
kheyl (one specimen).
In the upper division of the Productus-limestone the species was collected by
myself at Jabi in the Cephalopoda bed together with Cyclolobus oldhami (eight speci-
mens) at Chidru, also in the Cephalopoda bed, together with Xenodiscus carbonarius
(one specimen), and by Mr. Wynne at Khund Ghat (one specimen).
Remarks. — This species is rather nearly related to Notothyris subvesicularis,
Dav. sp., but can be well distinguished from that shell by the length and size of its
beak and its much stronger and less numerous folds which commence already at a
much earlier stage of growth. The same characters also distinguish this species
from Notothyris djoulfensis, Ab.
Erom other non-Indian localities no species is known to me which could be in
any way compared to the present one.
384
SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
4. Notothyris inhlata, Waagen, n. gen. et sp., PL XXVIII, fig. 2.
The general outline of this shell is very difficult to define. It is not globular,
though the thickness is nearly equal to the length of the shell. It is more or less
irregularly polygonal, or, seen in the dorsal aspect, it is elongately oral. The beak
is thick and large, strongly bent over and firmly adpressed to the apex of the dorsal
valve. Both valves are so strongly inflated that they are quite out of shape.
They are covered all over by strongly imbricating very conspicuous striae of growth
and bear a few slightly developed folds near their margins.
The ventral valve would be hemispherical if the general outline of its margin
were circular ; but, as this forms an elongated oval, the form cannot exactly be called
hemispherical, though it approaches more or less that shape. Its curve is, however,
only tolerably equal in a transverse direction ; longitudinally its curve is rather flat
for about half the length of the valve, beginning from the beak, and then it
descends in a nearly parabolic curve to the frontal margin. The margin is strongly
indented, having two strong indentations in the frontal region, and one smaller
one on each lateral margin. With these indentations folds correspond, com-
mencing about in the middle of the length of the whole valve, and reaching down to
the margin. There are four such folds on this valve, of which the two middle ones
are the strongest, and are situated on the frontal part of the valve. "Where the folds
commence the strong imbricating striae or folds of growth commence also, and get
more and more numerous the nearer the margin of the valve is approached. The
beak is thick and overhanging, pierced behind its apex by a tolerably large, oval
foramen. The false area is very sloping and not marked off from the remainder of
the shell. The deltidium cannot be observed.
The dorsal valve is hardly less strongly inflated than the ventral one, though
its inflation is of another kind. This valve is tolerably flat, but little curved down
to where the marginal folds commence, which is at about two-thirds of its entire
length. Then it suddenly bends very strongly down and even inwards, so that the
margin of the valve lies at the same distance from the apex as the place where
the marginal folds commence. The folds are five in number on this valve, of which
three are in the frontal region and one on each lateral part of the valve. These folds
are all very slightly developed and can barely be distinguished among the exceed-
ingly strongly developed imbricating striae of growth, which cover all the parts of
the valve from where the marginal folds commence. They are more numerous near
the margin of the valve than further up.
Of the internal characters of this species nothing could be ascertained.
The substance of the shell is as finely punctate in this species as in the
preceding one.
The measurements of a specimen from Musakheyl are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell
14 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve
. 10-5 „
Entire thickness of the shell .... ...
. 11-5 „
„ breadth „ „
• • 10 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve
. 75°
,i „ „ „ dorsal „
116°
PR0DUCTT7S-LIMEST0NE.— BRACHIOPODA. 385
Locality and geological position. — Only one specimen of this species is pre-
served in the Salt- range collection. It was found by Mr. Theobald at Musa-
kheyl, in the upper region of the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — Though only one specimen of this species is known, yet the general
form of it is so singular and widely different from the form of other species that
I consider it tolerably certain that the existence of a distinct species is indicated
by the specimen. Its peculiarities consist in the great inflation of the valves,
the extreme development of imbricating strise of growth, and the small number of
marginal folds, which are less numerous and less strongly developed than in any of
the preceding species.
5. Notothtris lenticularis, Waagen, n. gen. et sp., PL XXX, figs. 13, 14.
The general outline of this species is broadly pentagonal, about as long as it is
broad. The valves are flat and not inflated, the beak small and pointed ; there are
a few marginal folds, which are, however, restricted to the very margin of the valves.
As in other species of Notothyris, so also in this the dorsal valve shows a slight
depression in the frontal region.
The ventral valve is regularly, but not strongly vaulted ; its curve is, however,
somewhat stronger in the region of the beak than towards the front. The beak is
thin, strongly bent over, and pierced behind its apex by a very small slightly elongated
foramen. The false area is small, not marked off from the remainder of the shell,
and does not extend far down to the lateral parts of the valve. The valve is
entirely smooth for fths of its length, then low and not very conspicuous
folds appear, which reach down to the margin of the valve and are always nine in
number, three in the frontal region and three more on each lateral part. Strise of
growth cannot be observed on any of the specimens at my disposal.
The dorsal valve is slightly flatter than the ventral one. It is nearly circular
or obtusely pentagonal in its outline, and entirely smooth down to near its very
margin ; the smooth space measured occupies fths of the entire length of the valve.
The folds are here mere undulations of the margin ; there are altogether eight folds
present, four in the frontal region, and two on each lateral part. The frontal part
of this valve is very little but always and perceptibly depressed.
Of the internal characters of this species nothing could be ascertained. The
punctation of the shell-substance is very striking and easily visible ; it is very close,
but apparently not so fine as in other species of Notothyris.
The measurements of a specimen from Khura are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell 15 mm-
Length of the smaller valve 13 „
Entire breadth of the shell ^'5 »
„ thickness „ 8 "
Apical angle of the ventral valve °°
„ dorsal 128°
H
386 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Locality and geological position.— This, species lias been found up to the present
only at a single locality. This was in the section west of Khura in thin bedded
grey limestones at the limit between the middle and upper diyisions of the Productus-
limestone. The three specimens coming from that locality were collected by myself.
Remarks.— By the number of folds in the frontal region this species appears
to be most nearly related to Notothyris djoulfensis, Ab. ; it can, however, easily
be distinguished from that species by its much broader and much flatter form,
which is very conspicuous, and by the much less strong development of the
folds, which are more strictly limited to the marginal region of the valves. By
the same characters, as well as by the greater number of folds in the frontal region,
the species may also be distinguished from Notothyris subvesicularis, Dav., which
appears to be also more or less similar to the present species. Much more strikingly
different from Notothyris lenticularis are Not. warthi, W., and Not. inflata, W., and
the former species cannot easily be mistaken for one of the other two. Thus Not.
lenticularis appears to be a well defined species, which is sufficiently distinct from
the other species of the same genus to be always easily recognised.
6. Notothyris minuta, Waagen, n. gen. et sp., PL XXVIII, figs. 7, 8.
The general outline of this species is roundish, thick, lenticular or nearly globu-
lar, with a proportionate beak, and plicated valves, which are smooth only in
the apical region. The dimensions of the species are always very small, the
largest specimen not attaining more than 10 mm. in length. The ventral valve is
generally rather strongly vaulted, though its curve is often not quite regular, as in
many specimens this valve experiences a sudden bend soon after the marginal folds
have appeared. In other specimens again the curve of this valve is more regular,
but then at the same time the valve is generally also less strongly inflated. The
beak is comparatively rather small, not long and not firmly adpressed to the apex
of the smaller valve. It is pierced behind its apex by a roundish not very large
foramen. The deltidium cannot be made out in any of the specimens. The fajse
area is rather broad, not marked off from the remainder of the shell, and reaching
laterally more or less far down. The valve is smooth for one-third of its entire
length, beginning from the beak. Then strong sharp folds appear, which reach
down to the margin of the valve, and are generally seven in number — two are on the
frontal, and three on each lateral part.
The dorsal valve is always less strongly vaulted than the ventral one. Its
curve is mostly regular, only sometimes a sudden bend appears at the place where
the marginal folds commence. The valve is smooth for just half its entire length.
Then very strong and sharp folds appear, which reach down to the margin of the
valve. There are nine such folds on this valve, of which three are in the frontal
region and three on each lateral part. The median part of the frontal region is
distinctly depressed, and the median fold on a lower level than the two external
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 387
ones, a peculiarity which, is not well expressed in the figures, pi. XXVIII. The
frontal margin forms thus yery distinctly a W-shaped line.
Of the internal characters of this species nothing could he ascertained. The
punctation of the shell is well preserved in some specimens, but it is so extremely
fine that even with a powerful lens it can only he distinguished with difficulty.
The measurements of two specimens, No. I from the Chittawan, and No. II
from Morah, are as follows :—
I. II.
Entire length of the shell 9 mm. 7"5 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve 8 „ 7 „
Entire breadth of the shell 8 „ 65 „
„ thickness „ 6 „ 5 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve . . . . . . .81° 71°
„ dorsal , 119° 114°
Locality and geological position. — This species is not rare in the middle division
of the Productus-limestone. There are altogether eleven specimens of it preserved
in the Salt-range collection, of which four were collected by myself in the section
near Khura in thin-bedded limestones belonging to the upper region of the middle
division of the Productus-limestone. One specimen I found in the mountains east
of Katwahi in the lower region of the middle division. Mr. "Wynne collected five
specimens at Morah and one specimen in the Chittawan near Ghari, all of them also
in the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This species is rather similar to Notothyris subvesieularis, Dav., and
Not. warthi, W., and might possibly be considered as a dwarfed variety of one of
these species, but it would hardly be possible to take it for the young of one of those
two forms. The reasons why I have not adopted either of those views are : firstly,
that the species now under consideration does not exactly agree in external
shape either with Not. subvesieularis or with Not. warthi. With the first of these
forms it has the number of folds and the smallness of the beak in common, while
it deviates from it by the strength and extension of the folds. By these latter
characters, however, it agrees with Not. warthi, from which it differs again just
by the characters in which it agrees with Not. subvesieularis. Thus the characters
of those two species appear to be quite mixed in the present one.
But neither can Not. minuta be the young of the two above-mentioned species,
as in Not. warthi the space for which the valves remain smooth is at least 8 mm.
and in Not. subvesieularis it is still larger. Thus, if the present species was
the young of one of those species, its valves, which never are longer than 9 to
10 mm., ought to be nearly quite smooth or only slightly undulating at their very
margins. But just the contrary is the case.
I thus think I am perfectly justified in considering Not. minuta as a proper
well defined species, which can by its small size alone be easily distinguished from
the allied forms. The other characters by which it is distinguishable have already
been indicated above.
388 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
7. Notothyms multiplicata, Waagen, n. gen. et sp., PL XXVIII, figs. 12, 3.
The general outline of this species, which always exhibits very small dimen-
sions, is broadly to elongately pentagonal, with not very strongly inflated valves,
which are finely plicated, and a small beak.
The ventral valve is not very strongly but very regularly vaulted. The beak
is small, not long, and well bent over, pierced at the apex or barely behind it, by a
tolerably large round foramen. The deltidium seems to have been very small,
but it cannot be well observed in any of the specimens at my disposal. The false
area is not large, rather narrow and reaching down laterally to a very different
extent in what we consider narrowly elongated or broadly rounded varieties. On
the outside of the beak, just on its most prominent part a furrow commences,
which extends over the valve down to where the plications begin, dividing the
smooth part of the valve into two halves. The plications begin in this species at
different heights in different individuals ; whilst in some of them not quite half the
length of this valve remains smooth ; in others again the smooth part extends
over more than two-thirds of the entire length of the valve. The plications are
very numerous. There are generally 13 to 14 folds on this valve, of which three
to four are on the frontal region. All these plications cause the margins of the
valve to be finely serrated ; the indentations on the frontal region are on a lower
level than the remainder of the margin of the valve.
The dorsal valve is slightly flatter than the ventral one, but its curve is just
as regular as that of the other valve. The valve remains smooth for a little more
than from half to two-thirds of its entire length. The plications are 15 to 16 in
number, which all appear as fine, sharp folds. Of these four to five are in the
frontal region. They correspond to a broad, low, but distinct, depression of the
valve, which causes the indentations of this part of the margin of the valve to
project slightly over the remainder of the valve margin.
Of the internal characters of this species nothing could be ascertained, except
that in a specimen with very transparent shell it appears as if a septum extended
down on the ventral valve along the median furrow, from the beak to near the
middle of the length of the valve ; but nothing certain could be made out about it.
The punctation of the shell substance is so fine that it is almost microscopic.
Even with a very powerful lens it can only be seen under favourable circumstances.
The punctation is not very close, but the punctures are very fine.
The measurements of three specimens, Nos. I and II from Musakheyl, and
No. Ill from Morah, are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell .
Length of the smaller valve
Entire hreadth of the shell
„ thickness „ „ „ . .
Apical angle of the ventral valve
.. •> ti » dorsal „ .
I.
II.
III.
8'5 mm.
7*5 mm.
7'5 mm,
7-5 „
65 „
6-5 „
8 „
6 „
5-5 „
5-5 „
5 „
4-5 „
80°
?5°
60°
118°
1L7°
85°
PRODUCTUS LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 389
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether three specimens of this
species known to me, which all come from the middle division of the Productus.
limestone. Two of them were collected by Dr. Warth>t Musakheyl, and one was
found by myself near Morah.
Remarks — This is a very strange little species, and it still remains doubtful if it
is rightly attributed to the genus Notothyris. If it really possesses a septum in the
ventral valve, as it appears to do in one of the specimens, its generic position is a
very problematic one. As this circumstance could not, however, be positively
determined, I have put the species into the genus Notothyris, because in its general
outline it most nearly agrees with the shells belonging to that genus.
It is not difficult to distinguish this species from other species of Notothyris
by the much finer and much more numerous folds it possesses. From the species
of Hemiptychina which are similarly finely plicated, it can be distinguished by its
front line, which is curved in an opposite direction.
3. Notothyris simplex, "Waagen, n. gen. et sp., PI. XXVIII, figs. 9, 10, 11.
The general outline of this species is elongately oval or elongately pentagonal
with a small beak and a W-shaped frontal line, and no marginal plications except
the frontal ones.
The ventral valve is not strongly but very regularly vaulted. The beak is
comparatively thin, strongly bent over and firmly adpressed to the apex of the
smaller valve. It is pierced far behind its apex by a roundish foramen, from which
an open canal descends to the apex, whereby the foramen, if not properly cleared,
seems to possess a very elongated oval shape. In most specimens, however, the
extreme apex of the beak is broken away, and then the foramen is very small and
rounded. The deltidium could not be observed in any of the specimens. The
false area is very differently developed in different specimens. In some it is broad
and reaches far down the sides of the shell ; in others it is very small and limit-
ed to the apical region. It is, however, never sharply defined from the remainder
of the valve. The valve is smooth for by far the greater part of it, and only quite
near the frontal margin the two strong folds appear. Otherwise, only striae of
growth are observable ; they are, however, never very conspicuous. The margin of
the valve is always, and sometimes very considerably, cut out in the frontal region,
so that the frontal part is on a much deeper level than the lateral parts.
The dorsal valve is nearly as strongly and regularly vaulted as the ventral one.
This valve is perfectly smooth for by far the largest part of its extent, and only
quite close to the frontal margin the three folds appear, of which the median one
is the most conspicuous and strongly developed. The marginal part of the frontal
region is generally very strongly depressed in this species, and is on a much lower
I
390 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
level than the lateral parts. The striae of growth are very numerous on this valve
and often much more conspicuous than on the other one.
Of the internal characters of this species nothing could, be ascertained. As far
as could be made out, the substance of the shell seems to be very finely punctated,
but it was not possible to be quite certain on this point, as the shell substance was
too strongly crystalline to show its structure clearly.
The measurements of two specimens from Katta are as follows : —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell . . . . . . . . 7'5 mm. 8 mm.
Length of the smaller valve 6 „ 7 „
Entire hreadth of the shell 6 „ 6 „
„ thickness „ „ „ 5'5 „ 4,5 „
Apical angle of the larger valve 70° 65°
„ „ smaller , 102° 110°
This species seems to grow to considerable size, but the largest fragment does
not indicate a specimen of more than 10 mm. in length.
Locality and geological position.— There are altogether ten specimens of this
species preserved in the Salt -range collection. Of these the greatest number (eight
specimens) were found by myself at Katta in the lowest beds of the compact lime-
stone forming the middle division of the Productus-limestone (bed No. 12 of the
section in my note-book) ; one specimen I collected also myself at Nursingpahar in
the identical beds which are there represented by black coaly limestones. The last
specimen is somewhat doubtful. It was found by Mr. Wynne at Morah, but it
does not exactly agree in shape with the other specimens, and, thus, it is not quite
certain whether the species passes up also into the middle region of the middle
division of the Productus-limestone, from which this specimen came.
Remarks. — This species is very easily distinguished from the other species
of Notothyris by the absence of any lateral folds and the more strongly depressed
frontal line. It is at the same time the geologically oldest species of Notothyris
hitherto described. One might well think it a biological fact of some import-
ance that the geologically oldest species should be the most simple one, as
regards its sculpturing. It is, however, most difficult to trace the development
of the remaining forms from this species. It seems at the first glance as if there
were a certain connection between Not. simplex, W., Not. minuta, W., and Not.
wartM, W., but by the side of the two latter species appear also all the others
described before, and it is impossible to tell whether these should be traced from
the same root, or whether they will have descended from other ancestors. As I
now could not arrive at any definite conclusion in this matter, I have preferred
to simply describe the species without giving any hints as to their probable de-
velopmental connection.
PRODUCTUS.LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 391
Family: THEGIDEIDJE.
This family has been long since established, but it was generally considered not
to contain any other genera except Thecidea and perhaps Argiope, and thus the
variety of forms comprised in the family was not very great. Even in very recent
publications, as for instance in Zittel's Hand-book of Palseontology, no other forms
are adduced as belonging to the family.
In former times, however, several fossils were described, which were rightly
considered by their describers as nearly assignable to Thecidea, but which exhibited
so strange an appearance that they might well have deserved a proper generic de-
signation. Such a fossil was, for instance, Thecidiwm filicis, described by Count
Keyserling as far back as 1853, from the carboniferous limestone of the Urah. and
which was subsequently figured by Moller in the Mountain (Mining) Journal
of St. Petersburg. Other fossils, very nearly related to the one just mentioned,
were much misunderstood as to their natural relations, and were considered as quite
problematical, their systematic position being left quite uncertain. This was the
case with a fossil which occurs not very rarely in the Kossen beds of the Alps, and
which has partly been quoted as Bactrynium bicarinatum, Emmerich, partly as
Pterophloios, Giimbel, and the affinity of which with Thecidea was only recognised
quite recently by Zugmayer.
If these fossils are now brought within the family, the range of forms comprised
by it will be greatly extended, and still more so when some shells occurring in the
Salt-range are taken into consideration. They were mentioned by Zittel in his
hand-book (p. 697), from an inspection of my materials, as belonging to Thecidea or
Pterophloios, but it will soon be seen that they are very different from both.
With all these, however, the family acquires such a large extension and com-
prises so many different and even largely different forms, that either it must be
split up into several families, or at least several sub-families must be distinguished.
The latter appears to me the more practical way to deal with the matter, as
there exists between all the forms which I intend to subsume under the family
a decided affinity, which would be lost sight of if several quite distinct families
were made of them.
The family characters as defined by Zittel are as follows : —
" Shell punctate, small, fastened or free, with straight long hinge-margin, above
which is an area with or without a foramen ; brachial loop following the margin
of the smaller valve, very often fastened to it and generally with more or less
numerous processes, directed towards the inside; cardinal process normally de-
veloped."
These characters are only partly applicable if we comprise within the family all
the forms I have indicated above. Principally the character of smallness must be
withdrawn, as among the Indian shells belonging to the family are specimens which
A
392 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
measure not less than 145 mm. in length, so that they may he counted among the
largest Brachiopods known up to the present. A second point which cannot stand
as a family character is the existence of an area with pseudodeltidium. Neither
those shells which have received the name of Pterophloios, nor the species occurring
in India, show any trace of an area; a straight hinge-margin is generally present, hut
it often hecomes very short. What Zittel says ahout the brachial loop may remain ;
hut the character taken from the cardinal process cannot stand, as the Indian species
have no distinct cardinal process at all. Thus, after such emendations, the family
characters will have to be defined as follows : —
" Shell punctate, of very varying size, mostly attached, sometimes free, and then
with a foramen in the ventral valve. Hingeline straight, hut of very variable length.
Brachial loop following the margin of the smaller valve, mostly fastened to it
for its entire extent, and generally with more or less numerous processes directed
towards the inside."
Only under this definition can all the forms belonging to the family be
brought. Among the forms thus subsumed several groups may, however, be very
conveniently distinguished, and may well be considered as forming sub-families.
One of them has already been distinguished by Dall, but it was considered by
him as forming part of the Terebratulidce. This is the sub-family Megathyrina;,
Dall, forming a very convenient transitional link between the Terebratulidce on the
one hand and the Thecideidce on the other.
The characters of the sub-family might be subsumed under the following diag-
nosis : —
Sub-family: MEGATHYRINA, Dall.
" Shell small with a long straight hingeline and a more or less large area in
both valves, in which a very large round foramen is placed. Brachial loop free for
its greater extent, sometimes lobed, only attached at certain places along the margin
of the dorsal valve."
The genera belonging to this sub-family are not numerous; only one, indeed, has
been recognised as of proper standing, the others being considered by most writers
as sub-genera only. The one which is beyond doubt a genus by itself is —
Argiope, Desl. {Megathyris, Bronn). The characters of this genus are suffi-
ciently well known and need not be repeated here. The genus begins very sparingly
in Jurassic times, and passes up through the cretaceous period to the tertiary and
recent formations.
Another genus is —
Cistella, Gray, 1853 (Cat. Brit. Mus. Brachiopoda, p. 114). Different from
Argiope by a single large median septum in both valves ; has its geologically oldest
representatives in liassic strata, and reaches up into the living fauna. Dall considers
•the genus as well separable from Argiope, whilst, according to Zittel, it constitutes
only a sub-genus of the latter genus. I am myself more in favour of Dall's opinion.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 393
Zexlania, Moore (Davidson Brit., Ju. Brach, p. 141). This is a rather doubt-
ful genus. It is said to possess a fibrous shell. Otherwise it has a median septum
in both valves, as Oistella, and is therefore considered by Dall as identical with that
genus. It has up to the present only been found in the lias of England.
The numbers of genera belonging to the sub-family is for the present
limited to these three. The transitional character of this sub-family between the
Terebratulidce and the Thecideidce consists in the presence of a large foramen
for the passage of a pedicle, and in the brachial loop, which is free for its greater
extent and attached only to the inwardly directed processes proceeding from the
margin of the smaller valve, which are so characteristic for the Thecideidse.
The next sub-family which can be distinguished has also been already estab-
lished by Dall ; it is the
Sub-family : TEBG1BBINM, Dall,
which may be characterised in the following manner : —
" Shell of variable size, mostly small, solid, attached by the larger valve ;
hingeline straight, mostly an area and pseudodeltidium on the ventral valve ;
brachial loop lobed and united more or less firmly with the dorsal valve ; cardinal
process generally tolerably well-developed."
The only genus that up to the present has been known to be comprised in
the sub-family is
Thecidea, Def ranee, 1828 (Thecidium, Sow.). This is a sufficiently well-known
genus, and its characters need not be repeated here. The geologically oldest species
begin to appear in the trias, and thence up to the present times they are represented
in all the formations. In the Alpine trias, however, there appear at the side of the
true Thecidese yet other forms which have received from Giimbel the name of
Ptebophloios, Gumbel, 1861 (Geogn. Beschr. d. bayr. Alpengeb., p. 411).
Already Gumbel suspected the Brachiopod-nature of these fossils, but it was not
before the year of 1880 that Mr. Zugmayer was in a position to prove their affin-
ity beyond any doubt, and to demonstrate that they were most nearly related to
Thecidea, Defr. Mr. Zugmayer, however, went too far in this direction, inasmuch
as he united Pterophloios entirely with Thecidea. Though a certain affinity
between the two fossils can certainly not be denied, yet their generic union cannot
be advocated. Pterophloios is different in certain very important points from
Thecidea. In the large ventral valve the area and pseudodeltidium are decidedly
absent, the cardinal teeth are very little developed, and a long and strong median
septum extends from the apex to the anterior margin. Traces of numerous radial
septa are also present. In the smaller dorsal valve the cardinal process is very
small, but otherwise the arrangement of the brachial apparatus is very similar to
that of Thecidea. It now appears to me that the peculiar structure of the ventral
valve is sufficient to distinguish generically between Thecidea and Pterophloios,
and that thus the latter genus might very well be retained.
394 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
There are yet some remarks to be made as to the name these fossils ought to
bear. Already, in 1855, Mr. Emmerich gave the first description of fossil remains
belonging to Pterophloios (Yahrb. K. K. Geol. Reichsanst. Vol. VI, p. 449) under
the generic designation Bactrynium, Heer. Now, Mr. Zugmayer, in preparing his
" TJntersuchungen uber rhatische Brachiopoden," took great pains to find out what
was meant by the name Bactrynium, and as he could not find anywhere in the
literature that name as given by Heer, he at last wrote to that author himself,
and got the answer that Heer never had created a genus Bactrynium. As now
there exists a genus Bactrillium by Heer, employed for fossil plants, it is highly
probable that Emmerich took these little fossils to be plants and meant to compare
them with Bactryllium, which by a misprint was changed into Bactrynium. Thus
the name cannot be employed, it having never had a real existence. Therefore
Pterophloios, Giimb., is the only name which stands by right for these fossils.
There is only one species of this genus known up to the present. Since a long
time it has been found off and on in rhsetic beds of the Alps, but was always
considered as an exceedingly rare fossil, until M. Zugmayer showed that it was
not rare at all, but that it occurs in considerable numbers at certain localities.
Except in the rhsetic beds nothing similar has been detected in Western Europe.
There is yet another fossil which bears a great resemblance to Pterophloios ;
it is Thecidea filicis, Keyserling, from the upper carboniferous limestone of the Ural.
A single specimen has been found up to the present, by Wangenheim von Qualen,
and has been described by Count Keyserling and Moller. It is, as indicated
by the latter, a dorsal valve only, of considerable dimensions. Neither from the
description, however, nor from the figure (of which PI. XXXI, fig. 10, is a copy )
is it quite clear whether this fossil is more nearly allied to Pterophloios or to the
fossil from the Salt-range, which I shall presently describe under the name of
Lyttonia, Waagen. On the whole it is probable that a proper and distinct generic
type is represented by the fossil from Sterlitamak, but the materials available
are too scanty to say anything positive on that score.
There remains yet one more sub-family to be established within the Thecideidce
solely made up of Indian fossils. The shell in question has long been known,
but has never been recognised as a Brachiopod. It had been described by Koninck
as a Bellerophon. But that author in describing it was very doubtful as to its
real relations to other fossils, and he expressed these doubts in the name which he
gave to the species, as he called it Bellerophon decipiens. In working out these
shells from the rock I was very much struck with the extraordinary structure they
exhibited. C. Schwager, Oustos of the Royal Palseontological Museum of Munich,
first drew my attention to their similarity to Pterophloios, Gtimb. ; but as at that
time the fossils bearing that name were among the most obscure known, not much
was gained by the detection of this similarity.
After much painstaking I came to suspect a certain relation between the
Indian fossils and Thecidea, but I was not able to prove anything. It was there-
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BEACHIOPODA. 395
fore with very great pleasure that I learnt Mr. Zugmayer's very meritorious dis-
covery of Pterophloios being a Thecidea. Then only, though there still exist
great differences in structure between the Indian fossils and Pterophloios, was I
in a position to assign to the Indian specimens a definite place in the system.
The peculiarities exhibited by these fossils are so great that it becomes neces-
sary to create for them a proper sub-family, for which I introduce the name of
Sub-family : LTTTONIINM, "Waagen.
" Shell of large size, flat or vaulted, attached by the larger valve ; hingeline
strait but short, no area or pseudodeltidium ; internally, the ventral valve with a
median and numerous lateral septa ; dorsal valve rudimentary, forming together
with the brachial apparatus one strongly-lobed shelly plate, which fits between the
external septa of the large valve. "
From this definition it appears clearly in what essential points this sub-family
deviates from the Thecideince. Yet I think these forms ought to be retained in
the family Thecideidce, as the most striking characters of the family, the punctate
shell, the lobed brachial apparatus, and the attached larger valve persist, though
under such very strange modifications.
There are two genera which I comprise in the sub-family, the genus Lyttonia,
Waagen, n. gen., and the genus Oldhamina, Waagen, n. gen.
The genus Lyttonia, so far as known, is exclusively of eastern distribution.
Two species of it occur in the Salt-range as well as in the Himalayas ; a third
species has been described by Kayser as a fish-tooth under the name of Leptodus
richthofeni from the upper carboniferous beds of Lo-Ping in China.
The genus Oldhamina is still more restricted in its geographical range, and has
up to the present only been found in certain beds of the Salt-range, unless the
Thecidea filicis, Keys., already several times mentioned, belongs after all to this genus.
There are at least some points given in the description by Moller which could be
adduced in favour of the opinion that he had to deal with an Oldhamina. Moller
says : " On the inside of the dorsal valve there is a shelly plate which served for the
support of the hand-shaped labial appendages of the animal. This very fine plate
rests on the bottom of the valve in the hollow which is marked on each side by
a prominent ridge ; it proceeds from the cardinal part of the shell where it is
fixed on both sides. Erom here it extends towards the frontal margin, forming
four lobes on each side of the middle line. Near the frontal margin both the
lateral parts of this plate curve round and return straightway to the cardinal region,
where they unite from both sides."
This description appears to be as well applicable to the apophysary ridge or
the " appareil descendant " of Deslongchamps in Thecidea, as to the dorsal valve of
Oldhamina ; but if the latter were the case, the specimen from Sterlitamak would
not be the dorsal valve only, but would consist of the ventral valve with the dorsal
one resting on it. But then the dorsal valve would be in this species still more
396 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
rudimentary than it is in the Indian specimens of Oldhamina ; the curve of the
ventral valve would, moreover, be the opposite way, so that the dorsal valve would be
convex and the ventral concave, just the opposite of what is the case in some of the
Indian fossils. It would be extremely desirable to learn something positive on all
these details, and it is to be hoped that some fortunate finds in the beds of the Ural
will throw more light on the very obscure relations of this highly interesting fossil.
With regard to the development in time of the whole family of Thecideidce,
we find that the geologically oldest species known up to the present is Thecidea
filicis, Keys. I have stated above, that what is known up to the present of this
fossil admits of no certain conclusion as to its real structure ; there are, however, some
indications that the dorsal valve was a mere thin-lobed plate, split up in the middle
in two halves by a deep sinuation extending from the frontal margin to near the
cardinal region. Next in the series, but not far removed in time from the preced-
ing species, come the forms from the Salt-range, for which I have introduced the
names Lyttonia and Oldhamina. In these species also the dorsal valve is still rudi-
mentary to a certain extent : but there is already a solid middle piece developed,
and only the lateral incisions are as yet present, by which the lateral parts of the
valve become lobed. After ths disappearance of Oldhamina, which takes place
probably at the upper limit of the palaeozoic series, a very long time elapses during
which we know nothing of the family. The next member that we are acquainted
with is JPterophloios, which occurs in rhsetic beds, that is to say in the uppermost
division of the triassic period. This genus approaches more the type of Thecidea
proper. The projecting ridges of the ventral valve, which are so remarkable a
feature in Lyttonia, have almost disappeared, the dorsal valve has changed into a
solid shelly mass with entire margin, and only on the inside of this valve can the
characteristic figure of the dorsal valve of Lyttonia be recognised. Along with
JPterophloios true Thecidece occur, and with these the family has already attained
the development which it exhibits in the recent seas. The sub- family Megathyrince
appears to be a lateral branch of the same stem, of which it is, however, not yet
known for certain at what time and in what manner it branched off.
Sub-family: LYTTONIINJE.
Genus : LYTTONIA, Waagen, n. gen.
1878. Bactrynium (Emmer.) Waagen : Records, Geol. Surv. of India, Vol. XI, pp. 186, 187.
1880. "The unnamed fossil of the Salt-range ," Wynne : Trans-Indus extension of the Salt-range, Mem. Geol.
Surv. of India, Vol. XVII, p. 210.
1880. Thecidea (Defr.) Zittel: Handbuch der PaUeontologie, I, 1. p. 696, 697 (pars.)
1880. Thecidea (Defr.) Zugraayer : Untersuohungeu fiber rhatische Brachiopoden : Beitrage zur Palasontologie
von. Ostreich-Ungarn, I p. 22. (pars.)
1882. Leptodus, Kayser, n. gen. : Kiehthofen's China, Vol. IV, p. 161.
Shell strongly inequivalve composed of a solid larger valve and a rudimentary
smaller one. The larger valve is generally attached for its whole extent, flat and
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE,— BEAPHIOPODA. 397
very irregular in its shape, sometimes very thick and heavy, sometimes moderately
so. It bears sometimes great lateral expansions, which cover large surfaces of rock.
No distinct apex is developed ; a short straight hingeline, surrounded by more or less
largely expanded shelly parts, termimates this valve in the cardinal region. The
outer surface of this valve is but rarely visible ; it bears irregular undulating striae of
growth, which are more or less distinctly interrupted along the middle line of the
valve. The inside is most characteristic. The most striking character consists in
numerous lateral septa which extend in a slight curve, concave towards the cardinal
region, from near the lateral margins of the valve to near its middle, where they leave
a more or less broad smooth space, in the middle of which in most cases is a narrow
vertical septum, extending from near the cardinal to the frontal region of the valve.
In all these features more or less irregularity prevails according to the inequalities of
shape of the whole valve.
The cardinal region needs a separate description. The vertical median septum
generally stops a short way before it reaches the cardinal region, and in the smooth
space thus formed in many specimens tolerably sharply denned, elongated, diverging
impressions can be discerned, one pair on each side, the margins of which are
slightly raised. These impressions will very likely have to be considered as mus-
cular scars. Above these, very near the short straight hingeline, and joined to the
first rudimentary lateral septum are the hingeteeth, narrow, thin, diverging ridges,
which are, however, very badly developed in this genus, and often cannot be well
distinguished. The space between the lateral septa is everywhere irregularly grooved
and punctured. Wherever this large valve is not covered by the rudimentary
smaller one, it is distinctly and finely papillated.
The smaller valve is rudimentary, as has been frequently stated, and thus it
covers the larger one only partially, so that the latter projects everywhere below the
smaller one. It consists of a more or less large solid middle piece, to which are
joined on both sides more or less numerous wing-like appendages, which fit between
the lateral septa of the larger valve. The middle piece is broader and more compact
in the cardinal region, and narrower, corresponding only to the median space be-
tween the lateral septa, towards the front. It is by no marked feature distinct from
the lateral wings. The whole valve is flat, like the ventral one, and all covered on
the outside by very fine papillae. The solid middle piece bears in the cardinal region
shallow transverse impressions corresponding to the lateral septa of the large
valve, which at certain irregular places become somewhat deeper, so that more or
less large holes are formed piercing the valve. The holes begin to be formed as
near to the cardinal end of the valve as to the lateral margin of it. Further down
these holes extend more and more inside the shell as well as outside, so that they
soon become narrow deep incisions, by which the whole valve is cut up in narrow
laterally-extending branches, which are united only in the middle by the solid shelly
piece, extending from the cardinal region of the valve down to the frontal margin.
Into these incisions fit the lateral septa of the larger valve. Along the centre of the
398 SALT-BANGE FOSSILS.
solid middle piece a narrow but not sharp furrow runs along, corresponding on the
inside of the valve to a median septum.
The [ inside of the valve bears few remarkable features. The brachial loop
seems to have consisted only of a sharp prominent ridge, lobed much in the same
manner as in the dorsal valve of Pterophloios emmerichi, Giimb., and attached for its
entire length to the substance of the valve. In the short straight hingeline there is
a very small bipartite cardinal process, which appears as the cardinal termination of
the median septum. There is no specimen in which I could observe the dental
grooves on the side of this process or the commencement of the loop ; but there is
very little doubt that the sharp prominent ridge bordering the lateral incisions
of the valve must be considered as forming part of the loop, as this ridge extends
in the cardinal region also on the solid part of the valve, forming high crests with a
furrow on the top, into which fit the lateral septa of the ventral valve.
The substance of the shell is made up in the ventral valve of two layers, an
outer one, which is very thin and solid, but is very rarely preserved, as mostly the
whole underside of this valve is attached ; and an inner one, which is often very
thick, and is always very distinctly punctate. The dorsal valve is only made up of
the punctate shell-substance. There are up to the present three species of this genus
known to me, of which two occur in the Productus-limestone of the Salt-range, and
will bear the names of Lyttonia nobilis, Waagen, n. gen. et. sp., and Lyttonia tenuis,
Waagen, n. gen. et sp. The third species has been described by Kayser from the
upper carboniferous limestone of Lo-ping in China, and must be quoted as Lyt-
tonia richthofeni, Kays, sp.
This latter species was originally described by Kayser under the name of Lept-
odus richthofeni, and it requires some words of explanation why I do not use the
generic name Leptodus for the fossils under consideration. M. Kayser was very
doubtful as to the systematic position of these fossils, but at last he decided on
their being fish-teeth. That author did not know that the fossil was bivalved, as
all his specimens showed only one valve, and thus the mistake is very well explain-
able. Nevertheless I should gladly have used M. Kayser's name, had it not been
unfortunately just such an one as is only applicable to fish remains, and cannot pos-
sibly be used for brachiopodous shells. Thus I was compelled to make a new name,
and I introduced the name of Lyttonia in honour of Lord Lytton, under whose
auspices this work was begun.
1. Lyttonia nobilis, Waagen, n. gen. et sp., PI. XXIX, XXX, figs. 1, 2, 5, 6,
8, 10, 11.
This large and beautiful species is not rare in the Salt-range, but is very rarely
met with in complete specimens, and the specimen figured on PI. XXIX is the
only one I detected in a tolerably perfect state.
PRODUCTUS -LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 399
When perfect the shell is of very considerable dimensions, flatly spread out, and
attached by the entire underside of the ventral valve. Owing to this circumstance
it is often very uneven, and irregularly curved in all directions, according to the
curvature of the body to which it is attached. But also laterally very often distor-
tions take place, the cause of which cannot always be easily understood. Erom all
these circumstances, it is evident that the general outline of the shell must be very
irregular, — so much so, that it becomes very difficult to give a general idea of its shape
and outline.
The shell is always longer than wide. Sometimes it terminates in the cardinal
region in a tolerably long and straight hingeline, nearly as long as the broadest
part of the shell ; sometimes it is rounded at both ends and bears only a very short
straight hingeline in the cardinal region. The lateral margins vary very irregularly,
bending out and in as the nature of the body to which the valve is attached permits.
They are sometimes bent up, but sometimes also so largely spread out over surfaces of
rock that the proper limits of the valve cannot be made out. More commonly
than on the lateral margins, such expansions occur in the cardinal region where the
ventral valve often appears as if rolled up, from the shelly expansions, which are
turned over the somewhat elevated hingeline, and descend again to the supporting
rock surface to be again attached. In other specimens these expansions are very
little developed, there being great variation in this respect.
The substance of the ventral valve is comparatively thick and heavy. "Where
sometimes for short distances it is not attached, two shell layers can be distinguish-
ed, one outer, rather compact and covered by numerous striae of growth, and an inner
one composing the greatest thickness of the valve and made up of many thin lamellae.
This inner layer is more or less distinctly porous, and the pores are chiefly distinct
and numerous along zones on both sides of the lateral septa, which penetrate the
inner shell layer.
On the inner side of the ventral valve the lateral septa, so characteristic of the
shells of this whole sub-family, are developed with high crests, and are present in
large numbers. In the specimen figured on PI. XXIX there are about thirty-three
such septa on each side of the middle line. None of these septa reaches the very edge
of the lateral margins, but the whole valve is bounded by a smooth space of shell,
which is not very broad in the specimens with bent-up margins, but which is very
much extended in specimens bearing lateral expansions. The septa are sometimes
very irregular in their development ; sometimes they bifurcate towards the lateral
parts of the shell, and are otherwise bent in different directions, or they are inter-
rupted for a short distance and reappear further on.
Towards the cardinal region they become gradually more and more short and
the last two are quite rudimentary. The last pair is strongly inclined, converging
towards the hingeline, and apparently must be considered as replacing the cardinal
teeth. Inside of these teeth, more towards the middle of the valve, two pairs of
elongated longitudinally striated, slightly raised bodies can be observed, which per-
haps served for the insertion of muscles.
B
400 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The dorsal valve is much thinner in its substance than the ventral one. I have
no specimen in which the entire hingeline and its internal apparatus is observable ;
but otherwise this valve bears very peculiar characters, which enables it to be easily-
distinguished from the same valve of other species. In this species the whole valve is
surrounded by a continuous smooth margin so that the incisions, which in general
characterise the dorsal valve of the shells belonging to this sub-family, appear in
this species as perforations of the shell. These perforations are generally long nar-
row slits extending from the smooth shell margin to near the middle line of the
valve, and into which fit the lateral septa of the ventral valve. In the cardinal
region these slits are more and more limited to the lateral parts of the valve, and are
often bridged over by shelly substance, so as to be divided into several parts.
On the outer surface of the valve a distinct, longitudinal median impression,
corresponding internally to a longitudinal septum, is present. The whole outer sur-
face of this valve is covered by very numerous small papillae.
The dimensions of the only tolerably complete specimen that has been found up
to the present are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell . . . . . . . . ] 45 mm.
„ breadth „ ........ 87 „
Thickness of the entire specimen . . . . . . . 28 „
Thickness of the section through both valves in the cardinal region . 9 „
Locality and geological position. — The species is chiefly numerous in beds belong-
ing to the middle division of the Productus-limestone. The most complete specimen
was collected by myself at Virgal, in a friable crinoidal limestone interbedded with
compact coral limestones. This specimen is exposed on the ventral or attached
valve, a circumstance which has very likely been caused by its having been fastened
originally only to loose crinoidal detritus. Both its valves are preserved. Besides
this complete specimen two fragments of the ventral valve were collected by me at
the same locality in the same beds. The locality where the greatest number of
specimens, all fragments of the ventral valve, were found is Morah. All these speci-
mens (12) were collected by Mr. Wynne in a hard silicious limestone forming pro-
bably part of the middle region of the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
At other localities only sporadic specimens have been found. A large tolerably
/ complete specimen (ventral valve) was collected by myself in the upper beds of the
calcareous series forming the middle division of the Productus-limestone at the vil-
lage of Khura. Another fragment, silicified, was found by Dr. H. "Warth at
Musakheyl. Also Trans-Indus the species seems not to be rare. It has been col-
lected by Mr. Wynne at Kalabagh (1 ventral valve), and at Bilot (5 fragments,
among them a tolerably large fragment of a dorsal valve).
Remarks. — There is only one species to which the present form can be com-
pared. This is Lyttonia richthofeni, Kays, sp., of which only ventral valves have been
found, and these rather imperfect, the inner surface being always concealed by rock
matter, so that the configuration of the inside is only known from internal casts.
Prom what we know of these fossils, it is, however, almost certain that they are
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 401
specifically distinct from Lyttonia nobilis. The whole form of the shell seems to be
smaller and more triangular, its substance is apparently much thinner, and on the
inside the longitudinal median septum seems to be absent. A point of difference
may also exist in the greater flatness of the shell of Lyttonia nobilis.
Another very similar species is Lytt. tenuis, Waagen, which I shall describe next.
This form is distinct from the present species chiefly by its less compact shell and
a differently developed dorsal valve.
2. Lyttonia tenuis, Waagen, n. gen. et. sp., PI. XXX, figs. 3, 4, 7, 9.
Among all the materials of this species from the Salt-range there is not a single
entire specimen, and therefore it becomes very difficult to say anything positive on
its general outline. It seems that this was more roundish and less elongated than
in Lytt. nobilis, but nothing certain can be said about the point. In this species
also great irregularities of shape occur, but apparently less extensive and less fre-
quent than in the preceding species. It is also much smaller.
The ventral valve is exceedingly thin, barely attaining the thickness of ordi-
nary paper. Its outer surface is never visible, being always firmly attached for its
whole extent. Internally the valve exhibits the features generally found in shells
belonging to the sub-family. The median longitudinal septum is very strongly
developed, and the numerous lateral septa are very thin and sharp. Owing to the
extreme thinness of the valve these lateral septa are in many specimens imperfect,
and bear a more or less deep furrow at top, sometimes so deep as to penetrate the
whole shell substance, and then the ventral valve becomes as well lobed as the
dorsal one, with the sole difference that the incisions between the single lobes are
extremely narrow in the ventral valve. These incisions occur only in specimens in
which lateral and cardinal expansions are absent. Mostly, however, such expansions
are greatly developed and often cover large surfaces of rock, and then there are either
only furrows on the top of the lateral septa, or these form narrow sharp and high crests.
The shelly expansions are always rugose, with numerous comparatively large
papillae covering their whole surface.
The cardinal apparatus is in this species much like that in the preceding one.
The teeth are badly developed and are united to the first pair of lateral septa, which
is somewhat more sloping than the others. Between the cardinal teeth the same
impressions are found as I have- described in the preceding species, and which I take
to be muscular scars ; but in many specimens they are very indistinct.
The dorsal valve exhibits many highly characteristic features. The solid
central piece is very much reduced, and in the cardinal region is not more extended
than elsewhere. There is no continuous margin bordering the whole valve, and the
incisions reach the edge so that it appears to be divided into a number of long and
narrow lobes, which are generally only united in the solid middle piece. The outer
surface of the valve is covered with very numerous comparatively large papillse,
making it more or less strongly rugose.
402 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
On the inside this valve is very characteristic. As in Lytt. nobilis, the lateral
incisions are bordered all round by a sharp high ridge, which I consider as forming
part of the brachial apparatus. In one specimen collected by Mr. Wynne at Bilot,
there seems to rest between these ridges on the bottom of the valve a very thin
shelly lamella, which in its shape follows entirely the shape of the valve, but which
cannot be observed for its whole extent, as it appears to be only partly preserved.
Along its margins this lamella is distinctly fringed, and chiefly at the interior
angles of the incisions towards the solid middle piece long and numerous fringes can
be seen. There is but little doubt that this lamella must be considered as representing
the " appareil descendant" of the Thecideidce, and the occurrence of it in a specimen
of Lytt. tenuis is a further proof that these very strange fossils must be con-
sidered as forming part of that family. The inner side of the apical region is not
distinctly exposed in any specimen, and therefore I am not in a position to describe
that part accurately. There is a thickening at the termination of the longitudinal
median septum, in the middle of the short straight hingeline as in Lytt. nobilis,
which might be compared to a cardinal process, but otherwise nothing can be seen.
There is no entire specimen of Lyttonia tenuis preserved in the Salt-range
collection, and therefore I am not in a position to give any measurements. On the
whole it can be taken for granted, that this species never attains the very consider-
able dimensions of Lytt. nobilis.
Locality and geological position. — This species is more common than the larger
and more solid Lyttonia nobilis, but it is always found only in fragments. Already
by the early observers it had been collected, and it was apparently only by chance
that no specimen of it was among the materials sent by Dr. Fleming to Messrs. David-
son and de Koninck ; as Mr. Theobald, then Dr. Fleming's assistant, presented
several specimens to the collections of the Geological Survey of India. One of
these, the one figured on PI. XXX, fig. 4, had been considered by Mr. Theobald
as the pygidium of a Trilobite, and therein originated the report that Trilobites were
found in the Salt-range. These old specimens, two in number, both fragmentary
duplicates, were collected in the upper beds of the middle division of the Produc-
tus-limestone of Musakheyl.
Of the specimens procured during the preparation of the geological map three
fragments of the ventral valve were collected by Mr. Wynne at Swas in the middle
division of the Productus-limestone, and two also fragmentary specimens I found
myself in the same horizon west of Khura. At the section near the village of Khura I
collected one specimen in the thin-bedded limestones, forming there a transitional
link between the middle and upper divisions of the Productus-limestone.
The species is much more abundant in the Trans-Indus extension of the Salt-
range. It has been collected there by Mr. Wynne everywhere in the middle division
of the Productus-limestone, and is represented in the collection by the following
specimens : Paranga Khas west of Chichali (one specimen, ventral valve), Kafirkot
north (seven fragmentary specimens, all ventral valves except one), Gulami (one
specimen), Bilot (six specimens).
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRAOHIOPODA. 403
Remarks. — This species, especially in fragments, is not always easy to be dis-
tinguished from, the preceding one, and often the determination of such fragments
remains doubtful. In general the much less massive development of the lateral
septa in the ventral valve, and the extreme thinness of this valve, which often
covers the rock surface only as a thin film, are safe characters. In all the speci-
mens I have seen of this species the whole underside of the ventral valve is
attached ; I have never seen even the margins bent up and detached from the rock,
as is often the case in Lyttonia ndbilis.
The dorsal valve, which is far more rarely met with than the ventral one, can
easily be distinguished by the absence of the continuous margin, and the very
small extension of the solid middle piece in the cardinal region.
Of other species Lyttonia richthofeni, Kays, sp., must still be compared. I do
not think it likely that the present species will ever be mistaken for the Chinese
one, as in the latter the ventral valve seems to be free nearly for its whole extent,
whilst it is attached for its whole extent in Lyttonia tenuis. The dorsal valve of
Lyttonia richthofeni has not been detected up to the present.
3. Lyttonia cf. richthofeni, Kays, sp.
1882. Leptodus riehthofeni, Kayser : in Riehthofen's China, Vol. IV, p, 161, PI. XXI, figs. 9-11.
There is a tolerably large fragment of a single ventral valve, which exhibits a
very thin shell substance and has not been attached. The outer surface is well
preserved, covered by very numerous irregular striae of growth which are bent up
and indistinctly interrupted in the middle.
The inner surface is not exposed, but it can be seen in section that it possessed
numerous lateral septa such as occur in other species of Littonia.
Locality and geological position. — The only fragment of this species was col-
lected by myself in the middle division of the Productus-limestone at Khura.
Remarks. — This fragment is certainly very nearly related to Lytt. richtho-
feni, but nevertheless I should not like to identify it directly with that species,
as the Indian fossil seems to have attained a much larger size than the Chinese
specimens, and seems in its general outline to have been much more elongated than
any of them. Yet the materials in my hands are not sufficient to make a proper
species of it, though it is not improbable that a distinct form is represented.
Genus : OLDHAMINA, Waagen, n. gen.
1863. Bellerophon (Montf.) Koninck : Quart. Journ., Geol. Soc, Lond., Vol. XIX, p. 8.
1863. Bellerophon (Montf.) Koninck : Foss. paWozoiques de l'lnde, p, 15.
1880. Thecidea (Defr.) Zittel : Handbuch d. Palaaontologie, I. 1, pp. 696, 697 (pars.)
1880. Thecidea (Defr.) Zugmayer : Untersuchungen fiber rhatische Brachiopoden Beitrage zur Palseontologie von
Ostreich-Ungam, I, p. 22 (pars.)
The shells belonging to this genus have been long known, but they have always
404 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
been considered as univalve, and were in consequence compared by Mons. de
Koninck to Bellerophon. That author, however, had only one not very well
preserved specimen at his disposal, and thus it can easily be conceived that he
could not get access to the second valve, which is very generally concealed by rock
matter.
I too experienced great difficulty in trying to make out the characters of the
smaller valve. That the shell was bivalved I was very soon convinced by a
specimen I collected at Jabi, in which the larger valve was partly broken off and
the smaller one appeared below, but the distance between the two valves was so
very small that only close investigation removed every doubt as to the nafiire of the
smaller valve.
Thus the shell is composed of two valves, one smaller and one larger, corre-
sponding respectively to the dorsal and the ventral valves of the Brachiopoda. The
ventral valve is much more solid, compact, and externally entirely smooth, only
covered by tolerably numerous concentric striae of growth. It is at the same time
very strongly vaulted, nearly hemispherical, and strongly bent over in the apical
region. In consequence of this the hingeline is not visible, being covered up by a
thick callosity, which envelopes the apical part of the valve and extends on both
sides in wing-like expansions, rolled up spirally. The shape of the callosity is other-
wise very irregular. During earlier stages of growth the valve is attached by
the apex, but later on it becomes free. Internally the characteristic septa of the
sub-family Lyttoniinee are developed. The hingeline can only very rarely be ob-
served : it is straight and generally somewhat longer than in Lyttonia, and forms a
deep angular furrow, which is not interrupted in the middle. Below it and not in
connection with it are the well-developed hingeteeth, joined to the first. pair of
lateral septa, and forming high, sharp, diverging ridges, elevated sharply above the
crest of the septa. The muscular scars, which are so conspicuous in Lyttonia, are
absent in this genus.
The dorsal valve is constructed very much as in Lyttonia. It is strongly con-
cave, and consists of a longitudinal solid middle piece, to which are attached later-
ally long, narrow, shelly lobe sseparated from each other by deep narrow incisions,
into which fit the lateral septa of the ventral valve. Internally the incisions are
surrounded by high sharp ridges, which very likely must be considered as re-
presenting the brachial apparatus. The cardinal region of this valve is developed
somewhat differently from that of Lyttonia. The hingeline is straight with a some-
what sloping margin. The longitudinal median septum terminates at the hingeline
in a kind of cardinal process, which, however, does not project above the hingeline.
It is divided very much in the manner of the cardinal process of the smaller valve
of Produotus. In its general shape it is rhomboid, composed of four longi-
tudinally-placed lamellae. Prom both lateral angles of the rhomboid descend sharp
sloping ridges, behind which, towards the hinge-margin, the dental sockets are
placed. These latter are rather broad triangular grooves, which cannot have been
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 405
filled up by the narrow cardinal teeth. The whole hinge-apparatus has not become
quite clear to me, but from the investigation of many specimens the interpretation
of the parts as I have given it seems the most probable one.
Externally the dorsal valve as well as the callosity of the ventral one are
finely papillate.
Though externally these shells seem to be rather different from Lyttonia, yet
in reality there exists a very great affinity between the two genera. The internal
arrangements are nearly all identical, and the chief difference consists only in the great
inflation of the ventral and the corresponding concavity of the dorsal valve, the
callosity in the cardinal region of the ventral valve, and the generally unattached
state of the whole shell. It was these very distinguishing characters that led to an
entirely different opinion as to the nature of these fossils in comparison to Lyttonia.
Both were considered by former writers as univalve; but while the flatly-spread
shell and singular structure in Lyttonia suggested the appearance of fish-teeth, the
strongly inflated nearly hemispherical state of the shell of Oldhamina induced the
observers to consider these fossils as Bellerophonts. It needs only a glance at the
figure on PL XXXI to show the similarity to those univalve Mollusks, and how
intelligible it is that in the absence of any other comparable fossils, and under the
impression of their being univalved, these shells were taken for Bellerophonts. That
the presence of a second valve excludes the Bellerophon-nature of these shells
absolutely has been already remarked.
There have, however, been recently described more accurately some fossils which
do bear a great resemblance to Oldhamina ; they compose the genus Pterophloios,
Giimb. The ventral valve of Pterophloios, looked at from the outside, appears
exactly like a very small species of Oldhamina, and differs from the latter only by
the absence of those irregular expansions or wings in the cardinal region, as well as
of the callosity. As, however, these characters are very little developed in young
specimens of Oldhamina, it cannot be denied that the similarity is really very great,
and it is quite justifiable that Zittel as well as Zugmayer, only from the superficial
inspection of my materials, thought it proper to directly unite the Indian fossils with
Pterophloios, — that is to say, with Thecidea, — as both consider the two genera as
identical. It is when we proceed to compare the inside of the ventral valves in the
two fossils that we soon find that the similarity is only an apparent one. The longi-
tudinal median septum, which is very weak and thin in Oldhamina, is strong and
prominent in Pterophloios ; and the lateral septa, such a very characteristic feature
on the inside of the ventral valve of Oldhamina, have nearly entirely disappeared
in Pterophloios, only indistinct irregular furrows yet remaining, The difference is
far greater if we compare the dorsal valves of the two fossils. It is true the dorsal
valves of both fossils are concave, but beyond that the similarity ceases. It is
solid and compact in Pterophloios, and cut up in many narrow lobes in Oldhamina,
and thus the two valves need not be further compared.
Thus it is evident that Oldhamina and Pterophloios, though showing certain
406 - SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
points of similarity, are yet entirely different things. But also Oldhamina and
Lyttonia are sufficiently different to consider them as forming different genera.
Already the general appearance of the two fossils suggests such a distinction, not to
speak of the spirally rolled-up expansions and the callosity in the cardinal part of
the ventral valve of Oldhamina. I therefore think myself quite justified in pro-
posing the generic name Oldhamina for these forms. I have chosen this name in
honour of the former chief of the Geological Survey of India, under whose direc-
tion I executed my geological studies in the Salt-range.
The genus has up to the present not been observed in any part of the world
but in the Salt- range; and it is there represented by a single species, Oldham,
decipiens, Koninck, sp.
1. Oldhamina decipiens, Koninck, sp., PL XXXI, figs. 1-9.
1863. Bellerophon decipiens, Koninck: Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Lond., Vol. XIX, p. 8, PI. Ill, fig. 1.
1863. Bellerophon decipiens, Koninck: Fossiles pal^ozoiqoes de l'lnde, p. 15, PI. Ill, fig. 1.
The general form of the shell is mostly more or less irregularly hemispherical,
sometimes more elongate, sometimes broader. The larger or ventral valve is
generally very strongly convex, chiefly in large full-grown specimens; and the
smaller or dorsal valve is as strongly concave as the other is convex, so that there
remains only a very small space between the two. Young specimens up to a longi-
tudinal diameter of about 30 mm. are attached for a more or less extended space in
the cardinal region. Eull-grown specimens, however, are nearly always free, and.
only when they have been attached during their youth to very small bodies — for
instance, to the shell of a small JBroductus, &c. — does this remain adhering in later
stages of growth.
The shell is entirely without ornamentation, only covered by tolerably
numerous, not very conspicuous, imbricating quite concentric striae of growth, which
are more numerous near the margin of the shell than in the middle. Only in in-
ternal casts is the singular structure uncovered, which led Mons. de Koninck to
consider these fossils as Bellerophonts. This singular structure is caused by the
septa on the inside of the ventral valve. There is first one thin median longi-
tudinal septum, which is generally not quite straight but somewhat wavering in
its direction, and is never very strongly developed, often entirely absent for a
certain distance from the frontal margin. It is mostly bifid from about the
middle of the length of the shell, bearing a furrow on its crest which becomes
more and more broad as it approaches the frontal margin. By far more conspicuous
are the lateral stepa, of which 12 to 16 can be counted on each side of the median
one. On the internal cast they appear as shallow furrows, in which always part
of the shell remains. If, however, the inside of the valve be accessible to view,
which never is the case except when effected artificially, these lateral septa appear
as high sharp crests, overhanging towards the frontal part of the shell and forming
P&ODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BE ACH IOPOD A. 407
with the median longitudinal septum an angle of about 40 degrees. They do not,
however, originate immediately at this latter septum, but are separated from it on
both sides by a more or less broad smooth zone. Though the resemblance of these
lateral septa to those occurring in Lyttonia is very great, yet there exist also in
this respect very cardinal differences between the two genera. Whilst they are
vertical and arranged in right angles to the median septum in Lyttonia, they are
strongly overhanging and forming a more or less acute angle with the median
septum in Oldhamina.
The whole inside of the valve between the lateral septa as well as on the
smooth zones along the median septum is covered with innumerable small elongated
grooves, which follow everywhere the direction of the longitudinal extension of the
shell.
The inside of the cardinal region of this valve is very characteristic, but rather
difficult to understand. There are two well-developed, strongly diverging, ridge-like
hinge-teeth projecting from the top of the first pair of lateral septa. The muscular
scars, so prominent a feature in Lyttonia, are nearly absent in Oldhamina, and only
indicated by faint prominent lines, which originate between the upper termination
of the hinge-teeth and reach down to the commencement of the second and third
pairs of lateral septa. The median longitudinal septum reaches up directly to the
short, straight, notch-like hinge-line, where it terminates in a slight swelling, which
is indistinctly bipartite.
The dorsal valve has never been observed by me in an entire state, always
only more or less considerable fragments having been found. But in by far the
greater number of specimens of this species the dorsal valve is still preserved inside
the ventral one, and thus, in etching such a specimen, the whole dorsal valve may
be observed, though it falls to pieces as soon as the rock is removed, but during
the process of exposing the valve, the entire shape of it may be well studied, and it
was in this manner that the drawing, PI. XXXI, fig. 4 b., was traced.
The substance of this valve is very thin, nearly as thin as paper. Externally
it is very distinctly and densely papillate. Along the solid middle piece extends
a well-marked but not angular farrow. Laterally it is divided in long narrow
lobes by deep incisions which commence at the solid middle piece and reach to the
very margin of the valve, no continuous border being present. These incisions
are sometimes interrupted and bridged over by shelly substance. The inside of
the valve is in general very much like that in Lyttonia. A tolerably strong median
longitudinal septum extends along the middle of the solid middle piece, and the
incisions are surrounded by rather high angular margins, which I take to form
part of the brachial apparatus. Otherwise the inside of the valve appears entirely
smooth to the naked eye. Under the lens, however, all specimens show a very
fine papulation also on the inside, and sometimes one can observe at the same time
a fine striation, not dissimilar to strise of growth, forming curved lines, which are
directed with their convex side towards the margins of the valve.
c
408 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
The hingeline of this valve is not quite straight, but somewhat roof -shaped,
the low triangular process in the middle corresponding to a shallow triangular
recess under the hingeline in the ventral valve. The cardinal process of the dorsal
valve reaches up to the end of the triangular prominence. The greatest height of
this process is, however, not situated at the end, but at a certain distance from it.
It is composed of four vertical lamellse, which have a somewhat triangular shape,
with one corner of the triangle directed towards the interior of the shell. On both
sides of the cardinal process along the hingeline there extend for a short distance
smooth triangular spaces. These are followed by high sharp crests, which originate
near the point where the cardinal process is highest and extend in a sloping direc-
tion towards the margin of the shell, uniting with the first pair of prominent ridges
corresponding to the ridges surrounding the incisions of the shell further outside.
Between these sloping ridges just described and the hingeline triangular grooves
are formed, which serve for the reception of the cardinal teeth of the ventral valve.
The cardinal process is in direct continuation with the longitudinal septum, which
extends over the whole inside of this dorsal valve. Of muscular impressions, &c,
nothing can be observed.
The measurements are not of great importance in this species. Nevertheless
I shall give here the dimensions of some specimens, according to the rule which I
have adopted in this whole work. Of these specimens Nos. I and II are from Chidru
and No. Ill from Jabi. Their measurements are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell ....
hreadth „ ....
Breadth of the lateral wings in the cardinal region
Entire thickness (inflation) of the shell .
No larger specimens have been observed up to the present.
Locality and geological position. — This species begins already in the middle
division of the Productus-limestone, but seems not to be common there. It is much
more numerous in the upper division, where it has been found in more or less great
numbers. It has been collected in the middle Productus-limestone by myself at
Katta in the thick, compact, silicious limestones forming there that division (one
specimen), and on the road between Vurcha and TJchali (two specimens, one ventral
and one dorsal valve), another specimen was collected at the same locality by the
Native Mogul ; lastly, a specimen of this species was found in the same division at
Swas by Dr. Oldham.
In the upper division of the Productus-limestone the species has been found
by myself in the Cephalopoda bed at Jabi (two ventral and one dorsal valve),
and in the same bed at Chidru (seven ventral and two dorsal valves), then in the
section near Kufri (one specimen), and in the mountains east of Katwahi (one
specimen). By Mr. Wynne the species has been collected in the Chittawan (one
specimen) and Trans-Indus at Bilot (one specimen). By myself it has been found
Trans-Indus also at Kafirkot (one specimen).
I.
II.
III.
48 mm.
53 mm.
55 mm,
46 „
45 „
44 „
23 „
?
28 „
35 „
32 mm.
33 „
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BEACHIOPODA. 409
Remarks. — This species is one of the most remarkable occurring in the Salt-
range, and it is chiefly through it that I was able to classify all the allied
forms among the Thecideidce. It was the inside figure of Lyttonia which led
to a comparison with the dorsal valve of Pterophloios, and it was, on the other
hand, the external appearance of this species which led to the detection of the
ventral valve of Pterophloios. Erom this chain of observations it appears to be
most clear that the shells here under consideration must stand in a more or less
intimate connection with Pterophloios, and thus also with the Thecideidce in
general ; and I hope that from the descriptions I have given this view will be
found to be the right one. That, nevertheless, Oldhamina is very far different
from Pterophloios, I have indicated already in the description of the genus Old-
Of other forms none is known to me which could in the least be compared to
the present species ; especially are all the intermediate forms between Oldhamma
and Pterophloios quite unknown up to the present. There is yet a wide field of
discovery in this direction.
Eamily : RSYNCSONELLID^!.
This is one of the best circumscribed families of the Brachiopoda, and there
are only very few genera the position of which in this family remains doubtful.
The characters of the family are very well known, and it appears barely
necessary to repeat them here once more. Less so are the genera belonging to it ;
and there is but very little doubt that if the interior of the different shells were
better known, a greater number of well-defined genera would be distinguishable
in this family also as well as in the Terebratulidce and the Spiriferidce.
As it is, there can be distinguished at once three large groups of forms among
the shells belonging to the family. The first is characterised by a very insignificant
development of internal septa. In the ventral valve generally only dental plates are
present, which do not unite in the middle line, and in the dorsal valve a not very
conspicuous median septum is developed.
In a second group of forms the internal septa are much more strongly de-
veloped and have gained much in extent. The dental plates converge towards the
middle and form also in the ventral valve a more or less extended median septum.
The septum in the dorsal valve is also generally rather large and high, and bears
often at its upper end shelly expansions.
In the third group at last the internal septa have reached their maximum of
development. The whole inside of the shell is divided by them more or less
distinctly into five chambers, one median, marked off by the dental plates of the
ventral valve, and the lateral expansions of two septa in the dorsal valve, and two
lateral chambers outside of the median septa in both valves.
Into these three groups can be brought very naturally all the forms that have
410 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
been made known up to the present, and they can very conveniently be considered
as sub-families. The first of these groups is typified in the genus Rhynchonella,
and therefore most conveniently the sub-family will bear the name of Rhyncho-
nellin^;. Within the second group the group characters are most distinctly
brought out by the genus Camerophoria, and thus I shall call the second sub-
family Camerophoeiin^e. The third group is typified by the genus Pentamerus,
and therefore will have to bear the name Pentamerin^e.
All these three sub-families agree in one essential point, which is, that if there
be a distinct free brachial apparatus at all developed, it consists of two diverging,
curved, horn-shaped crura, which are fixed to the cardinal part of the dorsal
valve, the hingeplate in the same valve being deeply cut open in the middle.
Already by former authors there has been felt a necessity of dividing the
great number of forms belonging to the family Rynchonellidce into several groups,
but the endeavour to do so has mostly resulted in the spliting up of the family
into several new families, as, for instance, is shown by Dall's excellent catalogue of
the names applied to Brachiopoda, in which the old family Rhynchonellidce is split
into a family of JPentameridce and one of Rhynchonellidce. However clearly it is
shown by such endeavours that there are collected in the family forms which
require a more special grouping, yet I do not think it advisable to distribute these
shells, which are all linked together by a similar development of the horn-shaped
crura and the tendency to develope more and more strong partitions within
their shells, into quite distinct families; it is, I thinkj much more practical to
distinguish sub-families as I have indicated above.
If we pass in review the principal genera that belong to each sub-family, we
find that the single genera must be distributed in the following manner : —
Sub-family : EETNCHONMIINM
The partitions in the interior of the valves of the forms belonging to this sub-
family are either entirely absent, or not very strongly developed. They are entirely
absent only in a genus which has been detected by me in the Salt-range, and
which will bear the name
Terebrattjloidea, Waagen, n. gen. The shells belonging to this genus are not
very rare in the Salt-range, and have been described by Davidson as Rhynchonella
pleurodon, Phill.
Next in the series comes the genus
Rhynchotrema, Hall : 1860 (Thirteenth Regent's Report, New York State
Cabinet, p. 68). When working out the palaeontology of the Rhynchonellidce, Hall
unfortunately was not acquainted with the typical species of the genus Rhynchonella,
and therefrom resulted several errors which would not have occurred had specimens
of Rhynch. loxia been at his disposal. The genus Rhynchotrema is, however,
excepted from these errors, and can very well be retained. The character which
PRODTTCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 411
deserves the greatest consideration is, however, not the strange development of the
deltidial pieces of the ventral valve, hut the absence of dental plates in the same valve.
This character is of the greatest importance, and may serve to distinguish the genus
readily. But then, if we take this character to be the distinguishing one, and we are
justified in doing so as it is also present in the typical species, there are yet a number
of forms in the older deposits which fall within the range of the genus. There is fore-
most the beautiful Rhynch. speciosa, Hall, and its allies from the Oriskany sandstone
which will have to be considered as a Rhynchotrema. The deltidial pieces are very
little developed in these species or even absent, but this, I think, is of minor import-
ance in comparison with the fact that the dental plates are absent. In this character
these large species agree with the typical Rhynchotrema increbescens, Hall ; and it
appears to me that they can well be considered as forming part of the same genus.
Thus denned, the genus Rhynchotrema is chiefly represented in the silurian and
devonian periods, but whether there exist yet more recent representatives of it
remains doubtful.
Ehtnchonella, Eischer : 1809 (Notice sur les Foss. d. Gouv. d. Moscou, p. 35
pi. II, figs. 5, 6; Stenoschisma (Con.), Hall; Leiorhynchus, Hall). This genus is
characterised by strong dental plates in the ventral and a tolerably strong median
septum in the dorsal valve.
The true Rhynchonellce begin beyond doubt already in the silurian period, and
from there extend up through all formations. Their number is very large, and the
distinction of the several species extremely difficult. Therefore it seems almost
necessary to introduce yet further sub-divisions, and as such, which can very easily
be distinguished, the groups separated by Bayle and d'Orbigny from the great mass
of forms under the names of Uncinulus, Bayle, and Acanthothyris, Orb., will have to
be considered, and will probably best be retained ; chiefly the latter on account of
the strange development of the dorsal septum and the curra. The name " Wilsonia "
introduced by Quenstedt for Uncinulus, I cannot consider as a generic name formed
after the rules of nomenclature.
In the Jurassic formation species beginto appear in which the septum of the
dorsal valve is very little developed or even entirely absent. For these forms, perhaps,
the name of Ctclothtris, M'Coy (or as is advocated by Dall, Hypothyris, Phill.?),
might be retained. I have, however, not sufficient materials at hand to give
a positive opinion on this point.
Hbmithtris, Orb., Bronn : 1847 1848 (Ann. Sei. Nat., VIII, p. 246 ; Bronn's
Jahrb., 1848, p. 246). This may form apparently also a distinct generic group on
account of the nearly absent deltidial plates and not very strongly developed septum.
Species belonging to it occur chiefly in the tertiary and recent periods, but the genus
begins already during cretaceous times.
Rhtnchopoea, King: 1856 (Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist., 2nd Ser., Vol. XVII,
p. 506). This genus seems to have the interior stucture of Rhynchonella, but its
shell is coarsely punctate ; permian and carboniferous periods.
412 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Eatonia, Hall: 1869 (Twelfth. Regent's Report, New York State Cabinet,
p. 35). Very nearly related to Rhynchotrema. Also no dental plates in the ventral
valve, a strong median septum in the dorsal valve, with four curved crura instead
of two; upper silurian (Lower Helderberg), and lower devonian (Oriskany).
Dimerella, Zittel : 1870 (Palseontographica, Vol. XVIII, p. 220). This and
the next genus belong to a group which deviate in their general outward ap-
pearance considerably from the other forms belonging to the sub-family by the
existence of a large area in the ventral valve, and approach in this respect the
Spiriferidce. This genus is besides characterised by a very high and long dorsal
septum ; trias.
Rhynchonellina, Gemmellaro : 1878 (Studj. Pal. sulla Eauna del Calcare a
Ter. janitor, III, p. 29). Shell with a large area, a straight hingeline, the dorsal
valve interiorly with very long sometimes bifid crura ; upper Jurassic.
"With these eight to twelve genera I consider the forms composing the sub-
family Rhynchonellince exhausted.
The next sub-family is the
Sub-Eamily : CAMEBOPEOR1INM
This sub-family is characterised by the much stronger development attained by the
internal partitions in the valves of the shells belonging to it. In the ventral valve the
dental plates are oblique, and unite for a greater or less distance, forming a kind
of septum along the middle line of the ventral valve. In the dorsal valve either the
crura are supported by septa, which mostly unite to form a median septum, or the
median septum bears lateral expansions at its upper end.
The number of genera belonging to this sub-family is not large; there are not
known to me more than three which I should like to subsume in this sub-family.
The one which is best known is
Camerophoria, King : 1846 (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVIII, pp. 89-91 ;
StenoscMsma (Oonr.), Dall: Bull. Unit. St. Nat. Mus. Nr., 8). The internal structure
of this genus is very well known from the excellent figures and description by King
as well as by Davidson. It commenced, it seems, already in silurian times, and
extended up to the permian period, but above the permian strata it has not yet been
observed, so far as is known to me.
Stricklandia, Billings : 1859 (Canadian Naturalist, IV, April, p. 132).
In the ventral valve the dental plates, form a small chamber, in the dorsal one
the crura are free for their greater extent, only fixed quite near their origin to short
septal plates, which do not unite to form a median septum ; externally the ventral
valve with a more or less large area ; silurian.
Camerella, Billings: 1859 (Canadian Naturalist, IV., p. 301). In the ventral
valve the dental plates form a small chamber below the beak ; in the dorsal valve
the crura are fixed to two strong septal plates which unite to form a very long and
strong median septum ; silurian.
PRODUCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 413
The last sub-family is typified by the genus Pentamerus, and will bear the name
of
Sub-family : PENTAMEBINJE.
This sub-family is not represented in the Salt-range. It is chiefly developed in
the silurian and devonian epochs, and comprises the following genera : —
Pentamertjs, Sow. : 1813 (Min. Conch., PI. 28, fig. 1 ; Antirhynchonella, Querist. ; Petrefaktenk.
Deutschl., II, 231).
Gypidia, Dalmann : 1828 (Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl., 1827, pp. 93-100. ? ConcMdium,
Linne) .
Gypidula, Hall : 1867 (Pal. New York, IV, pp. 373-380).
Pantamerella, Hall : 1867 (Pal. New York, IV, pp. 373-375).
Brachymerus, Shaler: 1865 (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, p. 69; AnastropMa, Hall).
Of the whole family Rhynchonellidce only the first two sub-families are repre-
sented in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range. Of the Rhynchonellince three
genera occur, viz., Terebratuloidea, W. ; Uncinulus, Bayle ; and Rhynchonella, Eisch.
The Camerophoriince are represented by the single genus Camerophoria, King.
As regards the developement in time of the Rhynchonellidce, no distinct law
can be made out. It seems that we are yet too little acquainted with the details of
the interior of these shells to get at a right understanding of the plan of develop-
ment they have followed.
I.— Sub-family : RHYNCHONELLIN^!.
Genus : TEREBRATULOIDEA, Waagen, n. gen.
1852. Bhynchonella (Fisoh.), Davidson : Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, Lond., Vol. XVULL, p. 29.
It was only after long and continued painstaking that I arrived at a satisfac-
tory determination of the shells here described under the head of Terebratuloidea.
When examining the shells more or less similar exteriorly to Rhynchonella, I
was struck by the circumstance that the specimens which were identical with what
had been determined by Davidson as Rhynchonella pleurodon, Phill., never possessed
an entire beak, but that the beak was always truncated and pierced at its end by a
large round foramen. Other Rhynchonellce, as, for instance, those of the group of
Rh. wilsoni, and all the Camerophorice, never showed such a truncation of the
beak. Taking this truncation to be naturally present and not caused by a strange
kind of preservation, this peculiarity and the general form of these shells led me first
to compare them with Trematospira, Hall. I spent weeks in the vain endeavour to
detect the spirals, but I never succeeded. In all the specimens which I had occa-
sion to study I found only two curved horn-shaped crura proceeding from a hinge-
plate, which was deeply cut open in the middle. I thus, though reluctantly, was
compelled to consider these strange shells as forming part of the Rhynchonellidce.
It was only natural that Mr. Davidson, seeing the great general resemblance of
these fossils to Rhynchonella pleurodon, and having but one or two specimens at his
414 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
disposal, took the truncation of the beak to be only an accidental character, and
thus united the shells with Phillips's species. "With a greater number of these fossils
before one it is very observable how in the truncation of the beak they deviate in
every case from other species of Rhynchonella occurring in the same beds; one must
then be struck by this peculiarity, and must recognise that it is not by accident that
this truncation came to be formed. If one then further observes that this external
character of a truncated beak goes hand in hand with internal peculiarities of great
importance, one must come to the conclusion that this form deviates sufficiently from
the general type of Rhynchonella to warrant its distinction under a proper generic
designation.
Led by such considerations I have ventured to propose the name of Terebra-
tuloidea for these shells, which genus may be characterised in the following
manner : —
Shell more or less transversely oval or rounded, in its general appearance Rhyn-
chonelloid, with strongly plaited valves and a high median fold in the dorsal and a
corresponding sinus in the ventral valve. Hingeline curved, beak truncated with a
terminal round foramen ; deltidium formed of two distinct plates, which limit the
foramen below only for a very short distance.
Internally, the ventral valve with two strong hinge-teeth, which are, however,
not supported by dental plates. The dorsal valve bears a tolerably large triangular
hinge-plate, which is united on both sides by the deep dental sockets, and is trian-
gularly cut open in the middle up to the very apex of the valve, which also is a
little cut out. There is no cardinal process. On both sides of the median incision
very short curved crura take their origin, and proceed for a short distance
in a slightly diverging direction towards the interior of the shell. There is no
median dorsal septum.
The muscular and vascular impressions are not sufficiently distinctly visible to
be described accurately.
From this short description it will be already sufficiently clear what great
differences exist between the true Rhynchonella and the shells contained in the
present genus. All the internal partitions, which are characteristic for Rhyn-
chonella, the dental plates as well as the dorsal septum, are absent in Terebra-
tuloidea. Externally the truncation of the beak is a very characteristic feature,
but nevertheless this truncation has puzzled me a great deal. The foramen by
which the beak is truncated is in some cases so very large that it is evidently im-
possible it can have been originally so ; it must have attained such a size by the breaking
away of parts of the shell. But if in some cases the truncation has partly been
caused by an injury the shell has received, it may be questioned if the truncation
is not in all cases only a secondary feature and due to the mode of preserva-
tion of these shells. I cannot positively assert that the beak has never "had the
shape of the beak of Rhynchonella, but I can most positively say that I have
never seen a specimen in which the beak was not truncated. Whether, how-
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 415
ever, the beak was originally truncated, or whether it has become so only in the
process of fossilisation, the truncation is in every case in intimate connection
with the internal structure of the shell. In all the genera of the Bhynchonellidce,
in which dental places are present, if the beak be broken or injured in any way,
a large round foramen can never be formed, the dental plates being an im-
pediment to this ; and it can always be easily made out that the beak has been
broken or injured. The case is different in the present fossils. No dental plates
are present, and so long as the injury the beak has received is within reasonable
dimensions, a round foramen will always be produced. It is difficult, then, to
state whether this has been due to an injury the beak has received, or whether it is
an original feature. Nevertheless, I should be inclined to think that a slight
truncation was originally present; for instance, fig. 1,P1. XXXIII, shows the beak
in its natural condition.
Of other genera, Bhynchotrema, Hall, must be chiefly compared. I was long
time in doubt whether the shells here under consideration should not be con-
sidered as belonging to Hall's genus, and only after I was enabled, through the great
kindness of Mons. Barrande, to examine the "Regents' Reports of the New York
State Cabinet," a publication which is extremely rare in Europe, I became satisfied
that the two genera were different. In Bhynchotrema no dental plates are present in
the ventral valve, and with this deficiency a partial truncation of the beak also
appears, which peculiarity is already expressed in the name. So far the Indian
shells would well be comparable to Bhynchotrema, but if we take the dorsal valves into
consideration, we find that in Hall's genus a very long and strong median sep-
tum is present, whilst the Indian shells are devoid of such a septum. This
difference is, I think, sufficient to distinguish generally between the two groups.
Of other genera none is so nearly related as to require special comparison.
In the Salt-range the genus is represented by four species, which probably
are in close developmental connection. The geologically oldest species is Tere-
bratuloidea minor, Waagen. It occurs in the lower division and the lower parts of
the middle division of the Productus- limestone; it is a moderately inflated form
of rather small dimensions.
In the lowest beds of the middle division of the Productus-limestone another
species occurs, which is very nearly related to Terebratulodea minor, and is chiefly
only distinct by a very regular concentric sculpturing which covers both valves.
This species will bear the name of Terebratuloidea ornata, Waagen.
In the upper region of the middle division of the Productus-limestone two
species can be distinguished : one is tolerably large and very strongly inflated,
and will bear the name of Terebratuloidea davidsoni, Waagen ; the other remains
smaller and is always flat, and therefore will be called Terebratuloidea depressa,
Waagen. In the upper division of the Productus-limestone the genus becomes
already extinct.
Up to the present the genus Terebratuloidea has not been observed in any
D
416 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
other part of the world ; but there is a possibility that either among the species
of Rhynchonella or among those of Trematospira some species may have been
described which, if the interior were known, wo aid prove to belong to Terebratuloi-
dea. For instance, the shell which has been described by Hall under the name
Trematospira gibbosa, from the Hamilton group, bears in its external appearance
a very great resemblance to my species of Terebratuloidea. The spirals have not been
detected in this species, and there is thus the possibility of its belonging to the
Indian genus. Another species, which very probably belongs to the genus, is the
shell that has been figured and described by Toula from the upper carboniferous
limestone (coal measures) of Cochabamba in the Andes under the name of Rhyn-
chonella pleurodon, Phill. In the description a constant truncation of the beak is
mentioned, and also the figure shows this truncation excellently.
As the case stands, nothing certain can be said about the geological range and
the geographical distribution of the genus Terebratuloidea.
1. Terebratuloidea davidsoni, Waagen, n. gen. et sp., PL XXXIII, figs. 1-5.
1862. Rhynchonella 'pleurodon (Phill.), Davidson : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Lond., Vol. XVIII, p. 29.
1863. Rhynchonella pleurodon (Phill. Davids.), Koninck: Fossiles paWozoiques de l'lnde, p. 36.
The general form of this shell is more or less globose, with very inflated valves,
a large median fold in the smaller and a corresponding sinus in the larger valve.
The front is truncated, the beak little produced, truncated ; the whole shell covered
by sharp high folds.
In a dorsal aspect of the shell it appears always broader than it is long, and
often this is very considerably the case. Both valves are about equally strongly
vaulted, but in a lateral view the ventral valve appears to be flatter than the dorsal
one. This is caused by the circumstance that the lateral lobes of the ventral valve
descend in a but little curved line to very near the front, and then are rather sud-
denly deflected to meet the lateral lobes of the dorsal valve. The median part of
the ventral valve, however, bends in a very regular strong curve to form the median
sinus of this valve.
The beak is not very prominent, tolerably thick, well bent over and more or
less firmly appressed to the apical part of the dorsal valve, whereby the deltidial
plates are mostly quite concealed. It is truncated and pierced at its extremity
by a rather large round foramen. On both sides of the foramen extends a rather
large sloping false area.
The whole valve is covered by strong angular ribs, which commence at the
margin of the foramen and are highest in the frontal region. There are generally
four ribs on the lateral wings, and two to three in the median sinus. The frontal
part of the valve is strongly truncated and covered by very numerous imbricating
striae of growth.
PEODTTCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 417
When the dorsal valve is removed and one can observe the internal side of the
ventral valve, the large deltidial plates surrounding the foramen at its lower side
are exposed. Where the deltidial plates terminate there are on both sides very
thick and strong nearly globular hinge-teeth, which are separated from the external
side of the valve by a deep but narrow furrow. On the lower side these teeth ter-
minate in a high sharp crest which turns round towards the extremity of the beak
and then descends to the bottom of the valve. By these crests running down on
each side a semicircular, place is marked off in the region of the beak. In the
middle this semicircle is broken through by two slightly -raised lines, which sur-
round a somewhat deepened oval space and unite further up towards the beak.
How far these impressions may be taken to be muscular scars I cannot make out,
as the inside of the valves I have been able to study is too coarsely preserved to allow
of a quite accurate observation in this respect.
The dorsal valve appears generally more strongly curved than the ventral one.
Its arch begins at the very apex of the valve, and from there extends in nearly a
semicircle to the frontal region. The curvature is nearly the same in the median
and the lateral lobes. In the frontal region this valve is as much truncated as the
other one, and bears also a great number of imbricating striae of growth crowded
together. This valve also is covered by very strong angular ribs, which take their
origin not quite at the apex but a short distance from it, so that the apex itself re-
mains smooth. This smooth part of the valve is, however, nearly always concealed
below the beak of the ventral valve. The number of ribs is mostly four on the
median, and four on each lateral part of the valve, but sometimes only three ribs
occur on the middle part.
The inside of this valve is highly characteristic. The apex is strongly bent
in, very pointed, and without a cardinal process. The extremity of the apex
is slightly cut out, so as almost to form a visceral foramen. From this emargina-
tion an angular slit extends, which begins in an acute angle at the apex, becomes
more and more broad, and divides the hinge-plate into two parts. The slit is hemmed
in on both sides by raised shelly margins, the slightly bent-up inner margins of
the crura. On their external side the crura are united to the hinge-plate only
for a short distance, not so far as the dental grooves extend. The crura themselves
are very short, flat, shelly plates, only provided on their inner side with a slightly-
thickened and raised margin, but very little bent. They are separated from the
dental grooves by a narrow, triangular, flat space of hinge-plate. The dental grooves
extend along the cardinal margin of the shell as narrow, deep, triangular, slit-like
pits. In the bottom of the valve, several raised lines and deepened places can be
recognised, but not a trace of a median septum. Two narrow elongated grooves are
chiefly conspicuous, extending in divergent directions a little distant from the middle
line, and accompanied on their inner side by a slightly-raised line. In the drawing,
PL XXXIII, fig. 3, they extend somewhat too far up towards the cardinal region.
They are probably the impressions of the adductors. About in the middle of the
418 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
longitudinal extension of these impressions there starts on both sides a semicircular
line, which reaches the margin of the shell.
The species never attains considerable dimensions, and the specimen figured on
PI. XXXIII, fig. 1, is the largest that has been observed by me. Young shells also
exhibit inflated valves, and can easily be recognised by this feature.. The trunca-
tion of the frontal part, however, is only developed when the shell is full grown.
The dimensions of three specimens from Musakheyl are as follow : —
I. II. in.
Entire breadth of tie shell 23 mm. 22 mm. 19 mm.
„ length „ 21 „ 16-5 „ 16 „
„ thickness of both valves . . . . . . 18 „ 18 „ 15 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve ..... 97" 107* 98°
„ „ „ dorsal valve 115° 115" 103°
Locality and geological position. — The species is characteristic of the middle
division of the Productus-limestone and chiefly for the upper part of it. It has been
collected in this position by Dr. H. "Warth, Mr. Theobald, and myself at Musakheyl
(eight specimens), by Mr. Wynne at Morah (seven specimens), by myself in the
coral beds at Virgal (three specimens), in the mountains east of Katwahi (three
specimens), in the Chittawan (one specimen), and in the section at Khura in the top
beds at the calcareous series (one specimen). This is the geologically youngest
specimen that has been obtained by me.
Remarks. — This species has been identified by Mr. Davidson with Bhynchonella
pleurodon, Phill., and it requires a special explanation why I cannot agree in this
respect with Mr. Davidson. I had for comparison quite a number of specimens
from Vis6, and several specimens from the Gailthaler S chief er ; also, through the
great kindness of Mons. de Koninck, a number of specimens from Settle in Yorkshire,
from Dr^pence (Belgium) and from Tournais. The specimens from Vise and the
other northern localities (except Tournais) agree exactly with the typical form of
Rhynch. pleurodon, whilst the specimens from Gailthal are more finely plicated.
If we compare only the external form of the Indian specimens with those from Vise"
and Settle, we find already marked differences. The number of ribs that generally
occur is different in the two species. Pull-grown specimens of Rhynch. pleurodon
have always at least five ribs on the median fold, and often a greater number. Only
young specimens sometimes bear three or four ribs on the median fold, and even
this seems to be rarely the case, as among the lot I have for comparison there is
only a single specimen with four ribs on the median fold. In the Indian species,
on the contrary, four ribs is the maximum number that occurs, and frequently only
three ribs. Another very marked difference consists in the truncated condition of
the frontal parts of the Indian shells. Such a truncation I never observed in any
specimen of Rhynch. pleurodon ; and indeed in the description by Davidson it is not
indicated as ever occurring in the species. A further character, which is not men-
tioned in any description, but which is very strikingly developed in all the specimens
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.-BRACHIOPODA, 419
of Rhynch. pleurodon I have obtained for comparison, is the impressed condition of
the cardinal part of the dorsal valve, which apparently is in connection with the
development of a strong internal septum. This character also is absent in the Indian
species.
If we turn now to the internal characters, these are decidedly peculiar in the
Indian shells, but it has to be ascertained whether similar characters arc present in
Rhynch. pleurodon. There are among the materials sent to me by Mons. de Koninck
three specimens from Settle and four specimens from Drepence, in which the internal
characters can be well observed. Chiefly one specimen from Settle is beautiful in
this respect. It is an internal cast exhibiting clearly two very strong and long
dental plates, which approach each other closely towards the extremity of the
beak. In the dorsal valve a very strong and long median septum is present. The
cardinal teeth in the ventral valve are long, high, narrow ridges. In the Hof-Min-
eralien Cabinet at Vienna there is a specimen from Tournais of a very nearly
allied form, which is, however, also generally considered to belong to Rhynch. pleu-
rodon ; the internal apparatus can be well seen. It is not an internal cast but a
hollow specimen. It exhibits a high and long dorsal septum and tolerably short
curved crura. The dental plates are partly covered up. Mons. de Koninck informs
me that he considers the specimens from Tournais not to belong to Rhynch. pleurodon
but to a different species. I perfectly concur in this respect with the celebrated
Belgian palaeontologist, as the Tournais specimens can be distinguished from
Rhynch. pleurodon by a small but very sharply denned area. From this it appears
that not only the typical form of Rhynch. pleurodon, but also the allied shells,
have an internal structure entirely different from Terubratuloidea davidsoni, and I
thus think myself justified when I consider shells so entirely different in internal
structure as not belonging to one and the same species.
Of other forms none seems to be very nearly related to the present species
except the Indian shells, which I shall describe presently.
2. Terebratuloidea depressa, Waagen., n. gen. et sp„ PI. XXXIII, figs. 6, 7, 8.
The general form of this species is transversely oval in full-grown specimens,
and more round in young ones. The valves are flat, depressed, the beak more or
less prominent, truneated. There is a median fold in the dorsal, and a correspond-
ing sinus in the ventral valve. Both valves are covered by sharp angular ribs.
The ventral valve is nearly quite flat, only curved in the apical region and
where the sinus is sunk in, the lateral lobes being nearly straight towards the front.
The beak is but little bent over, prominent and not appressed to the dorsal valve.
It is pierced at its apex by a not very large circular foramen. This is limited on
its lower side by very distinctly developed deltidial plates. On both sides of the
deltidium narrow, sloping, flat spaces extend, forming a small indistinct false area.
The folds which cover the valve do not commence immediately at the margin
420 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
of the foramen, but at a little distance from it, and are highest in the frontal region.
Generally they do not bifurcate, but exceptionally such a bifurcation takes place.
The number is very regularly three in the sinus and four on each lateral part.
The dorsal valve is slightly more vaulted than the ventral one, its curvature
being nearly equal for its whole length. The ribs developed on this valve do not
commence immediately at the apex but at a short distance from it. There are very
regularly four ribs on the median fold ; on the lateral parts, however, there are
sometimes three, sometimes four ribs.
It was not possible to ascertain the internal characters in this species, as there
are only very few specimens, and none could be sacrificed for the purpose. I have
put this species into the genus Terebratuloidea on account of its general resem-
blance to Terebratuloidea davidscmi, and because the beak is very distinctly
truncated, by which character it is apparent that the ventral valve possessed no
dental plates inside.
The measurements of two specimens from Musakheyl are as follow : —
I.
ll.
16 mm.
15 mm,
20 „
16 „
9 „
8 „
95°
82°
lu-
98°
Entire length of the shell ....
„ breadth „ .....
„ thickness of both valves
Apical angle of the ventral valve
„ „ „ dorsal valve
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether only five specimens of
this species known to me, which all five were collected by Dr. H. Warth at Musa-
kheyl in the upper region of the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This species seems to be a rather rare one, as neither Mr. "Wynne
nor myself have met with it, and as only the more lengthened enquiries of Dr.
Warth have brought to light some specimens.
It is rather closely related to Terebratuloidea davidsoni, with which it occurs
but can be distinguished from that species by its depressed form, its sharp, not
truncated, front-line, and the prominent beak.
Of European species certain varieties of Bhynch. pleurodon, Phill., must be
compared. It is, however, necessary to compare specimens of an equal size of the
two species, when we will find one very striking character which makes a dis-
tinction between the two not difficult. This is, that in Rhyuch. pleurodon the beak
is always very small, pointed, and not prominent, whilst it is comparatively large,
prominent, and truncated in Terebratuloidea depressa. This, together with the pre-
sumable internal differences, does, I think, well justify the distinction of the two as
distinct species.
3. Terebratuloidea minor, Waagen, n. gen. et sp., PI. XXXIIL, figs. 11, 12.
The general outline of this shell is more or less transversely oval, its valves are
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 421
moderately inflated and covered with strong angular ribs. The shell never attains
considerable dimensions.
The ventral valve is very little vaulted, nearly flat, its curvature being chiefly
limited to the middle part where the sinus is developed, and to the apical pari.
The beak is strongly prominent, well bent over, and when entirely preserved toler-
ably long. It is pierced at its extremity by a rather small round foramen, which
is limited at its lower side by large conspicuous deltidial plates, owing to the beak
being quite free and not appressed to the apical part of the dorsal valve.
The whole valve is covered by strong radiating ribs, of which two are in the
sinus and three to four on each lateral part. The ribs commence at a little distance
from the extremity of the beak, and are highest in the frontal region.
On both sides of the beak a smooth, sloping, triangular space extends along the
hinge-line, forming a not very conspicuous false area.
The dorsal valve is considerably more strongly vaulted than the ventral one.
The apical region is smooth, but a short distance from it the ribs commence and
grow quickly stronger as they approach the front of the shell. There are very
regularly three ribs on the median fold, and two to three on the lateral parts of
this valve.
The dorsal valve as well as the ventral one is covered by distant imbricating
stri» of growth, of which sometimes two are at the frontal margin, thus causing
an indistinct truncation of the front. This is, however, not a constant character,
but only a transitional stage in the progress of growth of the shell.
The internal characters of this species could not be entirely ascertained, as the
majority of specimens did not admit of investigation in this direction. In some
specimens it could be made out with tolerable certainty that there are no dental
plates in the ventral valve, but whether the dorsal valve possesses a septum could not
be observed. From the general similarity of this species to TerebraMoidea david-
soni, and from the truncated condition of its beak with the foramen at its extre-
mity, it can with tolerable certainty be concluded that the species belongs to the
genus TerebraMoidea.
The dimensions of two specimens from Swas are as follow : —
I. ii.
Entire length of the shell
14 mm. 12 n
„ breadth „
. 17 „ 14
Thickness of both valves
11 „ 85
Apical angle of the ventral valve
96° 84*
„ dorsal „
. 111° 107°
The specimen No. I is the largest that has been observed by me up to the
present.
Locality and geological position.— -This species is not so rare as the preceding
one, but also not so common as Terebratuloidea davidsoni. It is a characteristic shell
of the lower half of the middle division of the Productus-limestone, and thus geologi-
cally older than the two species described previously. The greatest number of speci-
422 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
mens was collected "by Dr. Oldham at Swas, in a yellowish- grey marly limestone,
the specimens not heing silicified (eight specimens). By myself the species was
collected in the Bazarwan (one specimen), at Nursingpahar in a black coaly limestone
(three specimens), and at Katta in a yellow marly limestone (one specimen). At both
the latter localities the specimens were met with in the very lowest beds of the
middle Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This species is very nearly related to Terebratuloidea davidsoni,
and by most naturalists it will probably be considered as a variety of that shell.
As it is, however, a variety in time, that is to say a mutation, I thought it well
worthy of a proper designation. The most striking distinctive character between
the two species is that the present species remains always much smaller than
Terebratuloidea davidsoni. Specimens of an equal size of the two forms may be
distinguished by the less strongly inflated valves, and the prominent not appressed
beak of Terebratuloidea minor. Besides this the very regular occurrence of three
ribs on the median fold of the dorsal valve is also worthy of notice.
Among European shells there is one very nearly related to the present species ;
this is Rhynchonella davreuxiana, Koninck. It is, however, very difficult to know
what is really included under that name, as different authors consider very different
shells to belong to this species. Tbe original figure by Koninck represents a shell
with extremely inflated valves, a very high and angularly prominent median fold,
and ribs which commence only at a certain distance from the apex. That this
figure is correct I conclude from a remark of Mons. de Koninck in his "Eossiles
de Bleiberg," in which he states that he must retain the species davreuxiana, not-
withstanding Mr. Davidson's having considered this name as a synonym of Rh.
pleurodon. A chief difference, he says, between the two species consists in the
ribs only commencing half way from the apex of the valves, and in their number
being always three on the median fold. Also the constantly less considerable size
is a very characteristic feature. Erom this I must conclude that Mr. Davidson
has not quite rightly interpreted de Koninck's species, and that the figures in David-
son's work do not represent wbat is really denoted by the name Rhynch. davreux-
iana. I may therefore be justified in distinguishing the Indian shell from Rh.
davreuxiana, though it may be indentical or nearly identical with what Davidson has
called by that name. There is one shell figured by Davidson under the above name,
which is probably quite identical with the Indian specimens ; this is the one from
Shigar near Skardo, collected by Godwin-Austen and described by Davidson as
Rhynch. pleurodon, Phill., var. davreuxiana, in the Quarterly Journal, Geological
Soc, Lon., Vol. XXII, p. 36, pi. I, figs. 2, 3. Specimens of Rhynch. davreuxiana
from Vise" sent to me by Mons. de Koninck show all the distinctive characters from
Rhynch. . pleurodon, as indicated by that author. Erom Terebratuloidea minor
the species can be distinguished by its extremely small and thin beak and the
smooth apical region of both valves. Also in size it is smaller, and has a much
more transversely oval general outline.
PRODTJCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 423
Of species which do not occur in Europe, fflvynch. uta, Marcou, must be com-
pared. This species is chiefly allied to Terebratuloidea minor by its three sharp ribs
on the median fold. It is distinct by its nearly quite smooth ventral valve, which is
only plicated near the margins. Rhynch. uta has been described by Geinitz
under the name of Camerophoria globulina, Phill. That the species is not a Camero-
phoria has been shown by Meek and Hayden, and from the internal cast of the
ventral valve, as figured by these authors, it appears not quite improbable that it
is a Terebratuloidea.
4. Terebratuloidea ornata, Waagen, n. gen. et. sp., PI. XXXIII, figs. 9, 10.
The general outline of this shell is very much like that of the preceding
species, transversely oval, only slightly broader than it is long. The valves are
moderately inflated, the beak prominent, both valves bear strong radiating ribs.
The whole surface of the shell is covered by a very neat concentric sculpturing.
The ventral valve is rather flat, only somewhat more strongly curved in the
apical region. The beak is well bent over, prominent, not appressed, and truncated
at its extremity by a tolerably small round foramen. The latter is limited on its
lower side by very distinct, well-developed deltidial plates. On both sides of the
beak extend smooth, sloping, triangular spaces, which form a kind of narrow false
area. The whole valve is covered by strong radiating ribs, which commence at
the margin of the foramen and are highest in the frontal region. Their number
is variable, but never very large. There are generally one to two folds within the
median sinus, and three to four on each lateral part. There are several more
strongly-marked striae of growth parallel to the margin on this valve, and some two
or three of them are more closely approached to each other near the margin. But
besides these striae of growth there is also a very regular sculpturing over the
whole surface of the valve ; it consists of closely -placed, raised, concentric lines, which
are not sharp on the top, and are separated from each other by shallow rounded
furrows.
The dorsal valve is more strongly inflated than the ventral one ; sometimes
more, sometimes less strongly vaulted, and tolerably equally curved for its entire
length. It is covered by strong radiating ribs, which begin almost at the apex,
and soon grow very strong and high. They are variable in number, two to three on
the median fold and generally four on the lateral parts. Concentric striae of
growth are observable also on this valve, but they are less strongly expressed than
on the ventral valve, only near the margins of the valve two or three are more
strongly marked. Besides these striae of growth, there is on this valve also a
very distinct concentric sculpturing, of narrow, rounded, raised lines, separated from
each other also by narrow rounded furrows. On both valves this sculpturing is
so fine that it can be seen only with difficulty by the naked eye.
E
424 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
Of the internal characters of this species nothing certain could he ascertained,
as only very few specimens were at hand, and none could he sacrificed for the
purpose of investigating the internal characters. The condition of the heak of
all the specimens makes it highly prohahle that the internal characters are those
generally prevailing in the genus Terebratuloidea.
The dimensions of two specimens from Katta are as follow : —
I.
II.
15 mm.
15 mm
165 „
17 „
11 „
10 „
102°
104°
118°
125"
Entire length of the shell
„ hreadth „
„ thickness of both valves .
Apical angle of the ventral valve
„ „ „ dorsal valve
Locality and geological position. — This species is of a very limited geological
and geographical distrihution. It has heen detected by myself at only one locality
and in a single bed. This was at Katta in a yellow, shaly, calcareous bed inter-
calated between compact layers of limestone, forming the very lowest beds of the
compact limestone series composing the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
Only three specimens were found.
Remarks. — In its general outline this species is very nearly related to
Terebratuloidea minor, W., described before, and it would not be separable from
that species were it not for the very neat concentric sculpturing which covers both
valves of the present species. I think the occurrence of such a sculpturing is
sufficient for the distinction of a species, as it forms a very striking character
which can easily be recognised.
Of European species none can be compared to the present one.
Genus: TJNOINULUS, Batle.
I am not quite certain whether this genus is in reality distinguishable from
Rhynchonella, as Mr. Bayle only gave the name without a description ; but as the
species for which the name is introduced form a very compact, easily distinguishable
group, it may be practical to retain the generic designation, and thus to diminish
the enormous number of forms already considered as belonging to the genus
Rhynchonella.
The most detailed observations on the species belonging to the genus have
been published by Quenstedt in his " Petrefaktenkunde Deutschlands," Vol.11,
Brachiopoda. He considers all the shells more or less allied to Rhynch. wilsoni,
as forming only one extensive species, and introduces for them all the collective
name " Wilsonier," which I connot accept as of generic value. Nevertheless it
apparently coincides entirely with what was indicated by Bayle under the name
of Uncinulus. The expression " Wilsonier " was never intended by Quenstedt as a
generic name, nor does it bear the form required for a generic designation. I
therefore think myself justified in using the name Uncinulus, though it be of
ater date.
PKODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 425
The genus is not difficult to be recognised by its external form. The species
belonging to it are Bhynchonella-shsLipedL, covered with more or less fine radiating
ribs, which generally do not begin at the apex of the valves, but only more towards
the frontal part. The ventral valve bears in the middle, at the shallow sinus in the
frontal region, a high rectangular lobe, which fits into a similar emargination of
the dorsal valve. The ribs on this lobe are peculiar ; they bear a furrow on top,
and appear thus more or less bifid. This lobe is only distinctly developed in adult
specimens.
In the dorsal valve the sculpturing is very similar to that of the ventral one,
only that the bifurcation of the ribs is chiefly observable on the lateral lobes of
this valve, whilst it is little developed on the median part.
Among the internal characters the most important seem to be the great
thickening of the substance of the ventral valve, and the deep impressions it bears ;
it is, however, difficult to arrive at a right understanding of these impressions.
Dental plates are developed as in Bhynchonella. In the middle, far from the apex
of the ventral valve, is a kind of short median septum with two lateral branches
which seems to divide the body of the animal nearly into two halves. The impres-
sions of the adductors are where this septum terminates towards the beak.
In the dorsal valve a strong median septum is present, as in Bhynchonella ; and
also the crura are very much like those occurring in that genus. The whole hinge
apparatus seems to differ from that of Bhynchonella, only by the hinge-plate not
being divided in the middle up to the apex.
These external as well as internal peculiarities might possibly be sufficient to
distinguish generically the forms bearing them from Bhynchonella, but I cannot
positively affirm if they be so. We must await Mr. Bayle's detailed description,
which perhaps will disclose some more distinctive characters, to put the genus on
somewhat firmer ground.
Thus defined the genus has a rather wide geological range. It begins in the silurian
period, in the upper region of which already numbers of species occur. The genus
seems to be most numerously developed in devonian strata, and already in the carboni-
ferous period species belonging to it become scarce, while in mesozoic strata nothing
similar has been detected.
In the Salt-range three species belonging to the genus occur. One has been
detected in the middle and upper, the other two in the upper division of the Pro-
ductus-limestone, but none of them is common : all three are tolerably rare.
The occurrence of three species of this genus gives a rather old aspect to the
Brachiopod-fauna of the Salt-range.
1. Uncinultjs theobaldi, Waagen, n. sp., PI. XXXIV, fig. 1.
The general outline of this species in very transversely oval, much shorter
than it is broad : the valves are very strongly inflated, so much so that the thick-
426 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
ness of the shell is about equal to its length. Both valves are covered by very fine
ribs which commence not very far from the apex of the valves and extend to the
frontal and lateral margins. As in all the species belonging to the genus, the ribs
are bifid where they approach the margins.
The ventral valve is very flat for about half of its length, where the median
sinus begins, and is but little impressed. The lateral parts proceed quite straightly
and are suddenly bent up close to the margin. The median part of the shell, occu-
pied by the sinus, is prolonged in a long rectangular lobe, with vertically-ascending
lateral margins. The beak is short, thin, very pointed, and well bent over. The
very small foramen is situated below the apex of the beak, and seems to be limited
at its lower side by deltidial plates, but this feature is not well observable in the
specimens at my disposal. The very fine and numerous ribs cover barely half the
extent of the valve, a large part of it in the apical region being quite smooth. Of
the ribs there are seven to eight situated within the sinus, and twelve to thirteen
on each lateral part, so that altogether this valve has thirty-one to thirty -four ribs,
of which those most laterally situated are rather small and indistinct. The ribs
situated on the sinus and its shelly prominent extension bear for a long distance
from the margin a furrow on top, whilst on the ribs on the lateral parts no such
furrow can be observed.
The dorsal valve is somewhat more strongly vaulted than the ventral one, but
the difference is slight. In the middle region, along the median fold, the valve is
nearly quite flat, whilst the lateral parts bend strongly down. This valve also bears
a great many fine sharp ribs, which begin at some distance from the apex. The
ribs which reach up furthest are the median ones on the median fold. Here the
smooth part of the valve occupies about half its length, whilst on the lateral parts
it extends further. There are altogether thirty to thirty-three ribs on this valve,
nine on the median fold, and eleven to twelve on each lateral part. In this valve
all the ribs are bifurcated or bear a furrow on top, but on the lateral parts this takes
place for a much longer extent than on the median fold.
Of the internal characters nothing can be seen except tolerably large dental
plates in the ventral valve ; they are very strongly diverging, very nearly approached
at the apex of the beak, and rather far distant from each other where they terminate
towards the frontal region. They extend for about a foxirth part of the length of
the valve.
The dimensions of two specimens, one from Musakheyl and one from Chidru,
are as follow : —
i. n.
Entire length of the shell . . . . . . .13 mm. 14 mm.
„ breadth „ 18-5 „ 20 „
Thickness of both valves 125 „ 13'5 „
Apical angle of the larger valve ...... 112° 114°
„ „ smaller valve 117° 116°
Locality and geological position. — This is a very rare species ; only two
specimens of it have been detected up to the present. One of them has been for a
PEODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 427
long time in the collections of the Geological Survey. It was presented by Mr.
Theobald to the Survey, and had been found by him at Musakheyl. As the shell is
silicified, it is probable that this specimen came from the upper beds of the middle
division of the Productus-limestone. The second specimen I collected myself at
Chidru in the same bed in which Xenodiscm carbonarius, W., occurred in great
numbers. This bed forms part of the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — There is one species to which the present one is very nearly related ;
this is Rhynchonella (TJncinulus) timoremis, Beyrich, from carboniferous deposits of
the Isle of Timor. The two species resemble each other very much by the marked
transversely oval form of their shells, and the very small and little prominent beak.
They differ from each other by the greater smoothness of the shell, the by far
broader median fold and sinus in comparison to the lateral parts, and by the greater
flatness, or the nearly impressed form, of the ventral valve in Rhynch. timorensis.
These points of difference are, I think, sufficient to distinguish the two shells as
different species.
Of devonian species several are similar to the present one, but none, I think,
needs a more close comparison.
2. Uncinultjs jabiensis, Waagen, n. sp., PI. XXXIV, fig. 2.
The general outline of this species is approximately triangular, about as long
as it is broad, with not much inflated valves, which are nearly quite smooth, and
only near their margins bear short, not very fine, ribs.
The ventral valve is rather flat, and but very little arched, still perhaps more
strongly so than in the preceding species, forming a distinctly curved bine from the
apex of the beak down to the margin of the lateral parts. As in all species of the
genus, that part of the valve which corresponds to the sinus is produced and forms
a more or less high shelly lobe, which is, however, never so high as in the preceding
species, and is limited on both sides, not by vertical, but by sloping, margins. The
sinus of the valve itself is very shallow. The beak is not appressed, little bent over,
prominent, thin, and very pointed. It is pierced below its extremity by a very small
foramen, which is limited on its lower side by small, but distinct, deltidial plates.
There is no trace of a false area along the curved hinge-line. The greater part of the
valve is quite smooth, and the sinus is barely perceptible on this smooth part, which
occupies three-quarters of the entire length of the valve. There are five ribs within
the sinus, and about nine on each lateral part. The ribs within the sinus bear for
about half of their length a furrow on top, the ribs on the lateral parts, on the con-
trary, being devoid of such a furrow.
The dorsal valve is almost flatter than the ventral one. The apex is strongly
bent in, but from it the valve extends in nearly a straight line to near the frontal
region, where it bends again down before it reaches the frontal margin. This valve
also is smooth for a great extent, though not so much so as the ventral valve. The
smooth part in this valve takes up only two-thirds of the entire length, where ribs
428
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
begin to appear, and reach down to the margins. There are six ribs on the slightly
prominent median fold, and about ten ribs on each lateral part. The ribs on the
median fold are devoid of a furrow at top, but the ribs on the lateral parts bear "such
a furrow for about half of their length. These ribs quickly decrease in length as
they approach the hinge-margin.
Of the interior arrangements of the species nothing could be seen except the
strongly-developed dental plates in the ventral valve, extending from the extremity
of the beak to about one-quarter of the entire length of the valve.
The dimensions of a specimen from Jabi are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell . . . .
18 mm
Length of the smaller valve .....
. 17 „
Entire breadth of the shell .....
. 19 „
Thickness of both valves . . .
. 12 „
Apical angle of the larger valve ....
88°
„ „ „ smaller valve ....
7*i-- 7 7 f 7 !4! ml. ■ _. _-
. 95"
Locality and geological position. — This species is everywhere exceedingly rare,
except at one locality, and this is at Jabi in the upper division of the Productus-
limestone, in the bed with Cyclolobm oldhami. I collected in this bed eight
specimens, but among all these there was only one quite well preserved ; the others
were generally single valves. Another single valve I found at Khura in calcareous
beds at the limit of the middle and upper divisions of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks, — In its great smoothness this species resembles very much Rhynch.
( Vncinulus) timorensis, Beyrich, but otherwise the resemblance is not so very great.
Beyrich's species is by far more transversely oval, and bears many more ribs than the
Indian shell, and I do not think that the two could be united in one and the same
species. Also with Vncinulus theobaldi, W., a certain relation exists ; but a distinc-
tion is very easy. In Un. theobaldi, the smooth part in the cardinal region is much
smaller, the valves much more inflated, and it is strongly oval transversely in its
general outline.
Uncintjlus poster-US, Waagen, n. sp.
The general outline of this species is triangular, only slightly broader than it is
long. The valves are tolerably inflated, covered with very fine ribs to a certain
distance from the apex.
.fdflTWtt
ilk mm
Figs. 1, 2. Vncinulus posterns, Waagen, n. sp. Two specimens from the Cephalopoda-bed of the upper Productus-
limestone of Jabi ; a, dorsal view ; b, ventral view ; e, lateral view ; d, front view.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 429
The ventral valve is well curved, with a slightly-developed sinus, which begins
far from the apex, and is a little vaulted in the middle. This is a very strange
feature, and in a certain position of the shell it causes a very peculiar aspect of the
frontal view : instead of the sinus being sunk, producing an excavated line, it pro-
jects in this species as a rounded prominence. The beak is but little bent over, not
appressed, thin and very pointed; it is pierced below its apex by a very small foramen.
The deltidial plates cannot well be seen. On both sides of the beak there extend
very small, sloping, triangular flat spaces, which form a very small false area. The
smooth part, where the ribs are very fine, occupies about half the length of the
valve, beginning from the apex ; then the ribs become distinct. They are rounded,
but very fine. There are six to seven of them within the sinus and eight to nine on
each lateral part. The ribs within the sinus for a short distance near the margin
bear a furrow on top ; the others, however, are devoid of it. The sinus forms, as in
other species of the genus, a tolerably far-projecting shelly lobe, which is rectangular
and limited laterally by vertical margins.
The dorsal valve is about equally vaulted as the ventral one, but its curvature
is not equally distributed. The apex is not strongly bent in, but rather flat, and the
whole smooth part of the valve is flattened, and but very little vaulted in any direc-
tion. After the ribs begin to appear, the valve bends rather strongly and sud-
denly down ; this bend is by far stronger on the lateral parts than on the median
fold. The valve is entirely smooth for a short distance from the apex, then ribs are
developed, but are so fine that the shell still appears nearly smooth for more than
half of its length. Lower down numerous fine ribs are observable, and extend to the
margin of the valve. There are seven to eight ribs on the median fold and ten to
twelve on each lateral part. All these ribs bear a furrow on top in the region of
the margins of the valve, but it is very short on the ribs situated in the median
fold, and much larger, reaching up to nearly half of the length of the ribs, on the
lateral parts of the valve.
Of the internal characters of this species the dental plates in the ventral valve
can distinctly be seen ; they are very strong, but not very long. The median septum
in the dorsal valve is less distinctly visible. There seems to be one present, but it is
not very strongly developed.
The dimensions of two specimens from Jabi are as follow : —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell 125 mm. 13 mm.
Length of the smaller valve . . . • • • - H >, 12 „
Entire breadth of the shell 14'5 „ 14-5 „
Thickness of both valves . . . . • • . 9'5 „ 10-5 „
Apical angle of the larger valve ....•• 101 100
,, „ „ smaller valve ...... 112° 108
The species seems to remain small, and there are no larger specimens known
than those of which the measurements are given.
430 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Locality and geological position.— There are altogether not more than three
specimens of this species in the Salt-range collection. All three were found by
myself at Jabi in the bed with Cyclolobus oldhami, W., in the upper division of the
Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This species is about intermediate in its characters between Unc.
theobaldi and Unc. jabiensis. Whilst in its general outline it resembles more or less
the latter species, it is more allied to the first by the ribs, which are about equally
fine and numerous, and begin also about half way or nearer the apex. Erom both
those species it differs by its constantly smaller size and the greater inflation of its
valves.
Of lower palaeozoic species some are very similar to the shells here under
consideration. Especially the forms which occur in the silurian limestones of
Gothland show an extreme resemblance. But as I have no materials for compari-
son, I cannot exactly indicate the differences. Also the true Unc. wilsoni, from
devonian strata, seems to be very nearly allied to the present species, but the
devonian forms, though in their general outline very similar, seem to be generally
more finely ribbed, inasmuch as they bear at least ten ribs on the median fold of
the dorsal valve, and about twenty on each lateral part. So far the present shell
can be distinguished from Unc. wilsoni, but it cannot be denied that the resem-
blance is extremely close.
It is a strange fact that here associated with Cyclolobus oldhami there should
suddenly appear a shell which is extremely nearly allied to a common devonian
form. Up to the present, allies of the species occurring in the Productus-limestone
of the Salt-range had to be sought for in upper carboniferous or in permian strata, or
we had even to go up as far as the trias ; and now all of a sudden we come upon
a group of shells which entirely points to older devonian and silurian deposits, and
certain forms of which can barely specifically be distinguished from the devonian
shells. I think, however, that this more isolated fact cannot materially alter the
deductions which we may draw from the overwhelming evidence of the other species
as to the geological age of the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range. That species
of Uncinulus go up also into the carboniferous formation we know already from
the occurrence of Unc. cuboides in the carboniferous limestone of Belgium, and of
Unc. timorensis in the carboniferous deposits of the Isle of Timor. Thus it may
well happen that species should also be found in the Productus-limestone of the
Salt-range.
Genus : RHYNCHONELLA, Eischer v. Waldheim.
This genus is very well known, and needs no explicit description. Erom the
typical species Rhynch. loxia, which has been figured again in Zittel's Hand-book
of Palaeontology, it appears that it possessed strong dental plates in the ventral valve
and an equally strong septum in the dorsal one, and thus those shells which agree in
PB ODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BR ACHIOPODA. 431
these points with, the typical species must he considered as forming the genus.
Thus also those forms which have heen distinguished by Hall under the name of
Stenoschisma fall within the scope of this genus, and Hall's genus can scarcely
he retained any longer.
Thus defined, the genus commences already in silurian strata, is numerously
represented during devonian and carhoniferous times, but seems to attain its chief
development in the mesozoic epoch, where it is most largely developed in the
Jurassic period. During cretaceous times with true Rhynchonellce other genera
appear and seem partly to replace that genus ; hut the cretaceous generic forms
seem not to be yet thoroughly studied. In the actual seas the true Rhynchonellce
are replaced entirely by the genus Eemithyris.
In the Salt-range there are three forms which I can assign safely to the
typical genus. All three are extremely rare. One of them belongs to the group
of Rhynch. pleurodon, Phill., but can easily be distinguished by its very inflated
valves and nearly globose form. Another species has a great propensity to become
unsymmetrical, and in this respect is not dissimilar to Mhynch. latoma, Barr., from
upper silurian strata, or to Mhynch. mantles, Sow., from the carboniferous. The
third species has only been detected in a single valve, and cannot be determined
specifically, yet there is no doubt that by this single specimen the existence of a
third species is indicated.
The great rarity of species of Rhynchonella in the strata of the Salt-range is
not without geological importance. Zittel, in his Hand-book, says that in the permian
formation (Zechstein) the genus Rhynchonella is replaced by Carrier ophoria.
Though this is not exactly true for the whole surface of the globe, yet a remarkable
fact is hinted at by Zittel's words, that really during permian times Rhynchonellce
became very . scarce, so that we can speak of a minimum of development during these
times whilst the Camerophorice become exceedingly numerous. Only in America
have several species of Rhynchonella been observed in permian strata ; but otherwise,
Rhynchonella gemitziana, which is in reality a Rhynchopora, is generally quoted
as the only representative of the genus in Europe and Asia during permian times.
Camerophorice, on the contrary, are very common in the permian formation,
though not so numerous in species as in individuals.
Exactly the same is the case in the palaeozoic deposits of the Salt-range. Of
true Rhynchonella only three species are present, which are so exceedingly rare
that only one or two specimens of each have been detected up to the present.
Even if we include the species of Uncinulus, the aspect of facts is not materially
altered, as these also are very rare. We have then six species of Rhynchonella
and Uncinulus together to compare with five species of Camerophoria, of which
four are very common. Thus an observer travelling along the escarpments of the
Salt-range will meet with numbers of Camerophorice before he will find one speci-
men of a Rhynchonella, if he detects even one.
This comparative prevalence of Camerophoria is a fact very worthy of notice.
432 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
1. Ehynchonella wynnei, Waagen, n. sp., PL XXXIV, fig. 4.
This species is nearly globular in its general outline, very little broader than it
is long, with, extremely inflated valves, which are covered with strong, not very
broad, sharp radiating ribs. Six of these are on the moderately prominent median
fold.
The ventral valve is very strongly and very equally curved, forming nearly a
semicircle from the apex of the beak down to the end of the median sinus. The
sinus is only very little impressed, but very broad, occupying the greater part of the
breadth of the whole shell. The lateral parts are correspondingly very narrow and
little prominent, as is most distinctly seen in a front view of the shell. The beak
is very short and pointed, not bent over, and pierced below its apex by a small
foramen, which seems not to be limited at its lower side by deltidial plates. From
both sides of the beak rather broad, flat, smooth, triangular spaces extend ; they are,
however, strongly sloping, and form only a very indistinct false area. The ribs
begin at a short distance from the apex, and are strongest on the frontal margin;
There are five ribs within the sinus, and about six much smaller ones on each lateral
part. The frontal line is not quite distinctly visible on account of the bad preserv-
ation of the only specimen.
The dorsal valve -is about equally strongly vaulted as the ventral one, but its
curve is much more irregular. From the apex to near the frontal part of the shell
it is not very much curved, then it bends down rather suddenly to meet the ventral
valve. The ribs begin at some distance from the apex. The median fold is but
little prominent, and bears six ribs, which are rather high and tolerably sharp near
the frontal margin. On the rather narrow lateral parts there are about seven ribs,
which are, however, much shorter and less strong than the ribs in the median fold.
Of the internal arrangements of this species nothing can be observed, but a
trace of the rather strongly developed dental plates in the ventral valve.
The measurements of the only existing specimen are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell ......... 14 mm.
Length of the smaller valve ... .... 13
Entire hreadth of the shell ......... 16 „
Thickness of hoth valves . . . . . . . . . 13 „
Apical angle of the larger valve ........ 102°
„ „ „ smaller valve ........ 110°
Locality and geological position. — Up to the present only one specimen of this
species has been detected. It was found by Mr. Wynne on the hill above Kalabagh
in calcareous beds apparently at the limit between the middle and upper divisions
of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — As there is but one specimen,, it is rather difficult to indicate the
differences of this species from other allied forms. There is chiefly Rynch. pleurodon,
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 433
Phill., to be compared. If we consider only an upper view of the dorsal valve,
it cannot be denied tbat in this aspect the two species are very similar ; but in any
other view the similarity immediately ceases. In the ventral valve the lateral parts
are much more strongly developed, slightly impressed, and angularly prominent in
Rynch. pleurodon. In a front view the median fold is more prominent, the sinus
more deeply impressed, and the whole outline not so rounded in Phillips' species.
All these differences have their origin in the much greater inflation and different
curvature of the valves of the Indian shell. They are, however, sufficient to dis-
tinguish the two forms as separate species.
Another species, which is in general outline not dissimilar to Rhynch. wynnei,
is Rhynchopora geinitziana, Vern. sp. Even if we do not take into con-
sideration that the permian species belongs to a different genus, there are in the
external forms sufficient differences to distinguish the two species. Mhynch.
wynnei has more inflated valves and coarser and less sharp ribs than Mhynch.
geinitziana. But also the genus is different. In the Indian shell the punctation
characteristic of the genus Rhynchopora is decidedly absent, whilst Rhynchopora
geinitziana decidedly bears such a punctation, as this character has served for the
definition of the genus.
2. Ehtnchonella morA-Hensis, Waagen, n. sp., PI. XXXIV, fig. 5.
This is a small species of elongated oval form, slightly inflated valves, with small
sinus in the ventral and corresponding fold in the dorsal valve, and not very numer-
ous, sharp, radiating ribs, which begin at the apex of the valves.
The ventral valve is rather flat for its whole extent, and shows a very equal
curve throughout. The sinus is narrow and not deep, the lateral parts compara-
tively broad. The beak is not well preserved in any of my specimens, but it
seems to have been very prominent and tolerably long. On both sides of the
beak extend very sloping, smooth, triangular spaces, which form only a very in-
distinct false area. The ribs do not begin immediately at the beak, but at a
little distance from it. They are sharp and comparatively high. There are only
two of them within the sinus and seven on each lateral part. The sinus is not
quite central, but shifted a very little to the right side. This peculiarity is not
represented in the drawing, PL XXXIV, fig. 5e.
The dorsal valve shows the same curvature as the ventral one. The median
fold is very little prominent and shifted a little to the right side. The ribs
begin only at a little distance from the apex and soon become sharp and high.
There are three ribs on the median fold and six on each lateral part.
Of the internal structure of this species nothing can be seen, the interior of
the specimen is so strongly sparry that it is impossible to decide with certainty
whether dental plates are present in the ventral valve or not. It has however
the appearance as if there were.
434 SALT-RANGE POSSILS.
The measurements of a specimen from Morah are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell, about ....... 11 mm.
Length of the smaller valve . . . . . . . 9'5 „
Entire breadth of the shell ..... . 8-5 „
Thickness of both valves ........ 6
Apical angle of the larger valve ....... 85°
„ ,, of the smaller valve ....... 91"
Another specimen, of which I am, however, doubtful whether I should con-
sider it as belonging to the same species, measures 13 mm. in length and 11 mm.
in breadth. It bears four sharp ribs on the very little prominent but strongly
shifted median fold, and there are only four folds on each lateral part of the
dorsal valve.
Locality and geological position. — The specimen which served for the descrip-
tion of this species was collected by Mr. Wynne at Morah in the middle division
of the Productus-limestone. The second specimen, which doubtfully belongs to
the species, also comes from the middle division of the Productus-limestone, at
Musakheyl, where it was found by Mr. Theobald.
Remarks. — This species is remarkable for the unsymmetrical development
exhibited by both the specimens. Unsymmetrical species of Illiynchonella have
been already found in the saurian, as represented by Rhynch. latoma, Barr. I
do not think that in all cases the unsymmetry is caused by a malformation ; very
often it seems to be a specific character exhibited in a more or less strong de-
gree by all specimens belonging to the species. Also in carboniferous strata such
unsymmetrical forms are known to occur, and they received from Sowerby the name
of Terebratula mantice. Davidson considers this form only as a malformation of
Mhynch. pleurodon, Phill., but if we consider the beautiful drawing in the " British
Carboniferous Brachiopoda," the general outline of the figure is very different
from that of Phillips'- pecies ; the length in Rhynch. mantice is slightly greater
than the breadth, whilst in Rhynch. pleurodon the breadth exceeds very considerably
the* length of the shell. I therefore should be rather inclined to consider Rhynch.
mantice as a different species. To this species the Indian Rhynch. morahensis is
rather nearly related. The general outline is very like that of Rhynch. mantice ; in
both species the length exceeds the breadh of the shell, the median fold is in both
shifted more or less to the right side, and the ribs are similarly distributed. The
two forms can be distinguished by the less prominent median fold, and more shallow
corresponding sinus and the less numerous ribs in Rhynch. morahensis.
3. Rhtnchonella sp., indet., PI. XXXIV, fig. 3.
It is to be regretted that this species has been found by me only in a single
valve, an d this even is not quite complete. Among all the shells occurring in the
Salt-range it is the one most nearly related to Rhynch. pleurodon, Phill.
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 435
The single specimen consists of a dorsal valve, slightly broken in the frontal
region. The valve is very flat and resembles in this respect more or less fig. 10
{non 10 a), PL XXIII of the "British Carboniferous Brachiopoda." Its curvature
is very equal throughout, but in the apical region it bears a slight longitudinal
impression very much like that in the dorsal valve of all the specimens of Bhynch.
pleurodon available for comparison. There is barely a trace of a median fold. The
whole valve is covered by strong radial folds, which begin only at a certain distance
from the apex. There are altogether twelve folds on this valve. In the interior
there seems to be a strong median septum.
The measurments of this specimen are as follow : —
Entire leDgth of the dorsal valve ....... 10 mm.
"„ breadth „ , 10 „
Thickness „ 3 „
Apical angle , 102° „
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species that
has been detected up to the present was found by myself at Amb in the lower divi-
sion of the Productus-limestone, in a black coaly sandstone, the so-called Chonetes-
bed.
Remarks. — Though this species resembles to a certain degree young specimens
of Rhynchonella pleurodon, yet I should not like to directly unite it with that
species on account of the general outline of the specimen, in which the length
and the breadth of the shell are identical. Por a final judgment in the matter better
materials must be found.
Sub-family: CAMEUOTEOMINM, Waagen.
Genus: CAMEROPHOBIA, King..
This is one of the best characterised and most easily recognisable of known
genera. It is barely necessary to say anything about its internal structure, as this
is very well known, and I am not in a position to adduce any new facts that would
serve for the further elucidation of the genus.
Though, however, the characters of the genus are so very well known, and
the group of forms comprised by it has been excellently characterised already by
the first describer, yet it is very difficult to indicate exactly the geological time at
which the genus first made its appearance. It is probable that the genus took its
origin from Pentamerus by a certain reduction of the internal septa; but it is
also possible that forms like Stricklandia or Oamerella may have been the ances-
tors of Camerophoria. One of the most striking external characters of Pentamerus
is the position of the sinus on the dorsal valve and a corresponding fold on the
ventral one. This position of sinus and fold prompted M. Quenstedt to create
the name Antirhynchonella. Already in silurian strata, however, isolated species
436 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
occur, in which, the opposite configuration obtains. Such species are, for instance,
Pentamerus linguiferus, Barr., and Pent, ambigena, Barr. In such cases the dis-
tinctive characters between Pentamerus and Camerophoria rest chiefly on the in-
ternal structure. The very strong and broad median septum in the ventral valve
in these cases indicates such forms as Pentameri. Whether among silurian species
of Pentamerus bearing an up-curved frontal line, there may not be one or other
which possibly could be considered as a Camerophoria is very uncertain. It is, how-
ever, certain that in the devonian period already a number of species belonging to
the latter genus have been detected. In carboniferous strata the genus is strongly
developed, and counts there about eight to ten species. The genus is not so rich
in species in the permian period, not more than five or six species having been de-
scribed. Some of them are, however, extremely rich in individuals, as for instance
Carneroph. schlotheimi, Buch, which is found at certain localities in hundreds.
After the permian period the genus suddenly disappears ; there is no species known
from triassic strata.
In the Salt-range not less than five species occur. Three of these belong to
the group of Camerophoria crumena, Mart. These are Gam. purdoni, Dav., Cam.
pinguis, Waagen, n. sp., and Cam. humbletonensis, Howse. Of these three species
only the first is common, the other two being rather rare. The geological distri-
bution of the three species is not very different. All three occur in the middle
division of the Productus-limestone ; but whilst Cam. pinguis and Cam. humble-
tonensis are restricted to the middle region of that division, Cam. purdoni extends
up to the very limit of the upper division. The remaining two species belong to
the group of Carneroph'. rhomboidea, Phill. : they are Carneroph. globulina, Phill., and
Carneroph. superstes, Vern., both being found in the upper division of the Productus-
limestone. Of these five species, three — Cam. humbletonensis, Cam. globulina, and
Cam. superstes — are found elsewhere in permian strata, and their occurrence in the
Salt-range is of great geological importance.
There is still something to be said as to why I use the name Camerophoria
for these shells, and not as Dall wants to have it, the name Stenoschisma, Conrad.
Mr. Dall advocates this course on the ground that Conrad proposed the name
Stenoschisma for Terebratula schlotheimi, Buch — that is, for the same species for
which King proposed the name Camerophoria. This, however, is only verbally
the case. It is most evident that Conrad mistook some other species for Terebratula
schlotheimi, as Buch's species has, as far as I am aware, not yet with certainty been
stated to occur in America, and is a species exclusively restricted to permian
strata. Mr. Conrad created his name Stenoschisma for the common silurian bivalve
which he indentfied with Terebratula schlotheimi, Buch, but which is certainly
not identical with Buch's species. Thus there is not the slightest doubt that the
name Camerophoria denotes something quite different from that for which the
name Stenoschisma was created, and it is most certain that there is not any
possibility of the two genera being identical. I cannot say whether Mr. Hall is
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 437
right in his interpretation of Stenoschisma, but I am quite sure that Camerophoria
is no synonym of Stenoschisma.
I.— Gbottp op CAMEROPHORIA ORUMENA, Mart.
1. Camerophoria purdoni, Davidson, PL XXXII, figs. 1 — 7.
1862. Camerophoria purdoni, Davidson : Quait. Journ. Geolog. Soc, Lond., Vol. XVIII, p. 30, pi. II, f, 4.
1863. Camerophoria purdoni (Dav.), Koninok : Fossiles paleoz. de l'lnde, p. 36, pi. XII, f. 4.
This species attains considerable dimensions. Its general outline is trans-
versely oval or slightly triangular, chiefly in young specimens. The valves are
not much inflated, the ventral one bears a rather shallow sinus, and the dorsal
a correspondingly moderate median fold. The ribs on both valves are tolerably
numerous. The species shows a great tendency to become unsymmetrical.
The ventral valve is rather flat, with a very shallow median sinus, which is
generally rather broad in comparison with the much narrower lateral parts. The beak
is very small and pointed, strongly bent over, and bears at its lower side a triangular
slit, which begins first at the apex of the beak and extends down to the hinge-line.
No trace of deltidial plates can be observed. The smooth triangular spaces on
both sides of the beak are large and strongly sloping, forming a rather large but
indistinct false area. The whole valve is covered by more or less strong radial ribs
the number of which is very irregular. There are generally seventeen ribs on this
valve, which are sometimes, but not very often, augmented to eighteen or nineteen,
but sometimes, and this more often occurs, they are reduced to so few as ten or eleven.
These ribs are mostly rather high and prominent, but never quite acute on top.
They are mostly undivided from beginning to end, but sometimes near the frontal
margin, thinner ribs are intercalated between the original ones, and then the ribbing
appears very irregular in strength. There are generally five ribs within the sinus,
sometimes six, or very rarely even seven, whilst more often the number is reduced
to four or occasionally to three. The lateral parts of the valve only exceptionally
have the same number of ribs ; there is mostly one rib, sometimes even two, more on
one side than on the other ; generally five ribs on the one side and six or seven
on the other. From this arrangement it happens that the sinus in this valve appears
only rarely to be quite median, being nearly always shifted more or less to one or the
other side, but there is no rule as to which.
The dorsal valve is somewhat more strongly vaulted than the ventral one, but
its median fold is very little prominent and rather flattened on the top. What has
been said about the ribs in the ventral valve applies also to this valve, only that
the number of ribs is generally slightly larger in this valve than in the other.
There are generally six ribs on the median fold, very rarely eight, and somewhat
more often five or four. The lateral parts bear generally five ribs, but very often
there are on one side five, whilst the other has six or seven.
Both valves, when well preserved, bear expansions on their frontal and lateral
margins ; but the extent of these cannot be indicated, as no entirely complete
438 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
specimen has been observed up to the present. Eigs. 1 and 2, Plate XXXII, show
traces of these expansions.
The internal arrangements, except the crura and the cardinal process, can be-
tolerably well observed. In the ventral valve the dental septa form two vaulted
plates, making an ogival chamber between them under the beak ; they meet not far
from the bottom of the valve, where they are fixed to a very low median septum
or thickening that extends however only two-thirds of the length of the plates,
which for the last third of their extent towards the frontal margin are free, entirely
separated from the bottom of the valve. The length of the ogival chamber reaches
nearly half the length of the valve.
In the dorsal valve there is an extremely high median septum, supporting the
spatula-shaped plate. The latter is strongly concave on its upper side, smooth and
showing no raised line in the middle, as is the case in the European species of
Camerophoria ; but, on the contrary, the middle line is excavated. At the frontal
extremity this plate terminates in three broadly-rounded lobes, of which the middle
one is most prominent.
The dental plates of the ventral valve and the spatula-shaped plate of the dorsal
one approach each other very closely for their whole extent, and it is difficult to
conceive in what manner the crura can have been arranged in this species, as in
reality the spatula-shaped plate fits within the ogival chamber formed by the dental
plates. Certainly the crura must have been very short. •
The dimensions of three specimens from Musakheyl, No. I with eight ribs on
the median fold, No. II with five, and No. Ill with six, all three apparently full
grown, are as follow : —
I.
II.
III.
Entire length of the shell
. 24 mm.
22 mm.
21 mm
Length of the smaller valve
• 22 „
21 „
20 „
Entire breadth of the shell
■ 28 „
29 „
27 „
Breadth of the median fold
• 15 „
15 „
14 „
Thickness of both valves
. 15 „
15-5 „
15 „
Apical angle of the larger valve
. 98°
105°
97°
„ „ „ smaller valve
. 107°
111°
103°
Locality and geological position. — This species is very common in the Salt-
range, but seems to be restricted to the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
The greatest number of specimens, but mostly not well preserved, was collected
by Mr. Wynne at Morah in a marly crinoidal limestone which apparently belongs to
the middle region of the middle division of the Productus-limestone. There are not less
than nineteen specimens from that locality. Next comes Musakheyl, as regards the
number of specimens, altogether fourteen, collected partly by Mr. Theobald, Dr. Old-
ham, Dr. Warth, and myself. At other localities the species is not rare, but has not
been collected in so great numbers as at the places just mentioned. It has been found
in the section at Khura in the top beds of the calcareous series, forming there the
middle division of the Productus-limestone (four specimens) ; at Chidru in the high-
est beds of the compact limestones (one specimen) ; at Virgal in the coral limestone
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 439
(one specimen) ; and Trans-Indus at Kafirkot (one specimen). By Mr. Wynne it
has been collected at Swas (three specimens), Chidru (one specimen), and Trans-
Indus at Kalabagh (one specimen).
The species very rarely extends up into higher strata. I hare collected two
specimens west of Khura at the base of the upper division of the Productus-lime-
stone, and a single very bad specimen, which barely admits of an exact determina-
tion, in the section near Khura in the middle region of the upper division.
Remarks. — This species is very nearly related to Cameroph. humbletonensis,
Howse, and it is often not easy to distinguish the two. The specimen figured by
Davidson is a somewhat exceptional variety, remarkable on account of the somewhat
smaller apical angle of its ventral valve. The ribs are broad and strong, as is
generally the case in specimens which bear only five ribs on the median fold of the
dorsal valve ; this fold itself is very low and the corresponding sinus very shallow,
as in the specimens represented on PI. XXXII. I thug think myself entirely
justified when I consider all these specimens as belonging to Davidson's species.
The most characteristic feature of this species, then, is the great shallowness of the
sinus in the ventral and the very little prominence of the median fold in the dorsal
valve. The absence of lateral and frontal expansions, which are indicated by
Davidson as a specific character, does not hold good, as when well-preserved speci-
mens are accessible they always show traces of such expansions.
On the whole, the differences from Cam. humbletonensis are very small, and
chiefly consist in the shallowness of the median sinus and fold, and in the ribs being
generally less numerous than in Howse's species. Nevertheless I was a long time
in doubt whether I should not consider the two species as identical, until I was
able to expose the internal characters to a certain extent. In these characters very
marked differences exist between the two species. If one compares the lateral view
of the interior processes, as drawn by King, with fig. 6 on PL XXXII, these differences
are very striking. The outline and development of the dental plates is quite
different in the two species. The spatula-shaped process is far distant from the
lower margin of the dental plates in Cam. humbletonensis, whilst the two. organs are
quite approached in the Indian shell, also the form of the spatula-shaped process is
different. Similar differences exist also between the internal characters of Cam.
schlotheimi and those of the present species, but they are less considerable.
There is also some similarity between Cam. purdoni and certain varieties of
Cam. crumena, Mart. ; chiefly those specimens figured by Beyrich from the Island
of Timor approach very near to the Indian shells in general form, but the Cam.
purdoni is distinct in every case from the true Cam. crumena by its very shallow
sinus and little prominent median fold.
On the whole, the present species seems to be more nearly related to permian
than to carboniferous species.
440
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
2. Camerophoria hijmbletonensis, Howse, PI. XXXII, figs. 8, 9.
1848. Terebratula humlletonensis, Howse : Cat. Foss. Perm. Syst. ; T. N. P. C, Vol. I, pt. Ill, p. 252.
1846. Camerophoria multiplicata, King : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. I, Vol. XVIII, p. 28 (nom.)
1850. Camerophoria multiplicata, King : Mon. Perm. Foss., p. 121, pi. VII, figs. 26—32 ; pi. VIII,
figs. 1-7.
1858. Camerophoria humlletonensis (Howse), Davidson : Mon. Brit. Perm. Brach., p. 27, pi. II
figs. 9—15.
The general outline of this species is transversely oval or slightly triangular.
The dorsal valve bears a tolerably narrow, prominent, rounded median fold, and the
ventral one a deep corresponding sinus. Both valves are covered by very numer-
ous fine radiating ribs.
b a c d
Fig. 3. Camerophoria humlletonensis, Howse, sp. Specimen from the coral-beds of the middle Productus-limestone of
Virgal : a, dorsal view ; b, ventral view ; c, lateral view ; d, front view.
The ventral valve is rather strongly curved in the region of the sinus ; the
lateral parts, however, are very much bent down and nearly straight. The beak is
very small, pointed, and much bent over, so much so that the triangular opening is
barely at all visible. The smooth spaces which extend on both sides of the beak are
narrow and very elongated, strongly sloping. The ribs begin at a short distance
from the apex of the beak, and are slightly more numerous in the apical region than
near the margins of the valve, as some of them on both sides of the sinus disappear
before they reach the margin. There are twenty to twenty-five ribs on this valve, of
which six to eight are within the sinus, and seven to eight on each lateral part.
The ribs are not sharp but rounded on top.
The dorsal valve is somewhat more strongly vaulted than the ventral one, but
the curvature is not equal, as the middle part, corresponding to the median fold, is
less strongly curved than the lateral parts. The median fold is vaulted and pro-
minent, but not very broad. The ribs begin at a little distance from the apex of the
valve. There are twenty to twenty-six ribs on this valve, of which seven to eight
are on the median fold, and six to nine on each lateral part.
All along the lateral and frontal margins of both valves rather narrow expan-
sions extend exactly like those drawn by Davidson on his PI. II, fig. 9.
Of the internal characters of the species nothing could be ascertained in the
Indian specimens, except the existence of the curved and oblique dental plates
characteristic of the genus.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA.
The dimensions of three specimens, all from Virgal, are as follow : —
Ul
I.
II.
III.
Entire length of the shell .
. 21 mm.
20 mm.
16"5 mm,
Length of the smaller valve
. 20 „
19 „
15 „
Entire breadth of the shell
. 255 „
26 „
16 „
14-5 „
9-5 „
Apicul angle of the larger valve .
. 94°
97°
79°
„ „ „ smaller valve
. 105°
114°
93°
Locality and geological position. — There have only been four specimens of this
species detected up to the present in the Salt-range. Three of them were found
by myself at Virgal in a compact limestone intercalated between coral beds in the
middle region of the middle division of the Productus-limestone ; another specimen
was collected by Mr. Wynne Trans-Indus at Bilot, in the crinoidal cliffs belonging
also to the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — There can, I think, not be much doubt as to the identity of the
Indian specimens with the European species. The former are distinct from Cam.
purdoni, Dav., by their somewhat narrower and more elevated fold, and the more ex-
cavated sinus, and by the much finer and more numerous ribs, characters which are
quite identical with those of Gam. humbletonensis. I have taken very much trouble
to detect characters in these Indian specimens which would allow of a distinction
between them and the European forms, but I was absolutely unable to detect any.
I had for comparison some specimens from Humbleton which are preserved in the
Hof-Mineralien Cabinet at Vienna ; but though these specimens are internal casts
and the Indian ones are testiferous, yet the similarity is so very great that I can-
not doubt of their all belonging to one and the same species. Even the young speci-
mens, of which the measurements are given above under No. Ill, so closely resemble
the fig. 31 on Plate VII of King's monograph, that there remains no doubt as to the
identity of the species.
The occurrence of this well-known permian species in the strata of the Salt-
range is of great geological importance.
3. Camerophoria pingtjis, Waagen, n. sp., PL XXXII, figs. 10, 11.
The general outline of this species is transversely oval, considerably broader than
it is long. The median fold is rather prominent and rounded, the sinus is rather
deep. Both valves are covered by thick rounded ribs, which are little numerous.
The .ventral valve is strongly inflated and curved, the curve being throughout
tolerably equal. The ribs commence rather far from the apex of the beak. There
are altogether twelve to fourteen ribs on this valve, three or four within the sinus
and four to five on each lateral part. The beak is rather thick, strongly bent over,
so as barely to show the triangular aperture below it. The flat triangular spaces on
both sides of it are broad and sloping, forming a broad false area.
The dorsal valve is also strongly vaulted with a rather equal curve. It is rather
inflated in the apical region, and there extend on both sides of the apex broad
442 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
smooth, spaces, which form also in this valve a kind of false area. The ribs com-
mence at some distance from the apex. There are altogether eleven to thirteen
ribs on this valve, of which three to five are on the median fold. If there are four
or five ribs present, the two or three median ones are stronger than the two lateral.
On each lateral part there are three or four ribs.
There is no specimen in which it could be seen whether the valves bore lateral
and frontal expansions ; nevertheless I think it probable that when complete speci-
mens will be found such expansions will be detected.
Pig. 4. Camerophoria pinguis, Waagen, n. sp. Specimen showing the internal characters, from the coral beds of
the middle Productus-limestone of Virgal : lateral view, enlarged.
The internal arrangements of this species are very much like those occurring in
Cam. purdoni, Dav., but the dental plates as well as the median septum in the dorsal
valve are shorter than in that species. The spatula- shaped process has the same form
in both species, but does not fit within the ogival chamber formed by the dental
plates, but extends in front over this chamber. The crura have not been observed.
The measurements of two specimens, No. I, from Morah, and No. II, from
Virgal, are as follow : —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell . . . . . .23 mm. 20'5 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve . . . . . . 2l „ 19 „
Entire breadth of the shell 27 „ 23"5 „
Thickness of both valves . . . . . . 16 „ 16 „
Apical angle of the large valve ..... 91° 94"
„ „ „ smaller valve 98° 96°
Locality and geological position. — This species is rather rare in the Salt-range*
and has been detected up to the present only at three localities, but everywhere in
the middle region of the middle division of the Productus -limestone. In this posi-
tion the species has been found by myself at Virgal in the coral beds (two specimens),
by Mr. Wynne it was collected at Morah (also two specimens), and the last specimen
was found by Mr. Theohald, but the exact locality it came from is not, known.
Prom its mode of preservation it is probable that it was collected at Swas.
Remarks. — This species can be distinguished from others by its strongly-in-
flated and well-curved valves, its strongly-prominent median fold, and the thick,
rounded, and little numerous ribs covering both valves. Also the broad false area in
both valves is a remarkable character. By these peculiarities it can well be recog-
nised in all cases, and thus it may also be considered as a well-distinguishable species.
Otherwise the species seems to be more or less nearly related to Cam. purdoni and
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 443
Cam. crumena, Mart., but not so much to Cam. schlotheimi, Buch. From the first
of these species it can be sufficiently distinguished by the characters indicated above,
but to the second it seems to be much more closely allied. Also here, however,
characters can be indicated which make a distinction not so very difficult. Chiefly
the Indian species has a much more strongly inflated ventral valve. The ribs also
have a different character ; they are thick and broadly rounded on the top, and
begin nearer to the apex of the valves than is the case in most specimens of Cam.
crumena. If the interior of Cam. crumena is identical with that of Cam. schlo-
theimi, as is affirmed by Mr. Davidson, then the Indian species presents very marked
differences in this respect. As in Cam. purdoni, so in this species the spatula-shaped
process approaches very closely the margins of the ogival chamber, so that there
remains no room for large crura between the two. In Cam. schlotheimi these two
parts are rather distant from each other. But also the septum in the dorsal valve
is far shorter and less high. Thus I think Cam. pinguis can safely be distinguished
from Cam. crumena as a separate species.
Of other species, Cam. plicata, Kutorga, must still be compared. Young
specimens of this species are rather similar to Cam. pinguis, chiefly on account
of the great inflation of their valves, and the coarse folds by which they are
covered. But not to speak of the much more considerable dimensions Kutorga's
species attains, the internal arrangements of this species, which have been figured
by Moller, are entirely different.
Group of CAMEBOPEOBIA BEOMBOIBEA, Phill.
4. Camerophoria globulin a, Phill., PI. XXXIII, figs. 13, 14.
1834. Terebratula globulina, Phillips : Bno. Met. Geol., Vol. IV, PI. Ill, fig. 3.
1850. Camerophoria globulina (Phill.), King : Monogr. Perm. Poss., p. 120, PI. VII, figs. 22 to 25.
1858. Camerophoria globulina (Phill.), Davidson : Mdnogr. Brit. Perm. Brack, p. 27, PI. II, figs. 28 to 31.
The general form of this species is globular, the length and breadth of [the shell
being about equal and the thickness not much less. The surface of the shell is
nearly quite smooth, and only on the margins are slight folds indicated. Sinus and
fold are not much developed. The shell never attains considerable dimensions.
The ventral valve is very strongly vaulted, approximately hemispherical, nearly
for its entire length without a sinus, produced in the frontal region into a not very
broad lobe, causing the frontal line to ascend. This lobe is slightly impressed,
forming a kind of shallow sinus. The whole valve is smooth, except near the
margins, where within the sinus one fold, and on each lateral part two, are developed.
The beak is very small, pointed, and strongly bent over, but not appressed, its very
small foramen being distinctly visible below the apex. There is a very small and
indistinct false area.
The dorsal valve is about as strongly vaulted as the ventral one, perhaps slightly
more so. It is also smooth for nearly its whole extent, and only near the margins
444 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
short folds make their appearance. The median fold is very little prominent and
entirely restricted to the frontal region. It bears two distinct short ribs, and on
each lateral part two other ribs, but less distinct, are visible.
There are no traces of marginal expansions observable on any of the Indian
specimens. Also of the internal characters of this species nothing could be ascer-
tained beyond what can be observed through the transparent shell. In the ventral
valve there is a strong median septum, which is bifid towards the apex of the beak
and occupies one-third of the entire length of the shell. In the dorsal valve the
septum is less strong, undivided, and occupying not quits one-third of the length of
the valve.
The measurements of the only two specimens, No. I from Jabi and No. II from
Chidru, are as follow: —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell
7'5 mm.
8 mm
Length of the dorsal valve
• 6 „
7 „
Entire breadth of the shell
. 75 „
7 „
Thickness of both valves
• 6 „
5 .,
Apical angle of the ventral valve
. 87°
84°
„ „ „ dorsal valve
. 101°
102°
Locality and geological position. — The only two specimens of this species which
have been found up to the present were collected by myself, one at Jabi in the
Cephalapoda bed there, the other at Chidru in the corresponding bed, and thus both
form part of the fauna of the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — I think there can be but little doubt that the little shells here
under consideration are really identical with Phillips' Camerophoria globulina :
not only in the more extended sense that Davidson has given to Phillips' species,
but also in a most restricted sense, they can be identified with that form. I cannot
enter here upon a controversy, whether Cam. globulina and Cam. rhomboidea, Phill.,
form two distinct species or not ; I can only say that all the specimens of the two
forms I had occasion to compare were distinguishable by the respective shapes of their
ventral -valves. In Cam. rhomboidea the ventral valve is much natter, much less
strongly vaulted, than in Cam. globulina. This feature is most strikingly expressed
in a frontal view, and it comes out beautifully in Davidson's excellent drawings,
chiefly in those on Plate 54 of the Carboniferous monograph, where the two species
are placed side by side for comparison.
In this peculiarity the Indian shell agrees exactly with the true Cam. globulina
from the permian strata, and not with the carboniferous Cam. rhomboidea — a fact
again of high geological importance.
Of other species, perhaps Cam. verneuili, Gruner., might be compared, but this
is already easily distinguishable by its larger size and much flatter valves.
PEODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 445
5. Camerophoria stjperstes, Verneuil, PL XXXII, figs. 12, 13.
1845. Terebrntula superstes, Verneuil : in Murchison, Verneuil and Keyserling ; Geology of Russia, Vol. II,
p. 104, PI. VIII, fig. 5.
The general outline of this species is roundish triangular, generally somewhat
longer than it is broad. The valves are very inflated, smooth for the greater extent,
and only near their margins provided with rather indistinct ribs. The sinus and
median fold are not very strongly developed, and are limited to the frontal region.
The ventral valve is well rounded in every direction with a fairly equal curve,
though it is somewhat more strongly vaulted in the apical than in the frontal region.
The beak is rather thick, very strongly pointed, entirely bent over and firmly ap-
pressed, pierced just at its extremity by an extremely fine foramen. The flat spaces
on each side of the beak are narrow but very long, marked off from the remainder
of the shell by an obtuse ridge, thus forming a tolerably distinct false area. The
valve is smooth for about two-thirds of its length, then not very distinct ribs begin
to appear, of which two are within the sinus and three on each lateral part. The
ribs, chiefly on the lateral parts, are often barely discernible. The sinus, as has
been said above, is shallow, and extends not quite half way up from the frontal margin.
The dorsal valve is slightly more strongly vaulted than the ventral one. It
also is smooth for the most part. The median fold begins to appear half way
between the apex and the frontal margin ; the ribs appear even later. They are
always rather indistinct and ought to be somewhat less strongly marked on the
figures on Plate XXXII. There are three ribs on the median fold, and three to four
(it is difficult to count them) on each lateral part.
In none of the specimens at my disposal can even the slightest trace of
marginal expansions be seen ; and it is probable that marginal expansions really
never existed in this species.
The internal arrangement of this species has been excellently described by de
Verneuil, but I am not able to add anything to this description, as in none of the
Indian specimens is this structure visible. The shell, however, is quite transparent
in the Indian fossils, and the presence of a septum in the ventral as well as in the
dorsal valve can be distinctly seen. This septum occupies in the ventral valve a
little more than one-third of the entire length of the shell. In the dorsal valve it is
somewhat shorter and takes up just one-third of the length of that valve.
The measurements of two specimens from Jabi are as follow: —
I.
II.
12-5 mm
Length of the smaller valve
. 14-5 „
11
Entire hreadth of the shell . .
. 135 „
11-5
Thickness of both valves ....
■ 11 ,,
10
Apical angle of the larger valve
. 99°
95°
„ „ „ smaller valve
. 105°
103°
416 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
There is no specimen among the Indian materials so large as M. de Verneuil's
original, which measures 17 mm. in length and 16 mm. in breadth, the general size
being that indicated by No. I.
Locality and geological position. — The species is not rare in the upper division
of the Productus-limestone at certain localities, and has been found by me in the
Cephalopoda bed at Jabi (seven specimens), and in the same bed at Chidru (one
specimen). A single specimen I collected in the middle division of the Productus-
limestone on the road between Vurcha and TJchali.
Remarks. — The identification of the Indian shells here under consideration with
Mons. de Verneuil's species is, I think, perfectly sure, and cannot well be doubted.
I had for comparison several specimens from Wosnesensk, belonging to the
Hof-Mineralien Cabinet at Vienna. These specimens agree all very closely with the
Indian shells. Every one of them is not so smooth as Verneuil's original, but in
some the ribs on the lateral parts are as well visible as in the Indian specimens ;
also in size none of them attains the dimensions of de Verneuil's original. The
beak, too, is often quite as much appressed as is the case in the Indian specimens.
The only difference which could possibly be adduced is that the broadest part of
the shell is slightly lower down towards the frontal region in the Eussian specimens
than in the Indian ones, so that the former appear slightly more triangular than the
latter. This difference is, however, not sufficient to distinguish the two forms as
separate species. It thus, I think, can be considered as a safely-ascertained fact,
that the Russian species of the perm-formation occurs also in the Salt-range ; and
thus we have to add another species of permian age to the palaeozoic fauna of the
Salt-range.
It has been considered by many writers that Cam. superstes was nothing but
a variety of Cam. schlotheimi, and I think that these writers, chiefly Geinitz, were
perfectly right in taking what they considered to be Cam. superstes as identical
with Cam. schlotheimi ; Geinitz's figures at least certainly do not really represent
what was indicated by Verneuil under the name of Cam. superstes. But the Eus-
sian as well as the Indian shells are something very different from Cam. schlotheimi,
and form a characteristic and easily distinguishable species.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 447
II. Sub-Order: HELICOPEGMATA, sive SPIRIEERACEA1 -
1. Family : ATBYPIDJE, Dall.
Thanks to the admirable investigations of Messrs. Davidson and the Rev. Norman
Glass, the whole mass of the spiral-bearing Brachiopoda has been so far elucidated
that from having been among the most obscure fossils, they are now removed to
the forms whose internal structure is in general more satisfactorily known than
that of many other groups of shells. With these discoveries, however, and the
consequent new classification of the spiral-bearing Brachiopods, a duty devolved
upon the followers in palseontological research to pursue the path so ably opened
oat by those observers, and to make out, in a corresponding manner, at least the
family characters in the shells that have to be described. Though this seems not
much to be expected of a palaeontologist, in point of fact the undertaking entails
nearly insurmountable difficulties ; the investigations require such an enormous
amount of time, and it does not always depend upon the author of a work to dis-
pose of what may be needed in that way, so that sometimes his observations must
fall short of what might have been expected from him.
I regret to say that I am somewhat in this position. Though in the most
important cases I have not failed to make out the most striking features of the
interior of these spiral-bearing shells, yet similar investigations would have been
very desirable in many cases where I was not in a position to execute them. There
is not the slightest question that in all cases the internal features of these shells
can be made out if only three or four specimens of a species can be spared for the
purpose ; but one must moreover have the necessary time at disposal, as these opera-
tions do not admit of any haste.
In the Salt-range the Brachiopods are not generally in so favourable a condi-
tion for these enquiries as the specimens on which the Rev. Norman Glass operated,
entirely sparry specimens being extremely rare there. I have found altogether only
two or three specimens with an entirely sparry matrix. The preservation of the
Salt-range specimens is generally such that the external coating of the shell, and
sometimes also the innermost layer, are silicified ; between these layers the substance
1 During the progress of the investigations bearing upon the description of the Brachiopoda of the Salt-range,
it has become absolutely necessary to create some larger sub-divisions of the Brachiopoda, as the simple division
into Arthropomata and Lyopomata appeared to be quite insufficient to bring out clearly the relations of the differ-
ent groups. I therefore propose to distinguish three sub-orders for the Arthropomata, for which I wish to introduce
the following designations : —
I. Sub-Order: Kampylopegmata, sive Tebebratulacea, comprising the families : Terebratulida, Thecideidm,
Rhynchonellid/B, and StringocephalidtB.
II. Sub-Order : Helicop.2EGMata, sive Spibieeeacea, comprising the families : Atrypidte, Nncleospiridte,
Athyridos, and Spiriferida.
III. Sub-Order: Aphanebopegmata, sive Peoductacea, comprising the families: Strophometddts and Produc-
tida.
H
448 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
of the valves is sparry, and the interior of the specimens is filled up with very hard,
grey, argillaceous, silicious limestone. Of the interior organs generally, only the
cardinal process of the dorsal valve and the parts of the crura immediately adjoin-
ing it are silicified ; the spirals, however, and the loop are not so, but are preserved
as sparry lamellae enclosed in the grey limestone. Mr. Glass' process could
therefore not be applied, and the mode in which I operated was generally the
following : the ventral or dorsal valve, according to the side which I wished to
expose, was carefully chipped off, then the matrix was smoothed down cautiously,
with a sculptor's rasp, and occasional application of diluted acid, to near the spiral
coils, ai)d then diluted acid was applied with a brush, and an occasional touch of
the rasp to remove the silicious parts, until the spirals and their connections became
visible. At the same time it was necessary to cover the parts which were already
sufficiently exposed, and had to be protected from the action of the acid, with seal-
ing-wax or Canada balsam. This mode of proceeding requires a great amount of
time, as the specimen must over and over again be dried and warmed for the appli-
cation of the Canada balsam. With great patience and care at last sufficiently clear
preparations can be obtained in this manner to arrive at a satisfactory determina-
tion of these fossils. The sparry lamellae of the spiral cones and other parts come
out then as dark lines on the grey matrix. The process of cutting the matrix with
a knife was not applicable on account of the silicious ingredients of the rock, mak-
ing it of a very unequal hardness at certain places, so much so that it was only by
dissolving the calcareous matter that the silicious parts become sufficiently dis-
integrated for removal. After this digression on the mode of preservation of the
Salt-range fossils, we may return to Mr. Davidson's new classification of the spiral-
bearing Brachiopoda.
Among the four families, as distinguished by Davidson, the family Atrypidce is
the one which seems to be most nearly related to the Mhynchomellidce, and I there-
fore quote it first. All the genera belonging to this family are characterised by spirals,
which are turned with their apex either obliquely towards the middle of the dorsal
valve, or which become so much shifted as to turn their apex from both sides inward
towards the centre of the shell.
This general arrangement undergoes several modifications in different genera,
and by these very natural groups are marked off, as has been indicated already by
Davidson. I consider that the rank of sub-families may well be attributed to these
groups,
The first group that has been distinguished is that of Atrypa proper, and it will
form according to my views the sub-family Atrypin^e. This sub-family is charac-
terised by high conical spirals with their apex directed obliquely towards the
middle of the dorsal valve, and by a loop, consisting of a somewhat V-shaped shelly
band, starting not far from the origin of the crura and directed with its apex towards
the front of the shell. Two genera are quoted by Davidson as belonging to this divi-
sion,— Atrypa, Dalm., and Coclospira, Hall.
PBODUCTITS-LIMESTONE.—BRACHIOPODA. 449
Mr. Davidson's second division is made up of rather heterogeneous genera,
and cannot be entirely accepted as a natural sub-family. Three genera, however,
contained in this division form certainly a very good sub-family. They are —
Koninckina, Suess ; Anoplotheca, Sandberger ; and Koninckella, Munier-Chalmas ;
. and they may very well be united in a sub-family under the name of Koninckinin^s;.
The sub-family is characterised by shelly spirals, coiled up nearly in one plane. A
different type is represented by the genus Thecospira, Zugmayer; and whether
Davidsonia, Bouchard, belongs altogether to the spiral-bearing Brachiopods remains*
I think, still doubtful.
Davidson's third division, again, forms a well-defined natural sub-family, and, as
such will most conveniently bear the name Zygospikxnle. It is characterised by
spiral coils, the apex of which is directed more or less towards the centre of the
shell. The loop consists also of a somewhat V-shaped transverse shelly band,
whose position is, however, variable, being sometimes placed not far from the
origin of the crura, sometimes in the middle, and sometimes even near the frontal
region. Three genera can be considered up to the present as belonging to this sub-
family : Glassia, Davidson ; Zygospira, Hall ; and Anazyga, Davidson.
The geological range of the different genera has been indicated by Davidson.
The family Atrypidce is not represented in the Salt-range. There is a little
shell resembling Productus Icevis, Davidson, that I always suspected of bearing
spirals, and so to belong to the sub-family Konmchinince, but a transparent pre-
paration I made of one of the specimens shows no trace of spirals, and as the shell
substance is also coarsely punctate, it seems probable that this little shell must be
considered as a Leptcena.
2. Family: ATEYBIDM Phillips.
This family does not contain a very large number of genera, and has been divided
into two groups by Mr. Davidson. All the genera belonging to the family are
characterised by spirals, the apex of which is turned towards the lateral parts of the
shell. Otherwise the two groups exhibit rather essential points of difference, and
must certainly at least be considered as forming two distinct sub-families. The first
sub-family will best bear the name of Meristellin^ ; the name Meristince being
inadmissible on account of the mistakes that might occur, owing to the genus
Meristina, Hall, belonging to a quite different family. In the sub-family Meristel-
lincs the loop connecting the two spiral cones is of a very characteristic shape,
•having at its upper forked extremity two ring-shaped processes, and being altogether
directed towards the apical part of the shell.
The second group has a quite different loop, and may thus be very well con-
sidered as forming another natural sub-family, which I shall introduce under the
name of Athtein^:. The sub-family is characterised by a loop directed towards
the frontal part of the shell, but sending backwards towards the apex a forked pro-
450 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
cess to which are frequently attached accessory lamellae. According to Davidson
the following genera belong to this group: Athyris, M'Ooy ; Kayseria, Davidson;
Whitfieldia, Davidson ; and Bifida, Davidson.
The first of these sub-families is restricted to the silurian and devonian periods,
and is not represented in the Salt-range ; the second sub-family, on the contrary, has
its chief development in carboniferous times and extends up into the trias.
It is only natural that this sub-family is largely represented in the Salt-range.
I count about twenty species, which must, according to the views generally pre-
vailing, be considered as belonging to the sub-family. These twenty species repre-
sent all the forms which have up to the present been united under the genus
Athyris or Spirigera ; but if we examine the shells attentively we can easily re-
cognise that they can be separated in two groups. One group has a smooth shell, a
strongly bent-over beak with a very small apical foramen, and internally a cardinal
process in the dorsal valve, which is very prominent and divided in two parts, grown
longitudinally together.
The second group is provided all over the surface of its shell with shelly ex-
pansions, which are sometimes fringed, sometimes entire ; the beak is generally not
much bent over, and is pierced at its apex by a large round foramen. Internally
the dorsal valve is provided with a cardinal process, which is not prominent but
flatly spread out and tripartite.
I consider these differences sufficient to distinguish between the two groups
generically. The first of the groups is the type of a new genus which will bear the
name of Spirigerella, Waagen ; the second agrees exactly with what was described
originally under the name of Athyris. I distribute the Indian shells among these
two genera.
Sub-family : ATHFRIN31.
Genus : SPIRIGERELLA, Waagen, n. gen., Syn. Athyris, pars auct.
•The general outline of these shells is very characteristic, the chief peculiarity
resting in the apical region, where the beak is so much bent over and appressed to
the apex of the smaller valve, that the very small foramen which truncates the beak
is entirely concealed. By this feature the shells belonging to this genus may be
easily recognised externally. The name Athyris might well be applied to them
without any inconvenience or contradiction of facts ; but as the first species quoted
by M'Coy in his genus is Athyris .concentrica, a shell which cannot be counted
among the forms I subsume under the present genus, the name Athyris must be
reserved for shells similar to Ath. concentrica, and for the forms here under con-
sideration a new name must be introduced.
The internal arrangement of this genus, so far as it could be ascertained, is to
a certain extent identical with that of Athyris. There are two large spiral cones
which fill the greater part of the interior of both valves, and are directed with their
PRODUCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 451
apex towards the lateral parts of the shell. The primary stems of these spiral cones
are united by a loop, which takes its origin on the upper third of these stems.
There are two not very long lamellae converging towards the middle, but the exact
form of which could not be fully ascertained. They unite in the middle in a broad
roof-shaped piece, which has been very completely exposed in some preparations.
Erom the upper apical part of this roof-shaped piece a shelly lamella starts in a
direction towards the apex and the ventral valve. It is apparently differently de-
veloped in different species ; I found it in some species thin and similar to the
ascending piece in Ath. planosulcata as figured by Davidson, and in others broadly
lamellar, imitating the form of a septum. Erom the upper end of this ascending
piece the accessory lamellae take their origin by bifurcation. The latter are not
very broad and of a normal size.
The distinguishing character between the interior arrangement of Athyris and
the present genus lies in the cardinal process and the mode of attachment of the
primary lamellae to it.
The cardinal process is exceedingly large in the present genus, and extends a
good way over the apex of the dorsal valve. It is very massive, and takes its
origin on the bottom of the dorsal valve in two thick shelly pieces, further up in
which the dental grooves or sockets are excavated. Between these pieces a conical
groove is enclosed, with its apex directed towards the apex of the valve. This
groove tapers very quickly and terminates in a round foramen forming the entrance
to a very narrow canal, which pierces the substance of the whole cardinal process
and terminates directly at the apex of the dorsal valve, forming there what has been
called the visceral foramen. This foramen is, however, entirely concealed so long as
the cardinal process is perfect ; and opens in a deep fissure which separates the
projecting cardinal process from the apex of the valve.
Erom the dental sockets the cardinal process passes vertically up, about parallel
to the longitudinal axis of the shell, and forms an approximately rectangular shelly
piece which projects far above the apex of the valve. On the ventral side this
shelly piece is longitudinally divided into two parts by a low, prominent, furrowed
ridge, and is sometimes provided at its upper end with two large, round, deeply-
excavated grooves. On the dorsal side only a median longitudinal furrow is present.
The crura originate between the dental sockets at the base of the cardinal
process. The points of insertion are sometimes connected by a sharp transverse
ridge, sometimes not. The crura are straight and comparatively long. They are
joined by the primary lamellae of the spiral cones at an acute angle. The lamellae
then bend round in a sickle-shaped curve and descend to the point where the loop
takes its origin.
Also in the ventral valve there are interiorly some distinguishing characters.
The substance of this valve is generally extremely thick and heavy, chiefly in the
cardinal region. The beak is strongly pointed and very much bent over. It is
pierced at or just in front of its apex by a small foramen, which leads to a more or
452 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
less long narrow canal. Below the foramen and between the hinge-teeth extends a
deeply-excavated triangular space, which serves for the reception of the apex of the
smaller valve. This space is occupied by a kind of concave deltidium limiting the
foramen at its lower side, and under which passes the canal forming the continuation
of the foramen. This deltidium is for the greater part of its extent grown together
with the substance of the shell, but at its lower end, where the canal opens within
the valve, it is free for a short distance. The existence of such a deltidium is a very
characteristic feature of the genus.
The genus is largely represented in the Salt-range, where I can distinguish not
less than ten species, but it is very difficult to state whether any of them occurs out
of India. One of them has been described by Davidson under the name of Athyris
suhtilita, Hall, but I do not think that the Indian shell belongs to Hall's species.
The specimens from America, which I had occasion to study, as well as the great
majority of figures published of the species, always show this shell to have a beak
which is not entirely appressed, and pierced at its apex by a tolerably large round
foramen ; also the cardinal process, as figured by Meek and Worthen in the fifth
volume of the Illinois reports, though perhaps generically identical, is on the whole
very different ; all of which characters forbid the identification of this shell with the
Indian forms. A single figure may be quoted which is entirely and in every respect
identical with the Indian shell ; it is given by Derby from a specimen collected by
him on the River Tapajos in Brazil. Though this specimen has been identified by
Derby with Athyris subtilita, I think it belongs with the Indian specimens to a
different species, which I shall describe under the name of Spirigerella derbyi.
This species is the prototype of a group of forms which occurs in the Salt-range,
and within which three more species can be distinguished. They will bear the
names of Spirigerella prcelonga, W. ; Sp. hyirida, ~W. ; and Sp. minuta, W. All
four species occur promiscuously in the middle and upper divisions of the Productus-
limestone, and it is impossible to express an opinion as to their developmental
connection.
One further group is typified by Spirigerella grandis (Dav.), W. Whilst the
first group is characterised by a rather flat ventral valve and a simply- vaulted front-
line, the second group has an extremely inflated ventral valve and a somewhat
rectangular front-line. This group also is composed of four species: Spirigerella
grandis (Dav.), "W. ; Sp. media, W. ; Sp. ovoidalis, W. ; and Sp. fusiformis, W. Of
these species the first three occur in the middle, and somewhat more rarely in the
upper division of the Productus-limestone, whilst the last is restricted to the upper
division.
A third group is represented by two species characterised by flat valves and a
very large apical angle. They are Spirigerella numismalis, W. ; and Sp. alata, W.
These two are decidedly in a developmental connection. The first occurs in the
lower, the second at the limit of the middle and upper divisions of the Productus-
limestone.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 453
The species belonging to the genus will thus be grouped in the following
manner : —
I. — Group of Spirigerella derbyi, W.
1. Spirigerella derbyi, "W.
2. „ pralonga, W.
3. „ hybrida, W.
4. ,, minuta, W.
II. — Group of Spirigerella grandis, W.
5. Spirigerella grandis, W.
6. „ media, W.
7. „ ovoidalis, W.
8. ,, fmiformis, W.
III. — Group of Spirigirella numismalis, W.
9. Spirigerella nnmumalis , W.
10. „ alata, W.
It is very difficult to tell how this genus might have been developed out of other
forms. That the genus is represented in Brazil has been said above, but whether
the genus occurs also in Europe remains doubtful. Among the specimens figured
by Davidson from carboniferous beds there is certainly none which could be con-
sidered to belong to the genus. Nevertheless forms do occur in Europe which probably
must be considered as forming part of the present genus. Such forms have been
mentioned by Count Verneuil and Beyrich. Verneuil says of Athyris globularis,
Phill., that its beak is often quite pointed and the very small foramen nearly quite
concealed, and Beyrich confirms this observation, and adds that the foramen is
situated below the apex of the beak as in Rhynchonella. Thus it seems that there
have been confounded two forms under the name of Athyris globularis, Phill., one of
which might very well be the ancestor of Spirigerella. It may be left to the zeal of
English observers to clear up these facts.
I.— Group of SPIRIGERELLA LERB YI, Waagen.
1. Spirigerella derbyi, Waagen, n. gen. et sp., PI. XXXV, figs. 4 — 7, 9 — 13 ;
PL XXXVII, figs. 11—13.
1862. Athyris subtilita (Hall), Davidson : Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, Lond., Vol. XVIII, p. 28, PI. I, fig. 8
(non fig. 7, non Hall).
1863. Athyris subtilita (Hall, Dav.), Koninek : Foss. Pateoz. de l'lnde, p. 33, pi. IX, fig. 8.
1867. Athyris sp. (Athyris subtilita, Hall), Verchere : Kashmir, the Western Himalaya, and the Afghan
Mountains ; Jour. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, Vol. XXXVI, Part II, p. 210, pi. II, fig. 1, la.
1874. Athyris subtilita (Hall), Derby: Bull. Cornell Univ., Vol. I, No. 2, p. 7 (pars.), Pi. I, fig. 7.
The general form of this species is very variable, and it is barely possible to
indicate all its variations by description. Generally its outline is considerably longer
than it is wide ; there occur, however, specimens in which the two dimensions are
454 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
nearly equal. The valves are both vaulted in every direction, but the dorsal valve
decidedly more strongly so than the ventral one. There is a strong broad median
fold on the dorsal valve to which an equal sinus corresponds in the ventral one,
commencing not far from the apex.
The ventral valve shows a not very conspicuous curve in the longitudinal direc-
tion, and is nearly quite flat or only very little vaulted transversely. The beak is
little prominent, tapering rapidly, sharply pointed and entirely bent over, so as to be
firmly appressed to the apical part of the dorsal valve. The very small foramen
situated just in front of the pointed apex of the beak is always concealed if the beak
is perfect. . A tolerably broad but not distinctly-marked-off false area extends on
the dorsal side laterally from the beak.
The outline of the valve changes much with age, as it does not grow equally on
all sides. The shapes it had successively exhibited can be distinctly traced by strong
imbricating stria? of growth at irregular intervals on the valve. In adult specimens
these become more numerous near the margin. During the young stage the changes
are not considerable, but as soon as the shell is nearly full grown, the shelly zones
added are very narrow on the lateral margins, but become suddenly broad in the
region of the sinus, whereby a tongue-shaped process is formed, corresponding to
the upward bend of the frontal line. This mode of growth takes place as soon as
the sinus begins to be formed, but it is conspicuous only in full-grown specimens.
The sinus reaches from the frontal line to about half the length of the shell. It is
sometimes rather flat, sometimes more deeply impressed. The lateral margins are
strongly bent up, so that the valve becomes somewhat cup-shaped.
The dorsal valve is in the longitudinal direction barely more strongly vaulted
than the ventral one, but transversely its curvature is extremely marked, not, how-
ever, quite equally. From a kind of broad median crest the valve slopes down roof-
like, in tolerably flat planes, and then suddenly bends down to the margin. On the
apical part a considerable portion of this valve is concealed below the beak of the
ventral one, but otherwise the ventral valve fits within the dorsal one in such a
manner that the lateral margins of the dorsal valve cover up a more or less consider-
able breadth of the bent-up margins of the ventral one. The imbricating striae of
growth are present also in the dorsal valve at irregular distances, but the shelly
zones marked off by them are of tolerably equal breadth in the lateral and frontal
regions. The median fold is strongly prominent and broad, extending high up
towards the cardinal region.
The substance of the shell is fibrous, but its surface is entirely smooth so long
as it is intact. As soon, however, as it is even a little injured by the action of
weathering, the texture becomes visible and the shell appears to be extremely finely
striated radially.
The internal structure could be tolerably well made out in this species. The
interior of the ventral valve is, however, less thoroughly known to me than that of
the dorsal one. I think the shell figured, Plate XXXVII, fig. 13, represents the
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA.
455
interior of this valve. There is a very distinct deltidium present, below which the
very narrow canal of the foramen passes. It is strongly concave, united for its
greater extent with the substance of the shell, and extends from the foramen, which
it limits at its lower side, down to the upper termination of the hinge-teeth. The
whole valve is very strongly thickened, and most so in the cardinal region. In
the middle a roundish oval space is hollowed out for the reception of the body
of the animal. In the specimen I have for description I cannot distinguish the
muscular impressions ; it is possible that they are like those figured by Davidson
of Athyris ambigua, but I cannot say anything positive of it. A number of radiat-
ing vascular impressions are, on the contrary, very distinctly visible.
In the dorsal valve the general arrangement of the several parts is as indicated
in the description ef the genus.
Pig. 5. Spirigerella derbyi, Waagen., n. gen. et sp. Specimens from the Cephalopoda bed of the upper Productus-
limestone of Jabi : a, c, d, fragment of the dorsal valve showing the cardinal process ; a, internal view, the muscular
impressions are distinguishable ; d, external view ; c, view from the frontal side, showing the entrance of the visceral
canal ; b, the primary lamellse and the loop of the same specimen, lateral view ; all figures strongly enlarged.
The specific peculiarities consist in two deep round grooves at the upper
end of the cardinal process, and in a vertical lamella extending between the roof-
shaped part of the loop and the ascending lamella which carries at its upper end the
accessory lamellae. Thus a partial vertical septum is formed, which does not, how-
ever, reach so far up as to appear between the recurving branches of the primary
lamellae of the spiral cones. Of the muscular impressions in the dorsal valve
very distinct traces could be observed in a specimen from Kafirkot, in which the two
pairs of impressions are one above the other along a little raised middle line, much
in the manner as in Athyris ambigua.
The measurements of three specimens, No. I from Jabi, No. II from Kafirkot,
and No. Ill from Musakheyl, are as follow : —
I.
II.
III.
Entire length of the shell
. 27 mm.
25 mm .
25 mm
Length of the smaller valve
. 24 „
23 „
22-5 „
Entire breadth of the shell
27 „
24-5 „
23 „
Thickness of both valves
. 18 „
17 „
16 „
Apical angle of the larger valve
. 110°
97°
96°
,, „ of the smaller valve
. 112°
108°
102°
The specimen No. I is the largest that has been observed by me.
456 SALT-RANGE POSSILS.
Varietas : acute plicata, Waagen : PI. XXXV, figs. 10, 11; PJ. XXXVII, fig. 11.
This form shows some differences from the typical shapes of Spirigerella der-
byi, which I wish to indicate, but which I consider barely sufficient to distinguis h
the shell as a separate species, as every degree of intermediate form exists in great
abundance between the two. The present variety does not generally grow so large
as the typical form, and is chiefly distinct from it by a flatter ventral valve, bearing
a very deeply impressed sinus, which reaches up for nearly two-thirds of the length
of the valve, and causes the dorsal valve to ascend in a prominent narrow fold.
Of the internal structure of this variety nothing is known to me. Its geolo-
gical distribution is the same as that of the typical form.
Locality and geological position. — This species is, next to the Troducti of the
' costatus ' group, the most common shell of the Salt-range. I had more than three
hundred specimens of it for description. It occurs as well in the middle as in the
upper division of the Productus-limestone, but has not been observed up to the pre-
sent in the lower division. It is represented in the collection from the middle divi-
sion of the Productus-limestone, from the Chittawan (8 sp.), from Swas (30 sp.),
from the mountains east of Katwahi (9 sp.), from Musakheyl (9 sp.), from the Cri-
noid beds of Virgal (9 sp.), from the road between Vurcha and Uchali (12 sp.), from
Vurcha (2 sp.), from the Bazarwan (7 sp.), from Morah (5 sp.), from Kafirkot
(31 sp.), and from Budikheyl (5 sp.).
Prom the upper division it is represente d from KhundgMt (60 sp.), from the
Cephalopoda bed of Jabi (18 sp.), from the same bed at Chidru (8 sp.), and from
the same locality above the Cephalopoda bed (5 sp.), from the section at the village
of Khura (27 sp.), and from west of that village (16 sp.), from Nanga (2 sp.J, from
Katwahi (26 sp.), from Kufri (12 sp.), from Kalabagh (10 sp.), from Kafirkot
(3 sp.), from Kafirkot north (10 sp.), from the Paranga Kass (2 sp.), and from
Sheik Budin (2 sp.).
Prom these lists it appears that the species generally occurs somewhat more
frequently in the upper than in the middle division of the Productus-limestone, but
the difference is not much.
Remarks . — As this species has been generally considered as identical with Athy-
ris subtilita, Hall, it requires some words of explanation why I cannot agree with this
opinion. The very extensive materials of this species enable me to judge with great
certainty about the mode and degree of variation that occurs in these Indian shells,
and I can state with all possible exactitude that a large round foramen, as is exhi-
bited certainly in the majority of specimens of Athyris subtilita, is never present
in the Indian form. Among the more than three hundred specimens accessible to
my observation, there is not a single one that bears such a foramen. This is at once
a striking difference between the two species. The best figures that have been
published up to the present of American specimens of Athyris subtilita are apparently
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 457
those given by Geinitz in his work on Nebraska ; and they show a tolerably large
foramen truncating the apex of the beak. But also all the other figures accessible to
me, as well as some specimens I have received for comparison, show such a foramen.
The only figures that exhibit a configuration of beak as in the specimens from the
Salt-range are the drawing given by Davidson of a specimen from Kashmir, and
the photograph obtained by Derby of a specimen from Brazil. In Brazil, however?
the two forms seem to occur, as Derby in his description of the species says : " Beak
prominent, rounded, strongly incurved over that of the dorsal valve, truncated by
a large circular foramen, incomplete in front, below which is a large triangular
fissure, filled by the beak of the dorsal valve and entirely concealed, when the valves
are united." This description was decidedly made from a specimen of the true
Athyris subttlita, whilst the photograph, PL I, fig. 7, represents a shell identical with
our Spirigerella derbyi ; and it can be distinctly seen in the photograph that the
small foramen visible in the figure is due only to a slight injury to the apex of the
beak, otherwise the foramen would be entirely concealed as in the Indian specimens.
I thus think myself justified in distinguishing specifically between the Athyris
subtilita and the Indian shells ; all the more as the former seems to possess also no
concave deltidium below which the canal of the foramen passes.
Whether the specimens from" the Himalaya are specifically identical with those
from the Salt-range I am unable to decide.
2. Spibigepella pkjslonga, Waagen: n. gen. et sp., PL XXXV, fig. 8;
PL XXXVII, fig. 10.
This species in its general outline resembles very much the preceding one, but
is more elongately oval, so that its length far exceeds its breadth. The ventral valve
is flat, the dorsal one inflated, with a high median fold. The species does not grow
very large.
The ventral valve is well vaulted in a longitudinal direction, but nearly quite
flat transversely. The sinus is rather deeply impressed and extends up for two-
thirds of the length of the valve. The beak is not very prominent, firmly pressed to
the dorsal valve, tapering rapidly, and completely bent over so that the foramen is
quite concealed. On each side of the beak is a very distinct false area, marked off
from the remainder of the shell by not very sharp but yet rather conspicuous
caringe, which originate at the apex of the beak and extend down to the end of the
hinge-line. I regret to say that this carinated condition of the beak has not been
sufficiently well expressed in the figure, PL XXXVII, fig. 10c.
The dorsal valve is longitudinally less strongly vaulted than the ventral one,
but in a transverse direction its bend is very strong and about parabolical in outline.
The median fold is not marked off from the remainder of the surface, but forms
only the highest median elevation of the general parabolic curve.
The surface of both valves shows strong imbricating striae of growth, which are
458 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
arranged in the same manner as in the preceding species, causing in the ventral
valve in the region of the sinus a prominent tongue-shaped shelly part to be formed.
Otherwise the surface of the shell is perfectly smooth ; and no fibrous structure
becomes visible by the act of weathering.
Of the internal characters only those of the ventral valve are known to me.
The beak of the specimen I have for description is somewhat weather-worn, and
no quite exact observation is possible, but it seems to have a concave deltidium under
which passed the canal of the foramen. The whole region of the beak is strongly
thickened and callous. The most striking feature of the internal surface of the
ventral valve consists, however, in a thick rounded prominence in the middle, not very
far from the beak, and which represents apparently a strangely transformed septum.
Below this prominence, extending towards the frontal margin, is a deep pear-shaped
impression, having at its upper end a yet deeper slnall oval groove. Laterally there
are two large elongated impressions, which are bipartite, a line of separation travers-
ing them about the termination of the median prominence. This line has been
omitted in the drawing, PL XXXV, and the impressions are too strongly marked at
their lower extension. Traces of radiating vascular impressions are also visible.
It seems scarcely possible to give an interpretation of the different impressions
described above.
The interior of the dorsal valve is not known to me.
The dimensions of a full-grown specimen from Jabi are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell .......... 28 mm.
Length of the smaller valve . . . . . . . . . 25 „
Entire breadth of the shell .......... 21 „
Thickness of both valves . . . . . . . . . . 17 „
Apical angle of the larger valve at the apex, decreasing to 75° lower down . 95°
„ „ „ smaller valve ........ 90°
Locality and geological position. — This is a very rare species, only three speci-
mens of it have been detected up to the present, which were found by myself in
the upper division of the Productus-limestone. Two of them came from the
Cephalopoda bed of Jabi and one from the section west of Khura.
Remarks.' — In its external form this species is very nearly related to Spiri-
gerella derbyi, and from its external form alone the specific separation from that
species would barely be granted by other naturalists. The peculiarities of the
internal side of the ventral valve are, however, too striking to suppose that this shell
might form only a sample of the great number of varieties which together form the
species Spirigerella derbyi.
Nevertheless there are also in the external form certain characters by which
the present species can be recognised without a knowledge of its interior. These
characters consist in the elongated shape of the shell, the flatness of the ventral valve,
and the carina? that extend from the apex of the beak down to the end of the
hinge-line.
PRODUCTITS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 459
To Athyris subtilita the present species is less nearly related than the preced-
ing one.
3. Spieigeublla hybrida, Waagen : n. gen. et sp., PL XXXVII, figs. 17 — 19.
The general outline of this species is oviform, nearly globular, with extremely
inflated valves, overlapping each other along their margins. Otherwise the shell is
not dissimilar to Spirigerella derbyi, but never attains nearly so large a size.
The ventral valve is strongly vaulted in every direction, but its longitudinal
curve is somewhat stronger than the transverse one. The valve is strongly cup-
shaped, the lateral and frontal margins being highly and angularly bent up. The
bent-up part of the margins is, however, nearly quite concealed in complete speci-
mens, as these parts are entirely covered up by the margins of the dorsal valve.
The beak is prominent and very strongly inflated, not entirely bent over, and
abruptly tapering. The very small foramen is situated at the apex of the beak and
not entirely concealed. On both sides of the beak there is a tolerably broad false
area, which is sometimes marked off from the remainder of the shell by slightly
indicated ridges, extending from the apex of the beak to the end of the hinge-line.
These ridges are, however, often entirely absent. In the frontal line there is a
high, tongue-shaped, shelly prominence, which causes the front-line to ascend in a
narrow curve. The sinus is barely at all developed in some specimens ; in others it
is present.
The dorsal valve is very strongly inflated and vaulted in both directions.
Longitudinally the greatest curve of the valve is situated in the apical region,
lower down towards the front, the outline becomes nearly straight in a lateral view
of the shell. Transversely the curve is very equal and strong, and forms nearly a
semicircle. The median fold is strong and prominent, but only distinctly marked
in the frontal region.
The surface of the shell is ornamented, as in other species of the genus, by
strong imbricating striae of growth, which occur at irregular distances, but are
more numerous near the margins. Otherwise the surface of the shell is smooth.
Of the internal characters only those of the ventral valve are known to me.
The deltidium is very little developed in this species. There is a distinct foramen
at the apex of the beak, which is limited at its lower part by a shelly piece, which
represents apparently something like a deltidium, but within the valve I cannot
find any opening to indicate the entrance of the foraminal canal. Also in this
species the substance of the shell is very much thickened in the cardinal region.
This thickening suddenly decreases about the termination of the hinge-line, but in
the middle a part of this thickening projects further out and terminates in two low
ridges which surround an indistinct pear-shaped groove; no other impressions can
be recognised in the specimen I have for description. The hinge-teeth are very
little developed in this species, and seem in some specimens to be nearly obsolete.
460 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
The dimensions of the largest specimen known to me, from Kalabagh, are as
follow : —
Entire length of the shell 20 mm.
Length of the smaller valve ...... 18 ,,
Entire breadth of the shell . . . • • ■ 15
Thickness of both valves ......... 15 „
Apieal angle of the larger valve ........ 100°
„ „ „ smaller valve ........ 95°
Locality and geological position. — This species has its chief development in
the upper division of the Productus-limestone, but commences already in the top-
most beds of the middle division. It has been collected by myself west of Khura
(two specimens), and in the section at the village itself in the yellow sandy marly
beds of the upper division (three specimens), as well as in the thin-bedded grey
limestones at the top of the middle division (one specimen). Also in the mountains
east of ELatwahi I collected the species in the upper division (four specimens).
Mr. Wynne brought the species from the upper division of Khund Ghat (two
specimens), and Ohidru (one specimen), and from the limit between the middle and
upper divisions from Kalabagh (one specimen).
Remarks. — The great inflation of the valves of this species make its distinc-
tion from similarly-sized specimens of Spirigerella derbyi, W., not very difficult.
The internal side of the ventral valve shows a certain typical similarity to the same
valve of Spirigerella prcelonga, W., in so far as in both species a kind of a median
septum exists. The shape of the septum in the two species is, however, very
different.
4. Spirigekella mintjta : Waagen, n. gen. et sp., PI. XXXVII, figs. 14 — 16 ;
PL XXXVIII, figs. 3, 4.
It is not easy to distinguish this species either from Spirigerella hybrida or from
young specimens of Spirigerella derbyi; yet these little shells have something
about them by which they are easily recognised among a number of shells, and
which suggests the probability of a distinct species.
The general outline is somewhat variable, but generally more or less rhomboid-
al, the greatest breadth being situated about in the middle of the shell ; in some
cases, however, it is somewhat lower down. The valves are not much inflated, the
ventral valve generally considerably flatter than the dorsal one, but the latter bears
a very sharp and high median fold. The size of the species remains always small.
The ventral valve is vaulted in a longitudinal direction only, transversely it is
quite flat or even excavated, the margins are not bent up, but the frontal part is
much produced, causing the frontal line to make a high narrow bend upward. The
beak is small, not prominent, entirely bent over so as to quite conceal its foramen.
The false area is not very broad, and very indistinctly marked off from the remain-
der of the shell. The sinus of this valve commences not far from the beak, and is
mostly deeply impressed.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 461
The dorsal valve is vaulted in both directions, but longitudinally its bend is only-
strong in the apical region. Transversely the valve is more strongly vaulted, but
also in this direction the bend is generally moderate. The median fold is very
prominent, and commences not far from the apex of the valve.
The surface of the shell is smooth, except some imbricating striae of growth
which are strongly marked from distance to distance.
The interior of this species is not known to me.
The dimensions of two specimens from Jabi, No. I, an exceptionally large
specimen, No. II, the typical form, are as follow : —
I. ii.
Entire length of the shell. ..... 17 mm. 12'5 mm.
Length of the smaller valve ..... 15 „ 11 „
Entire breadth of the shell ..... 14'5 „ 11 „
Thickness of both valves ..... 10 „ 8 „
Apical angle of the larger valve .... 96° 85°
„ smaller valve .... 102° 90°
Locality and geological position. — The species begins already in the middle
division of the Productus-limestone, but is rather rare there in the middle and
lower zones, becoming more numerous in the top-beds. The greatest number of
specimens was collected in the upper division.
I collected the species in the middle region of the middle division of the Pro-
ductus-limestone at one locality, in the section at Khura (3 sp.) and in the same
section in the top-beds of the middle division (4 sp.). In a similar position to the
latter the species has also been found by myself in the mountains east of Katwahi
(1 sp.), and by Mr. Wynne at Musakheyl (1 sp.) and at Kalabagh (2 sp.). In the
upper division of the Productus-limestone the species has been collected most
numerously by myself at Jabi in the Cephalopoda bed (14 sp.).
Remarks. — This species is most nearly related to Spirigerella hybrida and Spiri-
gerella derbyi. Prom the former it can be distinguished by much less inflated valves ;
and from similarly-sized specimens of the latter by its more elongated shape, more
prominent and narrower dorsal fold and flatter ventral valve, which bears a more
deeply impressed sinus.
II.— Group of SPIRIGEREL LA GRAND IS, Waagen.
5. Spirigerella. grandis (Davidson), "Waagen : PL XXXVI, PI. XXXVII, fig. 1.
1862. Athyris subtilita, Hall, var. grandis, Davidson : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Lond., Vol. XVIII,
p. 28, PI. I, fig. 8 (nonfig. 7).
1863. Athyris subtilita, Hall. var. grandis (Davidson), Konninck : Foss. paleoz. de l'lnde, p. 33., PI.
IX, fig. 8.
The general outline of this species is elongately oval with very strongly inflated
valves, and a prominent median fold on the dorsal side, which is rectangular or
slightly biplicate. The species attains very considerable dimensions.
462 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The ventral valve is very strongly inflated with a tolerably equal curve through-
out its length, and with the same equal curve also in the transverse direction. The
beak is not very prominent, pointed and very quickly tapering. It is entirely bent
over and firmly appressed to the apical part of the dorsal valve, so that the very
small foramen is entirely concealed. The false area on both sides of the beak,
though rather large, is yet very indistinct, and not marked off in any way from the
remainder of the shell. The sinus is well developed and begins already not very
far from the apex, extending for about two-thirds of the entire length of the valve.
The valve is ornamented at irregular distances by strong imbricating strise of growth
which are generally most numerous near the margins. The latter are generally
more or less bent up, chiefly in full-grown specimens, and the bent-up part is then
covered by the margins of the dorsal valve, so that the valves overlap each other
more or less. The frontal part of this valve is produced in a nearly rectangular
lappet.
The dorsal valve is about equally strongly vaulted as the ventral one, and
longitudinally as well as transversely its curve is very equal. A rather large part of its
apical region is concealed below the beak of the ventral valve. The median fold of
this valve is not so strongly marked as the sinus on the other, and thus also not very
strongly prominent. It is more distinctly developed only in the frontal region, and
even here it is mostly only conspicuous by the bending up of the frontal line. In
some cases it bears a depression on the top, and thus becomes biplicate in a slight
degree. This valve also bears at irregular intervals strong imbricating strise of
growth, which are generally more numerous near the margins. These latter hang
down laterally over the margins of the ventral valve in full-grown specimens, thus
enveloping them more or less.
The substance of the shell is fibrous in its structure, and its external surface,
excepting the imbricating strise of growth, is entirely smooth.
The interior characters of this species are tolerably well known to me. The
ventral valve is of a truly enormous thickness in the apical region, whence its
thickness gradually tapers towards the frontal margin. The foramen is not larger
than the point of a pin, and the canal which communicates with it not wider than a
thread. The foramen opens immediately under the apex of the beak, and is situated
at the upper extremity of a deeply excavated triangular space, which serves for
the reception of the apical part of the smaller valve. This space is occupied by a
deeply concave triangular shelly plate which is firmly united for its greater extent
with the substance of the valve, and is free only along its lower margin, and
where the canal of the foramen passes under it. It shows strise of growth parallel
to its lower margin. I consider this plate as a kind of deltidium. The canal of
the foramen opens internally under this plate, and its internal aperture cannot be
seen except in a longitudinal section of the valve. The muscular impressions are
situated nearer to the beak than to the frontal margin. They occupy a roundish
space, which is divided in the middle longitudinally by a raised line with two
symmetrical parts. Altogether four impressions can be distinguished. The larger
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA.
463
pair, which is situated below and laterally, belongs very likely to the divaricators ;
the smaller pair, which is above and partly included between the foregoing, very
likely represents the adductors. All round the central muscular impressions origi-
nate a number of radiating, simple, vascular impressions, which disappear towards
the margin of the valve without becoming ramified.
Fig. 6. Spirigerella grandis, Waagen, n. gen. et sp. Specimen from the middle Productus-limestone of
Musakheyl : a, ventral view of the spirals, natural size ; b, lateral view of the loop and primary lamellae, slightly
enlarged ; c, section through the ventral valve, showing the canal of the foramen and the deltidium.
In the dorsal valve the most striking feature is the enormous massive cardinal
process, which projects far above the apex of the valve, and bears at its base the
crura for the support of the spiral cones. This process is distinct from the same
part of Spirigerella derbyi by elongated not very deeply impressed grooves at its
upper termination, by the absence of a transverse prominent ridge at its base con-
necting the origin of the crura, and on the whole by its more massive structure.
The crura are tolerably long and quite straight. They are laterally joined by the
primary lamellae of the spirals, which first of all make a sickle-shaped bend, and are
rather thick in this part of their extent ; the accessory lamellse of the loop approach
them very closely. The loop is in general of the ordinary shape occurring in
Athyris, but it could not be made out with perfect certainty whether there may not
exist a septum-like lamella on the roof-shaped part of the loop, as in Spirigerella
derbyi ; it seemed, however, to be absent in the specimens I had occasion to study.
The substance of the cardinal process is pierced by a visceral canal which opens
with a very small foramen at the apex of the valve in a deep furrow extending
between the apex and the cardinal process. The muscular impressions occupy
a long narrow central zone on both sides of a slightly raised median line. The
line of demarcation between the upper and lower pair is very indistinct. It seems
that both pairs are of about equal length, and that the point of separation lies
about in the middle of the length of the whole impression. On both sides of this
median impression originate radially arranged simple vascular impressions which
disappear again without becoming ramified.
The species changes its shape very much with age. Young specimens up to a
diameter of 30 and more millimetres appear thickly lenticular, with a front-line
which is nearly straight, barely at all elevated.
K
464 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The dimensions of two full-grown specimens, Nr. I from Chidru, Nr. II from
Musakheyl, are as follow : —
i. II.
Entire length of the shell 41 mm. 40 mm.
Length of the smaller valve . . . . . . 36 „ 34 „
Entire breadth of the shell . . . . . . 36 „ 31 „
Thickness of both valves . . . . . . 29 „ 32 „
Apical angle of the larger valve ..... 90° 95
„ smaller valve 110° 109*
Locality and geological position. — This species is not nearly so common as
the Spirigerella derbyi, with which it has been united by Davidson under the name
of Athyris subtilita. It is a species which is almost entirely restricted to the
middle division of the Productus-limestone. Among 46 specimens preserved in
the Salt-range collection, there is only a single specimen from the upper division.
The species is most numerous in the Orinoid-beds of the middle division at Virgab
where I collected within a quarter of an hour ten specimens of it. It is also not
rare at Swas, at which locality eight specimens were collected by Dr. Oldham, and
at Musakheyl, where it has been found by Dr. Warth and Mr. Theobald, together
fourteen specimens. Eurther, it has been collected in the middle division by myself
on the road from Vurcha to TJ chili (five specimens), by Dr. Oldham at Chidru (five
specimens), by Mr. "Wynne at Budikheyl (one specimen) and at Kalabagh (two
specimens).
The only specimen from the upper division of the Productus-limestone was
collected by myself at Chidru in the Cephalopoda bed.
Remarks. — The name under which this shell has been known for a long time is
Athyris subtilita var. grandis (Dav.) ; and I have to explain why I have not retained
this denomination. It cannot be denied that in its general form the present species
shows a very great similarity to Athyris subtilita, chiefly to those varieties which
occur in Europe, and which have been figured by Davidson and Koninck, only the
larger size of the Indian specimens being somewhat remarkable. On closer com-
parison, however, we find that between the European and Indian shells the same
difference prevails as exists between Athyris subtilita and Spirigerella derbyi>
which is, that the foramen is extremely small and entirely concealed in the Indian
form, whilst it is tolerably large and entirely exposed in the European shells. This
condition of the foramen in Spirigerella grandis is not a character that appears only
with age, as might be supposed, when the shell acquires ' a monstrous thickness ;
the character is already present in the very youngest specimens, and is never absent ;
I consider it perfectly sufficient to distinguish specifically between the Indian
and European shells.
The present species also has, however, always been united by Davidson with the
shell I have described above under the name of Spirigerella derbyi. There is no
doubt a similarity of type between the two species, nevertheless they can readily be
distinguished when sufficient materials are available. It needs only a comparison
of similar-sized specimens of the two species to be immediately struck with the
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 465
differences that exist. If we consider the specimen of Spirigerella grandis figured
in PI. XXXVI, fig. 4, and compare it with the equal-sized specimen of Spirigerella
derbyi figured in PI. XXXV, fig. 5, it is immediately apparent that the former species
is much more circular in its outline, lenticular in its general form, and hears a much
less developed median fold in the dorsal valve than the latter. Like differences will
he observed if we compare, for instance, fig. 1, PI. XXXVII, with fig. 12 of PL XXXV.
Prom this it appears that the final shape of the shell is much later developed in
Spirigerella grandis than in Spirigerella derbyi. This is one of the distinguishing
characters. Another consists in the much greater inflation of the ventral valve, and
lastly the promiment frontal part of the ventral valve is more or less rectangular,
and sometimes even bears an indentation in the middle.
It appears to me that these characters are sufficient to distinguish the two
forms, and thus Spirigerella grandis seems to form a characteristic separate species.
6. Spirigerella media, "Waagen : n. gen. et sp., PL XXXVII, figs. 6-9.
The general outline of this species is elongated pentagonal or more or less
oval, with very strongly inflated valves, and a deep sinus in the frontal region of
the ventral one. The beak bears at its apex a very small but nearly always visible
foramen.
The ventral valve is very strongly inflated, but its bend is not very equal, being
stronger in 'the region of the beak and rather flat in the frontal region. The sinus
is deeply excavated but short, not reaching far up towards the beak. The beak is
thick, little promiment, and not entirely bent over, pierced at its extremity by a
very small foramen, which is generally visible as the beak is not firmly appressed
to the dorsal valve. The false area is small and very indistinct.
The dorsal valve is even more strongly inflated than the ventral one. The
greatest inflation is in the apical region, and from there the valve gradually tapers
towards the frontal line. Prom this configuration of the two valves it results that
the frontal line is sharp. The median fold is barely at all indicated in the dorsal
valve.
The imbricating striae of growth are not strongly marked, though they are
present also in this species.
The inside of this species is very imperfectly known to me. On PL XXXVII,
fi°\ 6, 1 have figured a piece of a much-weathered ventral valve, which shows the
inside, and which apparently belongs to this species. Its most remarkable feature
is, that the canal of the foramen, passing below the deltidium, is bifid at its lower
extremity from the presence of a small septum in the middle. Purther up it is
entirely closed, and the foramen at the apex of the valve terminates blind. Of the
very deep muscular impressions, only the uppermost margin is preserved on the piece,
and is visible as a very deep median excavation at the lower end of it. The other
impressions visible on this piece cannot be made out just now as to their nature.
The interior of the dorsal valve is entirely unknown to me.
466 SALT-BANGE FOSSILS.
The dimensions of a full-grown specimen of this species from Khura are as
follow : —
Entire length of the shell 27 mm.
Length of the smaller valve . . . . . . 25 „
Entire breadth of the shell 24 „
Thickness of both valves . . . . . 21 „
Apical angle of the larger valve from 95° at the apex to 60° lower down.
„ „ „ smaller valve 112°.
Locality and geological position. — This species, like the preceding one, is chiefly-
represented in the middle division of the Productus-limestone ; but it extends also,
becoming somewhat rarer, into the upper division. In the middle division it has
been met with by Mr. Wynne in the Bazarwan (eight specimens), at Vurcha,
(three specimens), at Swas (two specimens), and in the Amb valley (one specimen).
By myself it has been collected in the upper region of the middle division in the
mountains east of Katwahi (16 specimens), and in the upper division of the Pro-
ductus-limestone in the section near Khura (one specimen).
Trans-Indus the species has been found by Mr. Wynne at the limit between
the middle and upper divisions at Kalabagh.
Remarks. — The form which is most nearly related to the present species is Spiri-
gerella grandis, W., and perhaps it would be advocated by many naturalists that
the two forms should be considered as belonging to one and the same species. But
after a careful study of the specimens contained in the Salt-range collection, I came
to the conclusion that two species can properly be distinguished. A character
which is not very valuable for specific distinction, but which is very conspicuous, is
the smaller size constantly exhibited by the specimens belonging to Spirigerella
media. At a size at which the Spirigerella grandia is yet quite lenticular and barely
with any sinus in the ventral valve, the present species is already full-grown, with
a strong and deeply impressed sinus in the ventral valve. Other points of difference
consist in the somewhat pentagonal shape ; different inflation of the valves, which
is strongest in the apical region ; and in the strange configuration of the beak,
which is thick and quickly tapering, and at the same time little bent over so as to
expose the small terminal foramen.
A large round foramen, as is characteristic for Athyris subtilita, never occurs in
this species.
7. Spirigerella ovoidalis, Waagen : n. gen. et sp., PI. XXXVII, figs. 2 — 5.
The general outline of this species is ovoid, with moderately Inflated valves,
very little developed median sinus and fold, and a small beak. The species never
attains considerable dimensions.
The ventral valve is moderately inflated, with a very equal curve throughout,
longitudinally as well as transversely. There is barely a trace of a sinus, though the
frontal line is rather strongly bent up. This curve of the frontal line is solely
caused by a shelly prominence in the frontal region of this valve. The beak is small,
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 467
not very prominent, and strongly incurved, so as not to show the very small foramen
immediately below the apex, except in the case when the beak is somewhat injured.
The false area is very small and quite indistinct.
The dorsal valve is longitudinally slightly less strongly vaulted than the ven-
tral one, but transversely its curve is rather stronger than that of the opposite valve.
A median fold is present, but is developed only in adult specimens, when it is limited
entirely to the frontal region. It never becomes very prominent.
The surface of the shell is remarkably smooth, the imbricating striae of growth
occurring rarely, except near the margins of the valves.
The interior of this species is entirely unknown to me.
The measurements of a full-grown specimen from Kalabagh are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell ....... 24 mm.
length of the smaller valve ....... 2V5 „
Entire breadth of the shell 20 „
Thickness of both valves ........ 16-5 „
Apical angle of the larger valve ...... 89°
„ ,, „ smaller valve ...... 107°
Locality and geological position. — This is a rare species; only eleven specimens
of it have been collected. It is chiefly numerous in the transitional beds between the
middle and upper divisions of the Productus-limestone, and extends up into the
upper division. In the transitional beds it has been collected by Mr. Wynne, TraDs-
Indus, at Kalabagh (two specimens), and in the Paranga Kass (four specimens). By
myself it has been found in the same geological position in the section at Khura
(three specimens), and in the upper division of the Productus-limestone west of
Khura (two specimens).
Remarks. — Though this species, through its strongly inflated ventral valve,
belongs to the group of Spirigerella grandis, yet by its general configuration it
approaches more closely to Spirigerella derbyi, ~W., than to any other species. The
chief differences between the two forms consist in the more strongly vaulted ventral
valve, the entire absence of any kind of a median carinatiou in the dorsal valve, and
the less strongly bent-up frontal line. Prom Spirigerella grandis and media this
species is immediately distinguishable by its much smaller 'size, but besides this it
is also much more regularly and elongately oval, and has a differently vaulted dorsal
valve.
8. Spirigerella ftjsiformis, Waagen : n. gen. et sp., PI. XXXVIII, figs. 5, 6.
This species is remarkable by its very elongated and laterally compressed form.
Its valves are at the same time very much inflated, so that the thickness of the
shell exceeds its breadth. There is a very strong rectangular median fold.
The ventral valve is strongly curved in the longitudinal direction, and the
bend is tolerably equal, perhaps slightly more strong in the apical than in the frontal
region. Transversely the bend of this valve is very strong in the apical region, but
468 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
as soon as the sinus begins to appear the valve becomes nearly flat in the transverse
direction. The frontal part is very much produced and causes the frontal line to
ascend prominently. The outline of the produced frontal part is approximately
rectangular. The beak is not very prominent, strongly bent over, but not so much
as to conceal the small foramen which pierces it just at the apex. The false area is
very small and indistinct.
The dorsal valve is in the longitudinal direction as strongly curved as the ven-
tral one, and in the transverse direction is much more so. The median fold is
strongly developed and angular, limited on both sides by flat furrows. It is never-
theless restricted to the frontal region, not reaching further up than one-third of
the length of the valve.
The surface of the shell is ornamented by strong, distant, imbricating and some-
times lamellar striae of growth, which become heaped together in more or less great
numbers near the margins of the valves.
The interior of this species is entirely unknown to me.
The measurements of a full-grown specimen from Vurcha are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell 305 mm.
Length of the smaller valve ....... 27 „
Entire breadth of the shell 19"5 „
Thickness of both valves ....... 23 „
Apical angle of the larger valve ...... 80°
,, „ „ smaller valve 90°
Locality and geological position. — This species is very rare and entirely re-
stricted to the upper division of the Productus-limestone. It has been collected by
myself in the Cephalopoda bed of Chidru (two specimens), and Mr. Wynne has
brought the species from Khund Ghat (two specimens) and from Vurcha (one
specimen).
Remarks.— The elongated narrow shape and great inflation of the valves are
characters that distinguish this species readily from all the others of the
same genus. Only with juvenile specimens some doubt may exist ; in PL
XXXVIII, fig. 5, 1 have figured a specimen which perhaps might represent the
young state of the present species. It is very difficult to class such young speci-
mens, and in many cases one can never arrive at a satisfactory determination of them.
Though, however, such doubts exist about the young, yet the adult ones, when the
definitive characters are developed, can easily be distinguished, and they must, I
think, be considered as forming a well-established species.
There exists also a certain resemblance of the adult specimens of this species to
Athyris subtilita as it occurs in Europe; but the great narrowness and inflation
of the valves in the Indian shell make a distinction from the European form not
very difficult.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 469
III.— Group op SPIRIGERELLA NUMISMALIS, "Waagen.
9. Spirigerella numismalis, Waagen : n. gen. et sp., PL XXXVIII, figs. 1, 2.
The general outline of this species is broadly oral or nearly circular, as long as
it is broad; the valves are rather flat and depressed. The species never attains
considerable dimensions, but remains always small.
The ventral valve is in both directions very little arched, nearly quite flat. It
has a slightly impressed sinus, which is, however, entirely limited to the frontal
region. The latter is little produced, and causes the frontal line to ascend slightly.
The beak is not prominent, thin, and not much bent over when entirely preserved,
and quite straight when the apex is broken. The foramen is always visible, small
and not entire, apparently shut in on its lower side by a concave deltidium, but there is
no specimen in which this is clearly exhibited. If the beak is injured the foramen
appears large and round. On both sides of the beak extends a broad and flat distinct
false area, which is marked off from the remainder of the shell by obtuse not very
distinct ridges extending from the apex of the beak to the end of the hinge-line.
The latter slopes very little on both sides from the middle, nearly straight.
The dorsal valve is only slightly more strongly vaulted in the longitudinal
direction than the ventral one. Transversely the bend is, however, much stronger,
and in some specimens an obtuse median carina can be observed, which extends
from the apex to the frontal margin, forming there the median fold. In other
specimens this carina is very indistinct and the median fold seems to be limited
solely to the frontal region. The median fold is, however, never very prominent.
The apex of the dorsal valve is strongly incurved and partly concealed under the
beak of the larger valve, being inserted in a triangular slit situated under the beak
of the latter valve, and which is apparently filled up by a concave deltidium.
The surface of the shell in this species, as well as in all the other species of
Spirigerella, is ornamented by strong, distant, imbricating striae of growth, which
are very numerously heaped together near the margins, whereby these become
obtuse.
I am not acquainted at all with the interior of this species ; the black coaly,
sometimes very hard and sometimes friable, sandstone in which all the specimens
are contained did not allow of any investigation as to their internal structure.
The measurements of two specimens from Amb are as follow :—
I. II.
Entire length of the shell 16 mm. 11 mm.
Length of the smaller valve .....■- ** » 10 „
Entire breadth of the shell ....••• 15*5 „ 11'5 „
Thickness of both valves . . . • • • • " » • 6 »
Apical angle of the larger valve ....•• H5 120
„ „ „ smaller valve 120° 124°
The specimen No. I is the largest known to me.
470 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Locality and geological position.— This is a very rare species and is character-
istic of the Productus-limestone. It has been found in this geological position by
myself at Amb in the Chonetes bed (seven specimens), and by Mr. Wynne at the
Verala scarp (one specimen) and in theChittawan (one specimen).
Remarks. — I have no direct proof that this species really belongs to the genus
Spirigerella, as all my endeavours to uncover the inside of it were in vain. Prom
its whole configuration, however, and its general affinity to the species previously
described, it appears probable that this species also belongs to the same genus.
The forms which are most nearly related to the present species are Spirigerella
derby i, W., and Spirigerella minuta, W. From both these shells the one here under
consideration can be distinguished by its flatter valves, broader outline, the very
large apical angle, and the presence of a distinct false area, which terminates latter-
ally in two rounded corners.
Of not Indian species none is known to me which could be particularly com-
pared to the present one.
10. Spirigerella alata, Waagen : n. gen. et sp., PL XXXVIII, figs. 7, 8.
The general form of this shell is elongately oval, considerably longer than it is
broad. The valves are not much inflated, the ventral one with a distinct false area,
which terminates in rounded corners on both sides. The species remains always
rather small.
The ventral valve is very little arched, nearly quite flat. Longitudinally as well
as transversely its curve is equally inconsiderable. The median sinus is very
little developed, sometimes slightly, sometimes not at all impressed. The frontal
part of the valve is somewhat produced and bent up, causing the frontal line to
ascend in a broad arch. The beak is small, not very prominent, and well bent over,
but never so much as to conceal its foramen entirely. The latter is small and oval
if the beak is perfect, and appears larger if the beak is injured. On both sides of
the beak there extends a broad, distinct, false area, marked off from the remainder
of the shell by an obtuse not very distinct ridge and limited below by the but little
curved hinge-line. .
The dorsal valve is more strongly vaulted than the ventral one. The curve
is not very strong in the longitudinal direction, but in the transverse direction it is
more divided and somewhat parabolical. There extends a rounded crest from the
apex of the valve to the frontal part, where it unites with the median fold, which is,
however, barely indicated. The apex of the valve is pointed and strongly bent
over, partly concealed below the apex of the larger valve.
The surface of the shell is more smooth than in other species of the genus.
The distant imbricating striae of growth are present in some specimens, but they
are less strongly marked than is generally the case in the genus.
The internal characters of this species are entirely unknown to me.
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 171
The measurements of two specimens from Kafirkot are as follow : —
I. ii.
Entire length of shell . . . . . . . .16 mm. 14 mm.
Length of the smaller valve . .... 15 „ 13 „
Entire breadth of the shell 13 „ 12 „
Thickness of both valves ........ 9 „ 8 „
Apical angle of the larger valve 106° ll'i"
„ „ „ smaller valve 116° 134°
The specimen No. I is the largest known to me.
Locality and geological position. — The species has been found up to the present
only in one locality, at Kdfirkot, west of the Indus. It was detected there by
myself in a reddish distinctly oolitic rock, just at the limit between the middle
and upper divisions of the Productus-limestone. A thin bed was filled with
hundreds of individuals, none of which was larger than the specimen of which the
measurements are given above. It was, however, not easy to extract the specimens
from the rock. I brought away about a dozen.
Remarks, — This species is most nearly related to Spirigerella numismalis, W.,
described previously, and there is but little doubt that the two are in a develop-
mental connection as they occur also in successive strata. The present species can
be distinguished from the other by its smaller size and constantly more elongated
form, and by a still less developed median fold.
Of non-Indian species none is known to me which could be compared particularly
to the present one.
Genu s :ATHYEIS, M'Coy.
From the excellent descriptions by Davidson, Derby, Zugmayer, &c , this genus
has become one of the best known among all the genera of the spiral-bearing Brachio-
poda. There remains nothing to be added as regards the internal structure, and as my
materials are in many respects by far inferior to those that have been operated upon
by those authors, I shall not attempt to describe again from my materials the
features which have been already made out so admirably by others, and which I
could observe only rather imperfectly. Only to some points I should like to draw
attention, to the hinge-plate in the dorsal, and the hinge apparatus in the ventral
valve.
The hinge-plate is a very characteristic feature of the present genus, and serves
very well for the easy distinction of it and the preceding genus. It consists of a
triangular plate occupying the space between the dental sockets, and spreading out
horizontally for a more or less great extent between them. At both sides it is
limited by ridges, which* originate near the apex of the valve and are flattened on
top. They form the commencement of the crura, which are the continuation of
these ridges. The * extremity of the apex of the valve is not complete, but is a
little excavated for the passage of a visceral foramen whicb oierces partlv the hinge-
472 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
plate and partly the apex of the valve. There is never so large a process developed
as is characteristic of the preceding genus.
The hinge apparatus of the ventral valve is rather variable. The typical
development is to he found in Athyris royssii and allied species. It consists of
two large bifid hinge-teeth, which are sunk into the dental sockets of the dorsal valve
in such a manner that it is impossible to separate the two valves without breaking either
the dorsal valve or one of the hinge-teeth. The latter are supported by strong dental
plates which are not united laterally with the outer wall of the shell, but are free
near the apex of the beak. Below, near the bottom of the valve, they bend inwards
and approach each other closely, almost uniting in the middle line. Thus a semi-
circular smooth space is marked off which extends from the end of the dental plates
up to the margin of the foramen. The latter is not complete, but open at its lower
end, and here shut in only by the apex of the smaller valve ; a deltidium I have
never observed.
The variation of the apparatus which I have mentioned above consists in the
foramen being sometimes large, sometimes small, and the dental plates being some-
times entirely united with the outer walls of the shell, the space between them and
the outer shell substance being filled up by shelly matter.
The forms which can be subsumed under this genus are rather numerous.
According to Davidson's table the genus extends from the middle silurian to the
triassic formation. The species which occur in upper palaeozoic strata, and which are
of chief interest to us, can be grouped within two large sections, one containing the
forms with a smooth surface, the other with an ornamented shell surface ; for the first
I shall introduce the name " Simplices," for the second that of " Oknatje." The first
is much less numerous than the second. It contains in Europe the species Ath.
ambigua, Phill., Ath. globularis, Phill., and perhaps Ath. subtilita (Hall ?) Dav. ; to
these can be added Ath. protea, Abich, from permian and Ath. epigona, Abich, from
carboniferous beds of the Persian frontier. These species can be subject again to a
closer grouping, and then a very natural group is formed by the species Ath,
ambigua, Phill., and Ath. protea, Abich, to which may be added one Indian shell
which will bear the name of Ath. ambiguceformis, W. Another Indian species
belonging to the section, but which cannot be brought into the same group as any of
the European or Asiatic shells, must be considered as an isolated form, It will bear
the name of Ath. grossula, W.
The second section is far more rich in species in Europe as well as in India.
Among the European forms three groups can be distinguished : (1) group of Ath.
planosulcata, Phill., comprising the typical species, and Ath. expansa, Phill. ; (2J,
group of Ath. royssii, Lev., composed of the typical species, and Ath, squamigem,
Kon. ; and (3), group of Ath. lamellosu, Lev., with this single species.
In India only the second group is represented, but tl]is by quite a number of
species. I can distinguish Athyris royssii, Lev. ; Ath. subexpansa, W. ; Ath. capil-
lata, ~W. ; n. sp. ; Ath. globulina, "W. ; Ath. semiconcava, W. ; Ath. acutomarginalu,
~W. ; and Ath. pectinifera, Sow.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE,— BBACHIOPODA. 473
According to these indications the Salt-range species can be grouped in the
following manner : —
1. — Section Simplices.
I.— Group of Athyris ambigua, Phill.
1. — Athyris ambiguaformis, W.
II. — Group unknown.
2. — Athyrii grossula, W.
2. — Section Ornate.
Ill- — Group of Athyris royssii, LeV.
3. — Athyris royssii, LeV.
4>. — „ subexpansa, W.
5. — „ capiilala, W.
6. — „ semiconcava, W.
7. — • „ acutomarginalis, W.
8. — ,, globulina, W.
9- — » cf- pectini/era, Sow.
The geological distribution of these species is very irregular, some of them
being restricted to a single bed, others ranging through the whole ProductUs-
limestone.
Restricted to the upper Productus-limestone are Ath. ambiguce/ormis, Ath.
grossula and Ath. cf. pectini/era, Sow. ; characteristic of the lower Productus-limestone
are Ath. semiconcava and Ath. acutomarginalis. Athyris subexpansa, W., ranges
through the whole thickness of the Productus-limestone, whilst Ath. royssii and
Ath. capillata are disseminated through tbe middle and upper divisions. Ath. glo-
bulina lastly has its chief distribution in the lower division, but extends also into the
middle division.
Of all these species only two occur also in Europe: Ath. royssii, LeV., and
Ath. cf. pectini/era, Sow. The first of these is a species that is common to the
carboniferous and permian formations ; the second has been indicated as of only
permian age, but seems to occur in sporadic specimens also in the upper carbonifer-
ous limestone.
I. Sbctiok: SIMPLICES.
I.— Group or ATBYBIS AMBIGUA, Phill.
1. Athyris ambigu^formis, Waagen : n. sp., PI. XXXVIII, fig. 11.
The general outline of this species is broadly oval, little longer than broad, the
greatest breadth being situated at the rather long and tolerably straight hinge-line.
The valves are rather flat, little inflated, the front line nearly straight. The species
always remains small.
The ventral valve is flat, sometimes with a median impression, which extends
from near the beak to the frontal line, sometimes not. The beak is thus well bent
474 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
over and cut out at its apex with a small incomplete foramen. A false area is
almost entirely wanting.
The dorsal valve is very little more strongly curved than the ventral one, and
but very little of its apex is concealed below the beak of the opposite valve. There
is no median fold developed.
The surface of the shell is almost entirely smooth, and the strong imbricating
striae of growth so conspicuous on all the species of Spirigerella are absent ; only very
fine concentric strise of growth and sometimes a trace of concentric wrinkles can be
observed. One of the specimens shows a slight trace, as if the margins of the valves
had been expanded.
The interior structure of the species is not known to me.
The measurements of two specimens, No. I from Jabi and No. II from Kufri,
are as follow : —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell 12'5 mm. 11 mm.
Length of the smaller valve ....... 11*5 „ 10 „
Entire hreadth of the shell 12 „ 11 „
Thickness of both valves 6 „ 6'5 „
Apical angle of the larger valve ...... 110° 100°
„ „ „ smaller valve ...... 120° 115°
Locality and geological position. — The species is entirely restricted to the
upper division of the Productus-limestone, and has been collected by me in this geolo-
gical position at Jabi in the Cephalopoda bed (one specimen), and at Kufri (three
specimens). By Mr. Wynne it has been found at Khund Ghat (four specimens).
Remarks. — I have placed this species in the group of Athyris ambigua on
account of the longitudinal impression exhibited by some specimens, and which also
in young specimens of Phillips' species is sometimes present, sometimes not. Other-
wise, however, there exists no great affinity between the two species, and they can
easily be distinguished by the much smaller beak, the compressed valves and the
nearly straight hinge-line of the Indian shell.
Another form which bears a certain resemblance to Ath. ambiguaeformis is
Spirigera janiceps var. bipartita, Stache, from the Bellerophon-limestone of the Alps ;
the resemblance is, however, only a distant one.
II. — Group unknown.
2. Athyris grossuia, Waagen : n. sp., PL XXXVIII, figs. 9, 10.
The general outline of this species is rather variable, sometimes more elongated,
sometimes nearly globular ; it is, however, always characterised by a more or less
distinctly produced frontal part. The valves are inflated, the beak small, and the
front line nearly straight.
The ventral valve is strongly inflated with a very regular curve in the longitudi-
nal as well as in the transverse direction. The frontal part is strongly produced, but
very little or not at all bent up. The beak is very thin, not prominent, and well bent
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BEACHIOPODA. 475
over, bearing at its apex a small, fine, complete foramen. Below it there is a large
triangular space cut out, which is not entirely filled up by the apex of the smaller
valve. No distinct false area is developed.
The dorsal valve is slightly more strongly vaulted than the ventral one, tolerably
equal in its curve in both directions, only the apex is strongly bent in being much
concealed below the apex of the large valve. The frontal part is distinctly produced,
but a median fold is not developed.
The surface of the shell is covered by numerous concentric strise of growth which
from distance to distance are more strongly marked. A very fine radial striation
can also be seen.
Of the internal characters of this species nothing is known to me.
The measurements of two specimens from Chidru are as follow : —
i. II.
Entire length of the shell 15 mm. 17 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve ....... 14-5 „ 16 „
Entire breadth of the shell ....... 14-5 „ 14 „
Thickness of both valves 10'5 „ 10 „
Apical angle of the larger valve 105° 95°
„ „ „ smaller valve 108° 101°
Locality and geological position. — This species is restricted to the upper division
of the Productus-limestone, but is on the whole very rare. It has been collected
by myself at Chidru (five specimens) and at Jabi, both in the Cephalopoda bed.
.Remarks. — The produced frontal part of this species is a character which makes
the distinction from other forms easy. It resembles thereby certain varieties of
Ath. lamellosa, but is otherwise very distinct from that species. Of lamellar ex-
pansions there is nothing observable on any of my specimens.
II.— Section: ORNATE.
III.— Group of ATEYBIS ROYSSII, Lev.
3. Athtris royssii, Leveille : PI. XL, figs. 6-12. ; PI. XXXIX, fig. 10.
1835. Spirifer de roissyi, LeveiHe- : Mem. Soc. Ge"ol. de France, Vol. II, p. 39, PI. II, figs. 18—20.
1842. Terebratula royssii (LeV), Koninck : Anim. foss., du Ter. Carbonif., p. 300, PI. XXI, fig. 1.
1858. Athyris royssii (LeV.), Davidson : Monogr. Brit. Carbonif. Brachiop., p. 84, PI. XVIII, figs. 1—11.
1862. Athyris royssii (LeV), Davidson : Quar. Journ. Geol. Soc., London, Vol. XVIII, p. 27, PI. I, fig. 6.
1863. Athyris royssii (LeV), Davidson, Koninck: Poss. pateoz. de l'lnde, p. 33, PL IX, fig. 6.
This species has been excellently described already by quite a number of
observers, and I need here only give some remarks about the Indian specimens.
The general outline of these shells is generally transversely oval, sometimes
slightly pentagonal, with more or less inflated valves. Two points are very vari-
able in the general configuration of this shell ; these are the development of the
median fold with the corresponding bend of the frontal line, and the size of the
apical foramen.
476 SALT-KANGE FOSSILS,
The ventral valve is generally very equally convex in both directions, and pro-
vided with a more or less deep sinus in the frontal region which never reaches
further up than half the length of the valve. The frontal part of the valve is always
slightly produced, so that the frontal line is curved upwards, even when there is
no sinus. The beak is tolerably thick but not much promiment, only so far bent
over that the foramen opens just in the plane of the dorsal valve. The foramen
is sometimes very large, sometimes smaller, but never very small. It is drawn
much too small in figs. 8 and 9 of PI. XL. A distinct false area is never present.
The dorsal valve is about equally strongly vaulted as the ventral one. Its
most remarkable feature is the median fold, which is in general not very strongly
developed and always restricted to the frontal region. Nevertheless the front-line is
always more or less strongly curved, and in some exceptional cases this is so strong
that it bends up and down as in some specimens of Martinia glabra, Mart. Such
cases are, however, very rare ; there is but one specimen in the Salt-range collection
which shows this strong curve of the front-line. The front-line is, however, always
curved, though sometimes only slightly, even in quite young specimens.
The surface of the shell is covered by very numerous concentric lamellar striae
of growth, of which some are more strongly marked. The fringes with which these
shelly lamellae were ornamented are only very rarely preserved, but as far as they
can be seen they are exactly like those of the European specimens.
The internal arrangement of the species I could only observe badly and with
difficulty ; but as far as I was able to make it out, it seemed to agree exactly with the
corresponding parts of European specimens. Only the internal side of the ventral
valve and the cardinal part of the dorsal one am I able to describe more closely.
In the ventral valve the cardinal teeth are very strongly developed and bifid,
consisting of a less elevated external and a very high internal part, which fits into
a deep groove within the sockets of the dorsal valve. The cardinal teeth are sup=
ported by strong dental plates. The muscular impressions are very distinctly visible.
The adductors are situated within a bifid, somewhat cordiform, deep impression in
the middle ; they are not very large. So much the larger are the divaricators ;
they encircle the others on both sides and extend yet a good distance below them,
approaching each other very closely, or separated from each other by a broader
shelly zone. The remaining portion of the shell is generally distinctly radially
striated.
The cardinal part of the dorsal valve has been described already in the diagnosis
of the genus, and the specific variations of the type are very small. In large speci-
mens of this species the median part of the hinge-plate is very much thickened, the
visceral foramen in it becomes slit-like, but pierces the hinge-plate entirely at the
apex as in smaller specimens. On the upper side of the median part of the hinge-
plate there is an eccentric open canal, which extends from the visceral foramen
to the lower margin of the hinge-plate. The muscular impressions of this valve
could not be observed, as the only specimen which could be exposed on the inside
was but fragmentary.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE— BRACHIOPODA. 477
The measurements of two specimens, No. I from Khairabad and No. II from
Kalabagh, are as follow : —
I.
II.
Entire length of the shell
. 39 mm.
28 mm
Length of the smaller valve
. 37 „
26 „
. 46 „
32 „
Thickness of both valves
. 29 „
17 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve
. 125°
120°
„ „ „ dorsal valve
. 130°
133°
No. I is the largest specimen that has been observed by me, but it is a partial
internal cast.
No. II represents the average size of the specimens occurring in the Salt-range.
Locality and geological position. — The present species is not at all rare in the
Salt-range, and is there chiefly represented in the middle and upper divisions of the
Produotus-limestone. In the lower division its occurrence is not beyond doubt.
There are three specimens from Pail, collected there by me in the upper beds of the
lower division, which I can directly unite with this species, but the specimens col-
lected in the lowest beds I can only quote as Ath. cf. royssii.
In the middle division the species has been collected by myself in the moun-
tains east of Katwahi (ten specimens), at Katta (two specimens), on the road
between Vurcha and Uchali (five specimens), and at Musakheyl (ten specimens).
Mr. "Wynne has found the species at Morah (eight specimens), at Khund (two
specimens) and Trans-Indus at Kalabagh (six specimens), in the Paranga Kass (one
specimen), and north of Kafirkot (two specimens).
In the upper division it has been found by myself at Chidru (eight speci-
mens), west of Khura (12 specimens), and in the Cephalopoda bed at Jabi (one
specimen).
In connection with these indications it must always be borne in mind that the
determination of quite young specimens remains always somewhat doubtful, and
that the numerical indications can only be considered so far exact as to the best of
my belief the specimens belonged to this species.
Remarks. — I consider as belonging to this species only the typical forms which
occur in Europe in the mountain-limestone, while the smaller forms without an
indication of a sinus in the large valve I shall quote under the heading Ath. pec-
tinifera. I cannot enter here upon the question whether in Europe the two species
can be distinguished ; in India I can distinguish easily two forms, one with a sinus
even in young specimens and one without it. The difference between the two is very
striking, and the specimens of one form can easily be picked out from among the
specimens of the other.
The specimens which I have described under the name of Athyris royssii
seem to me to agree in every respect with the typical form of the mountain-lime-
stone, and I am perfectly in accordance with Mr. Davidson, who described a large
specimen of this species, from Musakheyl, under the above name.
Athyris royssii seems, however; in Europe not entirely to be restricted to the
478 SALT-EANGE EOSSILS.
mountain-limestone, but seems to pass up in its typical shape into the permian
formation. The specimens figured by Golowkinsky under the name of Spvrigera
concentrica from permian beds at the mouth of the Janasaska river near Burtasy
on the Volga seem undoubtedly to belong to this species ; the muscular impressions
of the ventral valve are absolutely identical with what I have described above in
Indian specimens.
4. Athtris cf. royssii, Lev. : PI. XLI, figs. 9, 10.
There is a number of specimens in the Salt-range collection, which all come
from the lower division of the Productus-limestone, and which, though in general
similar to Athyris royssii, yet cannot directly be identified with that species on
account of the constant absence of the outer layer of the shell, and with this of the
characteristic fringes of Athyris royssii. I therefore prefer to quote these shells
under a separate heading.
Locality and geological position. — This form is never common, and always
occurs only in the coaly or gritty sandstones at the base of the Productus-lime-
stone. The greatest number of specimens (six) was found by me in the Chonetes
bed at Amb. Another specimen was collected by Mr. Wynne at Dokri ; and one
specimen comes from the Trans-Indus continuation of the Salt-range, but the exact
locality of it is unknown ; it was contained in Dr. Verchere's collection, and is also
preserved in a black coaly sandstone.
5. Athtris subexpansa, Waagen : n. sp., PI. XXXIX, figs. 1 — 5.
The general outline of this species is very transversely oval; the valves are
rather flat. In the ventral valve a distinct sinus is always present. The ornament-
ation of the shell is similar to that of Athyris royssii.
The ventral valve is not much inflated, somewhat more strongly curved in the
longitudinal than in the transverse direction. The middle portion of the frontal
part is slightly produced. A distinct sinus is present, which extends nearly over
the whole length of the valve and becomes more and more distinct and deeply im-
pressed as the specimens grow larger. The front line is more distinctly bent up
in the middle in large than in small specimens. This part is, however, rather
narrow in comparison to the transverse diameter of the shell. The beak is thick,
not very prominent, and little bent over, truncated at its apex by a large round
foramen, which is not complete below. A false area is not developed.
The dorsal Valve is identical in its curve with the ventral one. It bears no
median fold, and is slightly cut out in the middle of the frontal region. Only a
xerj small part of the apex is concealed below the beak of the opposite valve.
The ornamentation of the shell consists of very numerous concentric striae
of growth, of which some are more strongly marked. Each of them bears a shelly
lamella which is thickly set at its margin with shelly fringes the length of which
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 479
could not be observed. The shelly lamella to which the fringes adhere is more
strongly developed in this species than in Ath. royssii.
The internal arrangement of this species is not known to me.
The measurements of two specimens, No. I from Khura and No. II from
Musakheyl, are as follow : —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell .31 mm. 25 mm.
Length of the smaller valve 29 „ 23-5 „
Entire length of the shell 43 „ 34 „
Thickness of both valves 18 „ 15 „
Apical angle of the larger valve 130° 135°
» >, „ smaller valve 141° 146°
No. I is the largest specimen known to me.
Locality and geological position. — The species begins to appear in the lowest
beds of the middle division of the Productus-limestone, perhaps even in the lower
division (Chilami, Trans-Indus, three specimens), and extends up into the upper
division, being most numerous in the upper beds of the middle division.
It has been collected in the middle division by Dr. Oldham at Swas (seventeen
specimens), by myself at Nursing Pohar, lowest beds of compact limestone (two
specimens), at Virgal in the Crinoid beds (two specimens) , by Drs. Oldham and Warth
at Musukheyl (six specimens), and by Mr. "Wynne at Ealabagh (eight specimens).
In the upper division it has been found by myself in the section at Khura
(12 specimens), at Jabi in the Cephalopoda bed (five specimens), and at Nanga
(one specimen), and by Mr. Wynne, Trans-Indus, north of Kafirkot (one specimen).
In the very top beds of the Productus-limestone one specimen was collected
by myself at Amb.
Remarks. — This species in its general configuration seems to be most nearly re-
lated to Athyris expansa, Phill. It can, however, be distinguished from that species
by a well-developed sinus in the-ventral valve and by its fringed expansions. By
the latter it seems to be more or less nearly related to Athyris royssii, and chiefly to
that form which has received from Count Keyserling the name Athyris royssiana.
Keyserling adduces as chiefly characteristic of his species the large apical angle
(above 130"). This, it is true, is also a character of the present species, but the
Russian permian shell has at the same time compressed spread-out margins, and
generally also a less large transverse diameter, so that I did not consider it advisable
to unite the Indian with the Russian forms, Perhaps both are geographical
varieties or vicarious species.
6. Athtkis capillata, Waagen : n. sp., PI. XXXIX., figs. 6-9 ; PI. XL., figs. 1-5 ;
PI. XLII., figs. -15.
1867. Athyris sp., probably A. Royssii (Le>.), Verchere: Kashmir, the Western Himalaya, and the Afghan
Mountains : Journ. As. Soc, Beng., Vol. XXXVI, p. 211, PI. II., figs. 3, 3a.
This species has a transversely oval or nearly globular outline, more or less
strongly inflated valves, which are thick and heavy, and covered by extremely
M
480 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
numerous lamellar striae of growth. The latter are strewn all along with thickly set
hair-like fringes. The species attains no very considerable dimensions.
The ventral valve is from moderately to very strongly inflated, and in both
directions about equally curved. It bears always a distinct sinus, which reaches
up about half-way the length of the shell. In the frontal region the valve is but
little produced. The beak is thin, not prominent, well bent over, and pierced at its
apex by a very small incomplete foramen. No false area is developed.
The dorsal valve is equally inflated as the ventral one and of a very regular
curve in both directions. Only very little of the apex is concealed below the apex
of the larger valve. There is always a median fold, but not very strongly marked
off from the remainder of the shell. Sometimes this fold bears on its top a longi-
tudinal impression.
The sculpturing of the shell is very characteristic. It is covered all over by
extremely thin and numerous lamellar striae of growth, of which I count four to six
within the space of one millimetre. The margins of these lamellae are again very
closely set by hair-like shelly fringes, which are, however, on account of their ex-
treme fineness, only rarely preserved, and the full length of which I was not able
to observe. The enlarged fig. 46, PL XLII, gives a good idea of the fineness of
these fringes.
The internal arrangment of this species has been fairly well made out. The
arrangement of the spirals and loop is very similar to that occurring in Ath. ambigua,
&c. The muscular impressions are characteristic in both valves. They could be
studied in empty valves as well as on an artificial internal cast that I had prepared.
The ventral valve is thick and heavy, and the dental plates are united to the
outer wall of the shell by a thick shelly callosity instead of being free as in Ath.
royssii. The hinge-teeth are very prominent, hook-shaped and bifid. A deltidium
is not present. The impressions of the adductors are very deep and strongly marked
but very small. They begin in about the same line with the teeth and terminate
about in the middle of the length of the shell at a more or less high septum, which
originates here and extends to not far from the frontal margin of the valve. All
the marginal part of the valve shows a reticulated grooving, which is again sur-
rounded by a narrow smooth zone.
The dorsal valve bears a well-developed hinge-plate, which is flatly spread out
and laminar in little inflated specimens, and thickly swollen in its middle part in
strongly inflated individuals. It is pierced at the apex by a thin visceral canal ter-
minating in a small foramen, which makes an incision at the apex of the valve.
The crura begin at this foramen as shelly ridges fixed to the hinge-plate and limited
on the outer side by high shelly crests, which form the inner walls of the dental
sockets. The muscular impressions are distinctly visible chiefly on artificial casts.
They are situated along the middle line of the valve, which is slightly raised in its
upper region and excavated further down. One pair is situated above the other as
in other species of Athyris. The upper pair is much smaller than the lower, which
is at its upper termination enclosed between the former. Also in this valve the
PR0DTJCTU8-LIMEST0NE.— BRACHIOPODA. 481
greater part of the inner surface is occupied by a reticulated grooving, which is en-
circled immediately at the margin by a smooth zone.
The dimensions of two specimens, one of the thicker, the other of the thinner
variety, both from the Cephalopod bed of Jabi, are as follow : —
I. IT.
Entire length of the shell 24'5 mm. 24 mm.
Length of the smaller valve 23'5 „ 22.5 „
Entire breadth of the shell 28 „ 26 „
Thickness of both valves ...... 16 „ 19 „
Apical angle of the large valve ..... 11(1° 106°
„ „ „ smaller valve 119° 115°
The specimens of which the measurements are given here are the largest known
to me.
Locality and geological position. — The species begins in the middle division of
the Productus-limestone, but is chiefly numerous in the upper division. In the
latter position the species has been collected by myself at Jabi in the Cephalopoda
bed (seventy specimens), at Chidru also in the Cephalopoda bed (twenty-six speci-
mens), and in the section at Khura (four specimens). Mr. "Wynne brought the
species from Khund Ghat (thirty-four specimens) and from Bilot (one specimen).
At the limit between the middle and upper divisions the species has been found
by myself in the section at Khura (four specimens) and at Kafirkot (seventy -six
specimens), by Mr. Wynne at Khund (four specimens) and at Kalabagh (three speci-
mens), and by Dr. Old man at Musakheyl (four specimens).
In the middle region of the middle division I collected the species between
Vurcha and TJchali (thirty specimens), and at Chidru (eight specimens) . Dr. Oldham
and Mr. Wynne brought the species from Swas (nine specimens), and the latter col-
lected it also in the Bazarwan (one specimen), at the Verala scarp (two specimens)
and north of Kafirkot (two specimens).
Prom this list it appears that the present species is very common.
Remarks. — The species here under consideration is rather nearly related to the
true Athyris royssii, but can be easily distinguished from that species by its more
strongly developed sinus and fold at a comparatively small size, by its extremely
numerous lamellar striae of growth, and by the much finer hair-like fringes which
are fixed to them.
Of other species none is nearly related or need be compared more particularly
to the present one.
7. Athyris semiconcava, Waagen : n. sp., PI. XLI, figs. 4 — 6.
The general outline of this species is more or less transversely oval, with a flat
or even excavated ventral and a more or less strongly inflated dorsal valve. The
frontal line is very strongly bent up, and the whole shell covered with hair-like
fringes.
482 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The flatness or excavation of the ventral valve is only developed in later stages
of growth ; young specimens up to a longitudinal diameter of about 10 to 15 mm.
have a vaulted ventral valve, though its curve is never strong. The sinus is very
strong, but very narrow, and reaches up for about half the length of the valve.
The beak is very small, barely prominent, but little bent over, and pierced at its
apex by a small incomplete foramen. There is not a trace of a false area.
The dorsal valve is rather strongly vaulted and its curve is about equal in the
longitudinal and in the transverse direction. The longitudinal curve is strongest
in the apical region. The median fold is very indistinct and only somewhat
more strongly marked immediately at the front. This valve is slightly cut out in
the frontal region for the reception of the prominent and bent-up shelly part
of the other valve forming the sinus.
The ornamentation of the shell is very similar to that of the preceding species.
The whole surface is covered by very closely arranged lamellar striae of growth,
each of which bears innumerable hair-like shelly appendages.
The interior characters of this species are unknown to me.
The measurements of two specimens from Amb are as follow : —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell ....... 21 mm. 23'5 mm.
Length of the smaller valve . . . . . . . 20 „ 22 „
Entire breadth of the shell 30 „ 27 „
Thickness of both valves . . . .* . . . 13 „ 12
Apical angle of the larger valve ...... 123° 121°
„ „ „ smaller valve ...... 130° 124°
The species seems not to grow large, as no larger specimens have been detected
up to the present.
Locality and geological position. — This is a very rare species and entirely re-
stricted to the lower division of the Productus-limestone. It has been collected by
myself at Amb in the Chonetes bed (seventeen specimens), and by Mr. "Wynne at
Dokri (three specimens).
Remarks. — The present species is easily distinguishable from other allied forms
by its flat or excavated ventral valve. The only species which shows a certain
similarity is Athyris royssiana, Keys. Though in that species the apical angle is
similarly large, yet it can be distinguished by the circumstance that both valves
are flat and thus form a broad compressed margin.
8. Athyris acutomarginalis, Waagen : n. sp., PI. XXXVIII, figs. 12, 13.
I was for a long time in doubt whether I should not unite this species with
Athyris royssiana, Keys., but as after a careful study and comparison I could only
recognise a similarity in the two shells, but not an absolute identity, I preferred to
describe the Indian form under a separate name.
The general form of this shell is transversely oval, but only slightly broader
than long. The valves are curved, but the margins compressed. The apical angle
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.-BRA.CHIOPODA. 483
«
is not very large. The whole surface is covered by not very fine fringes. The
species seems to remain small.
The ventral valve is distinctly, but not very strongly, vaulted, and somewhat
flatly spread out along its margins. The middle of the frontal part is strongly
produced. A narrow sinus is developed only in the frontal region. The beak is
tolerably thick, prominent, not much bent over and pierced at its apex by a com-
paratively large incomplete foramen. No false area is developed.
The dorsal valve is about equally curved as the ventral one. The margins are
flattened as in the other valve. In a longitudinal direction the curve is equal from
the apex to the beginning of the median fold, when the shell is suddenly deflected.
The median fold is narrow, but very prominent ; it is, however, limited entirely to
the frontal region.
The surface is covered with not very numerous but strongly prominent lamellar
striae of growth, of which some are more strongly marked. These lamellae terminate
in long hair-like fringes, which are, however, not so fine as those of Athyris capillata,
but resemble more closely those of Athyris royssii.
The internal characters of this species are not known to me.
The measurements of two specimens from Amb are as follow : —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell . . . . . . .17 mm. 15 mm.
Length of the smaller valve ....... 16 „ 14 „
Entire breadth of the shell 19 „ 18 ,,
Thickness of both valves 9'5 „ 945 „
Apical angle of the larger valve 103° 109°
„ „ „ smaller valve 130° 124°
No larger specimens are known to me.
Locality and geological position. — This is a very rare species and has been
found only at one locality in somewhat greater numbers. It is entirely limited
to the lower division of the Productus-limestone. It has been collected by me at
Amb in a black coaly sandstone below the Chonetes bed together with great
numbers of a species of Aulosteges ; fourteen specimens were brought away by me.
One specimen was also found by me at Khura at the upper limit of the lower division
of the Productus- limestone in yellow marly beds.
Remarks. — As I have remarked already above, there exists a very close relation
between the present species and Athyris royssiana, Keys. ; but it does not amount to
identity. The general outline of the present species is much less transverse, the
beak much thicker, and the apical angle by far smaller. Only the curvature of the
valves is extremely similar in both shells.
Ath. royssii is distinct by a different curvature of its valves.
Keyserling's species, Athyris royssiana, seems to commence in sporadic speci-
mens already in the upper carboniferous limestone of Russia and of Timor, but
has its chief development only in the permian formation of llussia. In the
mountain-limestone proper of England and Belgium it seems to be entirely absent.
484 SALT-KANGE FOSSILS.
9. Athyris globulin a, Waagen: n. sp., PL XLI, figs. 1 — 3.
The general outline of this species is entirely globular with very strongly in-
flated valves and a nearly straight frontal line.
The ventral valve is very strongly inflated, with an equal curve in both direc-
tions. The frontal part is slightly produced and bent up, so as to cause the front line
to ascend a little, but a sinus is not developed. The beak is tolerably thick but
not prominent, strongly bent over and firmly appressed to the apex of the smaller
valve. It is pierced at its apex by a not very large semicircular foramen, the lower
side of which is open and only closed by the apex of the smaller valve. A rather
distinct but narrow false area extends on both sides of the beak.
The dorsal valve is equally strongly vaulted as the ventral one. Its apex is con-
cealed to some extent below the beak of the opposite valve. Not a trace of a median
fold is developed, though the front-line bends up a little.
The surface Of the shell is covered by very neat and numerous concentric striae
of growth, which are distinctly crenulated on top, by which crenulation the appear-
ance of a very fine radial striation is produced. Towards the margins of the valves the
striae of growth become somewhat more irregular and imbricating, when some of
them are very strongly marked. This is the case chiefly in larger specimens. If
the surface is entirely well preserved, the crenulated strise of growth are provided
with fringes as in Ath. royssii.
The internal characters of this species are not known to me.
The measurements of two specimens, No. I from North Kafirkot, No. II from
Narsing Pohar. are as follow : —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell . . . ... . . .18 mm. 14-5 mm.
Length of the smaller valve ... . . . 16 ,. 14
Entire breadth of the shell ..... . 17'5 „ 15
Thickness of both valves ... .... 155 „ 12
Apical angle of the large valve 98° „ 103°
„ smaller valve 112° „ 128° „
No larger specimens of this species have been observed by me.
Locality and geological position. This species is entirely restricted to the
middle division of the Productus-limestone. It is, however, most numerous in the
lowest beds of that division. By myself it has been collected at Katta in a yellowish
grey limestone (four specimens) and at Narsing Pohar in a black coaly limestone
(four specimens), at both localities in the very lowest beds of the middle division
of the Productus-limestone. In somewhat higher beds the species has been collected
by me at Khura (one specimen) in grey thin-bedded limestones. By Mr. Wynne
the species has been found at Vurcha in the middle division (one specimen) and
Trans-Indus north of Kafirkot (two specimens) in the same division.
Remarks. — The general configuration of this species is very characteristic,
which is not repeated by any other species of Athyris. That the species belongs
to the group of Athyris royssii is indicated by the fringes by which the concentric
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 485
striae of growth are ornamented, but otherwise its affinity to that species is rather
remote.
Of other species none need be more closely compared to the present one.
10. Athyris cf. pectinieera, Sowerby : PI. XXXVIII, fig. 14.
1840. Atrypa pectinifera, Sowerby : Min. Conch., Vol. VII, p. 14, PI. 616.
1845. Terebratula pectinifera (Sow. sp.), Verneuil : Pateontologie de la Russie, p. 57, PI. VIII, fig. 12 a, b.
1850. Cleiothyris pectinifera (Sow. sp.), King : Mon. Brit. Perm. Foss., p. 138, PL X, figs. 1—10.
1858, Athyris pectinifera (Sow. sp.), Davidson : Brit. Perm. Brack, p. 21, PI. I, figs. 50-56 ; PI. II, figs. 1—5.
1861. Athyris pectinifera (Sow.), Geinitz : Dyas, Vol. I, p. 86, PI. XV, figs. 49—50.
I cannot but consider the little shells, one of which is figured on the above
plate, as distinct from other species of Athyris, though I am not so certain as to
their belonging to Sowerby's species.
The general outline of the species is lenticular, about as long as it is broad,
with a small beak and a straight front-line.
The ventral valve is moderately convex, not produced in the frontal region,
and without a sinus. The beak is small, little prominent and barely at all bent over,
pierced at its apex by a small semicircular foramen, which is incomplete below,
and shut in only by the apex of the smaller valve. No false area is present.
The dorsal valve shows the same course as the ventral one and bears not a trace
of a median fold.
The surface of the shell is characteristically ornamented. It shows a number
of more or less distinctly developed undulating concentric folds and many lamellar
stria3 of growth, which are crenulated on top. The fringes, however, the existence
of which is indicated by this crenulation, are not preserved on any of the specimens.
The substance of the shell is very thin.
The internal arrangement is only partly known to me. The figured specimen
shows the spirals in a somewhat weathered condition. Each of the coils consists of
twelve circuits, which have a very flatly oval form, and become more and more
compressed as they approach the margins of the shell, so that the last are nearly
angular. The two coils approach each other about equally on the dorsal and on the
ventral side. The cardinal part is covered up by rocky matter, and thus the accessory
lamellae as well as the loop cannot be seen.
The measurements of the figured specimen are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell 13 mm.
Length of the smaller valve ......... 12'5 „
Entire breadth of the shell 12 „
Thickness of both valves 7 „
Apical angle of the larger valve ........ 110°
„ „ „ smaller valve ....... 125°
Locality and geological position. — The typical specimen was collected by me in
tbe Cephalopoda bed at Jabi. Other specimens belonging also very likely to the
species have been collected by myself at Chidru (three specimens), west of Khura
486 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
(two specimens) and near Katwahi (one specimen), at all three localities in the
upper division of the Productus-limestone. Mr. Wynne found the species in the
middle division of the Productus-limestone at Swas (six specimens).
Remarks. — It is with great doubt that I identify this form with Ath. pectini-
fera, but my materials are not sufficient to make a new species of it. The shells
here under consideration are similar to Athyris pectinifera by their general shape,
the straight front-line and their constantly small size. They differ from it by their
thin shell with concentric undulations, and by the very compressed spirals, which
bear more circuits than those of Athyris pectinifera.
This is all that I can state, and in the expectation that somebody will find more
complete materials I adduce these shells for the present in a provisional manner
under the name of A thyris cf. pectinifera, Sow.
Family : NTJCLEOSPIRIDJE, Dav.
This family has a smaller extent than the other families of the Spiriferacea, but
it is not less excellently characterised. The simplicity of its loop, which holds good
in all the genera belonging to the family, is a character which,, can without very
great difficulty be detected, and forms a link by which all the forms appear to be
more or less closely connected. Nevertheless in this family also a certain number
of types of development can be distinguished, a circumstance which has been indi-
cated already by Davidson. These types are marked not so much by differences in
the arrangement of the loop as by peculiarities in the primary lamellae of the spi-
rals. Whilst in the preceding family the primary lamellae are attached to the
crura always with a strong and sudden acutely angular bend, in this family there is
only one group in which this bend is typically developed ; in the other groups
the attachment takes place in a different manner. This first group includes,
according to Davidson's indications, four genera : Nucleospira, Hall ; Metzia, King ;
Meristma, Hall ; and Sindella, Dav., to which with great probability may be added
Trematospira, Hall. A genus which has not been mentioned by Davidson but which
also belongs to the group is Eumetria, Hall. These genera together form a very
natural group, which very conveniently may be considered as a sub-family, for which
I shall introduce the name of " Retziinje."
A second group as indicated by Davidson is formed by the genus Dayia, Dav. It
is characterised by the circumstance that the crura are joined by the primary lamellae
at about right angles, and that these lamellae then follow the margins of the shell'
so that the spiral coils, which are very small and have very few whorls, are nearly
enclosed between them. This group, though comprising up to the present not more
than one genus, well deserves to be considered as forming a sub-family, which will
have to bear the name of "DAYiNiE."
The third group which has been distinguished by Davidson includes also only
one genus, the genus Uncites, Defr. In this genus there is no distinction between the
crura and the primary lamellae ; and in this respect the genus approaches most
PRODU CTUS-LIMESTONE.— BR ACHIOPODA. 487
nearly the true Spirifera. There is no doubt that also this genus deserves to be con-
sidered as forming a distinct sub-family under the name of " Uncitesle."
In the Salt-range the family Nucleosrpiidoe is not very numerously represented,
yet the species occurring there can be distributed under two sub-families. The sub-
family Retziince is represented only by the genus Eumetria, Hall, with two spe-
cies. Another kind of shells that occur in the Salt-range represents a new genus,
the systematic position of which is, however, not beyond all doubt, as the entire in-
ternal apparatus is not known to me. Prom all that can be ascertained this shell
seems to bear a certain affinity to the genus TJncites, and therefore will receive by
me the name of Uncinella, and will be placed in a provisional way in the sub-family
Uncitince.
The geological distribution of the genera belonging to the family has been indi-
cated already by Davidson. Only the distribution of Eetzia as indicated by David-
son seems somewhat doubtful, as in the more recent formations the genus seems for
a great part to be replaced by the genus Eumetria, Hall
The sub-family Uncitince seems not to be restricted to the devonian period ; not
only has Quenstedt already figured fossils from the mountain-limestone of Ratingen,
which he calls TJncites carbonarius, and which though certainly not belonging to
this genus yet very probably form part of the sub-family, but also in the Salt-
range, in beds which are certainly more recent than the mountain-limestone, the
o-enus Uncinella occurs, which I consider as belonging with great probability to
the sub-family Uncitince.
Sub-family: BBTZIINM.
Genus: EUMETRIA, Hall.
This genus has been very imperfectly known up to the present, and it is not
without much doubt that I assign the Salt-range forms to Hall's genus.
The genus has never been properly described by Hall. The name was intro-.
duced in 1863, in the sixteenth Regent's Report of the New York State Cabinet p. 59,
for the shells of the type of Eetzia serpentina, Kon. ; but this species itself is of a
very problematic nature as to its generic relations, and it is very doubtful if the
figure in "Woodward's Manual represents what was assigned by Koninck under the
name. Dall has therefore very properly considered Eetzia vera, Hall, as the type of
the genus, which species somewhat earlier in the text (page 55) was figured by
Hall as a representative of the serpentina type. If we take this species as the type
we can then find out approximately what is denoted by the name.
I shall now first proceed to describe the characters of the genus from the
Indian materials, and then only undertake a comparison with Hall's type.
The general form of the shells belonging to the genus is elongately oval, with a
more or less quickly tapering beak which is truncated at its apex by a large round
foramen. Below it there is a small but very distinct and sharply defined area, on
which no trace of a deltidium is visible. The hinge-line is straight, and at both ends
of it the ventral as well as the dorsal valve is produced into small wings. The shell
N
488
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
is radially plicated, and the front line is straight, without median fold or sinus, in
all the species that are known to me.
The substance of the shell is punctate.
The internal characters of the shell are very peculiar. The ventral valve is
very simple inside : from the straight hinge-line there project, not far distant from
each other, two small hinge-teeth, which are otherwise in no way remarkable ; they
are not supported by dental plates, and are not continued inside the area as project-
ing ridges. The muscular impressions are so indistinct in all the specimens I have
for observation, that I cannot say anything positive about them.
The dorsal valve has a very complicated brachial apparatus. The cardinal pro-
cess consists of a transversely elongate squarish upright plate, which extends below
the area of the larger valve, and between this plate and the apex of the dorsal valve
the median part of the area is so firmly wedged in that it is impossible to separate
the two valves without breaking off the middle part of the area which then remains
sticking in its place and can only with great difficulty be removed. On both
sides of this cardinal process are the dental sockets, which are very small for the
reception of the small hinge-teeth. Anteriorly and somewhat above the dental
sockets the crura take their origin. The cardinal process or hinge-plate, as one
might like to call it, is produced below into a stout hooked process, which is again
supported by a small semilunar septum, which latter, however, seems to be only
rudimentary in some cases. The hooked process shows much similarity to the
curved tube which encloses the visceral canal in some species of Athyris, and which
terminates at the apex of the valve in the visceral foramen. The species of Eumetria
which I have for investigation are, however, too small to make certain whether the
hooked process described above is pierced by a canal or not. Also the apex is so
much concealed by the prominent cardinal process, that one cannot be certain as to
the existence or absence or a visceral foramen.
c a »
Pig. 7. Eumetbia seandicosta (Dav.), Waagen : Specimen from the Cephalopoda hed of the upper Produotus-
limestone of Jabi : a, ventral view of the spirals and loop ; b, lateral view of the loop and primary lamellae ; c,
lateral view to show the shape of the septum, &c. \ — all figures strongly enlarged.
The crura, as has been said above, take their origin on both sides of the car-
dinal process at the margin of the dental sockets. They are slender, not very long,
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 489
rather straight and extend in an obliquely ascending direction. They join the pri-
mary descending lamellae of the spirals with a very acute bend. The primary
lamella? are very strange in their development. They show broad wing-like expan-
sions at their origin which are sometimes very strongly developed as in the specimen
figured in the woodcut, sometimes less so, but they are always present. Very
near below the origin, from the broad part of the primary lamellae, the loop pro-
ceeds. It consists of two slender nearly quite straight lamellae which converge about
in the direction of the longer axisof the valve towards the middle, and unite in form-
ing a little sharply pointed spur which is directed obliquely towards the apical part
of the valve. From the origin of the loop the primary lamellae taper very quickly.
The spirals are very loosely coiled and consist of six to eight volutions. Whilst
the primary lamellae on the dorsal side approach each other very nearly, their recurv-
ing branches on the ventral side are rather distant from each other, so that the
entire loop lies open to inspection.
The muscular impressions are not visible in this valve.
From this description it appears that the shells which I subsume under the
name of Eumetria can be very well distinguished generically from other genera of
the sub-family. The most striking features are the wing-like expansions of the
primary lamellae, the origin of the loop so near the commencement of the primary
lamellae, and its extension forward in a horizontal direction, just the opposite of
what takes place in the genus Sindella. The genus Eumetria thus seems to be
much more removed from the remainder of the genera of the Betziince than the
genera Nucleospira, JRetzia and Meristina are from each other.
If we now proceed to the comparison of the shells which have been here
described with Hall's type of the genus Eumetria, we find that externally there exists
a very great resemblance : Hall's type also has a small very sharply defined area,
which shows no trace of a deltidium ; the hinge-line is straight and produces wing-
like expansions in both valves. So far the generic identity of the Indian shell with
Hall's type cannot be doubted. It is more difficult to explain the cardinal section
of Eumetria vera as figured by Hall. The lines which are visible on that section
can, I think, be explained in the following manner : ' 1 ' is the section of the hinge-
plate, which ascends from the bottom of the cardinal part of the valve and forms
the dental sockets ; '&' is the lowest part of the cardinal process enclosed between the
origin of the crura, and ' c ' represents part of the crura and wing-like expansions
of the primary lamellae. This interpretation of the different parts seems to be suffi-
ciently natural to allow in this respect of the generic identification of the Indian
shells with Hall's type.
A somewhat more circumstantial description of the internal parts of the genus
Eumetria is to be found in Derby's paper on the Brachiopoda of Itaituba, a paper
which is full of most valuable information about the interior structure of these
Molluscoids. Mr. Derby says : " In the interior of the ventral valve the teeth are
small, unsupported by dental plates and situated near the extremity of the hinge-line.
No septum has been observed, and the muscular marks are indistinct."
490 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
" In the dorsal valve the cardinal process forms a broad, transverse, curved
platq, convex towards the front of the valve, and bent back past the hinge-line into
the beak of the ventral valve. Anteriorly its margins are united with small socket
plates, projecting straight forward and supporting the spires from their margins.
Prom the middle of the lower part of the anterior face of the plate forming the
cardinal process, a slender hooked process projects forward and upward, the inferior
face of this process bearing a small thread-like ridge, which is continued along the
bottom of the valve as a mesial septum, and on each side of which is an elongated
oval muscular scar. Each spire consists of six (?) coils, the first of which has a
small triangular spur near the origin at the point where the two spires most nearly
approach each other ; outer margin of coils pectinated."
In this description it is easy to recognise the internal arrangement of our Indian
shells, though it is evident that it has been drawn up from very imperfect specimens,
in which the crura were not preserved, so as to give the opinion that the spires were
fixed to the socket-plates. How easily such a mistake might take place a glance at
my woodcut will show. The spurs, which he describes as projecting from the
primary lamellae of the spires, are the rudiments of the loop, which was not entirely
preserved, and the exact form of which he could therefore not ascertain. Otherwise
Mr. Derby's observations are confirmed by my studies on Indian shells in the most
remarkable manner.
It would then seem but little doubtful that the Indian shells belong really to
the genus Eumetria, which is thus shown to extend also into Asian territory.
Much more difficult than to determine the geographical range of the genus is
it to indicate its geological distribution. It seems to begin in the mountain-
limestone proper and to extend up into the trias, but as the interiors of the triassic
shells are very imperfectly known it is not possible to say anything positive.
In India there are only two species of the genus which both seem to stand in
a rather close connection to two European species, Retzia radialis, Phill., and Retzia
ulotrix, Kon. It is not known whether the European forms possess the internal
characters of Eumetria, but the external shape, chiefly the small area without
deltidium, makes it probable that this is the case. Mr. Davidson has already drawn
attention to the similarity of one of the Indian species to Retzia radialis, Phill.,
and he found the affinity between the two forms so close that he considered the
Indian shell only as a variety of Phillips' species. Mr. Kayser has, however,
expressed the opinion that the Indian form represented a distinct species, and I
cannot but concur with that learned author on this point.
The second species is more or less related to Retzia ulotrix, Kon. Also this
species, judging at least from its external characters, is very probably an Eumetria.
It is highly probable that the Indian species are in a developmental connection
with the respective European ones. We thus have —
I. — Group of Eumetria radialis, Phill.
1. Eumetria grandicosta (Dav.), Waagen.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 491
II. — Group of EUMETRIA ULOTRIX, KoU.
2. Eumetria indica, Waagen.
The geographical distribution of the two Indian species is not indentical. ^Eu-
metria grandicosta begins already in the lowest beds of the Productus-limestone and
extends up through the middle into the upper division ; Eumetria indica, on the
contrary, is tolerably numerous only in the lowest beds of the middle division,
and only isolated specimens are to be met with in lower or somewhat higher
beds. It is entirely absent in the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
I.— Group op EUMETRIA RADIALIS, Phill.
1. Eumetria grandicosta (Dav.), Waagen : PL XXXIV, figs. 6 — 12.
1862. Setzia radialis, Phill., var. grandicosta, Davidson : Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, Lond., Vol. XVIII,
p. 28, PI. I, fig. 5.
1863. Setzia radialis, Phill., var. grandicosta (Dav.), Koninck : Foss. paleoz. de l'lnde, p. 33, PI.
IX, fig. 5.
1882. Setzia grandicosta (Dav.), Kayser : Oberoarbonische Fauna von Lo-ping ; Richthofen's China,
Vol. IV, p. 176.
The general outline of this species is more or less elongately oval, with a more
or less slender prominent beak, and a small triangular area below it. Neither sinus
nor median fold is developed. Both valves are covered by strong radiating costse.
The ventral valve is moderately and evenly convex. The beak is long, quickly
tapering and well bent over, always distant from the apical part of the dorsal valve.
It is pierced and truncated at its apex by a large oval foramen. Below the foramen
there extends a small triangular area, which does not occupy the entire interior or
dorsal side of the beak, but is considerably narrower. The area forms a triangle of
about equal sides, of which the base is formed by the straight hinge-line. The valve
bears twelve to fourteen radiating costae, which are rounded on their tops and are
separated from each other by rounded furrows. Of these furrows the median one
is sometimes, but not always, slightly broader and deeper, forming a kind of a very
indistinct sinus, which, however, does not cause the front line to ascend.
The dorsal valve is equally vaulted as the ventral one. It is limited above by
a short straight hinge-line, which causes small wing-like expansions of the valve to
be formed on each side. The valve is covered by eleven to thirteen radiating costse
of the same character as those of the ventral valve. The median] of these costee is
nearly always a little stronger than the others, but the difference in size is very
small indeed.
The surface of both valves is nearly quite smooth, the strise of growth being
very indistinctly marked. The substance of the shell is generally so strongly silici-
fied that the punctation is only rarely and then not very distinctly visible.
The internal characters are those given in the description of the genus.
492 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The measurements of two specimens, the largest known to me, No. I from Jahi,
No. II from Kafirkot, are as follow : —
I. ii.
Entire length of the shell ....... 14 mm. 14 mm.
Length of the smaller valve ...... 12 „ 12 „
Entire breadth of the shell 10 12-5 „
Thickness of the valves ... . . . 9 „ 9"5 „
Apical angle of the larger valve 63° 80°
„ „ „ smaller valve without the wings . . 100° 117°
No. I represents the typical form, while No. II is of an exceptionally hroad
variety.
Locality and geological position. — The species is nowhere very common, and
is equally distributed through the whole thickness of the Productus-limestone ; only
in the topmost beds of the formation the species has not yet been found.
It has been collected by myself in the lower division at Amb in the so-called
Chonetes bed (twenty specimens). In the middle division I found it myself on the
road between Vurcha and Uchali (one specimen), in the section at Khura in the
highest beds of the division (two specimens), and Trans-Indus at Kafirkot (seven spe-
cimens). Mr. Wynne has brought the species from the Chittawan (one specimen)
and from Budikheyl (one specimen), Mr. "Warth from Musakheyl (five specimens).
In the upper division I collected the species in the Cephalopoda bed at Jabi (six
specimens).
Remarks. — The present form has been united by Davidson with Retzia radialis,
Phill., and was considered by him as forming only a variety of that species which he
designated as var grandicosta. It cannot be doubted that the shell here under
consideration is very nearly related to Phillips' species, yet I think the differences
are sufficient to distinguish specifically between the two forms. Retzia radialis
appears to remain always smaller, is in its outline much broader in comparison to its
length, and has in general flatter valves. By far the majority of specimens have
much more numerous ribs and a by far more distinctly developed median sinus and
fold. The chief difference, however, seems to consist in the differently developed
beak, which is barely bent over and pierced by a comparatively small foramen, and
which bears on its dorsal side an area comparatively much larger than that of
Eumetria grandicosta. These latter differences are very constant and make a dis-
tinction in every case not very difficult.
Much more nearly related to the present species than Retzia radialis, Phill.,
seems to be Eumetria mormonii, Marcou. The only difference in this case consists
in slightly more numerous ribs and a distinct sinus, occupied by two folds, in the
ventral valve in Eumetria mormonii.
Another species of importance, as it occurs also in the upper carboniferous
beds of China, is Eumetria compressa, Meek. This species also is rather closely
allied to the shell under consideration. It seems, however, always to remain smaller,
has less numerous ribs, and a laterally more compressed form. It does not seem
suitable that Eumetria grandicosta should be united with that species.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 493
II.— Group op EUMETRIA VLOTBIX, Kon.
2. Etjmetria indica, Waagen : n. sp., PI. XXXV, figs. 1, 2.
The general outline of this species is more or less glohular, about as broad as it
is long, and with strongly inflated valves. Both valves are ornamented by a few
very strong and very coarse radial plications.
The ventral valve is generally strongly inflated and shows a very regular curve.
The beak is thick, prominent, and very little curved, bearing on its dorsal side a
comparatively large triangular area which is limited below by the straight hinge-line.
The apex is truncated by a rather small round foramen. The valve is generally
ornamented by eight, rarely by ten, coarse radiating folds, which are rounded on
top, and are separated by equally broad but somewhat sharper furrows, of which the
median one is very slightly broader and deeper, causing thus a barely perceptible
sinus to be formed.
The dorsal valve is equally strongly and regularly vaulted as the ventral- one.
It is limited above by the short straight hinge-line, and is covered by seven, rarely
by nine, coarse radiating folds, of which the median is largest.
The surface of the shell is nearly quite smooth, and only near the margins there
are some more strongly marked striae of growth. The punctation of the shell can
be seen also in this species only with great difficulty and never very distinctly.
The internal characters of this species seem to be very similar to those of the
preceding one, but they could not be made out so thoroughly.
The measurements of two specimens, No. I from Katta, No. II from Nursing-
Pohar, are as follow : —
i. n.
Eatire length of the shell 10 mm. 9 mm.
Length of the smaller valve 8'5 „ 8 „
Entire breadth of the shell 85 „ 7"5 „
Thickness of both valves ...... 8 „ 5'5 „
Apical angle of the larger valve 85° 80°
„ „ „ smaller valve without the wiDgs . . 110° 114"
No. I represents the typical shape, and No. II a more finely plicated and
thinner variety.
Locality and geological position. — This species, in opposition to the preceding
one, has a very limited geological range. It occurs only in the lowest beds of the
middle division of the Productus-limestone, and has been found in these beds by
myself at Katta, — bed No. 12 of my note-book, — (six specimens), at Amb (three
specimens), and at Nursing-Pohar (one specimen). By Mr. Wynne it has been
brought from Morah (one specimen) .
A single specimen was collected by me at Amb in the black coaly sandstone
at the base of the lower division.
Remarks. — This species is most nearly related to Eumetrin grundicosta described
above, but can be distinguished from that species by its coarse ribs and differently
494 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
developed beak. Of other species only Eumetria ulotrix, Kon., is similarly coarsely
ribbed, but is different from the present species by a much thinner and less pro-
minent beak, and a broader general outline.
I am aware of no other species to which the present one could be more parti-
cularly compared.
Sub-family: TJNC1TINM.
Genus : UNCINBLLA, Waagen, n. gen.
This genus is but very imperfectly known to me ; nevertheless I cannot but
distinguish generically what I subsume under the name.
In external shape the genus bears resemblance in a general way to Hetzia. The
valves are more or less finely plicated ; no sinus or median fold is developed ; the
hinge-line is curved ; the beak thick and strongly bent over, mostly appressed to
the cardinal part of the dorsal valve ; not provided with an area on its dorsal side,
but bearing a distinct deltidium. It is pierced behind the apex by a large oval
foramen. The apex of the dorsal valve is very strongly bent over, and partly con-
cealed under the apical part of the ventral valve.
The internal characters could only partly be made out. The shell bears spirals
of the same general disposition as in Hetzia or JJncites, but neither the loop nor the
mode of junction of the primary lamellae with the crura could be made out definitely-
What I could make out were the following points :
In the ventral valve, below the apex of the beak, there is an excavated small
but very distinct deltidium; its composition of two pieces cannot, however, be
made out. It does not reach down to the hinge-line, but is cut out below for the
reception of the apex of the smaller valve. On both sides of the deltidium extend
along the curved hinge-margin two long ridge-like hinge-teeth. They are not sup-
ported by dental plates, and there is also not a trace of other partitions.
Tig. 8, Uncinblla indica, Waagen, n. gen. et sp. Apical part of bot valves of two specimens from Amb and
Nursing-Pohar : a, ventral valve ; b, dorsal valve ; — both figures enlarged.
In the dorsal valve the apex is flattened, as if ground down, and bears a flat
triangular space, as if for the insertion of muscles; a cardinal process is not
present. At the apex two sharp ridges take their origin, limiting the dental
sockets on the inner side. These latter are elongated deep triangular grooves.
There is no hinge-plate spread out between the sockets. The crura take their
PRODTTCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 495
origin immediately at the apex, as thin shelly plates sloping strongly towards
the middle line, and thus very nearly reach the bottom of the valve. As far as the
dental sockets extend, these crural plates are fastened to them. Lower down they
become free, and then form rather broad shelly blades, which always retain their
sloping position towards the middle line of the valve. They are sunk deeply
into the interior of the valve, extending not very far from the bottom of it.
It has not been possible for me to follow these parts further, as my materials
were too scanty and too badly preserved ; but from the general arrangement of
the parts which I was able to study in detail, it becomes highly probable that the
primary lamellae of the spirals were not joined to the crura under a more or less
acute angle as in Hetzia, but that they formed simply the continuation of the
crura as in Uncites. This is one of the reasons why I have placed this genus in
the sub-family TJncitince ; another is the great incurvation of the apical part of the
dorsal valve. This position of the genus can, however, only be proposed in a pro"
visional way, as the data regarding the internal character are insufficient to form a
definite judgment on the point. Nevertheless, so much seems to be certain, that we
have to deal here with a genus which is distinct from Hetzia, the only genus
with which the shells under consideration might possibly have been united. The
absence of an area in the ventral valve, the absence of a hinge-plate and septum
in the dorsal valve, and the broadness and sloping disposition of the crura, are all
characters which make a generic distinction between these shells and Hetzia
unavoidable.
The genus is represented in the Salt-range only by a single species, which is
very rare and occurs only at the base of the middle division of the Productus-lime-
stone. This species shows, however, a very great similarity to some European
shells, and it is highly probable that these also belong to the same genus. They
are Hetzia carbonaria, Dav., and Hetzia serpentina, Kon. Of none of these species
could I obtain specimens for comparison, as both are very, rare, but chiefly from
Davidson's excellent drawings of the first of the two species it becomes highly pro-
bable that they represent something very much like the Indian shells. Already Mr.
Davidson was very much in doubt as to the generic position of this shell, and expressed
the opinion that it possibly might be considered as belonging to Hall's genus
Hhynchospira, which is distinct from Hetzia by the absence of an area. The recent
investigations on that genus undertaken by Messrs. Norman, Glass, and Davidson
have, however, shown that Hhynchospira is in all particulars of internal arrange-
ment identical with Hetzia, and thus it does not seem possible to unite the Indian
shell with Hall's genus, and also Hetzia carbonaria will probably not belong to it.
1. Uncinella indica, Waagen : n. gen. et sp., PI. XXXV, fig. 3.
The general outline of the shell is elongately oval with very strongly inflated
valves, a straight front-line and a thick, not very prominent, beak. Both valves are
covered with numerous rounded ribs.
496 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The ventral valve is strongly inflated, with a very equal curve in both directions.
The beak is very thick, not prominent, strongly bent over and entirely appressed
to the apical part of the dorsal valve, so that the deltidium is entirely concealed.
There is no area present, and even a false area is barely developed, though on both
sides of the beak smooth spaces without radial ribs extend. These are, however, so
sloping and so little marked off from the remainder of the valve, that they barely can
be considered as forming a false area. The foramen is large and oval, piercing the
beak behind its apex, and is generally more or less sloping in its position, rarely quite
vertical, as it is represented in the drawing — pi. XXXV. The margins of the valve
are quite straight, forming a minutely denticulated zigzag line.
The dorsal valve is perhaps slightly more strongly vaulted than the ventral one,
but its curve is equally regular in both directions. The apex is very strongly in-
curved, and covered up for a distance by the beak of the opposite valve. Otherwise
the margins are quite straight and minutely denticulated as in the other valve.
Each valve is ornamented with thirty to thirty-one radial ribs, which are broadly
rounded on top, and separated from each other by narrow sharp furrows. Striae
of growth crossing over them cannot be detected.
The structure of the shell is very minutely punctate, and even with a very
powerful lens the punctation can be seen only with difficulty.
The interior arrangement, as far as it could be made out, has been indicated
already in the description of the genus.
It is not possible for me to give here exact measurements of the species, as not
one of the specimens is sufficiently well preserved to take all the measurements.
The figures on pi. XXXV have been drawn from a specimen from Nursing-Pohar,
in which the frontal part is injured, the drawing being completed from a specimen
from Katta.
Locality and geological position. — This species is restricted to a single bed of the
Productus-limestone, forming the lowest bed of the compact limestones, of which
the middle division of the Productus-limestone is for the greater part composed.
This bed is sometimes black and sandy, as at Nursing-Pohar, where I collected three
specimens of the species ; sometimes it is greyish yellow and marly, as at Katta,
where I collected one specimen; and sometimes it is a reddish yellow silicious
marble, as at Amb, where I also found one specimen.
Remarks. — The species is very markedly distinct from all the others occurring
in the Salt-range. The shell which it most resembles is Retzi% carbonaria, Dav.,
but also from this species it is not difficult to distinguish it. Its general shape is
much more robust than Retzia carbonaria, and it has much more inflated valves.
Its striation is finer and the beak much more firmly appressed to the apical part
of the smaller valve ; there can be no doubt that the Indian shell is quite distinct
from the English one.
Of other species, Retzia vera, Hall, is of about equal size, and has a similar
general outline; but the presence of a small area below the beak and the straight
hinge-line assign it necessarily to quite a different genus.
PRODIJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 497
The other two species which might yet be compared, Terebr. marcyi, Shum., and
Retzia serpentina, Kon., are much less robust and also otherwise easily distinguish-
able.
Family : SPIRIFEBID^E, King.
This is one of the most natural families that exists ; not only by the internal
characters can the shells belonging to it be recognised, but also the external
shape is so very characteristic that by it alone the members of the family may be
discerned.
Of the external characters the most striking ones are the long straight hinge-
line and the more or less large and distinct area. The internal ones consist in the
circumstance that the crura and the primary lamellae form one tolerably continuous
piece as in TJncites ; in the very insignificant development or entire absence of a
loop ; and in the more or less strongly developed septa, which are only exceptionally
absent in the ventral valve.
In this family also Mr. Davidson has distinguished a number of groups, most
of which can be considered as forming natural sub-families. Yet I should like to
propose some changes in the grouping of the several genera.
The group of forms which most nearly approaches in its internal arrangement
the family Nucleospiridce is that of which Spiriferina, Orb., is the type. In this
group the primary lamellae are still connected by a transverse shelly band as in
TJncites, and the shell is punctate as in Retzia. That Suessia, notwithstanding its
fibrous shell, belongs to the same group cannot be doubted. Cyrtina, Dav., has the
loop very much as in Spiriferina, and I should not like to create a proper sub-family
for the reception of that genus. I am thus inclined to consider these three genera
as forming one sub-family under the name of Stjessiin^e, as the other two generic
names included in the sub-family are not well adapted for the creation of sub-
family designations. In this sub-family may perhaps be included the genus Ment-
zelia of Quenstedt.
A second natural sub-family is formed by the first group, as distinguished by
Davidson. The genus Spirifer represents the type of this sub-family. The loop is
no longer complete in these forms, but consists only of two spurs, which originate
at the primary lamellae, and converge towards the middle without ever uniting.
The genus which seems next to approach the sub-family Suessiince is Syringothyris,
Winchell ; then comes Cyrtia, Dalm. ; and then Spirifer, Sow. These three genera
compose together a sub-family, for which I shall introduce the name of " Delthy-
KIN.3I."
From Spirifer proper must be separated the smooth forms with a small area.
Except in their general shape they are distinct from Spirifer by an external coating
with a neat and distinct punctation. The internal characters of this group are not
sufficiently well known in all the species to draw conclusions from them. On the
whole, two generic groups can be distinguished ; one with a thin shell and devoid of
498 SALT-EANGE EOSSILS.
internal partitions — this forms the old genus Martinia, M'Coy ; and one with a thick
shell, strong dental plates and shelly supports for the dental sockets, for which
I shall introduce the name of Martiniopsis. Both can be united conveniently in a
proper sub-family, for which I shall introduce the name of MAitTiNiiNiE.
The existence of a fourth sub-family, of which the genus Beticularia is
the type, has been indicated already by Davidson. The forms belonging to it
are characterised by hair- like processes, which project from the surface of the
shell. Interiorly all the shells belonging to this sub-family are devoid of par-
titions in the ventral as well as in the dorsal valve. Of a loop there is not the
slightest trace, and even the spur-like processes which ornament the primary
lamellae of the spirals in Spirifer are entirely absent. There are two generic groups
distinguishable within this sub-family : the genus Beticularia, M'Coy, in which the
hair-like processes of the shell are arranged in concentric rows ; and the genus
Amboccelia, Hall, in which the hair-like processes occur irregularly over the whole
surface of the shell. I shall introduce for this sub-family the name of " Reticu-
iariisle."
The geological distribution of the several genera has been indicated already by
Davidson. I only would remark here that the genus Cyrtina reaches up into the
uppermost triassic beds, into the rhsetic, where Cyrtina uncinata, Schafh., is a very
characteristic representative of the genus ; and that the genus Beticularia is not
restricted to the devonian and carboniferous formations, but extends also up into
permian beds, in which latter formation it has been detected by Abich in Armenia.
Sub-family : SUHSSIIN^fi, Waagen.
Genus: SPIBJFERINA, Orb.
This genus is characterised by several easily observable features. The most
striking external character is the punctured condition of the shell, which is in many
cases so strongly developed that one would almost take the shell to be covered
with the minute cells of some Bryozoon. The punctures are, however, differently
disposed in different species ; sometimes they very closely approach each other,
sometimes they are more than five and six times their own diameter distant from
one another. If the shell is very well preserved, it is covered by a thin coating,
with small granules where the pores terminate under the coating.
Internally the ventral valve bears besides the strong dental plates a more or
less high median septum, which can often be seen within the triangular fissure
below the beak. Near the apex this septum is for a more or less small distance
firmly grown together with the pseudo-deltidium, which covers part of the triangular
fissure.
The dorsal valve bears a small area, and there is a more or less large cardinal
process within the apex of this valve. The dental sockets are supported by strong
septa, and also a small median septum is mostly present. The crura are fixed to
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 499
the socket-walls, and united by a transverse shelly band where the primary lamellae
of the spirals are joined to them.
The genus begins already in the higher beds of the silurian period and extends-
up through all the formations to the lias.
In the Salt-range the genus is largely represented. The most numerous species
is Spiriferina cristata, Schloth. sp. It extends through all the beds of the forma-
tion from top to bottom. All the other species are much rarer ; they are Spirife-
rina multiplicata, Sow. ; Sp. omata, Waagen; Sp. nasuta, Waagen; and Sp. vercherei,
Waagen.
These five species may be grouped in the following manner : —
I. — Group of Spiriferina lima, Quenst.
1. Spiriferina cristata, Schloth. sp.
2. „ multiplicata, Sow.
3. „ nasuta, Waagen, n. sp.
II. — Group of Spiriferina insctjlpta, Phill.
4. Spiriferina ornala, "Waagen, n. sp.
III. — Group of Spiriferina transversa, M'Chesn.
5. Spiriferina vercherei, Waagen, n. sp.
Of these species only two occur also in Europe, — Sp. cristata and Sp. multipli-
cata. The former is there most numerously represented in the carboniferous forma-
tion, and extends up into permian beds. I perfectly agree with Mr. Davidson that
the carboniferous and permian shells are specifically identical. I am less certain
whether the devonian specimens similar to Sp. cristata should be united with that
species. They have been distinguished by Quenstedt under the name of Sp. lima,
and I for the present retain that name.
The second species that is common to Europe and India is Sp. multiplicata,
Sow. Mr. Davidson is inclined to consider this species also as only a variety of
Sp. cristata, Schl. (or Sp. octoplicata, Sow.), and even figures such a specimen from
India under the name of Sp. octoplicata, Sow., in Vol. XVIII of the Quarterly
Journal ; but I cannot concur with the learned author in this respect. In Sp. mul~
tiplicata the shell structure is very different from that of Sp. cristata, and this in
combination with the different general outline is, I think, quite sufficient to distin-
guish specifically between the two forms. So far as I am aware, Sp. multiplicata
has hitherto been found in Europe only in permian beds.
I.— Group of SPIRIFERINA LIMA, Quenst.
1. Spiriferina cristata, Schloth. : PI. XLIX, figs. 3-7.
1816. Terebratulites cristatus, Scblotheim : Denkschr. Acad. d. W. zu Munchen, 1816, p. 28, pi. I, fig. 3.
1827. Spirifer octoplicatus, Sowerby : Min. Conch., p. 120, pi. 562, figs. 2, 3, 4.
1850. Trigonotreta cristata (Schl.), King: Monogr. Brit. Perm. Foss.,p. 127, pi. VIII, figs. 9—14.
1858. Spiriferina cristata (Schl.), Davidson : Monogr. Brit. Perm. Brach., p. 17, pi. I, figs. 37 — 40, 45, 46 ; pi. II
figs. 43-45.
500 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
1858. Spiriferina cristata, var. octoplicata, Davidson : Monogr. Brit. Carb. Brach., p. 38, PI. VII, figs. 37 — 47.
1861. Spirifer cristatus, (Schl.), Greinitz : Dyas, II, p. 88, pi. XVI, figs. 8 — 10.
1862. Spiriferina octoplicata (Sow.), Davidson : Quart. Jour., Geol. Soc, Lond., Vol. XVIII, p. 29, pi. I, figs. 12
13, 14 (non pi. I, fig. 11).
1863. Spiriferina octoplicata (Sow., Dav.), Koninck : Foss. paldoz. de l'lnde, p. 36, pi. X, figs. 12, 13, 14 (non pi.
IX, fig. 11).
1863- Spiriferina cristata— Sp. octoplicata, Dav. : Monogr. Brit. Carb. Brach., p. 267, pi. 54 figs. 10-13.
1865. Spirifer cristatus (Schl.), Beyrich : Kohlenkalk- Fauna von Timor, p. 79, pi. I, fig. 4.
The Indian specimens of this species seem to deviate in some slight degree from
the figures given by Davidson, and therefore a description of them seems not to be
out of place.
The general outline is variable as in the European specimens, the greatest
breadth being, however, nearly always situated at the hinge-line ; among nearly fifty
specimens there are only three in which the greatest breadth is situated a little
more towards the front. The area is large and forms a very low angle (of about
120° to 150°) with the plane of the dorsal valve. Specimens like the one re-
presented by Davidson, figs. 42 and 43, I have never observed in the Salt-range.
The ventral valve is always equally deep and vaulted as the dorsal one. The
beak is thin, strongly pointed and well bent over. The area is quite smooth and
shows no vertical striation. The punctation extends on the area as well as on the
remaining surface of the shell. The triangular fissure is rather small, and only at its
uppermost extremity covered by a very small deeply sunk pseudo-deltidium, which is
in the middle grown together with the vertical median septum. The plications are
nearly always very high and narrow, and are separated from each other by furrows
having the same breadth as the folds. The number of these folds varies between 8
and 14. The sinus is deep and rounded, not quite twice as broad as the furrows
between the adjoining folds, and sometimes with a slight trace of a median fold.
The dorsal valve has generally only a very narrow area, which in many cases is
quite linear. The curvature of the valve is equal to that of the ventral valve.
The number of folds on this valve varies between 8 and 19. The median one
is by far the strongest and most prominent, and represents the median fold, corre-
sponding to the sinus of the other valve. It is slightly but very indistinctly flattened
on top. Otherwise the character of the folds is the same as that of the folds on
the opposite valve. f
The substance of the shell is very coarsely punctate. There are generally not
more than four punctures to the space of one millimetre, so closely set that they nearly
touch each other. They are arranged in quincunx. Each puncture is the entrance
to a canal, which traverses the substance of the shell in a slightly oblique direction.
If the surface of the shell is quite intact and not modified by weathering, the orifice
of each canal is shut as with a cover by a small lenticular or globular calcareous
body. The outer surface of the shell appears then as if closely papillate. On the
inner surface the canals are always open. The canals are, however, entirely limited
to the outer parts of the shell, the septa and all the shelly parts within the valves
are devoid of the punctate structure.
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTON E.— BE ACHIOPOD A. 501
I regret to say that my time was too limited to subject this species to a close
examination as to its internal characters. What has been occasionally observed by
me seemed to be in accordance with the characters generally attributed to the
species belonging to the genus.
The measurements of two specimens, No. I from Katta with twelve folds on
the dorsal valve, the other No. II from Swas with nine folds on the same valve,
are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell ......
Length of the smaller valve ......
Entire hreadth of the shell at the hinge-line ....
Thickness of both valves ......
Apical angle of the larger valve at the apex
„ „ „ smaller valve .....
I.
II.
17 mm.
14 mm.
13 „
11 „
235 „
20 „
13 „
10 „
125°
112° „
137°
130° „
There are some fragmentary specimens, which apparently, if complete, would
exhibit slightly larger dimensions than No. I, but the difference is not very great,
and the species seems never to have attained considerable dimensions.
Locality and geological position. — This is a wide-spread but never very abund-
ant species in the Salt-range.
It has been collected in the lower division of the Productus-limestone at
Amb in the so-called Chonetes bed (seven specimens).
In the middle division it has been found by Dr. Oldham and Dr. Warth at
Swas (two specimens) and at Musakheyl (two specimens). By myself it has been
brought from Khura from the lower limestone series (one specimen), and from the
top of the calcareous series (six specimens), and on the road between the Chidru
and Golawali (one specimen). At the base, in the very lowest beds of the middle
division, it has, been collected by myself at Katta (bed No. 12 of my note-book)
two specimens, at Amb one specimen, and at Nursing- Pohar one specimen;
Trans-Indus the species has been found by myself at Kafirkot (nine specimens),
and by Mr. Wynne, north of Kafirkot (three specimens).
In the upper division of the Productus-limestone the species has been collected
by myself at Jabi in the Cephalopoda bed (six specimens), and at Chidru in the
same bed (two specimens). One specimen I found at the base of the upper division
in the section west of Khura.
In the top beds of the whole formation, which have furnished among the
bivalves so many characteristic forms, I observed the species at Virgal.
I must also state here that no particular variety is characteristic for a single
bed, but that specimens with many and with few folds, with a high and with a
narrow area, &c, are found quite promiscuously.
Remarks. — Erom the description given above it will appear that the speci-
mens from the Salt-range agree in all important points with the European species,
and that there appears not to exist sufficient reason to consider the Indian shells as
a distinct species. It is true that some characters indicated by Davidson as
frequently occurring in European specimens have not been observed by me in the
502 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Indian shells, — as, for instance, the secondary ribs which occur at the sides of the
median fold in the dorsal valve have never been observed in Indian specimens ; but
this and like discrepancies are certainly too small to be taken heed of. The greatest
difference seems to consist in the generally greater sharpness and height of the
ribs. In this respect the Indian shells are more akin to that figured by Beyrich
from Timor than to Davidson's drawings.
On the whole, the determination of these specimens as Spiriferma cristata
cannot be far wrong, and it is in accordance with the views of Mr. Davidson.
2. Spiriferina mtjltiplicata, Sow., sp. : PL XLIX, figs. 8-9.
1829. Spirifer multiplicatus, Sowerby : Geol. Transact., 2nd series, Vol. Ill, p. 119.
1850. Trigonotreta multiplicata(Sow.), King: Mon. Brit. Perm. Foss., p. 129, PI. VIII, figs.*15-18.
1858. Spiriferina multiplicata (Sow.), Davidson: Mon. Brit. Perm. Brach., p. 19.,;P1. 1, figs. 41-44.
1861. Spirifer curvirosiris (Vern.), Geinitz : Dyas, II, p. 89, PI. XVI, figs. 12-13 (non Vern.).
1862. Spiriferina octoplicata (Sow.), Davidson : Quart. Journ., Geol. Soc, Vol. XVIII, PI. I, fig. 11 (non
figs. 12-14).
1863. Spiriferina octoplicata (Sow., Dav.), Koninck : Fossiles paleoz. de 1' Inde, PI. IX, fig. 11.
The general outline of this species is nearly globular, length and breadth
being about equal, and the thickness not much smaller. There is a distinct, rounded,
but not very deep, sinus in the ventral and a corresponding median fold in the
dorsal valve. The lateral parts of the shell are covered by rounded and not promi-
nent folds.
The ventral valve is strongly inflated and equally curved in both directions.
The sinus begins already at the very apex, long before the lateral folds are developed.
The beak is not very thin, pointed, and well bent over. The area is slightly concave
and not very distinctly marked off from the remainder of the shell.. The triangular
fissure is comparatively large. The hinge-line is straight and shorter than the
greatest breadth of the shell. The sinus is broad, not deep and rounded. On each
side of the sinus are mostly four, sometimes six folds, which sometimes, however,
become so little marked as almost entirely to disappear, so that then the valve, with
the exception of the excavated sinus, is nearly quite smooth.
The dorsal valve is not less inflated than the ventral one, and its curve is equal
in both" directions. The apex, though apparently not promiment, yet distinctly
overhangs the straight hinge-line, whereby a narrow but distinct area is formed,
which bears in the middle a broad triangular fissure. Already at the apex begins
the distinct rounded and not very strongly prominent median fold, which is on both
sides limited by minor flatly-rounded plications covering the lateral parts of the
valve. Three to six of these plications come on each side, but they become some-
times so very low that the shell appears nearly smooth.
The surface of each valve is covered by very fine striae of growth, of which some
are more strongly marked and imbricating. The shell substance is very finely
granulated, as finely as in any species of Terebratula. There are eight to ten
granules on the space of one millimetre, and the canals which pierce the shell are
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 503
so very narrow that they cannot be distinguished with a common lens. The
granulation is arranged beautifully in quincunx.
I have not been able, on account of the scarceness of specimens, to ascertain
the internal characters of this species.
The measurements of a very complete specimen from Jabi are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell ......... 14 mm.
Length of the smaller valve . . . . . . . . . 11 „
Entire breadth of the shell ......... 14'5 „
Length of the hinge-line ......... 11'5 „
Thickness of both valves ......... 12 „
Apical angle of the larger valve ........ 95°
,, „ „ smaller valve ........ 112°
There are some specimens from Musakheyl, which seem to have attained
slightly larger dimensions.
Locality and geological position. — This species is rather rare in the Salt-range,
and restricted to certain horizons. It first appears in the uppermost beds of the
middle division of the Productus-limestone, and has been collected in these beds by
Dr. "Warth at Musakheyl (three specimens). I have myself only found the species in
the upper division at Jabi, in the Cephalopoda bed (four specimens), and in the same
bed at Chidra (one specimen).
Remarks. — The species has not been entirely admitted by Davidson, but he
expresses the opinion that it might very probably be united with Spiriferina
cristata, and he mentions also that Prof. King inclined to the same opinion.
In his note on the fossils brought by Dr. Fleming from the Salt-range, Mr. David-
son figures a specimen belonging to this species directly under the name of
Spiriferina octoplicata. Notwithstanding this I cannot but retain the specific de-
nomination of Spiriferina multiplicata for the shells here under consideration. Mr.
Davidson remarks in his description of the species : " The canals are (stated by Mr.
Howse to be) smaller than those in Sp. cristata;" and indeed the difference in the
shell structure of the two species is so great that there cannot be the slightest
doubt of their being assignable to different species. Whilst in Spiriferina cristata
the canals are so wide that they can generally be distinguished with the naked eye,
in Spiriferina multiplicata they are as small as in any species of Terebratula, and
can be distinguished only with a powerful lens.
It cannot, I think, be seriously doubted that the Indian specimens belong to
Sowerby's species. The only difference that I can detect consists in the less distinctly
marked striae of growth in the Indian specimens, but it appears to me that this
circumstance is not sufficient to make a distinct species of them.
The identification of this species is of geological interest, as it occurs in Europe
only in permian beds, and has, as far as I am aware, not yet been detected in the
carboniferous period.
I cannot close the remarks upon this species without drawing attention to the
fact, how closely it resembles the Spiriferina verrucosa of the middle lias.
p
604 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
3. Spirifebina nasuta, Waagen : n. sp., PI. XLIX., figs. 1-2.
This species attains somewhat larger dimensions than the two which hare heen
described previously.
The general outline is transversely oval with a large, prominent, nose-like
median fold and coarse radial plications on the lateral parts. The area is flat and
reclining, and tolerably high.
The ventral valve is not very strongly inflated, and its bend is not strong in
either direction. The beak is pointed, not bent over and very short ; the area very
broad, triangular, flat and reclining, forming an angle of about 125° with the plane
of the dorsal valve. The deltidial fissure is not very broad. The sinus of the valve
is very broad, but not very deep, and at a short distance from the apex a broad
rounded rib begins to appear in the middle of it, which gets stronger and more pro-
minent as it approaches the margin of the valve. It causes the frontal margin
to ascend very strongly, and to project in a long pointed process above the plane of
the valve. On each side of the sinus there are four broad coarse folds, rounded on
top and separated from each other by equally broad rounded valleys.
The dorsal valve is not more strongly vaulted than the ventral one, and its
curve is also equal in both directions. The apex is very little prominent and the
area extremely narrow. The hinge-line is straight and about as long as the greatest
breadth of the shell. The median fold is not very broad, but extremely prominent,
its top being nearly quite straight and not partaking in the general curvature of the
valve. On both sides of the median fold there are four coarse, broad, rounded, radiat-
ing folds, which decrease in size as they approach the hinge-line.
The surfaces of both valves shove from distance to distance strong imbricating
striae of growth, which become heaped together in greater numbers at the margin
of the shell.
The substance of the shell is very coarsely punctate, even more coarsely than in
. Spiriferina cristata, and the punctation, if tolerably well preserved, can easily be
seen with the naked eye. On fractures of the shell the canals can easily be seen
piercing the shell in great numbers in an oblique direction.
The materials of this species were too scanty to make out any of the internal
characters.
The measurements of two specimens from Morah, as far as they could be made
out, are as follow : —
I.
II
Entire length of the shell, ahout ,
29-5
mm.
20
Length of the smaller valve
23
»
17
Entire breadth of the shell, about .
31
)»
22
Thickness of both valves
19
»
13
Apical angle of the larger valve
130"
123°
„ „ „ smaller valve
146°
145°
The specimen No. I is the largest that has been detected up to the present,
PRODTJCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPOBA. 505
Locality and geological position.— This is a very rare species, and has been
found only by Mr. Wynne in the very hardest marble-like silicious limestones of the
middle division of the Productus-limestone. There are altogether only five speci-
mens of the species known to me, of which four were collected by Mr. Wynne at
Morah and one at Chidru.
Remarks.— All the specimens of this species are rather poorly preserved on
account of the extreme difficulty of extracting them from the rock. The nose
formed by the prolongation of the frontal part is always broken oif .
There is no doubt that this species must be assigned to the same group of
forms as Spiriferina cristata, but it is quite as certain that the two species are speci-
fically distinct. The larger size, the extremely prominent median fold, the thick
prominent rib in the middle of the sinus, and the great coarseness of the radial folds,
—all these characters make a distinction from Spiriferina cristata most easy, and
there is, I think, but little doubt that we have to deal here with a well-distinguish-
able and characteristic new species.
II.— Group op SPIRIFERINA INSCULPTA, Phill.
4. Spiriperina ornata, Waagen : n. sp., PI. L., figs. 1-2.
The general outline of this species is transversely oval with a hinge-line some-
what shorter than the greatest breadth of the shell. Both valves bear coarse sharp
folds, ornamented by a very fine concentric sculpturing, which consists of closely
arranged lamellae.
The ventral valve is slightly more strongly curved and deeper than the dorsal
one • its curvature is equal in both directions. The area is high and concave, limited
below by the not very long straight hinge-line. The triangular fissure is not very
large. The beak is thick, short and well bent over. The sinus is deep, angular and
tolerably broad. On each side of it there are three to five high narrowly rounded
ribs, separated from each other by angular valleys. The concentric sculpturing ex-
tends over these ribs following the Outline of the margin of the valve and thus form-
ing zigzag lines.
The dorsal valve is flatter than the ventral one ; it is not very strongly curved in
the longitudinal, more so in the transverse, direction. The apex is very little pro-
minent, and the area extremely narrow. The ralve is covered by seven to nine very
high and sharp ribs, of which the median one is the highest and most prominent, cor-
responding to the sinus of the opposite valve, and representing the median fold.
The ribs are, as on the other valve, narrowly rounded on the top and separated from
each other by angular valleys. The concentric sculpturing is the same as on the
other valve.
The substance of the shell is rather coarsely punctate in a similar manner as
in Spiriferina cristata.
The species is very rare, and thus it has not been possible for me to ascertain
its internal characters.
506 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The measurements of a specimen from Chidru are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell 16 mm.
Length of the smaller valve . . . . . . . . . 11 „
Entire breadth of the shell . . . . 17'5 „
Length of the hinge-line . . . . . . . . . . 15 „
Thickness of both valves .......... 15
Apical angle of the larger valve 107°
„ „ „ smaller valve ......... 147"
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether only three specimens of
this species known to me. Two of them were collected by me at Chidru in the top
bed of the upper Productus-limestone, together with all the Pelecypoda described in
a former part of this work, and the third I found in the Cephalopoda bed at Jabi.
The species seems thus to be restricted to the upper division of the Productus-
limestone.
Remarks. — In its general configuration this species is very similar to Spirife-
rina cristata, and in this respect it might rather be united with the group of forms to
which that species belongs. But to such an allocation the sculpturing is averse, and
on account of this character it seems to be more closely allied to Spiriferina msculpta,
Phill., than to any other species. Prom the latter form, though the sculpturing of
both is identical, the Indian shell can easily be distinguished by a different general
outline, a shorter hinge-line, a higher median fold and corresponding sinus, a con-
cave area, &c.
Spiriferina insculpta is a carboniferous species, but begins, according to Davidson,
already in the devonian period. This fact has, however, been called into doubt by
Quenstedt, who says that the devonian shell is a Cyrtina.
III. -Group op SPIRIFERINA TRANSVERSA, M'Chesn.
6. Spiriferina vercherei, "Waagen : n. sp., PI. XLVIII, fig. 3.
The general outline of this species is very elongately transverse, with an ex-
tremely long hinge-line and pointed wings. The valves are covered by tolerably
coarse radiating ribs, the median fold is not very prominent, the area not very broad.
The ventral valve is longitudinally not much vaulted, and transversely its cur-
vature is still less considerable. The area is very elongately triangular, somewhat
concave and covered by a fine vertical striation, which is crossed by as fine stride of
growth, extending parallel to the hinge-line. The triangular fissure is tolerably
broad ; a pseudo-deltidium could not be observed. The beak is thin, strongly pointed
and well bent over. The sinus is broad, tolerably deep and smooth. It begins
already at the apex of the beak. On both sides of the beak there are six to seven
radiating folds with rounded tops, separated from each other by rounded valleys.
The dorsal valve is not more strongly vaulted than the ventral one, and its
longitudinal, as well as its transverse, curvature is very small. The apex is little pro-
minent, and the area for its greater extent nearly linear. The median fold is already
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 507
distinctly marked at the apex, but lower down it is not very prominent. It has a
very broadly. rounded top, and is rather broad at its base. On each side of the
median fold there are seven coarse radiating ribs of the same description as those of
the other valve, the last of them being nearly parallel to the hinge-line.
Both valves are ornamented from distance to distance by not very strongly
marked imbricating strise of growth, which are heaped together in great numbers
near the margins.
The structure of the shell is coarsely punctate as in Spiriferina cristata, but the
punctures are not arranged in quincunx, but in irregular rows, which approximately
follow the direction of the striae of growth.
The internal characters of the species are not known to me.
The dimensions of the only specimen are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell 21 mm.
Length of the smaller valve . . . . . . . . , 17 „
Entire breadth of the hinge-line . . .' . . . . . 45 „
Thickness of both valves . .... 16 „
Apical angle cf the larger valves 116°
„ „ „ smaller valve 136°
Locality and geological position. — There is only a single specimen of this
species and its exact locality is not known. The specimen was in Dr. Verchere's
collection, and is preserved in a yellow sandy marly rock ; there is but very little
doubt that it comes from the upper division of the Productus-limestone of the
Rotta Roh ridge in the Trans-Indus continuation of the Salt- range.
Remarks. — Though only a single specimen of this species is known to me, yet
its general shape is so characteristic and interesting that I thought it well worth
while to describe it and give it a proper specific designation.
There is no European species to which the present one could be more particu-
larly compared. From American localities, however, shells have been described
which bear a more or less close resemblance to the present species : they are Spiri-
ferina transversa, M'Ohesney, and Spiriferina kentuckensis, Shumard ; the former
seems to be more closely related. The American species, however, apparently never
attains so large dimensions as Spiriferina vercherei ; the chief difference seems to
consist in the presence of a. rib in the middle of the sinus of Spiriferina transversa,
and in the altogether coarser plications of our Indian shell.
On the whole, it is not without interest to see here again an American type re-
presented in the Indian strata.
Sub-family : BELTETRINJE.
Genus : SPIRIFER, Sowerby.
Though it appears that the genus Spirifer is one of those which are best
known, I think some words of explanation may be needed as to the sense in which I
here use the name.
508 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The name was originally given to radially plicated forms, and for such it
must be retained ; while it seems to he of practical advantage to distinguish
the smooth forms under a different designation. Such a distinction is not of a
practical value only ; it can be well supported on scientific grounds. The shell of
the radially plicated forms is by general consent of all naturalists purely fibrous,
whilst the shell of the smooth forms bears a distinctly punctate coating, as has been
stated by Monsieur de Koninck, and as can be most decidedly affirmed from my own
observations. I therefore shall restrict the name Spirifer to the plicated forms with
a fibrous shell, and shall subsume the other forms under the name of Martinia, 8fc.
Spirifer proper may then be characterised in the following manner: Shell
fibrous, externally ornamented by more or less distinct radial folds. Area more or
less extended, triangular, but never as large as in Cyrtia. Internally there are
two spiral cones the apex of which is directed approximately towards the lateral
parts of the shell; the primary lamellae of these cones are fixed directly to the
socket walls ; not far from their origin" they give off two short spurs, directed
towards the middle of the shell, which, however, never unite. In the ventral valve
the hinge-teeth are supported by strong dental plates.
Thus limited the genus is not represented in the Salt-range by very numerous
species. I count altogether not more than eight species, two of which were already
known to Mr. Davidson, — viz., Spir. striatus, Mart. ; and Spir. Musahheylensis, Bav. :
the other six species will respectively bear the names of Spir. marcoui, W. ; Spir.
oldhamianus, W. ; Spir. ambiensis, W. ; Spir. wynnei, ~W. ; Spir. alatus, Schloth. ;
and Spir. niger, W.
These species may be grouped most conveniently in the following manner : —
I. — Group of Spirifer striatus, Martin.
1. Spirifer striatus, Martin.
2. Spirifer marcoui, Waagen.
II. — Group of Spirifer tegulatus, Trautschold.
3. Spirifer Musahheylensis, Davidson.
4. Spirifer ambiensis, Waagen, n. sp.
III. — Group of Spirifer duplicicosta, Phillips.
5. Spirifer wynnei, Waagen, n. sp.
IV. — Isolated species.
6. Spirifer oldhamianus, Waagen, n. sp.
V. — Group of Spirifer triangularis, Martin.
7. Spirifer alatus, Schlotheim.
8. Spirifer niger, Waagen, n. sp.
Of all these species only two occur also in Europe : these are Spirifer striatus,
Mart. ; and Spirifer alatus, Schloth. The first is a common species of the mountain-
limestone; in India it is, however, anything but common. Among the really
extensive materials of Salt-range fossils in my hands, there is not a single complete
specimen of the species. It occurs exclusively in the lower division of the Pro-
ductus-limestone, and is extremely rare there. The second species, Spir. alatus,
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— BRAOHIOPODA. 509
Schl., is not much more common than Spirifer striatus. In Europe it is a species
of the permian formation, and in India it occurs in the lower division of the Pro-
ductus-limestone. The group is better represented in India by Spirif. niger, which
is very nearly related to Spir. alatus, and seems here to replace that species.
Another species of geological interest is Spir. marcoui, W. This is a character-
istic species of the American coal-measures. It occurs in India also in the lower
division of the Productus-limestone.
I.— Group op SFIBIFEB STRIATUS, Mart.
1. Spirifer striatus, Martin : sp., PI. XLIV, figs. 3, 4, 5.
* 1809. Anomites striatus, Martin : Petr. Derb., tab. XXJII,
1820. Spirifer striatus (Mart.), Sowerby : Min. Concb., pi. 270.
1843. Spirifer striatus (Mart.), Koninck : Descr. Anim. foss. de la Belg., pi. 25 bis., fig. 4.
1858. Spirifera striata (Mart.), Davidson : Monogr. Brit. Carb. Brach., p. 19, pi. II, figs. 12-21 ;
pi. Ill, figs. 2-6.
1862. Spirifera striata (Mart.), Davidson : Quart. Journ., Geol. Soc, Lond., Vol. XVIII, p. 28, pi. I,
figs. 9, 10.
1863. Spirifera striata (Mart.), Davidson ; Koninck : Fobs, pateoz. de l'lnde, p. 34, pi. IX, figs. 9, 10.
It seems barely possible to draw up a description of this species from the
very scanty and fragmentary materials at my disposal.
The best specimen is the small one represented in fig. 5, but it is too small to
admit of a quite exact determination. Another specimen, in which both valves are
partly preserved, is the one drawn in fig. 4 ; but this again has suffered so much
from pressure that its determination is also not beyond doubt. All the other
remaining material consists in more or less fragmentary ventral valves; one of
these, the most complete one, is represented in fig. 3.
The characters of these ventral valves consist in a transversely elongated
general outline with rounded corners. The valves are very flat, less convex than
in all the European specimens of Spirifer striatus that are known to me. The
beak is short, thick, pointed and little bent over. The area is moderately broad
and concave.t The triangular fissure is extremely broad, forming a triangle, the
longest side of which is in the continuation of the hinge-line. The sinus is not
very broad and rather shallow, shallower than in most of the specimens of the
typical Spirifer striatus. The surface is covered with numerous somewhat broadish
radiating ribs, which are slightly flattened on the top. Near the beak they are
distinctly bundled, five bundles on each side of the sinus ; lower down the bundling
disappears almost entirely. The radiating ribs are crossed at irregular intervals
by imbricating striae of growth.
Of the internal characters nothing could be ascertained.
It would also be useless to give numerous measurements ; only the indication
of length, breadth and thickness of the most complete ventral valve will perhaps be
of interest ; it is frr-n Gulami. The measurements are as follow : —
Entire length 48 mm.
„ breadth 78 „
Thickness, the elevation of the sinus included . . . 19 „
510 SALT-RANGE POSSILS.
Locality and geological position. — All the specimens of this species that are
preserved in the Salt-range collection come from the sandstones of the lower divi-
sion of the Productus-limestone. It has been collected by myself in greyish-
yellow sandy strongly micaceous beds (No. 10 of my note-book) at Katta (two
fragmentary specimens) ; at Amb in a black coaly sandstone forming the lowest
fossiliferous bed above the lavender-clays (one specimen) ; and somewhat higher, in
the dark sandstones composing the Chonetes bed (three specimens). Mr. Wynne
brought the species from the Verala scarp (one specimen), from Dokri (one speci-
men) ; and Trans-Indus from Gulami (three specimens). Dr. Oldham and Mr.
Theobald collected it in the Chittawan (two specimens) ; Mr. Davidson quotes the
species from Nulle and Chidru.
Remarks. — From the above list it appears that the species has a tolerably
large geographical distribution in the Salt-range, but it is very strange that it always
occurs in rather isolated specimens, and only in a fragmentary condition. Whilst
in the same beds other species are entire and well preserved, Spirifer striatus is
always fragmentary ; what may be the reason of this I cannot say.
Peculiar to the Indian specimens is the great flatness of the ventral valves, the
only ones which are sufficiently accessible to observation. As the specimens in all
other respects perfectly agree with Spir. striatus, it is not possible to determine
them otherwise ; nevertheless this flatness may always be apt to cast some doubt
on the identity of the Indian and the European specimens, and the fragmentary
condition of the Indian materials does not enable us to remove these doubts.
2. Spibifeb, mabcotji, Waagen : n. sp., PL XL VII.
1858. Spirifer striatus, (Mart.), Maroou : Geol. of North America, p. 49, pi. VII, fig. 2 (non Martin neq.
Davidson).
The general outline of this species is somewhat transversely trapezoidal, with
boldly curved valves, of which the dorsal is slightly deeper than the ventral one.
Median fold and sinus are very strongly developed. Both valves are eovered with a
radial striation.
The ventral valve is very strongly curved in the longitudinal direction, but
nearly flat transversely. The straight hinge-line is as long as the greatest breadth
of the shell. The corners at the end of this line are sometimes sharply produced,
sometimes not. The area is rather broad and flat, only very little concave, and
shows in well-preserved specimens only an indistinct vertical striation. The trian-
gular fissure is about as high as it is broad. The beak is thick, short, pointed and
not strongly bent over. The sinus is very deeply sunk in, sometimes sharply im-
pressed in the middle, sometimes rounded, begins very near the apex of the beak.
Mostly it is not sharply marked off from the remainder of the shell, but in some
cases it is limited on both sides by obtuse ridges. The radial striation is somewhat
finer than in Spirifer striatus, Mart. There are generally from 20 to 30 ribs within
the sinus and from 30 to 40 on each lateral part of the valve. The ribs show
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 511
mostly slight traces of bundling, chiefly in the region of the apex, but this character
is never distinctly developed. All the ribs are crossed at irregular distances by
strong imbricating marks of growth.
The dorsal valve is very strongly curved in the longitudinal direction on its
lateral parts, but less strongly along the median fold. In the transverse direction
the curve is strong and regular. The apex is tolerably prominent, the area not
very small. The median fold is extremely high, but never quite sharp. It is mostly
very narrowly rounded (as in figs. 1 and 2) and only rarely slightly broader (as
in fig. 3). It begins at the very apex of the valve, but is rather indistinct there;
at a short distance from the apex, however, it begins to become prominent. The
number of radiating costse is as large on this valve as on the other ; the tendency to
form bundles is still less marked in this valve than on the opposite one. In this
valve also strong, imbricating, irregular marks of growth cross the radial striation.
The structure of the shell is, as far as I can see, entirely fibrous.
The internal characters could not be made out in this species. I may only
remark here that the shell is often extremely thickened in the apical region, so that
the dental plates in the ventral valve and the outer walls of the shell form alto-
gether one shelly mass. This has then very often been corroded in a strange way
before the specimens were imbedded.
The measurements of two specimens from Pail are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell
Length of the smaller valve
Entire breadth of the shell
Thickness of both valves
Apical angle of the larger valve
,, „ „ smaller valve
Locality and geological position. — The species is on the whole very rare in the
Salt-range. It occurs in the higher layers of the lower division and at the base
of the middle division of the Productus-limestone. There is one locality where
the species may be obtained in any numbers, — this is Pail. It occurs there in rusty
micaceous sandstones, and fills a whole bed with its shells. This sandstone is
situated at the upper limit of the lower division. I was, however, not able to extract
more than 16 specimens with the rather small instruments that were at hand. A
little quarrying might furnish within a short time hundreds of specimens. There
are only two more localities where the species has been detected : one specimen was
collected by me at Amb at the base of the compact limestones forming the middle
division of the Productus-limestone, and one fragmentary specimen was found by
Mr. Wynne at the Verala scarp.
Remarks.— Por a very long time I considered this species to be identical with
Spiri/er cameratus, Mort., and I am still convinced that it is very nearly related
to that species. The present species differs from Sjpir. cameratus by its far more
considerable size and by the absence of the distinct bundling of the radial ribs
so characteristic for Morton's species. The only figure with which the Indian shells
9
I.
II.
. 68 mm.
53
. 49 „
42
. . . . 92 „
82
. 45 „
38
. 132°
129°
. 130°
132°
512 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
absolutely agree, is that published , by Mons. Marcou under ithe name of Spirifeir
striatus. The original of this drawing was found at Peeos tillage,, New Mexico,
filling a whole bed of limestone, associated with Athyris substilita, Hal}, and Sywr.
oameratus, Mort. (Spir. striatus var. triplicatus, Marcou). The bed from which
the specimen was collected therefore very likely forms part of ;the ,<coal*.measures.
The determination as Spirifer striatus by Mons. Marcou was correct beyond doubt
at the time of the publication of Marcou' s work, and it has been considered as correct
up to the present, but I think the Indian specimens as well as Marcou's drawing
exhibit some peculiarities which make a distinction from Spir. striatMq,M.&vt., desir-
able. The most striking peculiarity consists in the median folds which is higher and
sharper, and the sinus correspondingly deeper and narrower, than in Martin's
species. Another peculiarity which is very striking is ,the flatness of the ventral
and the great inflation of the dorsal valve. These peculiarities, which cause a
very striking boldness of outline, can, I think, well be used for the distinction of a
proper species.
Of American lower carboniferous species, Spir. logani, Hall, may be .comjpared ;
but in this form the median fold is -much less high and sharp, and the radial ribs
are coarser and less numerous.
II.— Group of SPIUIFER TEGTTZATTTS^vsiXitschdldL.
3. Spirifer Musakheylensis, Davidson: PI. XLY.
1862. Spirifera musakheylensis, Davidson: Quart. Journ. Geol.Soc, Lond., Vol. XVIII, p. 28, pi. II, fig. 2.
1863. Spirifera musakheylensis (Dav.), Koninck : Fossiles paleoz, de l'lnde, p. 34, pi. XI, fig. 2.
1866. Spirifera musakheylensis, Davidson : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Lond,, Vol. XXII, p. 41, pi. II, fig. 5.
The general outline of this species is elongately transverse, with a hinge-line,
which is mostly as long as the greatest breadth of the shell, but sometimes also
slightly shorter. The valves are generally about equally inflated,; sometimes, however,
the inflation of the dorsal valve is somewhat greater. The median fold is well de-
veloped. The valves are covered with a radial striation which always shows a dis-
tinct bundling. These radial strise are crossed by concentric lamellose striae of
growth.
The ventral valve has in different specimens a very different curvature.; always,
however, the longitudinal curvature is very much stronger than the transverse one.
The area is mostly rather broad^ very elongated and strongly recnning ; sometimes
its margins are nearly paralled to the hinge-line. The triangular fissure is very
large, but in none of the specimens ,at my disposal is the pseudo-deltidium preserved.
The beak is thick, short, pointed, and not much bent over. The sinus is more
or less broad and deep. It commences always at the very apex of the beak, and
is in the beginning sharply limited, but lower down the limiting ridges become
more and more indistinct. The radial striation begins at the apex of the beak, as
a few strong ribs arranged on both sides of the sinus. There are very generally
seven ribs on each side, and three more within the sinus. Eaeh of these ribs very
PEOBTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BEACHIOPODA.
513
soon becomes split up into three, and thus gives rise to the formation of a bundle
of ribs, in which the ribs are more and' more augmented as the bundle approaches
the margins of the valve ; so long as the bundles are distinguishable there are
rarely more than seven ribs within one bundle. The bundling disappears some-
times at an earlier, sometimes at a later, stage of growth; quite full-grown speci-
mens only rarely show the bundling "distinctly at the margins of the valve.
The dorsal valve is generally slightly more strongly vaulted than, the ventral
one, but it appears to be very variable in its general curvature. Longitudinally
the curvature is very strong on the lateral parts ; on the median fold, however,
it is often only slight. In the transverse direction its curve is nearly always
inconsiderable. The apex only projects a little above the hinge-line, and the area
is generally very narrow in this valve. The median fold mostly projects very
strongly, and is sometimes broadly, sometimes narrowly, rounded on the top.
It begins at the very apex of the valve as a single rib, and on each side of it there
are six more ribs, which are the first indications of the rib-bundles that ornament
the valve further down, and of which the radial striation consists. Each bundle
is generally composed of six sharp ribs, which are, however, repeatedly augmented
by intercalated new ones in large specimens. The median fold bears 14 such ribs
on a middle-sized specimen.
The most characteristic feature of the species is the lamellose erect striae
of growth, which in great numbers and closely arranged cov^er both valves. Be-
sides these there are some irregular, more strongly developed, imbricating marks
of growth running parallel to the margins of the valves.
The internal characters of this species are not known to me.
This species varies somewhat with age. In young specimens the radiating
bundles of ribs are always very strongly developed, so that the margins of the valves
form a strongly bent zigzag line. At the same time the hinge-line is always
shorter than the greatest breadth of the shell. In very old specimens, again, the
area of the ventral valve becomes more and more broad, and attains often nearly
parallel margins.
The species can'attain very considerable dimensions, but larger specimens than
that figured by Davidson, or the one represented on pi. XLV, fig. 6, have not been
observed by me.
The measurements of three specimens, No. I from Morah, No. II from the
Chittawan, and No. Ill from Chidru, are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell
Length of the smaller valve
Greatest breadth of the shell
Length of the hinge-line
Thickness of both valves
Apical angle of the larger valve
„ „ „ smaller valve
I.
II.
1
II.
. 21
mm.
36
mm.
56
mm
. 19
ji
31
>j
45
it
. 30
a
64
»
88
»
. 16
jj
...
79
»
. 14
»»
25
»
39
j>
. 125°
130°
130°
. 140°
145°
143°
Locality and geological position.— This species is not rare in the Salt-range, but
514 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
it is not very common either. It extends through, the whole thickness of the
Productus-limestone, but is most numerous in the middle division of it.
It has been found in the lower division by Dr. Oldham at Chidru in black
sandstones (two specimens).
In the middle division it has been collected by myself in the section at Khura
(uppermost beds), two specimens ; at Virgal in the crinoid beds and in the coral
beds (three specimens), at Chidru also in the top beds (one specimen), and at
Katta in the very lowest beds (bed No. 12 of my note-book) one specimen.
Mr. Wynne has brought the species from Morah (twelve specimens), and from the
Chittawan (two specimens) ; Dr. Oldham found it at Vurcha (one specimen), and
Dr. Warth at Musakheyl (two specimens). Trans-Indus I collected the species at
Kafirkot (one specimen), and Mr. Wynne at Omarkheyl (one specimen).
In the upper division the species has been found by myself at Chidru (three
specimens, one in the Cephalopoda bed), in the Cephalopoda bed at Jabi (six speci-
mens), and west of Khura (two specimens).
Remarks. — As has been remarked already above, the character which makes the
distinction of this species most easy consists in the erect lamellose condition of the
striae of growth. Nevertheless the preservation of this character is not always so
perfect as could be desired, and it cannot be considered as a specific distinguishing
character, if just in one specimen this character is not observable. There are many
specimens in the collection on which this character is well exhibited only on a very
limited part of the shell, whilst on all the other parts it is only very indistinctly
visible, though the shell appears to be perfectly well preserved. It seems that in
such specimens the characteristic sculpturing was already partly lost before they
were imbedded.
Though this character seems to be one which is rather easily destroyed, yet it
must be taken heed of, as it enables us to establish a more close comparison between the
present and other allied forms. The species which is beyond any doubt most nearly
related to the present one is Spirifer tegulatus, Trautsch. The peculiar sculpturing, so
similar to that of Spirifer musakheylensis, has been excellently described and figured by
Trautschold ; but from his description and figures it can also be concluded with very
great certainty that the two species are different. In Spirifer tegulatus the radiat-
ing ribs are much coarser, and the lamellose sculpturing more strongly developed than
in the Indian forms, and there is apparently but little doubt that the two represent
different specific types. Nevertheless it is highly probable that the Eussian species,
which occurs in the upper carboniferous limestone of Moscow, is the ancestor of
the Indian shells. Another species which bears such erect lamellose striae of
growth is Spirifer condor., Orb., from Yarbichambi in Peru. It has for a long
time been considered as a synonym of Spir. striatus, or later of Spir. cameratus,
Mort. It is distinct, however, from the former by the lamellose striae of growth,
and from the latter by these as well as by the nearly entire absence of the bundling
of the ribs. Prom Spir. musakheylensis it differs by about the same characters by
which it is different from Spir. cameratus.
PKODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BEACHIOPODA. 515
If we set aside the lamellose character of the striae of growth, then there is
quite a number of species to which the present one might be compared. There is
a whole group of forms, of which Spir. fasciger, Keyserl., is probably the ancestor
and must be taken as the prototype. Most authors unite the entire group with
Spir. striatus, Mart., but it appears probable that several species can be- distin-
guished. Species which most nearly approach Spir. fasciger are Spir. cameratus,
Morton, and Spir. timorensis, K. Mart. All these species are characterised by a
distinct bundling of the ribs, similar to that occurring in Spir. musakheylensis, but
the lamellose striae of growth are constantly absent.
Least nearly related to the species here under consideration are those species
belonging to the group of Spirif. striatus, Mart., and especially that species itself.
The bundling of the ribs is much less distinctly developed in this group, and is
mostly restricted to the apical region of both, or only of the ventral valve, and
lamellose striae of growth have never been observed.
There seems to be but very little doubt that all the three groups of form which
I have indicated above have taken their origin from Spir. striatus, Mart.
4. Spiripeb, ambiensis, "Waagen : n. sp., PL XL VIII, fig. 1.
It is with great doubt and hesitation that I venture to introduce a separate
name for the form here under consideration, as it is represented only by a single spe-
cimen ; but as this exhibits a very characteristic form and at the same time occurs
in beds different from those in which Spir. musakheylensis is to be met with, it
seems at least probable that a different species is indicated by that specimen.
The general outline of this species is transverse, semicircular, with very flat
valves and a very narrow, nearly linear area, being as long as the greatest breadth
of the shell. The valves are covered by a fine radial striation, the striae being
arranged in bundles, and showing in places a slight granulation.
The ventral valve is about as little curved in the longitudinal as in the transverse
direction, only in the region of the sinus the curvature is somewhat stronger. The area
is extremely narrow, 3"5 millimetres long and only 2 millimetres broad below the apex.
The beak is thick, short, pointed, and well bent over ; the triangular fissure below it
rather broad. A pseudo-deltidium is not present in the specimen which serves for
description. The sinus is distinct, but not very deep. It commences at the apex
of the beak. On each side of it there are seven bundles of ribs, which, however,
disappear almost entirely towards the margin of the valve. Each bundle is gene-
rally made up of seven ribs, and Avithin the sinus there are about twenty-four ribs
near the margin of the valve. The ribs appear at places slightly granulated, but I
can nowhere see the highly elevated lamellar striae of growth, which characterise the
Spir. musakheylensis.
The dorsal valve is not more strongly vaulted than the ventral one, and its
longitudinal as well as its tranverse curvature is very small.j The apex is barely at
all prominent, and the area is about half as broad as that of the opposite valve.
516 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS,
The median fold is tolerably prominent and rather broad; but more or less narrowly
rounded^n the top. It'is-followed on each side by six to 'seven bundles of ribs,
which beeome rather indistinct towards the margin of the valve^ This valve is so
much incrusted by rocky matter, that it becomes difficult to count exactly the num-
ber of' ribs which compose one bundle, A granulation of the ribs is not observable
on this valve.
The internal characters of this species have not been observed by me.
The measurements of the only specimen are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell ......... 33 mm.
Length of the smaller valve ......... 29 „
Entire breadth of 'the shell at the hinge-line 55 „
Thickness of both vaLves. ......... 20 „
Apical angle of the larger valve ........ 133°
„ „ „ smaller valve ........ 151
Jjooality and geologieal. position. — The only specimen of this species that is
known to me was found by. myself at Amb in the topmost beds of the Produetus-
limestone.
Remarks. — This species is apparently very nearly related to Spir. musakheyl-
ensis, Dav., and for a- long time I was inclined to consider it only as a variety of
that species; but after a careful consideration of all circumstances, I thought it
more prudent to distinguish specifically, between the two forms. The extreme
narrowness of the area and the great flatness of the valves of the Amb specimen
are very striking characters, which can well serve for a specific distinction. I
cannot say so much of the absence of erect lamellose striae of growth. Already
in the description of Spir. musakheylensis, 1 have pointed out that in some speci-
mens these striae of growth were absent in such a manner that one must suppose
the specimens were partly deprived of them before they became imbedded. It is
thus very possible that: the species here under consideration also once possessed
such striae of growth, and that these have been destroyed in the only specimen
that has come under observation. Nevertheless it cannot be denied that the
ribs of this species show for the most part a very remarkable degree of smoothness.
Of the species which have never borne striae of growth of a similar description,
none is closely related to the present one, as all of them have much more inflated
valves and a broader area.
Spir. ambiensis . thus may well deserve a proper specific designation, so much
the more as its geological position is a peculiar one. Spirifer musakheylensis
extends through the whole Productus-limestone, and is still numerous in the upper
division of it, but in the top beds the species is absent and replaced by Spir.
ambiensis.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRAGHIOPODA. 517
IH.— Group of SPIRIFEJR DVPLWIGOSTAiVteM.
5. Spiriper wynnei, Waagen : n. sp., PI. XLIY, figs. 6, 7.
The general outline of this 'species is transversely oval, with a hinge-line shorter
than the greatest breadth of the shell. The median fold is very little prominent,
though sometimes slightly produced in the frontal part. The area is large and
reclining. Both valves are covered with bifurcating ribs.
The ventral valve is deep, much deeper than the dorsal one. It is tolerably,
but not very strongly, curved in both directions. The area is very broad, triangular,
slightly concave and strongly reclining. The triangular fissure in the middle of
it is extremely large. The beak is very prominent, thin, jointed, *and but little
bent over. The sinus begins at the apex of the beak, but is very shallow, rounded,
and not sharply marked off from the remainder rof the shell. The radiating ribs
are rounded on the top, not very thin and not numerous. There are about ten
within the sinus and twenty on each lateral part of this valve.
The dorsal valve is flatter and less deep than the ventral one. Its curve is
very small in the longitudinal direction, and is -a little impressed not far from the
frontal margin. In the transverse direction its curve is somewhat more consider-
able. The apex is comparatively prominent, but not incurved. The area is toler-
ably broad in the middle and bears a very large triangular fissure. The median
fold is very little prominent, broadly irounded, and in some cases so flat as to be
barely distinguishable ; it often, however, projects a little in the frontal line. The
whole valve is covered by bifurcating radial ribs, the number of which is some-
what variable (50 to 70). These ribs are crossed by very numerous fine striae of
growth.
The internal structure of this species is not known to me. It could only be
observed that strong dental plates are present in the ventral valve.
The measurements of a specimen from Bilot are as follow :—
Entire length of the shell ......... 46 mm.
Length of the smaller valve ......... 38 „
Entire breadth of the shell ......... 62 „
Length of the hinge-line ......... 49 „
Thickness of both valves ......... 30 „
Apical angle of the larger valve ........ 105°
„ „ „ smaller valve ........ 136°
Locality and geological position,; — This is a very rare species, entirely restricted
to the hard compact limestones of the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
It has been found by myself at Virgal in the coral beds. Mr, Wynne brought the
species from Morah and Trans-Indus from Bilot, where he collected it in a flesh-
coloured marble. One specimen was also contained in Dr. Verchere's collection ;
it is preserved in a dark liver-coloured limestone, but the locality is not known.
Remarks. — The species which appears to be most nearly related to the present
518 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
one is Spir. duplicicosta, Phill. Nevertheless there is hut little douht that the
Indian form is different from Phillips' species. The very small development of
the median fold in the Indian shell is one of the most striking differences, another
one consists in the hroader and more strongly reclining area ; these two characters
give a very peculiar aspect to the shells here under consideration, and make a dis-
tinction from Spir. duplicicosta not difficult. The fasciculation of the ribs, which
is of so common occurrence in the last-named species, is entirely absent in Spir.
wynnei.
IV.— ISOLATED SPECIES.
6. Spibifer oldhamiantjs, Waagen: n. sp., PL XLVI.
It is a large but very rare species that I have now to describe, and it is in
many respects a very characteristic one.
The general outline of this species is transversely oval, with strongly inflated
valves, a very short hinge-line, small area, and little prominent beak. The valves
are covered by a tolerably fine radial striation.
The ventral valve is very strongly bent in the longitudinal direction, but not
so much so transversely. On the whole, it is slightly less deep than the dorsal
valve. The beak is thick, short, pointed, and tolerably well bent over. The area
is very small, not distinctly marked off from the remainder of the shell, and not
occupying the whole dorsal face of the apex of this valve. It is slightly
concave. The triangular fissure is tolerably large, but there is no pseudo-
deltidium visible in the few specimens at my disposal. The sinus is deep,
commencing at the apex of the beak, but it is not sharply marked off from the
remainder of the shell. The part of the shell corresponding to the sinus is
strongly produced in the frontal region. The whole valve is covered by a radial
striation which shows a certain tendency to form bundles. The striae augment by
bifurcation, and are very irregular in number in different specimens, the striation
thus becoming sometimes rather fine, sometimes less so, even sometimes almost
disappearing at certain places. The bundling of the striae is nearly limited to the
apical region of both valves.
The dorsal valve is slightly deeper than the ventral one, and about equally
strongly vaulted in both directions. The apex is but little prominent, and the area
very narrow. The most striking feature of this valve is the extremely prominent
and rather sharp median fold which begins at the apex of the valve, and is highest
in the frontal region. It is rather narrow on the whole, though rather variable in
this respect. This valve also is covered by a radial striation which shows an in-
distinct bundling, chiefly in the apical region.
Numerous striae of growth cover both valves ; some of them are more strongly
marked and imbricating.
Of the interior characters of this species nothing is known to me.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 519
The measurements of two specimens, No. I from Katwahi, and No. II probably
from near Musakheyl, are as follow : —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell ........ 62 mm. 57 mm.
Length of the smaller valve ........ 48 „ 46 „
Entire breadth of the shell 80 „ 76 „
Length of the area at the hinge-line ...... 40 „ 40 „
Thickness of both valves ........ 56 „ 45 „
Apical angle of the larger valve ....... 130° 135°
„ „ „ smaller valve ....... 135° 139°
Locality and geological position. — There are only two specimens of this species
preserved in the Salt-range collection. One of these was found by myself in the
mountains east of Katwahi, in reddish marble-like silicious limestone ; the other
was brought from the Salt-range by Dr. Oldham, but the exact locality is not
known ; it is also preserved in a hard silicious limestone, and comes very probably
from the vicinity of Musakheyl. There is no doubt, however, that the second
specimen, as well as the first one, comes from the middle division of the Productus-
limestone, and that the species seems thus to be restricted to that division as far as
our knowledge reaches at present.
Remarks. — This species appears to be more or less nearly related to two groups
of Spirifer, the group of Spir. striatus, Mart., and the group of Spir. duplicicosta,
Phill., but it agrees exactly with none of them. Prom Spir. striatus and the allied
species, the present one is very markedly different by its small area and short
hinge-line, which occupies not more than half of the entire breadth of the shell.
A more close relation than Spir. striatus may be found in Spir. duplicicosta
and allied forms, but also here marked differences can be pointed out. One of them
consists in the circumstance that the area is not sharply defined in the Indian shell ;
another, that the ventral valve is less deep than the dorsal one ; just the reverse of
what is the case in Spir. duplicicosta. Prom Spir. wijnnei, "W., in particular the shell
here under consideration differs by its much more inflated valves and smaller area.
On the whole, this species seems to be related to none other so closely that I
should be disposed to place it with any of them in one and the same group.
V.— Group of SPIRIFER TRIANGULARIS, Mart.
7. Spirifeb, alatus, Schloth., sp. : PL XL VIII, figs. 2 & 7.
1813. Terehratulites alatus, Schloth. ; Leonh. Min. Taschenb., Vol. VII, p. 58, pi. II, figs. 1-3.
1827. Spirifer undttlatus, Sow.: Min. Conch., Vol. VI, p. 119, pi. 562, fig. 1.
1845. Spirifer cordieri, Robert : Atlas du voyage de la Comm. sc. du Nord, pi. 19, fio-. K.
1849. Spirifer alatus (Schloth.) Koninck : Nouvelle Notice sur les fossiles de Spitzberc, p. 9. pi. 1 fig. 5
1850. Trigonotreta alata (Schl.), King: Monogr. Brit. Perm. Foss., p. 130, pi. IX, figs. 4-12.
1850. Trigonotreta undulata (Sow.), King : ibid., p. 131, pi. IX, figs. 1-3, 13-17.
1858. Spirifera alata (Schloth.), Davidson : Monogr. Brit. Perm. Brach., p. 13, pi, I, fio-s. 23-36 • pi II
figs. 6-7.
1861. Spirifer alatus (Schloth.), Geinitz : Dyas, I, p. 87, pi. XVI, figs. 1-7.
This species has already often been excellently described, and I can add but
K.
520 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
little from the Indian specimens to elucidate it further. Nevertheless a description
of the Indian specimens will be of interest, as it will give occasion to judge more
definitely on the exactitude of the determination than would be possible from the
figures only.
As in the European specimens so also in the Indian ones the general outline is
extremely variable, but in India the transversely fusiform shape seems to prevail,
as short forms, like that figured by Koninck (Nouv. not. sur les foss. du Spitzberg)
from Milbitz, are very rare in India.
The valves are about equally deep, the ventral one sometimes slightly deeper
than the dorsal. The curvature of the ventral valve is very strong in the longitu-
dinal direction, and very small transversely. The beak is prominent, tolerably thin
and strongly incurved.
The area is broad, not strongly concave, with sub-parallel margins. It bears
mostly a distinct vertical striation. The triangular fissure is tolerably large, but no
specimen at hand is sufficiently well preserved to show the pseudo-deltidium. The
sinus commences at the apex of the beak, nevertheless it remains always shallow.
It is entirely smooth in the beginning, but lower down a median rib appears, which,
however, never becomes very high or conspicuous. The sinus is not very broad.
The lateral parts of the valve are covered by rounded ribs, separated from each other
by rather narrow furrows. There are about twelve on each side of the sinus, the
last of them, however, towards the end of the wings becomes very indistinct. The
frontal part of the shell is considerably produced in the region of the sinus.
The dorsal valve is generally as strongly vaulted as the opposite one ; sometimes,
however, it is less deep. Its curve is very strong in the longitudinal direction, but
very small transversely. The apex is but little prominent, and the area extremely
narrow, nearly linear. The median fold begins at the apex of the valve ; it is
highly prominent, not sharp, but more or less broadly rounded on the top. On
each side of it there are about eight radial ribs distinctly visible. Towards the
extremity of the wings the ribs become, however, very indistinct, so that the shell
appears either nearly quite smooth, or horizontal ribs are slightly indicated as in the
specimens figured by King (Monogr. Brit. Perm. Eoss., PI. IX, figs. 10, 11).
The radial ribs on both valves are mostly simple ; in some specimens, however,
one or other appears bifid. The whole surface of both valves, except the area, is
covered by regular closely arranged, lamellar striae of growth, which are, however,
for the greater part destroyed by weathering on the specimens at my disposal.
Nevertheless here and there they are excellently observable on the Indian shells.
The internal characters could not be observed in any of the Indian specimens.
The measurements of a very transverse specimen from Dokri are as follow :—
Entire length of the shell ......... 23 mm.
Length of the smaller valve ......... 17 „
Entire hreadth of the shell ......... 62 „
Thickness of both valves .......... 18 „
Apical angle of the larger valve ........ 128
„ „ „ smaller valve ,.,...,. 140*
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 521
Locality and geological position. — This species is a rather rare one, and appears
to be entirely restricted to the lower division of the Productus-limestone. The
greatest number of specimens (five) were collected by Mr. Wynne at Dokri in a rusty,
somewhat oolitic limestone ; two more specimens I found myself in the dark grey
and brown argillaceous sandy rock forming the Chonetes bed at Amb. In both
localities. the rocks from which the specimens were obtained form part of the lower
division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — There remains, I think, but very little doubt that the specimens
described above belong really to Schlothehn's species. I should not be able to
indicate any marked difference between the European permian form and the Indian
shells. Of European carboniferous species, only Spir. triangularis, Mart., and Spir.
convolutus, Phill., can be compared, and there might perhaps exist some doubt
whether the Indian shells ought not to have been considered identical with one of
these species. Spirifer triangularis is the first to claim consideration. I regret to
say that I have not been able to procure a specimen of this species for comparison ;
the species is so extremely rare in Europe that no specimen was procurable.
The English specimens, as far as can be judged from Mr. Davidson's figures, seem
to have generally the rib within the sinus much more developed than the Indian
shell, and are also generally less strongly transverse, with more attenuated wings.
Another difference seems to consist in the beak, which is more prominent, and has
a smaller apical angle in the European specimens, and in the absence of smooth
parts or horizontal ribs on the wings. By all these characters the Indian specimens
differ from European specimens of Spir. triangularis, and approach the Spirifer
alatus, Schl., of the permian period of Europe. I therefore think myself justified
in assigning the Indian specimens rather to Spir. alatus than to Spir. triangularis.
The other species which must be compared is Spir. convolutus, Phill. In
general outline this species appears very similar to the Indian form, and only after
close comparison of the parts of the shell forming the sinus and the median fold
does it become evident that the Indian specimens cannot belong to Phillips' species.
The median fold is never simple in Spir. convolutus, but shows nearly always traces
of a combination of several radial plications. The same is the case with the sinus :
here also several plications are placed within that part of the shell, only a more con-
spicuous median fold is always absent. None of these characters can be detected
in the Indian shells, and there is thus not the slightest doubt that these specimens
cannot be united with Spir. convolutus.
There has, however, been described a species from Kashmir, — Spir. Jcashmiri-
ensis, — by Mr. Davidson, with which I should have united without the slightest
hesitation the specimens from the Salt-range, had I not detected some differences
which prevented my doing so. Spir. hashmiriensis agrees nearly perfectly with the
Salt-range shells, except in the somewhat finer radial ribbing (which is of no great
importance) in the unproduced frontal part of the sinus, and in the absence of
lamellar striae of growth. This latter point appears to me to be of material import-
ance, as just by the presence of these regular lamellar striae of growth and by the
522 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
sporadic occurrence of dichotomous radial ribs the Salt -range specimens approach
more closely Spir. alatus than any other species. There might perhaps exist an
ascending developmental series from Spir. triangularis through Spir. kashmiriensis
to Spir. alatus. The Spir. triangularis figured by Moller from the upper carboni-
ferous limestone of the Ural shows a great similarity to Spir. kashmiriensis.
Thus there seems no escape from the fact that Spir. alatus, that characteristic
permian species, really occurs in the lower division of the Productus-limestone of the
Salt-range.
8. Spimfer Niger, Waagen : n. sp., PI. XL VIII, figs. 4 — 6.
The general outline of this species is more or less elongately transversely fusi-
form, with a very prominent median fold and corresponding sinus, in the middle of
which a well-developed ridge is placed. The valves are covered by radiating ribs, of
which three to four form one bundle, or one thick rib.
The ventral valve is not very strongly vaulted, either in the longitudinal
or in the transverse direction. The beak is not very prominent, thin, pointed
and well bent over. The area is tolerably broad, slightly concave with sub-parallel
margins ; the hinge-line occupies the greatest breadth of the shell. The triangular
fissure is covered up by rocky matter in all the specimens at my disposal, and it
can therefore not be observed whether a pseudo-deltidium is present or not. The
sinus is rather deep and broad, and commences very distinctly at the apex of the
beak. In the frontal region that part of the shell by which the sinus is formed
is strongly produced. The whole valve is covered by radiating ribs, of which five
are within the sinus, and of these again the median one is the strongest, and
becomes rather highly prominent in the vicinity of the frontal line. On each side
of the sinus there are seven thick ribs, each of which is again sub-divided into about
four smaller ones, sometimes rather indistinct, but generally well developed. On
the extremity of the wings in nearly all specimens horizontal ribs occur extending
about parallel to the hinge-line, but in very transverse specimens they are much
more distinctly developed than in the less transverse varieties.
The dorsal valve is somewhat more vaulted than the ventral one, its curvature
is slightly stronger in the longitudinal than in the transverse direction. The apex
is very little prominent, the area very narrow. The median fold is very high and
narrowly rounded on the top. It begins on the apex of the valve and increases
rapidly in height. On each side of the median fold there are about six to seven
thick radial ribs, each of which is sub-divided in three smaller ones. The extremity
of the wings is ornamented in this valve also by horizontal ribs.
Both valves, if the surface of the shell is well preserved, bear a very conspi-
cuous concentric sculpturing. It consists of very regular closely arranged, imbricat-
ing lamellar strise of growth, which again are crossed by an extremely fine radial
striation, exactly in the manner figured by King (Monogr. Brit. Perm. Foss., PI. IX,
fig. 17) of Spirifer alatus, or by Davidson (Carb. Mon., PL L., fig. 9) of Spir.
bisulcatus.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 523
Of the internal characters of this species not much is known to me. The ex-
treme thickening of the shell substance in the apical region of the ventral valve is
very remarkable, as can be observed in several broken specimens. The whole
space on both sides between the hinge-line the dental plates and the apex of the
valve forms one shelly piece, so that the whole area rests on a solid shelly mass.
The transverse section of one of the spiral cones is figured in PL XLVIIL, fig. 6 d.
Prom this it appears probable that the cones were in shape very much like those
figured by Davidson of Spir. alatus.
The measurements of a specimen from Amb, representing a slightly transverse
variety, are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell 23 mm.
Length of the smaller valve ......... 18 „
Entire breadth of the shell ......... 43 „
Thiclmess of both valves .......... 15 „
Apical angle of the larger valve ........ 123°
„ „ „ smaller vaive ........ 143°
Locality and geological position. — This species is extremely numerous in certain
beds of the lower division of the Productus-limestone, but it is very difficult to get
tolerably well-preserved specimens. The valves are nearly always disunited ; a cir-
cumstance which is probably due to the difference in structure Of the two valves,
the ventral one being extremely thick and heavy, while the dorsal one is light and
thin. The greatest number of specimens was met with by me in the Chittawan
near Ghari, where a whole bed of black, sandy, calcareous rock, forming part of the
lowest fossiliferous beds of the Productus-limestone, is literally filled with the valves
of this species. The valves are all single, and it is almost impossible to extract
tolerably complete specimens from the very hard rock. I brought away about a
dozen specimens.
Another locality where the species is not rare is Amb. Here I collected nine
specimens in the so-called Chonetes bed. Pour more specimens were collected by
Mr. Wynne at Dokri, together with Spirifer alatus, Schloth.
Remarks. — This species is most nearly related to Spir. alatus. Schl., with which
it has in common the general shape, the prominent rib in the middle of the sinus,
and the minute concentric ornamentation. It differs from Schlotheim's species
by the finer radial ribbing arranged in bundles and extending over the sinus on both
sides of the median rib, and by the more acute apical angle of the ventral valve.
Spir. triangularis, Mart., must next be compared. The differeuces between
this species and Spir. niger are about the same as between the latter and Spir. alatus,
only that the apical angle of the ventral valves of the two first species is less largely
different.
"With regard to Spir. convolutus, it must be stated that the difference is
greater than appears at first sight, and if the median rib in the sinus were not
present, it would be difficult to distinguish between the two forms. Also in Spir.
convolutus the ribs are often sub-divided into several smaller ones, the sinus is covered
524 SALT-KANGE FOSSILS.
by several folds and the whole shape is nearly identical. The chief difference of
Spir. niger from Phillips' species consists in the smooth median fold, which shows
no snb-divisions, and in the existence of a prominent fold in the middle of the sinus,
by which character the relation of the present species to Spir. alatus and Spir.
triangularis is authenticated.
On the whole, the present species is about intermediate beween Spir. alatus,
Schloth., and Spir. convolutus, Phill., and seems to be a vicarious species for one of
these two.
Sub-family : MARTI 'NUN 'JE.
Genus : MAETINIOPSIS, Waagen, n. gen.
This genus has for a long time greatly puzzled me, and even now I am not quite
certain as to its relations. In the beginning I considered the shells belonging to
the genus as something like Merista, Suess, until I succeeded in exposing the large
triangular fissure situated below the apex of the beak, and in cleaning the area of
the smaller valve. After this it appeared tolerably certain that we had to deal with
a member of the family Spiriferidce. It was not possible for me to expose also the
internal characters of the genus, partly on account of the hardness of the sandy
limestone in which these fossils are preserved, and partly on account of the scarce-
ness of the specimens. I have, however, suspicions that some kind of a loop exists,
and therefore these shells will require in future some closer examination.
As far as the characters can be made out, the genus may be specified in the
following manner.
Shell more or less globular or thick lenticular, smooth ; area in the ventral valve
not distinctly marked off from the remainder of the shell, very small, interrupted
in the middle by a tolerably large, triangular, deltidial fissure. Dorsal valve with
a narrow but distinctly marked off smooth area. Internally the ventral valve
possesses two strongly developed dental plates, which limit the deltidial fissure on
both sides and diverge towards the frontal region. They can always be seen through
the transparent shell and give it an appearance very much like Merista. In the
dorsal valve two strong diverging septal plates are present, and support for some dis-
tance the crura to which the spirals are fixed. The spirals seem to be very small,
but I cannot say anything definite on the matter.
The shell is coated with an epidermis, which exhibits a very distinct punctation,
very similar to the punctation of Terebratula. The median shell-layers show this
punctation much less distinctly, though it can be well observed in places. The
punctation is very fine, close, and arranged in quincunx.
By the smoothness of the shell and the general appearance the forms belonging
to this genus appear to be very closely related to Martinia, and I was for a long
time inclined to place these shells in that genus ; but after a careful study of typical
specimens of Martinia glabra from Vis6, which I owe to the kindness of Mons. de
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA.
525
Koninck, I found that these shells were devoid of dental as well as of septal plates,
and were therefore distinct generically from the Indian fossils.
Of other genera the genus Mentzelia, Quenst., appears to he most nearly related,
hut is distinct from the present genus by the large development of a median septum
in the ventral valve, and by the reduced size of the dental plates.
The genus Martiniopsis seems to appear already in the devonian period. There
has at least been figured by Quenstedt, under the name of Spir. Icevigatus eife-
lianus, a shell from the devonian strata of the Eifel, which according to the develop-
ment of its internal partitions could very well be considered as belonging to the
present genus. Otherwise few are known to me that could be assigned to it. Only
in Australia the genus appears to have attained a somewhat more extensive de-
velopment. It seems at least probable that species like Spir. darwinii, Spir. oviformis,
and the large form figured by Mons. de Koninck under the name of Spir. glaber
belong to the present genus.
In the Salt-range the genus is rather rare, and is represented by two species,
both among the rarest shells in the palaeozoic deposits of that country. One of
them, which will bear the name of Martiniopsis subpentagonalis, W., occurs in the
lower division of the Productus-limestone ; the other, for which I introduce the
name of Martiniopsis inflata, "W., is restricted to the upper division of the same
formation. There has up to the present been discovered no connecting link
between these two ; and the middle division of the Productus-limestone seems to be
devoid of a representative of the genus.
1. Martiniopsis inflata, Waagen : n. gen. et sp., PL XLI, figs. 7, 8.
The general outline of this species is more or less transversely oval, with rather
strongly inflated valves, smooth shell and small little-prominent beak, without
distinctly marked area.
b
Fig. 9. Maetiniopsis inflata, Waagen : n. gen. et sp. Two specimens from the upper Productus-limestone of Chidru.
a, longitudinal section, showing the partition walls in the ventral as well as in the dorsal valve, and the spiral ;
b, view of the beak, the ventral valve below, showing the sharply defined area of the dorsal valve ; Cj'view of the
beak, the ventral valve above, showing the deltidial fissure ; d, lateral view.
526 SALT-BANGE FOSSILS.
The ventral valve is very regularly curved in the transverse direction, but less
so longitudinally. In the latter direction the greatest curve is in the vicinity of
the beak, lower down towards the front the vajve is somewhat flattened. A sinus
does not exist, though the front-line is slightly elevated in the middle. The beak
is thin, pointed, but little prominent. It is very strongly bent over, nearly touching
the apex of the smaller valve. It is perfectly rounded on its dorsal side, and the
area is not marked off by the slightest trace of a ridge. Below the beak there is
a rather large triangular fissure, but it could not be stated whether a pseudo-delti-
dium is present or not.
The dorsal valve is about equally vaulted as the ventral one, but its curve is
more regular in both directions. No median fold can be distinguished. The apex
is but little prominent, slightly incurved, and provided below with a narrow but
distinctly and sharply defined area.
The very strongly developed dental plates are easily visible in nearly all the
specimens at my disposal. Less easily can the septal plates in the dorsal valve be
distinguished, though these also are generally traceable. In the apical region of
both valves the substance of the shell is mostly thickened in a remarkable manner, so
that the spaces between the two dental plates, and between the latter and the outer
walls of the shell, are to a great extent filled up by shelly matter. In the dorsal
valve this thickening takes place to a less extent than in the ventral one.
The punctation of the shell is only very indistinctly visible in this species, as
the epidermoidal layer of the shell is always destroyed.
The measurements of two specimens from Chidru are as follow : —
I. ii.
Entire length of the shell ....... 47 mm. 43 mm.
Length of the smaller valve ...... 41 „ 39 „
Entire breadth of the shell 47 „ 47 „
Length of the hinge-line ....... 28 „ 22 „
Thickness of both valves . . . . . . . 30 „ 29 „
Apical angle of the large valve ...... 105° 112°
,, smaller valve 122° 128°
Locality and geological position. — This species only occurs in a single locality,
at Chidru, where it has been found by me as well by Dr. Oldham, in the upper
division of the Productus-limestone, in yellow sandy calcareous beds. Six specimens
have been detected up to the present.
Remarks. — The species here under consideration has an extremely close resem-
blance to Mart, oblata, Sow., and is distinct from that species in external shape
almost only by the smaller area and more strongly incurved beak. It has not been
stated by any describer whether that species possessed dental plates or not. It is
therefore very difficult to compare it more closely with Martiniopsis inflata. As,
however, Mart, oblata is considered by Davidson and others as identical with Mart,
glabra, and as I am able to state from typical specimens of this species that it
possessed no dental plates, there cannot remain much doubt that our Martiniopsis
inflata is different from Martinia glabra as well as from Martinia oblata.
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 527
2. Martiniopsis subpentagonalis, Waagen : n. gen. et sp„ PI. XLII, figs. 9, 10 ;
PL XLIII, fig. 1.
The general outline of this species is somewhat elongately oral or subpenta-
gonal, with but little inflated valves, a small and rather indistinct area and pro-
minent beak.
The ventral valve is very equally curved in both directions. The beak is
strongly prominent, much bent over and very pointed. On its dorsal side below
the apex there is a not very large triangular fissure. The area is somewhat more
distinct than in the preceding species, but the ridges marking off the area on both
sides are always very low and rounded, though they already approach in their
development certain specimens of Mart, glabra. A distinct sinus is not developed,
though the valve is somewhat produced in the frontal region and thus causes the
front-line to ascend slightly. In some specimens a slight impression, replacing the
sinus, is observable in -the frontal region.
The dorsal valve is about as strongly vaulted as the ventral one, and its curve
is very regular in both directions. The apex is very little prominent, and is pro-
vided below with a narrow but sharply defined area. A median fold is barely devel-
oped ; only in some specimens a slight trace of it can be observed in the frontal
region.
The internal partitions are very strongly developed in this species. The dental
plates extend for more than a third of the entire length of the shell, and the septal
plates occupy nearly half the length of the dorsal valve. This can be seen in
nearly every specimen from the outside, as the shell is generally transparent. The
great thickening of the shell in the apical region of both valves, as observed in the
preceding species, is entirely absent in this one. Of the remaining internal
characters nothing is known to me.
V
MK i
*m
m
Fig. 10. Surface sculpturing of Mabtiniopsis st/bpentagonalis, not far from the beak, strongly enlarged.
The punctation of the shell is very characteristic in this species ; it is excellently
preserved in several of the specimens at my disposal, but is only quite distinct on
the epidermoidal layer of the shell. "Where this epidermis has been destroyed the
punctation is more or less absent. It consists of very closely arranged fine grooves,
which appear as if made with the point of a pin ; they are sometimes quite round,
sometimes a little elongated. They are mostly placed somewhat irregularly in
quincunx. The punctation can still be traced on the layer of the shell imme-
diately below the epidermis; even on the deeper shell-layers I can sometimes
528 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
see traces of it, but they are very indistinct. This punctation is crossed by very fine
concentric strise of growth.
The measurements of two specimens from Amb are as follow : — ■
I. II.
Entire length of the shell 32 mm. 30 mm.
Length of the smaller valve . . . . . . • . 27 „ 25 „
Entire breadth of the shell . . . . . • . . 32 „ 35 „
Length of the hinge-line . . . . . . . . 10 „ 15 „
Thickness of both valves . . . • • • • . 18 „ 17 „
Apical angle of the larger valve ....... 82 100
„ „ „ smaller valve ....... 128 137
Locality and geological position. — Though this species is everywhere rare, yet
it occurs at quite a number of localities, and seems to be a species characteristic
for the lower division of the Productus-limestone. The greatest number of speci-
mens (three) was collected by myself at Amb in the so-called Ohonetes bed. One
specimen I found in the Chittawan in the lower fossiliferous beds of the Productus-
limestone, and another specimen in the Nilawan below Bhal in the grey sandstones
(bed No. 0 in the section of my note-book) containing the easternmost represent-
atives of the palaeozoic fauna of the Salt-range. One specimen I collected at Pail in
beds a little above that with Spirifer marcoui, W. Mr. Wynne brought the species
from Bilot (Trans-Indus), where he found it in a brown, sandy, calcareous rock, con-
taining many crinoid fragments.
Remarks. — This species is very nearly related to the preceding one, yet the
two forms are not difficult to distinguish. The species here under consideration has
much flatter valves, a more prominent beak, and a more distinct area than Mar-
tiniopsis mflata, and is by these characters well distinguishable.
By the more distinctly defined area Martiniopsis subpentagonalis approaches
more closely to Martinia glabra than the preceding species. Nevertheless here also
a distinction is very easy, as the septa which exist in both valves of the Indian
species are absent in Martinia glabra.
Genus : MARTINIA, M'Coy.
Most writers on fossil Brachiopoda have considered M' Coy's genus Martinia
as only a sub-genus of Spirifer, or even have entirely rejected it. It cannot be
denied that the characteristic of the genus given by M'Coy is very insufficient, and
even for the greater part erroneous, and that this can be considered a sufficient
reason for the rejection of the genus. But after the name has been given, and the
typical species for which the name has been employed can be found out, it will have
to be made use of if we can state that the typical species really possesses characters
deserving of a distinct generic designation, though these characters may not have
been known to the author who created the name.
Such is the case with Spirifer glaber and all the allied forms, among which is
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BBACHIOPODA. 529
also Spir. deoorus, Phill., which has been mentioned by M'Coy as the first species
of his genus Martinia. It is not the smallness of the spiral coils, as has been
shown by Mr. Davidson, which may establish a generic distinction between these
forms and the true Spirifers, but other characters which were not observed by
M'Coy. These characters consist chiefly in the absence of dental plates in the
ventral valve, which are present in all the true Spirifers, but absent in the forms
here under consideration. Another character is the punctation of the shell under
certain conditions : when the shell of Spirifer glaber or the allied forms is perfectly
well preserved it is coated all over with a very thin epidermis bearing innumer-
able fine punctures, which give to the surface of the shell under a strongly magni-
fying lens an appearance very much resembling that of " chagrin" leather. This
epidermis, however, appears to be very easily destroyable, and therefore it can only
rarely be observed. The accompanying woodcut represents these punctures in
a specimen from Vise which has been kindly communicated to me by Mons. de
Koninck.
Fig. 11. Surface sculpturing of Mabtinia glabba, Mart., from near the margin of a specimen from Vise", stron giy
enlarged.
This punctured epidermis seems to be far more easily destroyed on the true
Martinia than on Martiniopsis, in which it may be much better and more frequently
observed.
These characters together— the absence of dental plates and the existence of a
punctured surface — are, it appears to me, sufficient to constitute the forms bearing
them as a proper genus, for which the name Martinia will have be to employed.
By the absence of dental plates this genus approaches more closely the genus
Jteticularia than any other genus of the family Spiriferidae.
The genus seems to be chiefly represented in the carboniferous deposits of
Europe. In America it seems not to be common, and in India it is also very rare.
In the Salt-range there can be distinguished about five species, each of which is very
rare. It is true that by many palseontologists these species will barely be considered
even as varieties only of Spir. glaber, but as little can it be denied that the typical
shape of Spir. glaber is barely represented among the Indian forms. If, then, I were
to put down the Indian shell simply as Mart, glabra, it would give a very incorrect
idea of what really occurs in the Salt-range. On these grounds, and from the con-
siderations which I have already set forth in the introduction to the family Tere-
bratulidce, I prefer to distinguish specifically between these forms.
The five species which I can distinguish among the specimens in the Salt-range
collection are for the most part distinct from the European forms. Only one speci-
530 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
men I can assign to Mart. cf. glabra ; it is from the lower division of the Productus-
limestone. The others belong to a series of forms distinct from that of the typical
Martinia glabra by a much shorter hinge-line which terminates on both sides in
little wings, and by the circumstance that the sinus of the ventral valve is entirely
limited to the frontal region. To this series three species belong : Martinia warthi,
W., and Mart, elongata, W., from the middle division of the Productus-limestone ;
and Martinia chidruensis, W., from the upper division of the same formation.
Mart, warthi and chidruensis are probably in developmental connection. A third
series of forms, again, is indicated by a single species which in its general shape
shows much resemblance to Ambocochia planoconvexa, Shum., but exhibits no trace
of the characteristic shell-structure of Ambocochia. I therefore must consider this
shell as belonging to Martinia and as indicating a separate series of forms which
perhaps might be brought into connection with Martinia corculum, Kutorga. It
occurs in the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
According to these considerations we can arrange the species of Martinia
occurring in the Salt-range in the following manner : —
I. — Group of Martinia glabra, Mart. sp.
1. Martinia cf. glabra, Mart.
II.— »Group of Martinia warthi, W.
2. Martinia warthi, Waagen, n. sp.
3. „ elongata, Waagen, n. sp.
4. „ chidruensis, Waageu n. sp.
III. — Group of Martinia corculum, Kutorga.
5. Martinia semiplana, Waagen, n. sp.
Of all these species only one {Mart. cf. glabra) occurs also in Europe, but its
identification with the European species cannot be made quite sure of, as only a
single specimen exists, and thus the determination is not of much geological value.
Of the other species one or the other might occur also in Europe, but I have not
sufficiently extensive material of European carboniferous fossils to state anything
in this direction. So much is certain that neither among the specimens figured
by Davidson, Koninck and others, nor among the materials which I have for
comparison, is there a specimen which can be directly identified with any of the
Indian species.
All the species occur in rather sporadic and isolated specimens, thus clearly
indicating that they are either stragglers from a territory where the genus is far
more plentifully developed, or that they are the last representatives of a group of
forms which is on the verge of becoming extinct, and which had been more copiously
developed in a former period.
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 531
I.— Group op MARTINI A GLABRA, Mart. sp.
1.— Martinia cf. glabra, Martin, sp. : PI. XLIII, fig. 9.
1809. ConchyliolitJius Anomites glaber, Martin : Petrif. Derbiens., p. 11, pi. 48, figs. 9 — -10.
1821. Spirifer glaber (Mart.), Sow. : Min. Conch., Vol. Ill, p 123, pi. 269, figs. 1, 2.
1836. Spirifera glabra (Mart.), Phillips : Geol. of Yorksh., Vol. II, p. 219, pi. 10, figs. 10, 11, 12.
1843. Spirifer glaber (Mart.), Koninck : Desor. des anim. foss., p. 267, pi. 18, fig. 1.
1844. Martinia glabra (Mart.), M'Coy : Synops. Carb. foss. of Irel., p. 139.
1859. Spirifera glabra (Mart.), Davidson: Mon. Brit. Carb. Brach., p. 59, pi. XI, figs. 1—9 ; pi. XII, 1—3.
1873. Spirifer glabra (Mart.), Koninck: Foss. Carb. de Bleiberg, p. 57, pi. II, fig. 12.
1880. Spirifera glabra (Mart.), Davidson : Suppl. Brit. Carb. Brach., p. 274, pi. XXXII, figs. 3—5.
As there exists only one specimen, and that not even quite complete, in the
Salt-range collection, it is rather difficult for me to give an exact description. Yet
I shall try to describe the shell as exactly as possible, in order that others may be
able to judge of the determination.
The general outline of the shell is transversely oval with moderately inflated
valves and a not very broad sinus and median fold.
The ventral valve is very regularly curved in both directions, and apparently
slightly deeper than the dorsal one. The beak has been broken off. The hinge-line
is not very much shorter than the greatest breadth of the shell. The sinus is not
very broad but well marked ; it does not, however, extend to the beak. The shell is
somewhat produced in the frontal region. The lateral parts of the valve are entirely
smooth, and not a trace of radial ribs is observable.
The dorsal valve is also very regularly curved in both directions, but appears
to be slightly flatter than the ventral one. The apex of the valve is broken off.
The median fold is well developed, flattened on the top, and there is a slight trace of
an impression in the middle of it. The fold reaches up to not far from the apex.
The lateral parts of the valve are not very strongly depressed and entirely smooth.
The surface of the shell has everywhere been destroyed, and therefore the
punctation can nowhere be distinctly observed. Both valves are, however, covered
with closely arranged very fine concentric striae of growth.
The measurements as far as they can be observed are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell, about ........ 7 mm.
Entire breath of the shell 18-5 „
Length of the hinge-line . . ........ 13 „
Thickness of both valves .......... 10o „
Apical angle of the larger valve, about ....... 112°
„ „ „ smaller valve about ....... 120°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimens of this species that is
preserved in the Salt-range collection was found by myself at Amb in dark coaly
sandstones, forming, at the base of the Productus-limestone formation, the last fossil-
iferous bed above the lavender-clays.
532 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Remarks. — I think I cannot be very wrong in assigning the specimen here under
description to Martin's species, as in all essential points, chiefly in the comparative
length of the hinge-line, the specimen perfectly agrees with Martinia glabra. The
only point of difference which might possibly be adduced consists in the sinus of
the ventral valve, which in typical specimens of Martinia glabra extends nearly to
the end of the beak, whilst in the Indian specimen it disappears already about half
way up from the frontal line. This peculiarity, if it could be stated of a number
of specimens, would perhaps be sufficient for the distinction of a proper species,
but in this case, being observed only on a single specimen, it seems not to be of
sufficient importance for a specific distinction.
II.— Group op MARTINI A WARTEI, Waagen.
2. — Maktinia elongata, Waagen : n. sp., PI. XLIII, figs. 5 & 7.
It iswith much hesitation that I introduce this name, as the materials upon
which the species is founded are very scanty indeed. But as I do not wish to create
such an encumbrance as a " sp. ind." I prefer to give a name under which the
form can be quoted.
The general outline of this shell is slightly elongated or as long as it is broad ;
at the same time it is rather distinctly pentagonal. Sinus and median fold are
broad and flat, the hinge-line comparatively long. The valves are but little inflated.
The ventral valve is very regularly curved in both directions. The beak is but
little prominent, small and thin, and not much bent over. The area is very small,
triangular and concave, and is limited on both sides by prominent obtuse ridges,
which form little wings at both ends of the hinge-line. The sinus is very broad and
flat, barely at all sunk in, and entirely limited to the frontal region. The frontal
part of the valve is considerably produced, so as to cause the frontal line to ascend,
On both sides of the sinus two rounded folds are placed, which are again followed
by slight impressions. This causes the lateral margins of the valve to form a kind
of indistinct zig-zag line.
The dorsal valve is equally curved as the ventral one, and its bend is very re-
gular in both directions. The apex is very little prominent, with a very narrow
area. At both ends of the hinge-line little wings are developed. The median fold
is very broad, low, and strongly flattened in the middle. It is limited on both sides
by rather broad flat furrows or impressions, which are again followed by a kind of
fold or rib. The median fold as well as the two lateral ones are limited to the
marginal parts of the valve.
The surface of the shell has everywhere been destroyed, and therefore nothing
of the punctation is preserved. Numerous faint concentric striae of growth are,
however, well observable.
Of the interior characters of this species nothing is known to me.
PRODUCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 533
The measurements of a specimen from Musakheyl are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell 11*5 mm.
Length of the smaller valve ....... 10 „
Entire breadth of the shell 11 „
Length of the hinge-line ....... 4 „
Thickness of both valves ....... 7 „
Apical angle of the larger valve ....... 90"
„ „ „ smaller valve ...... 102°
Locality and geological position. — The only" well-preserved specimen of this
species that has served for description was collected by Dr. Warth in the vicinity of
Musakheyl in a reddish marble, evidently in the middle division of the Productus-
limestone. Two ventral valves were found by myself at Khura in the upper region
of the middle Product us-limestone.
Remarks. — This species, though rather nearly related to Martinia glabra, can
easily be distinguished from that species by its elongated general outline and its
characteristically developed short hinge-line, which terminates at both ends in little
wings. Of other species, chiefly the two following must be compared. The form
here under consideration can be distinguished from those two by its elongated form,
low, broad, and strongly flattened median fold, and a comparatively longer hinge-
line.
3. — Martinia wartri, Waagen : n. sp., PI. XLIII, figs. 2 & 8.
The general outline of this species is transversely oval with a moderately pro-
minent beak, very small area and a flattened median fold.
The ventral valve is rather strongly inflated, deep, and about equally curved in
both directions. The beak is thick, somewhat prominent, little bent over and very
pointed. It bears on its dorsal side an extremely small triangular area, the greatest
part of which is occupied by a very large triangular fissure so that the area is re-
duced to two narrow flattened strips on both sides of it. The immediate margins of
the fissure are formed by very narrow sharp ridges, separated from the area by a
deep furrow. I could observe no pseudo-deltidium. The area is somewhat promi-
nent and separated from the remainder of the valve by a flatly rounded furrow,
which causes the terminations of the hinge-line to form little wing-like prominences.
The sinus is broad and flat, but distinctly impressed. It reaches up about half way
from the front line, and the part of the valve which corresponds to it is considerably
produced in the frontal region. On both sides of the sinus follow low rounded folds,
which again are followed by a slight depression, so that the lateral margins of the
valve undulate.
The dorsal valve is considerably flatter and less deep than the ventral one.
Transversely it is rather strongly vaulted, but longitudinally it is only vaulted in
the apical region and flattened or even slightly impressed towards the frontal line.
The apex is little prominent, strongly pointed and barely bent over. There is almost
no area. The whole internal side of the apex is nearly occupied by a very large
534 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
triangular fissure, on both sides of which slight traces of an area are observable. Also
in this valve the area is marked off from the remainder of the shell by a shallow
furrow, whereby little wings are produced. The median fold is broad, tolerably
prominent and rather much flattened on the top. In some specimens a slight im-
pression is observable in the middle as in the true Martinia glabra. The fold
extends to not far from the apex. It is limited on both sides by broad deep impres-
sions, which are followed by broad rounded folds, in consequence of which this
valve appears distinctly tripartite.
The surface of the shell is only in one specimen sufficiently well preserved to
show partly the punctaiion. It consists of numerous thickly strewn granules or
impressions which are arranged in irregular radial rows. Besides these the shell is
covered with numerous very fine concentric strise of growth, which are sometimes
imbricating.
Of the internal characters of this species nothing is known to me.
The measurements of a specimen from Musakheyl are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell 20-5 mm.
Length of the smaller valve . . . . . . . . . . 18 „
Entire breadth of the shell .......... 25'5 „
Length of the hinge-line .......... 8 „
Thickness of both valves . ......... 14 „
Apical angle of the larger valve ......... 110°
„ „ „ smaller valve . . . . . . . . . 125°
Locality and geological position.— -There are altogether only three specimens
of this species known to me. The best preserved of them was collected by Dr.
Warth at Musakheyl in the middle division of the Productus-limestone. The
specimen is silicified. Another specimen was found by Dr. Oldham at Swas in
yellow limestones belonging to the same division, and the last specimen I detected
myself in the mountains east of Katwahi in yellow limestones among the rocks of
the lower region of the middle Productus-limestone. The species seems thus to be
restricted to the middle division of that formation.
Remarks. — This species, though in external form extremely similar to the
strongly plicated varieties of Martinia glabra as they have been figured in Davidson's
Monograph, PI. XII, figs. 1, 2, can yet very easily be distinguished from these forms
by the extreme shortness of its hinge-line, which terminates at both ends in little
wings. This character, so far as I am aware, never occurs in Martinia glabra,
and has never been mentioned by any of the many describers of that species.
Of other species the preceding one must be compared. Martinia elongata differs
from the species here under consideration by its elongated shape, much less strongly
developed and broader median fold, and a comparatively slightly longer hinge-line.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.-BRACHIOPODA. 535
4. Martinia chidrtjensis, Waagen, n. sp., PL XLIII, fig. 3.
The general outline is indistinctly rhomboidal or quadratic, with very strongly
plicated valves. The area is very small, the hinge-line extremely short.
The ventral valve is very strongly inflated and strongly vaulted in the longitu-
dinal as well as the transverse direction. The beak is thick, strongly prominent,
considerably bent over and finely pointed. The area is concave, very small, and bears
in the middle a large triangular fissure, which occupies the greater part of the extent
of the area. The latter is marked off from the remainder of the shell by a distinct
prominent fold which terminates in a little wing at the end of the hinge-line. The
sinus is strongly excavated and extends from the front line over two-thirds of the
entire length of the valve. It is limited on both sides by strongly prominent folds
which are, in the vicinity of the margin, distinctly flattened or even slightly exca-
vated on top. They are followed on each side by a broad impression, after which on
each side again a broad rounded fold obtains, so that this valve altogether shows
four rather prominent rounded folds, between which three deep impressions are
observable. In the frontal region that part of the shell which corresponds to the
sinus is much produced, so that the frontal line ascends very strongly in the middle.
The dorsal valve is a little less vaulted and slightly less deep than the ventral
one. Its curvature is considerably greater in the transverse than in the longitudi-
nal direction. The apex is very little prominent, pointed and slightly bent over.
The area is extremely small and narrow, and occupied nearly for its whole extent
by a very broad triangular fissure. Laterally the area is marked off from the re-
mainder of the shell by a slightly prominent little fold, which terminates in a small
wing at both ends of the hinge-line. The median fold is narrow and very promi-
nent in the frontal region, but half way up from the front line it becomes rather
low, though it extends to not far from the apex. It is not flattened, but narrowly
roundqd on top. It is limited on both sides by deep rounded depressions, which
are followed again by broad rounded folds.
The punctation is nowhere visible. The shell is sparingly covered by very
fine, hardly discernible concentric striae of growth.
The internal characters of this species are not known to me, but on account
of the thinness of the shell it can in this as well as in all the species of Martinia
easily be seen that no dental nor septal plates were present.
The measurements of a specimen from Chidru are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell 24'5 mm.
Length of the smaller valve ......••• 20 „
Entire breadth of the shell »....•••• 27 „
Length of the hinge-line ......••■ 7 „
Thickness of both valves 17'5 >,
Apical angle of the larger valve 102°
n „ „ smaller valve ........ 115°
Locality and geological position. — There is only one specimen of this species
T
536 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
known to me ; it was collected by myself at Chidru in the Cephalopoda beds of the
upper division of the Productus-limestone, where it occurred with Xenodiscus car-
bonarius, W., &c.
Remarks. — Though very nearly related to the preceding species, yet the present
one can readily be distinguished. The chief differences consist in the median fold
being much higher and narrowly rounded not flattened on top, in the beak
being more prominent and more strongly incurved, and in the still shorter hinge-line,
which occupies barely more than one-fourth of the entire breadth of the shell,
characters which all occur in Mart, chidruensis, whilst they are absent in Mart,
warthi.
As all the preceding species so also this one shows a certain similarity to
Martinia glabra, but like them it is distinguishable from that species by the extreme
shortness of the hinge-line.
Martinia warthi and Mart, chidruensis occur in successive strata, the one in
the middle the other in the upper division of the Productus-limestone, and there
can be but little doubt that the two are in developmental connection, the second
having taken its origin from the first.
Martinia chidruensis is the geologically youngest representative of the genus
Martinia known up to the present.
III.— Group op MABTINIA CORCULTJM, Kutorga.
5. Martinia semiplana, Waagen : n. sp., PI. XLIII, fig. 4.
The general outline of this species is sub-pentagonal, slightly broader than
long, with an inflated ventral and a flat dorsal valve, and a very prominent beak.
The ventral valve is rather strongly inflated, with an equally strong curve in
the longitudinal and transverse directions. The beak is thick, very strongly promi-
nent, well incurved and not much pointed. The area is small, concave, and well
marked off from the remainder of the shell by a narrow sharp ridge. There is,
however, almost nothing left of the area, as by far the greater part of it is occupied
by a large triangular, fissure. Of sinus there is scarcely any in the proper sense of
the word, as only in the frontal part of the valve there is a barely perceptible impres-
sion, which can only euphemistically be termed a sinus. Nevertheless the front-line
ascends in a tolerably elevated curve, which is, however, solely caused by the circum-
stance that the valve is well produced in the frontal region. In the place of a sinus
there extends from the apex of the beak to the front line a narrowly excavated line,
to which, however, no impression corresponds on the median fold of the opposite
valve.
The dorsal valve is much flatter than the ventral one. This flatness is chiefly
observable in a lateral view of the shell, as the curve of this valve in the longitu-
dinal direction is very little, whilst it is much more considerable in the transverse
direction. The apex is little prominent and bears a narrow area, which is clearly
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 537
defined from the remainder of the shell by very sharp high ridges. It is cut out in
the middle by a large triangular fissure. The median fold is very little developed,
and extends only as a broadly rounded crest from the apex to the front, from
which on both sides the valve flatly slopes down in a roof -like manner.
The punctation of the shell can nowhere be seen, but in places a fine radial
striation can be observed, which is, however, not so close as is indicated on the figure
(PI. XLIII, figure 4e). This radial striation is crossed by very numerous fine
concentric striae of growth.
Of the internal characters of this species nothing has been observed. The
substance of the shell is rather solid in comparison with Mart, glabra.
The measurements of a specimen from Morah are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell ......... 14 mm.
Length of the smaller valve ... ..... 11 „
Entire hreadth of the shell ......... 15 „
Length of the hinge-line .......... 5 „
Thickness of both valves ......... 8-5 ,
Apical angle of the larger valve ........ 79°
„ „ „ smaller valve . 118°
. Locality and geological position.— There is only a single specimen of this
species preserved in the Salt-range collection ; it was found by Mr. Wynne at Morah
in the hard white limestones composing the middle division of the Productus-lime-
stone.
Remarks. — This species is easily distinguishable from those previously de-
scribed by its very prominent beak, flattened dorsal valve and median furrow on the
ventral valve.
The similarity of the present species to Martinia corculum, Kutorga, is remark-
able. The latter form is the prototype of a group of shells which is indicated
already in the British carboniferous limestone by forms like those figured in PI. XII,
figs. 9 and 10 in Davidson's Monograph, and considered doubtfully by that author
as varieties of Martinia glabra. Martinia corculum has also been identified with
Mart, glabra by de Koninck and Moller, but I think this should not be done ; if
identification is carried so far, the limits of the genus Martinia and of the species
glabra fall together, and the characters of the genus become those of the species.
Martinia corculum, Kut., and allied species, as Mart, conularis, Gmen., form a
well-definable group characterised by the very unequal depth of the two valves, of
which the smaller one is always the flatter. This group seems to be chiefly repre-
sented in the upper carboniferous limestone of Russia. Prom the species of this
group the one now under consideration is distinguishable by its less strongly
incurved beak and by its quite indistinctly developed sinus.
538 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Sub-family : RETICULARIINJE.
Genus : RETICULARIA, M'Coy.
In accordance with Mr. Davidson's indications I retain the above name in the
first line for those forms which have been generally mentioned under the name of
Spirifer lineatus, Mart. Mr. Davidson founds the generic distinction of these forms
from Spirifer proper chiefly on the external sculpturing, which is indeed very
characteristic and can serve excellently for such a purpose, but it is at the same
time combined with very peculiar internal characters which make the distinction of
this genus very easy.
The genus may be characterised in the following manner. The general outline
of the shells belonging to it is rounded, orbicular or elongately or transversely oval.
The hinge-line is always shorter than the greatest breadth of the shell. The area
is either distinctly marked off or not. The surface of the shell is covered by fine
hair-like spines arranged in concentric rows, and representing double tubes like a
double-barrelled gun. These tubes are the entrances of canals, which pass a short
distance below the surface layer of the shell, but do not apparently pierce the entire
shell-substance. The latter is distinctly fibrous.
Internally the ventral valve is without any partitions ; neither dental plates
nor a median septum is present. The muscular impressions are situated in an elon-
gately oval groove. In the dorsal valve also not a trace of any partitions can be
found : no septum nor shelly support of the dental sockets have been observed by me.
A hinge-plate does not exist. The crura are fixed with a broad base to the inner
side of the dental sockets and extend straight down approaching each other more
and more as they approach the frontal region, then they suddenly bend up to
form the first volution of the spiral. They give off no lateral branch whatever.
The apex of the spiral is directed sometimes towards the lateral part of the shell,
sometimes towards the hinge-line. The nmscular impressions of the dorsal valve
were not visible in any of the specimens accessible to my observation.
"While it seems so easy to make out these characters from specimens collected at
Vise" as well as from those from the Salt-range, yet I am not quite certain with
regard to the British specimens. In his description of Ret. lineata, Davidson says
nothing as to its internal characters ; and also in the Supplement, where the spirals
are described, no mention is made of internal partitions, dental plates, &c. In
M'Coy's British Palaeozoic Fossils, on the contrary, I find the following passage
regarding Ret. lineata : " This species, from the peculiar structure of the surface,
and the slight divergence of the dental lamella?, with their strong mesial septum,
was originally combined in my synopsis with Sp. imbricata, S. reticulata, Sj). micro-
gemma, &c, into a little group called Reticularia." Now, it does not seem to me
probable that the British specimens of Reticularia possess an internal structure
different from that of the specimens from Vise1 with which the Indian specimens
entirely agree. It seems far more probable that there has occurred a mingling of.
PRODTTCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— BEACHIOPODA. 539
different things by M'Coy, and that he described the above characters from a speci-
men of Martiniopsis or something like it. Nevertheless it would be very desirable
to learn more particularly about these British fossils.
A question which is more difficult to solve than the one regarding the
generic characters is the distinction of species within the genus Reticularia. Mr.
Davidson in his most recent publication distinguishes two species among the forms
that occur in the carboniferous formation; these are Ret. lineata, Mart., and
Ret. vmbricata, Sow. The distinction of these two species rests, however, more with
their internal than with their external characters, as in the one the apex of the
spirals is directed towards the lateral parts of the shell, and in the other towards
the hinge-line. Externally their distinction is very difficult, and until the internal
characters became known Mr. Davidson considered the two as identical. The
discovery of internal differences in these two forms is, however, of great systematic
importance. It shows that the external characters in this genus must be examined
with very great care, lest we should unite under one specific name shells which are
in reality very different from each other, although their external characters show
only slight differences.
After long deliberation and much painstaking I have succeeded in distinguish-
ing three species among the materials from the Salt-range There is first the true
Reticularia lineata represented among them. This species is, however, not identical
with what has been described by Davidson from the Salt-range under that name ;
this latter represents a different species. The true Ret. lineata is very rare in the
Salt-range and is there entirely restricted to the lower division of the Productus-
limestcne. For the form described by Mr. Davidson under the name of Ret. lineata
I shall introduce the name Reticularia indhca, Waagen. This species, as far as is
known up to the present, seems to be restricted to the middle division of the
Productus-limestone. With this species a third one occurs, which will bear the
name of Ret. elegant ula, Waagen. In the upper division of the Productus-lime-
stone the genus is very sparingly represented. A single fragmentary ventral valve
was found by Mr. Wynne which allows of no exact determination, and will be
classed in a provisional way with Ret. indica.
Though I took great pains, yet I could not arrive at a satisfactory grouping of
the species of Reticularia. It seems on a first glance as if two groups were distin-
guishable for which Ret. lineata and Ret. imbricata could be considered as the
respective types, so that the one group would possess spirals directed with their
apex towards the lateral parts of the shell, whilst the other would have obliquely
ascending spirals ; but as no external characters can be pointed out which would
allow of tbe conclusion whether a certain specie? possesses the one or the other sort
of spirals, such a distinction seems not to be practical, and the grouping of the
species must be deferred until an altogether more accurate knowledge of the species
of Reticularia will have been achieved.
Of the three species of Reticularia occurring in the Salt-range only one agrees
specifically with a European form, Ret. lineata, but it must be remarked here that
540 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
the Indian shells are absolutely identical with the typical European carboniferous
species. Though the species Bet. lineata seems to extend up into permian strata,
and thus its occurrence in the Salt-range is not of very great geological importance,
yet it must not be passed without mention that the Indian specimens are absolutely
identical with specimens from Vise\
1. Eeticularia lineata, Mart., sp. : PL XLIL, figs. 6 — 8.
1809. Conchyliolithus Anomites lineatus, Martin : Petrif. Derbiens., pi. XXXVI., fig. 3 .
1822. Terebratula lineata (Mart.), Sowerby : Min. Conch., Vol. IV., p. 39, pi. CCCXLIIL, figs. 1, 2.
1828. Spirifera martini, Fleming : Brit, anim., p. 376.
1836. Spirifera lineata (Mart.), Phillips: Geol. of Yorksh., Vol. II., p. 219, pi. X., fig. 17.
1843. Spirifer lineatus (Mart.), Koninck : Desev. des anim. foss., p. 270, pi. VI., fig. 5 (pi. XVII., fig. 8 a, b ?).
1844. Eetieularia lineata ? (Mart), M'Coy : Synops. Carb. foss. Irel., p. 193.
1845. Spirifer lineatus (Mart.), Verneuil: Russia and the Ural Mountains, Vol. II., p. 147, pi. 4, fig. 6.
1855. Spirifera (Martinia) lineata ? (Mart.), M'Coy : Brit. Pateoz. Foss., p. 429.
1862? Spirifer lineatus (Mart.), Moller : Geological anl pal. notes on the carb. form, of the Ural (Govnoi
Zhurnal) p.? (Only a manuscript translation from the Russian is accessible to me.)
1873. Spirifer lineatus (Mart.), Koninck : Foss. Carb. de Bleiberg, p 55, pi. II., fig. 11.
1882. Eetieularia lineata (Mart.), Davidson: Suppl. Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 81.
The general outline of this species is transversely oval, with rather inflated
valves, the greatest thickness of which is situated not far from the apical region,
The beak is not very prominent, and the area of the smaller val^e is well developed.
Sinus and median fold are barely indicated.
The ventral valve is slightly more strongly inflated and deeper than the dorsal
one. Its curve is very regular in both directions, but has suffered a little from
pressure in the large specimen figured on PI. XLII, whereby both valves appear a
little flattened in the frontal region, a character which is not observable in other
specimens. The beak is not very prominent, thick, tolerably well bent over arid
pointed, the area small, concave, and pretty well defined. The hinge-line is consider-
ably shorter than the greatest breadth of the shell. The triangular fissure is rather
large, its width occupying not more than one-third of the entire length of the
hinge-line. The front of the valve is slightly elevated and produced, but though this
is the case, yet there is barely any trace of a sinus developed.
The dorsal valve is slightly less inflated and less deep than the ventral one, but
otherwise its curve is very regular in both directions. The apex is very little pro-
duced, slightly bent over, pointed, and provided below with a more or less broad
well-developed area, which is out open in the middle by a very broad triangular
fissure, corresponding to the same figure in the other valve. The frontal line is
slightly elevated, but no distinct median fold is produced.
The surface sculpturing of the shell has been defaced in all the Indian
specimens I have for description, and the hair-like hollow processes can nowhere
be observed. But this sculpturing has left a very distinct impression on the deeper
shell-layers, and produces there a very distinct reticulation (PL XLII, fig. 8e)
which appears without a lens as a very fine radial striation. In typical specimens
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA.
541
I.
II.
33 mm. 33 mil
30
29
38-5
38
22
25 ,
7
8 5 „
235
235 ,
93°
97°
130°
125°
of Ret. llneata this striation is generally not so distinct as in the Indian specimens,
but this, it seems to me, is not of material importance. The character of the sculp-
turing is identical in both series of shells.
I have not been able to ascertain the internal characters of the Indian speci-
mens, and therefore am not able to state whether also in this respect they agree
with the European shells.
The measurements of a specimen from Amb (No. I), at the side of which
I place the measurements of an equal-sized specimen from Vise (No. II.), which
I owe to the kindness of Mons. de Koninck, are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell
Length of the smaller valve
Entire breadth of the shell
Length of the hinge-line
Width of the triangular fissure
Thickness of both valves
Apical angle of the larger valve
„ „ „ smaller valve
Larger specimens than the one of which the measurements have been given
here have not been found up to the present in the Salt-range.
Locality and geological position. — This species is extremely rare in the Salt-
range, and has been detected up to the present only at two localities, where it occurs
in black, coaly, calcareous sandstones in the lower division of the Productus-lime-
stone, just at the base of the fossiliferous series above the lavender-clays. The
species has been collected in these beds by myself at Amb (four specimens) and by
Mr. "Wynne at Vurcha (two specimens).
Remarks. — I have taken the utmost trouble to arrive at a satisfactory deter-
mination of the fossils here under consideration, and I think the course I have
followed is the correct one. The Indian specimens in all respects resemble so much
the specimens I have from the carboniferous limestone of Europe that I cannot
but unite the Indian specimens with Martin's species. It cannot be denied that
many things have been quoted by various writers under the name of Spirif. lineatus,
Mart., the real identity of which with Martin's' species remains somewhat doubtful.
I have tried to bring together in the list of synonyms preceding the description of
this species such quotations as appear with some certainty to relate to the typical
form. Others will probably have to be added, but I am not certain on this point.
From this list it appears that Reticularia lineata is a species of a chiefly eastern
distribution, which occurs not in a single bed but extending through all the sub-
divisions of the carboniferous formation. It is by far most numerously represented
in the mountain-limestone proper, where it is, according to the indications of David-
son as well as of Mons. de Koninck, one of the most common species. Also in the
upper carboniferous limestone of the Ural the species seems to be tolerably common,
but already in the uppermost carboniferous limestone of the Timan Tundra is seems
to become rare, and it is very rare in the Salt-range. We shall see in the sequel that
besides Dielasma elongatum other permian species also are there associated with it.
542 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
It remains doubtful whether the true Belicularia lineata has ever been, found
in America ; it seems for the most part to be replaced there by a smaller species,
which has been called Beticularia pexplexa by M'Uhesney. Other vicarious
species in America are Bet. setigera, Hall, and Ret. pseudolineata, Hall.
2. Retictjlaria indica, Waagen : n. sp., PI. XLIIL, fig. 6, PI. XLIV, fig 2.
1862. Spirifera lineata (Mart.), Davidson : Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, Lond., Vol. XVIII, p. 29, pi. II, fig. 3.
1863. Spirifera lineata (Mart.., Davids.), Koninck : Fos. paldoz. de l'lnde, p. 35, pi. XL, fig 3.
Already Davidson in describing the Spirifera lineata from the Salt-range ex-
pressed some doubts as to the identity of this form with the typical British shells,
as the Indian fossils constantly attain larger dimensions than the English ones. As,
however, he could not detect other differences except the size, he did not think
himself justified in distinguishing the Indian form under a different specific designa-
tion. I have now succeeded in detecting such constant differences, and therefore con-
sider the Indian shell as representing a species different from the true Bet. lineata.
The general outline of the shell is nearly orbicular, but little broader than it
is long, with moderately inflated valves, a prominent, not very strongly bent over
beak, small not distinctly marked area, and an extremely large triangular fissure.
The sinus in the ventral valve is generally rather strongly marked.
The ventral valve is slightly more strongly vaulted, and thus slightly deeper than
the dorsal one. Its curve is very regular in the transverse direction, but not quite so
longitudinally, this curvature being stronger in the apical than in the frontal region.
The beak is very prominent, thick, pointed, and little bent over. The area is very small,
concave, and not very sharply defined from the remainder of the shell by an obtusely
angular edge. By far the greatest part of areal space is occupied by the extremely
large triangular fissure, the width of which at the hinge-line occupies from more
than one-half to two-thirds of the entire length of that line. It is never closed even
partially by a pseudo-deltidium. The sinus is variously developed in this valve,
but mostly it is rather distinct. The frontal part of the valve is not produced.
The dorsal valve is very slightly flatter than the ventral one and its curve is regu-
lar, but stronger in the transverse than in the longitudinal direction. The apex is well
prominent, pointed and slightly bent over. The area below it is well developed and
very sharply defined, cut out in the middle by an extremely large triangular fissure,
so that there remains only a narrow strip of area on both sides. A median fold is
not developed in this valve, but the front line is always elevated.
The surface sculpturing has been excellently described by Mr. Davidson. I
regret, however, to say that among the materials accessible to my observation,
no one specimen is preserved with the hair-like tubes projecting along the innu-
merable imbricating strise of growth. Only the prolongations of the canals below
the surface layer of the shell can be observed, they extend as fine lines between
the striee of growth and cause the fine radiately striated appearance of these shells.
I cannot anywhere observe these canals piercing the deeper shell-layers.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE— BEACHIOPODA.
543
The internal structure of this species has been tolerably completely made out
by me in a silicified specimen from Musakbey 1. The accompanying wcodcut gives
figures of both valves.
Fig. 12. ReticuiaBia indica, Waagen, n. sp. ; internal view of both valves of a specimen from the middle Productua-
limestone of Musak heyl ; a, ventral valve ; b, dorsal valve ; both natural size.
In the ventral valve not a trace of dental plates or a median septum is observ-
able. The hinge-teeth are small and situated on hoth sides of the extremely large
deltidial fissure. This latter is limited laterally by sharp shelly margins, which ar e
followed more interiorly by a prominent bent-down shelly lamella. The apex of
the valve is limited off from the deltidial fissure by a vaulted shelly lamella, which is,
however, quite inside the fissure, and can be observed from outside only with diffi-
culty. It does not seem to me that this lamella can be taken as replacing the pseudo-
deltidium. The muscular impressions can be well observed in this valve in a general
way, They occupy a very elongately oval excavated space about in the middle of
the valve, but how this space is subdivided cannot be seen distinctly.
In the dorsal valve the area is reduced to mere narrow strips on both sides of
the extremely large triangular fissure, at the end of which strips the small dental
grooves are situated. Immediately below the little incurved apex a kind of incom-
plete visceral foramen is situated, on both sides of which the internal margins of the
crura take their origin. The crura begin as broad, flat, shelly lamellae, which are
fixed with their broad oblique base to the inner wall of the dental sockets from near the
apex of the valve down to the end of the socket walls. Prom their base the crura
are quickly tapering, and approach each other more and more towards the frontal
region. On this portion of their extent they form tolerably straight, flat, shelly
bands, any kind of spur or loop being completely absent. Not far from the frontal
margin they suddenly bend upwards and outwards and then again a little inwards,
still presenting the broad face of the band. Then suddenly the band turns its edge
to the observer, becomes narrower and forms the first volution of the spiral. The
apex of the spirals is directed towards the hinge-line. The number of volutions
in each spiral cannot exactly be counted, and the number indicated in the drawing
must not be taken as absolutely correct, though it is approximately so.
The muscular impressions in this valve cannot be distinguished,
u
544
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
I.
II.
61 mm.
48 mm.
54 „
43 „
65 „
47 „
26 .,
21 „
17 „
18 „
36 „
25 „
105°
102°
125°
130°
The measurement of two specimens, No. I from Chidru and No. II from
Musakheyl are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell .
Length of the smaller valve
Entire breadth of the shell
Length of the hinge-line
Width of the triangular fissure
Thickness of both valves
Apical angle of the larger valve
„ „ „ smaller valve
The specimen No. I represents the average size of the specimens occurring in the
Salt-range. Mr Davidson has figured a much larger shell, measuring not less than
81mm in length and 87mm in hreadth. Such gigantic specimens are rare in the Salt-
range. But also smaller specimens are not common. The specimen No. II is
among the smallest that have heen observed by me.
Malformations of this species are not very rare, as in the one figured in
PI. XLIV, fig. 2.
Locality and geological position. — This species is nowhere common, but it occurs
in many localities. It is almost entirely restricted to the middle division of the
Productus-limestone ; only a single doubtful fragment has been detected by Mr.
Wynne in the upper division. In the middle division it has been found by Dr.
Oldham at Chidru in light-coloured marly limestones (three specimens). Mr. Theobald
collected it at a locality that is not exactly known (one specimen) ; Mr. Wynne
brought two specimens from Khund, preserved in a white saccharoid limestone.
I myself collected the species at Virgal in the coral- as well as in the crinoid-beds
(three specimens), in the mountains east of Katwahi in hard limestones (two
specimens), and in the Chittawan (one specimen). By Dr. Warth three specimens
of it were found at Musakheyl.
As has been already mentioned, Mr. Wynne collected a fragment of a ventral
valve doubtfully belonging to this species at Khund Ghat in the upper division
of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This species has been identified by Mr. Davidson with Ret. UnCata,
Mart., and it cannot be denied that the form is extremely nearly related to Martin's
species ; nevertheless differences can be pointed out which are constant and easily
detected.
There is firstly the great size of the Indian specimens ; however remarkable, this
could not indeed constitute a specific difference, but occurring with other peculiar-
ities it is of great importance. Another peculiarity consists in the extremely large
triangular fissure, which is of such an extent that it mostly occupies more than half
of the areal space. This deltidial fissure is so very large that the specimens of this
species almost resemble young specimens of Stringocephalus burtini, in which also
so enormous a deltidial fissure is present. If this fissure, no pseudo-deltidium
having ever existed, was entirely filled by the peduncle, then this organ had in the
species here under consideration a development not less strong than in the living
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 545
Lingula. The size and the enormous triangular fissure below the beak are then
the chief differences that I can point out in the present species in comparison
with the true Ret. lineata. Yet another difference might perhaps exist in the
internal structure, as the present species combines the internal characters of
Reticularia imbricata, Sow., with the external shell sculpturing of Ret. lineata.
It remains, however, doubtful whether great stress can be laid on this peculiarity.
From all that has been said it appears more than probable, that we have to
deal here with a species entirely different from Ret. lineata. The differences are not
great, it is true, but it must betaken into consideration that in the genus Reticularia
in general the differences between the several species are very small, and that most
of the species which now are considered to constitute the genus Reticularia were a
short time ago taken as belonging to only one species.
3. Reticularia elegantula : Waagen : n. sp., PL XLIV, fig. 1.
This is a species of moderate size, with flat valves and a very delicate little
beak. The general outline of the shell is nearly orbicular, the sculpturing of the
valves very neat and regular.
The ventral valve is rather flat, but very regularly curved in both directions.
It is not deeper than the dorsal one. The beak is very thin, but not long, and little
prominent. It is pointed, and its apex is well bent over. The area is tolerably
large and strongly reclining, at the same time nearly flat, but very little concave.
It is distinctly defined from the remainder of the shell by sharp edges, which
extend from the apex of the beak to the end of the hinge-line. The latter is not
very much shorter than the greatest breadth of the shell. In the middle it bears
a large triangular fissure, which is, however, not so large as in the preceding species.
A pseudo-deltidium has not been observed by me. A median sinus is present in this
valve, but it is very shallow, producing only a very slight upward curve of the
front-line ; nevertheless it extends for quite two-thirds of the length of the valve.
The dorsal valve is also very little vaulted, but is not flatter than the ventral
one. It is very regularly curved in both directions. The apex is promiment,
pointed, and strongly bent over, bearing on its inner side a narrow but very sharply
defined area. This is cut out in the middle by a very large triangular figure, so that
on both sides of it only narrow strips of the area remain. Not a trace of a median
fold is ever developed in this valve, though the front-line is slightly bent up in the
middle.
The sculpturing exhibited by both valves of this species is very characteristic.
It consists of very regular concentric folds, which are not very close together, and are
roof-shaped, with two sloping faces, one towards the frontal line and one towards the
apical part of the shell. In this way a sharp crest is formed, which is occupied by a
closely arranged row of erect hair-like spines. These spines are, however, everywhere
broken off in the specimen I have for description, and only their bases can be ob-
served. These are placed like a string of closely set very fine beads on the crests of
546
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
the concentric folds. Each of these beads bears a little pore in the middle, which
can however only be observed with a very powerful lens. I have never seen in this
species a double-barrelled spine. The fine radial striation which is brought about by
the mode of sculpturing in Reticularia lineata is almost quite absent in this species,
and only with difficulty a kind of radial striation can be seen in certain places.
The internal characters of this species could not be observed by me.
The measurements of a specimen from Morah are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell
Length of the smaller valve
Entire breadth of the shell
Length of the hinge-line
Width of the triangular fissure
Thickness of both valves
Apical angle of the lower valve
smaller valve
35 mm.
33 „
39 „
12 ,r
9-5 „
19 „
Bo-
US0
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species that has
been found up to the present was collected by Mr. Wynne in reddish marble-like
limestones at Morah, and comes beyond doubt from the middle division of the Pro-
ductus-limestone.
Remarks.— The species here under consideration is chiefly characterised by its
thin little-prominent beak and its peculiar sculpturing. By these two characters
it can easily be distinguished from Ret. lineata as well as from Ret. imbricata.
These latter two species have their sculpturing arranged as fringes which project
from imbricating strise of growth, but the fringes are not erect and placed on the
top of roof -shaped concentric folds, as it is the case in Ret. elegantula.
The type of sculpturing observable on Ret. lineata and Ret. imbricata is, how-
ever, not the only one which occurs in Europe within the genus. Another type is
exhibited by a species which occurs at Vise' together with Mart, glabra, &c, in black
hard limestones, and which has been figured by Mons. de Koninck (Descr. des Anim.
foss.) on PI. XVII, figs. 8 d, e. This form is beyond any doubt specifically different
from Ret. lineata, with which it has been generally united, and I shall quote it
in the future under the name of Reticularia honinchi, Waagen. Its sculpturing
consists of more or less distinct, interrupted, radial undulations, each of which bears
only one hair-like spine, apparently erect. The spines themselves are nearly always
lost, but there remain distinct round scars, where they have been situated, which are
comparatively large and far separated from each other. On the whole they very
much resemble on a small scale the round stigmata exhibited by the genus Stig-
maria. This kind of sculpturing seems to be more widely separated from the mode
of sculpturing occurring in the typical species, than that which I have described
above as being observable in Ret. elegantula. Erom these observations it appears
that the singular sculpturing which has already led to the distinction of the genus,
is subject to a number of more detailed variations, which can be made useful for the
distinction of species.
PRO DUCT US-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 547
III. Sub-Order: APHANEROPEGMATA, sive PRODUCTACEA.
Family: POHAMBONITTDM.
Up to very recent times the shells belonging to this family were hut rather
incompletely known, and the relations of the family to other groups of Brachiopods
could only he more or less guessed at. A short time ago, however, a paper by Noet-
ling appeared in the " Zeitschrift d. Deutsch. Geolog. G-esellschaft," which gives
very explicit details as to the internal structure of these shells, so that the systematic
placement of them does not any longer encounter unsurmountable difficulties. By
Noetling himself the systematic position of the genus Porambonites has been assign-
ed in the following manner : he demonstrates that rather close affinities exist on the
one hand between this genus and Orthisina, and on the other hand between it and
Pentamerus. According to Dr. Noetling' s description, these affinities seem in fact
well founded, and Porambonites appears as a strange intermediate link between the
Pentamerincs and the Aphaneropegmata as a body. Nevertheless I should not like to
affiliate the genus Porambonites so closely with the genus Pentamerus as to unite the
two genera into one family, Porambonitidce, and to separate the latter genus
altogether from the Phynchonellidce, as has been done by Noetling. The chief
objection to be made against such a proceeding lies in the structure of the shell of
Porambonites, in which both valves bear a small but distinct area, and both possess
a triangular open deltidial fissure. These characters approach Porambonites more to
the Urthis-Mke shells than to the Mhynchonellidts, from which latter family the
genus also deviates by the constant absence of any kind of crura. On the whole,
even after the very able exposition of the interior of these shells by Noetling, the
genus still appears to be so peculiar that it may well be considered as forming
a family by itself — a view that has been long since held by Davidson and
others.
Yet another genus has been brought by Zittel into close connection with
Porambonites ; it is Syntrielasma, Meek, a genus which is for us of special interest
as being rather largely represented in the Salt-range. It cannot be denied that the
genus exhibits a certain affinity to Porambonites, but this affinity seems not to be
closer than that existing between the latter genus and Orthis. But since at the same
time certain peculiarities in the internal characters of Syntrielasma occur, by which
the genus deviates widely from Porambonites, whilst just by these peculiarities it
appears more nearly related to Orthis, I have preferred to place the genus in the
family Orthidce instead of in Porambonitidce.
"We thus see that by the genus Porambonites the Aphaneropegmata are linked
to the Rhynchonellidce, and especially to the Pentamerinm, rather than to any of the
548 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Helicopegmata, whilst the latter on the contrary are linked on their part again to the
Rhynchonellidce by the family Atrypidce.
If we exclude the genus Syntrielasma from the family Porambonitidce, then
the family is not represented in the Salt-range.
Family: ORTKIBM.
In contravention of the general rule, I must, though reluctantly, separate a
family Orthidce from the remainder of the Strophomenidce. If we attentively
examine the features by which the genus Orthis is characterised, there is chiefly one
point deserving special attention ; this is the existence of rudimentary crura in the
dorsal valve on both sides of the cardinal process — a feature which is absolutely absent
in all the other genera of Strophomenidce. By this feature the Orthidce more nearly
approach the Rhynchonellidce than might appear on a first glance, and by the exist-
ence of these crura the Orthidce are characterised as a truly transitional group, which
link once more the Aphaneropegmata to the Rhynchonellidce proper.
The crura are but very little developed in Orthis itself. More strongly, and
even stronger than in most of the Rhynchonellidce, are they developed in Syntrie-
lasma or Enteletes, as the genus must more properly be called. The presence of
such large crura has even induced Mr. Dall to place the genus Syntrielasma alto-
gether in the family Rhynchonellidce.
The existence of these crura, the smallness of the cardinal process in the dorsal
valve, the occurrence of a more or less large area in both valves, with a large and
always open deltidial fissure, all these characters serve to distinguish the family
Orthidce from the, Strophomenidce proper, and I think the distinction can very well
be sustained also on geological grounds.
The family is a very small one, and there are only a few genera that can be
placed in it. Nevertheless I am able to distinguish easily two sub-families. The
first of these contains only one genus. I shall call it
Sub-family : ENTEIETINM
The genus of which this sub-family is composed is Enteletes, Eisch. v.
Waldh., a name which must replace the name Syntrielasma, Meek, now generally
used for these forms. The accurate description of this genus will follow further
on.
The second sub-family will bear the name
Sub-family: ORTEINJE.
This sub-family is composed of the following genera : —
1. Orthis, Dalman, 1828 (Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl., 1827, pp. 93, 96).
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 549
Crura very small, hingeline shorter than the greatest breadth of the shell ; shell
radially striated externally : cambrian to permian.
2. Bilobites, Linne, 1775 (Syst. Nat., ed. Miiller, VI., p. 325). Shell small,
bilobed, with large, thin, wing-shaped crura in the dorsal valve : silurian and
devonian.
3. Platystrophia, King, 1850 (Monogr. Brit. Perm. Poss., p. 106). Crura as
small as in Orthis, hingeline as long as or longer than the greatest breadth of the
shell ; shell externally strongly plicated radially : silurian.
4. Skbnidium, Hall, 1860 (13th Regents Rep. New York State Cab., p. 70,
Dec. f. 2. 4. 5) .=Mystrophora, Kays. Orthis-like, small, with a very large median
septum in the dorsal valve : silurian and devonian.
5. Orthoidba, Priren, 1875 (Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. de Metz, 2de ser., cahier 14,
p. 1, PL I, f. 1 — 6). Internal structure known only from internal pyritic casts,
but seems not to differ much from that of Orthis. Externally the shell without
radial striation ; smaller valve without an area : middle-lias.
Prom this review of the genera it appears that the Orthince range from the
cambrian to the middle-lias, but that though the geological range is very extensive,
yet the variety of forms is very limited. It cannot, however, be passed in silence
that the geologically oldest known species of the Arthropomata belong to this sub-
family, as the oldest known Arthropomata occurring in the cambrian period belong
to the genus Orthis. This is the reason why it is of so much interest to point out
the affinities between the Orthidm and other groups of Brachiopoda. I have
already indicated above, in treating of the family Porambonitidce, that the affinity
between this family and Orthis was very great ; this is even the case to such an
extent that I was for a long time in doubt whether I should not consider the
Porambonitidce as a sub-family only of the Orthidce.
On the other hand, again, it has been pointed out that between Orthis proper
and Bhynchonella there exists a certain affinity, which is chiefly marked in the
o-enus Enteletes — a genus which has been united by Dall directly with the Bhyn-
chonellidce. Prom these latter we come to the Atrypidce, which are considered by
most authors as very nearly related to the Rhynchonellidce.
A third series of affinities exists between Orthis and the remainder of the
Aphaneropegmata. There come first Orthothetes, Streptorhynchus, &c, which link
the genus Orthis to Strophomena, and the near affinity of the latter genus to the
Productidce has been demonstrated most recently by Neumayr, who detected
the occasional occurrence of reniform impressions in Strophomena. Prom Stropho-
mena, again, we pass through Hall's genera Tropidoleptus and Leptocoslia (which
show in general a certain affirity with Strophomena) to the Terebratulidce with an
entire and complicated loop, and from these to the Nucleospiridce, Athyridce, and
Spiriferidce.
It is, then, of great interest that the geologically oldest genus, Orthis, should be
550
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
the one from -which all these affinities take their origin. If we bring these affini-
ties into a tabular view we get the following scheme : —
Atrypid®. Athyridce. Spiriferidce.
(Camerophoriince.)
Pentamerince. Phynchonellina.
(Enteletes.)
Porambonitidx.
Nucleospiridoe.
I
TerebratulidcB.
I
(Leptoccelia.)
(Tropidoleptus.)
ProductidcB.
Strophomenidee.
Orthis.
This scheme is the key to the affinities of all the Arthropomata, with the
exception of the Thecideidce and the Stringocephalidce. These two groups stand
apart from the rest.
It is now very seducing to take this scheme as also representing the appearance
in time of the different groups, and as showing their developmental connection.
To a certain extent this may be in fact the case, but at all events the scheme shows
what way the development of the Arthropomata may have taken to arrive at the
more complicated forms of the Rhynchonellidce, Atrypidce, Productidce, and
TerebratulidcB, starting from the geologically oldest genus Orthis. The succession
in time of the different groups does not oppose the idea of their being in a develop-
mental connection; and as far as regards the Porambonitidce and Petamerince,
such a connection has been advocated already by Noetling, but the direct proofs,
the connecting species between the different groups, have in most cases not yet
been detected, and we must look forward for them in the future.
In the Salt-range the family Orthidce is represented by two genera — the sub-
family JEnteletincB by the genus JSnteletes and the sub-family Orthince by the
genus Orthis.
Sub-family : ENTELETINM
Genus : ENTELETES, Eisch. v. Waldh.
1830. Enteletes, Fischer von Waldheim : Oryctogr. du Gouv. de Moscou, p. 144., PI. XXVI, figs. 6, 7.
1845. Spirifer (lamarcki), Verneuil : Murch. Vern. Kays. Geol. of Russia, Vol. II., p. 152, PL 6, fig. 8.
1865. Syntrielasma, Meek : Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., Dec, 1865, p. 277.; Geol. Rep., Illinois, Vol. II,
p. 321, figs. 36, 37.
1876. Orthis (lamarcki), Trautschold : Mjatschkowa, II, p. 70, PI. VII, fig. 3.
1883. Syntrielasma (Meek), Kayser : Richthofen's China, Vol. IV, p. 179, PI. XXIV, figs. 2, 3.
Though the characteristic of the genus, as given by Eischer von Waldheim, is
very insufficient, yet the species, which is represented on PI. XXVI, figs. 6 & 7 of
his work, can very easily be recognised and identified with Choristites or Spirifer
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 551
or Orthis lamarcki — a species which is very characteristic for the upper carboni-
ferous-limestone of Mjatschkowa, from which locality also the original specimen
of Enteletes came.
Fischer -von Waldheim characterises his genus in the following manner :
" Coquille sub-arrondie ressemblant pour la forme a une Terebratule, pr^sentant de
petits bees sur les deux valves, mais la charniere est tellement unie et close, que
les deux bords avancent un pen au dessus de la coquille.
" La charniere est tres courte."
It is evident that this description was drawn up from a somewhat compressed
specimen, in which the hinge-margin of one valve was shifted above that of the
other — a mode of preservation which is not at all rare in the genus. But though
we may make allowance for such a mode of preservation, yet it cannot be denied
that the characteristic of the genus as given by Fischer von Waldheim is quite
useless, and cannot in any way serve for the right understanding of what is to be
taken as forming part of the genus.
Nevertheless the name Enteletes cannot be erased from the pages of scientific
literature ; and as it can be easily made out from the figure as well as from the
locality whence came the original specimen of Enteletes, what was originally under-
stood by the name, there is, I think, no escape from making use of it. It is, however,
to be regretted that the shells which must bear the name of Enteletes are
generically identical with what has been described by Meek under the name
Syntrielaxnia. The genus has been very well characterised by Meek, and I should
have gladly retained his designation, if it had been already in general use, and sanc-
tioned by a long-continued practical application. This is, however, not the case,
and the name has up to the present only been rightly applied by few people. £ittel,
for instance, in his hand-book has entirely misunderstood Meek's genus : he quotes
Enteletes as a sub-genus of Orthis, and refers Syntrielasma to the family Porambo-
nitidce, though the two are identical. Under such circumstances, I think it best to
go back to the old name Enteletes.
The genus Enteletes may be characterised as follows : —
The general outline of the shell is more or less globular, with mostly very
strongly inflated valves. The hingeline is short, never projecting, both valves are
more or less strongly plicated radially.
The ventral valve is always smaller than the dorsal one. The area of the
ventral valve is sometimes high and strongly reclining, sometimes not ; but laterally
little extended, according to the short hingeline. It is cut open in the middle by a
tolerably large triangular fissure, which is never covered up by a pseudodeltidium.
The dorsal valve is always larger than the ventral one, with a strongly bent
over and sometimes even rolled-in beak. The area is mostly small in this valve,
and even sometimes linear. The deltidial fissure is smaller than in the other valve.
Both valves are covered all over with a very fine radial striation, similar to that
occurring in many species of Orthis, and it appears not improbable that also in
552 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Enteletes fine hair- like spines were disseminated irregularly over this striation. The
minute structure of the shell is punctate.
These are the external characters. Internally the ventral valve bears two
strong elongated teeth on both sides of the triangular fissure, supported by very
strong dental plates, which extend from the apex towards the front of the valve ;
but instead of diverging they approach each other towards the middle of the valve,
bending round either with a gentle curve or with a sudden bend. Between these
dental plates, beginning as a low ridge at the apex, a thin blade- like median septum
extends ; it is highest towards the middle of the valve, and then suddenly terminates
(PI. LVII, fig. 6ft).
The dorsal valve has interiorly two very strong septa, which extend on both sides
of the deltidial fissure and project for a certain distance, strongly diverging into the
interior of the valve. They support strong and long curved crura, which have
exactly the shape of a boar's tusks. They are laterally compressed, and bear on
their lower and inner side a sharp prominent ridge. The dental sockets are placed
exteriorly to the origin of the crura. In the middle, at -the apex of the valve, a
small cardinal process is observable, having the form of a short narrow ridge.
These characters will suffice to recognise the genus and to distinguish it readily
from other allied forms.
The exterior shapes of the shells belonging to the genus are more or less vari-
able, and chiefly remarkable in this respect is the shifting of the median sinus
from one valve to the other, which to such an extent has only been observed besides
in the genus Pentamerus.
There is one series of forms, the typical one, in which the sinus is on the
ventral valve, and the dorsal valve bears a corresponding median fold. To this
series belongs the Enteletes glaber, Pisch., and Enteletes lamarcki, Pisch., of Russia;
and the Enteletes hemiplicatus, Hall, sp., from the upper coal-measures of America.
This series is represented in India by two species — Ent. kayseri, W., and Ent. Icevis-
simus, W.
The other series, in which the median sinus is on the dorsal valve and the
ventral valve bears the corresponding median fold, is composed of five Indian
species, which all occur in the Salt-range. The South American species, Ent. andii,
Orb., and Ent. gaudryi, Orb., cannot well be classed, as the septa characteristic of
the ventral valve have not been observed, and thus it is not known for certain which
valve is the ventral one. But that the series with a sinus in the dorsal valve is not
entirely absent in America, appears highly probable from Geinitz's figure and
description of his Bhynch. angulata, L., from Nebrasca. The interior of the larger
valve, which he figures PI. Ill, fig. 2, beautifully represents the internal structure
of the dorsal valve of ,Enteletes, and the fig. 1ft, in which, as is distinctly stated by
Geinitz, the smaller valve is above and the larger one below, shows beyond any
doubt a median sinus in the larger, that is to say, in the dorsal valve. The pecu-
liarities of these two groups can well be used for the distinction of two different
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 553
sections within the genus, the first of which I shall call the " Ventrismuati" the
second the " Dorsosinuati."
The Salt-range species are distributed through the middle and upper divisions
of the Productus-limestone. The geologically oldest species is Enteletes ferruginem,
W., which occurs in the lower region of the middle Productus-limestone, and which
is most nearly related to E. andii, Orb., and the species figured by Geinitz from
Nebrasca. Next come Bnteletes pentameroides, W., and Ent. sublcevis, W., from the
middle region of the middle Productus-limestone, and then Enteletes latesinuatus, W.,
from the upper region of the middle Productus-limestone of Musakheyl. The geo-
logically youngest species is Ent. aeuteplicatus from the upper Productus-limestone.
All these species are very nearly related to each other, and in part most likely
in developmental connection ; I can distinguish two groups : the one starts from
Ent. ferrugineus,W ., and proceeds through Ent. sublcevis, W., to Ent. latesinuatus,
W. •; the other takes its origin from Ent. pentameroides, W., and terminates in Ent.
acuteplicatus, ~W.
The section of the Ventrisinuati commences with Ent. kayseri, W., in the middle
region Of the middle Productus-limestone, and terminates with Ent. Icevissimus, W.,
in the upper region of the same formation. It is probable that both species belong
to a group of forms of which Ent. hemiplicatus, Hall., is the type.
I. Section: VENTBISINUATI.
A.— Group of ENTELETES HEMIPLICATUS, Hall, sp.
1. Enteletes kayseri, Waagen : n. sp.
1882. Syntrielasma hemiplicata (Hall), Kayser, in Richthofen's China, Vol. IV, p. 179, PI. XXIV, figs.
2, 3 (non Hall).
This species is very badly represented in the Salt-range collection, and it is only
from a single ventral valve that I can state its occurrence there.
The truly beautiful figures of this species published by Professor Kayser, as
well as his excellent description, make it easy to recognise the species even in a frag-
mentary condition, and I think the determination of the Indian specimen cannot
be subject to any doubt. All the features indicated as characteristic of the Chinese
shell are found again on the Indian specimen.
Fig'. 13- Enteletes KiYSEBi, Waagen, n. sp. Ventral valve from the middle Productus-limestone of Swas
a, ventral view ; b, lateral view, both natural size ; c, ventral view, enlarged.
554 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The ventral valve is comparatively flat, with a slightly bent-over apex, and a
comparatively large triangular area, which is cut open in the middle by a deltidial
fissure. The area is reclining and but very little concave. The valve is smooth
for fully one-third of its extent, then a broad median sinus begins to appear, which
is followed on each side by three short narrow folds. Of the three septa only
traces can be discerned on the specimen at hand.
The radial striation of the shell is fine and distinct.
The measurements of the specimen are as follow : —
Entire length of the valve ......... 13 mm.
„ breadth „ „ 17 „
Height of the area ........... 2'5 „
Apical angle ............ 121°
Locality and geological position. — The only ventral valve of this species that
is known to me was collected by Dr. Oldham at Swas in the middle region of
the middle Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This species was described originally by Professor Kayser from
Lo-Ping in China from upper-carboniferous beds under the name of Syntrielasma
hemiplicata, Hall. At the time of publication of Kayser's work no other species
of Syntrielasma or Enteletes were known, except the above species of Hall, and
Syntrielasma lamarcki, Pisch. Of these two species the first one is beyond doubt
by far more nearly related to the Chinese shells than the other, and thus it is very
well explainable how Mr. Kayser came to identify his specimens with Hall's spe-
cies. Now, however, after so many species from the Salt-range are known to me,
the range of variation of the single species can more easily be judged, and accord-
ingly it seems highly probable that the Chinese shells represent a species different
from JEnt. hemiplicatus.
One of the differences has been indicated already by Mr. Kayser ; this is the
hingeline, which is considerably longer in the Chinese than in the American shell.
Other differences consist in the much broader and less deeply sunk-in sinus of the
ventral valve and in the sharper and narrower lateral folds. It needs only a com-
parison of the frontal view of both species to remark immediately the great differ-
ences that exist.
I therefore consider the Chinese and the Indian specimens as forming a species
different from Enteletes hemiplicatus, and introduce for it the name of Enteletes
hayseri in honour of its first describer.
2. EnteleteS l^vissimtjs, Waagen, n. sp.
This species is of rather small size, with nearly quite smooth valves, which
are very little different in size, the dorsal valve being but little larger than the
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 655
ventral one. In its whole outward appearance this species approaches very near to
Orthis.
Fig. 14. Enteletes l^vissimtts, Waagen, n. sp. Specimen from the middle Productus-limestone of Bilot:
a, ventral view ; b, dorsal view ; c, lateral view (the ventral valve to the right is much too small — see measurements) ;
d, cardinal view, the ventral valve ahove, — the four figures natural size ; e, ventral view enlarged.
The ventral valve is rather flat. Longitudinally its curve is considerably
stronger in the apical than in the frontal region ; the transverse curve, however, is
very regular. The apex is strongly pointed and little bent over. The area is
sharply defined and comparatively large, cut open in the middle by a large deltidial
fissure. It is very strongly reclining and but little concave. The valve is entirely
smooth for a little less than half its extent from the apex, then a shallow median
sinus begins to appear and extends down to the front, but is not limited on both
sides by elevated ridges. On each side of the sinus, a little distant from it, a
very slight trace of a lateral rib is indicated. Otherwise the valve is entirely smooth.
The dorsal valve is but little larger than the ventral one, and considerably
more vaulted, the curve being very regular in both directions. The apex is strongly
bent over and pointed. It overhangs a small but very sharply defined area, which
is nearly vertical, and cut open in the middle by a large deltidial fissure. The area
is but little concave. This valve is entirely smooth for fully two-thirds of its
extent from the apex. Then only a very low and rounded, rather broad median fold
appears, and extends down to the front. It is followed on each side by a faint indi-
cation of a short, narrow, lateral fold. Otherwise the valve is entirely smooth with
the exception of some more strongly marked striae of growth which appear from
distance to distance on both valves.
Of the interior characters of this species nothing is known to me.
The radial striation of the shell, which is characteristic of the genus, is very
fine in this species.
The measurements of the only existing specimen are as follow :—
Entire length of the shell 14 mm.
Length of the ventral valve ......... 13 „
Entire breadth of the shell ......... IG'5 „
Length of the hingeline . ......... 8'5 ,,
Entire thickness of the shell ......... 10 „
Height of the area in the ventral valve ....... 3 ,,
» .. „ dorsal „ 2 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve • . • • • • • .115°
„ dorsal „ 107°
B
556 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species that is
known to me was collected by Mr. A. B. Wynne, at Bilot, trans-Indus, in the top-
most beds of the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This species appears to be rather nearly related to the one described
before ; there are nevertheless differences which led me to distinguish the present
form specifically. These differences consist chiefly in the large area of the ventral
valve, and in the presence of only one lateral fold on each valve, instead of three as
in the preceding species. This cannot be a difference caused by difference of age,
as in the specimen of Ent. kayseri from Swas, which is of equal size, all the folds
are already developed, and as also according to Kayser's figures all the folds of
Ent. kayseri were developed at the same time.
II. Section: DORSOSINUATI.
A.— Group of ENTELETES FEBBUGINEUS, Waagen.
3. Enteletes perbtjginetjs, Waagen, n. sp. ; PL LVII, figs. 7, 8.
There is no complete specimen of this species in the Salt-range collection ; but
the strong and comparatively sharp radial folds which, chiefly in the ventral valve,
reach up to the apex, and by which the species can easily be recognised, make a
distinction of it desirable.
The species is not large, not even quite of a medium size. It is transversely
oval in outline, with the valves moderately inflated. The difference in size of the
two valves is very small, and it appears from some fragments as if in this species
the ventral valve sometimes exceeded slightly in size the dorsal one. The front
margin of both valves forms a very strongly and sharply zig-zag line.
The ventral valve is moderately arched, somewhat flatter than the dorsal one.
It bears in the middle a highly elevated median fold, which is followed on each side
by three lateral folds. The median fold is the broadest and at the same time the
highest of all ; the lateral folds gradually diminish in height and breadth. The apex
and area of the ventral valve are concealed by rocky matter. The valve is covered
with sharp strise of growth which bend up and down in zig-zag lines, as at the margin
of the valve. They are chiefly heaped together near the margin, where they cause
a kind of truncation to be formed. The fine radial striation characteristic of the
genus is well and sharply developed in this valve.
Of the interior characters of the valve, the existence of the three septa can
well be observed.
The dorsal valve is slightly more strongly vaulted than the ventral one, and
seems also to be mostly larger than the other, but the difference in size is not con-
siderable. It bears in the middle a tolerably broad and deep median sinus, which
commences already at the apex of the valve. It is limited on both sides by high
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 557
and tolerably sharp folds, which are followed on each side by two other folds, and
a very slight indication of a third. The lateral folds do not reach the apex of the
valve. Also in this valve many zig-zag strise of growth can be observed ; they are,
however, not so sharp as those of the other valve. The fine radial striation is
identical on both valves. The area of this valve is narrow but very sharply denned
and strongly concave. The deltidial fissure is wide, the apex of the valve apparently
slightly truncated. Of the internal characters of this valve the extremely strong
and massive crura are well observable. They are comparatively short and composed
of two blades, one vertical, which limits the dental socket on the inner side, and
one horizontal, which is fastened below to the vertical one, and projects laterally
" towards the deltidial fissure. These crura are fixed on their outer side to two strong
diverging septa which support the dental sockets. The cardinal process in the
middle of the apex is not well preserved.
I cannot give exact measurements of this species, as the materials at hand are
too fragmentary to do so.
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether only two valves of this
species known to me ; both were collected by Mr. A. B. Wynne at Omarkheyl in
the trans-Indus continuation of the Salt-range. The specimens are contained in a
hard yellowish marble, which bears many silicious particles. These latter, if the
rock is disintegrated by weathering, take a blackish-brown colour, and remain
standing out on the surface, and this is the state in which the two valves are
preserved. In the Salt-range proper this mode of preservation is characteristic
of the lower division of the middle Productus-limestone, and therefore I think
I shall not be very wrong in assigning a similar position to the specimens from
Omarkheyl.
Remarks. — The species here under consideration is of special interest on account
of its general resemblance to Ent. andii, Orb., from the upper carboniferous-limestone
of Bolivia. The similarity between the two shells is in fact so great that I should
have unhesitatingly united the two, if I could have found out whether the specimen
figured by d'Orbigny was a dorsal or a ventral valve. If the latter were the case the
identity would be highly probable, but otherwise the shell would belong to an
entirely different section of the genus.
Also the shell figured by Geinitz from Nebrasca under the name of Bhyncho-
nella angulata, L., is rather similar to the species here under description. I have
already stated above that this shell probably belongs to the section " Dorsosinuati,"
and so far it can be well compared to the Indian species. Nevertheless the two
forms cannot be identified. The American shell is about as long as it is broad, and
in both valves the folds begin only at a certain distance from the apex, both being
characters which do not agree with those of the Indian species.
It is, however, of special interest to observe that the geologically oldest species
of the Salt-range is the one which is most nearly related to the American coal-
measure forms.
558 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
4 Enteletes subLjEvis, Waagen, n. sp. ; PL LVII, figs. 1 & 3.
The general outline of the species is slightly broader than it is long ; the dorsal
valve is considerably larger than the ventral one, and both valves are rather strongly
inflated ; the smaller valve is nearly smooth, the larger rather strongly plicated.
The ventral valve is moderately inflated, much less so than the dorsal one,
and its curve is tolerably equal in both directions. The apex is pointed and well
bent over, with a small and not very distinctly defined area below, which is consider-
ably concave. The deltidial fissure in the only specimens is covered by rock matter
which could not be removed. The hingeline is very short, measuring barely more
than half the transverse diameter of the shell. At the apex of the valve a low
median fold, which is at first barely visible; begins to be formed, and extends down
to the front line, but even in this vicinity it does not attain much size. Its breadth
is also moderate. Lateral folds are almost quite absent, and only in the vicinity of
the margin of the shell slight traces of two lateral folds appear. Otherwise the
lateral parts of the valve are smooth. There are some more or less distinctly
marked strise of growth disseminated over the valve. The radial striation is distinct
when the shell is well preserved.
The dorsal valve is much more strongly inflated than the ventral one, but its
curve is also tolerably equal in both directions. The apex is prominent and inflated,
and very strongly bent over. It is a little truncated, forming a kind of small semi-
circular foramen. The area is sharply defined but extremely narrow, nearly linear,
and very strongly concave. At the very apex of the valve there commences already
a distinct, tolerably broad and deep median sinus, which gets more and more strongly
marked as it approaches the frontal margin. It is limited on both sides by promi-
nent and strongly marked rounded folds. These are followed again by two well
marked, rounded lateral folds on each side. These latter do not however commence
immediately at the apex, but at a more or less considerable distance from it. Young
specimens in consequence appear nearly quite smooth, with the exception of the
median sinus in the dorsal valve.
Of the internal characters the three ventral and the two diverging dorsal septa
can be very well seen in a young specimen.
The dimensions of two specimens are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell
Length of the ventral valve
Entire breadth of the shell
Length of the hingeline
Entire thickness of the shell
Apical angle of the ventral valve
„ „ „ dorsal valve
Locality and geological position.— There have altogether two specimens of this
species been found up to the present, which were collected by Mr. Wynne. The
I.
II.
28 mm.
15-5
mm.
20-5 „
14
it
24 „
17-5
>f
13 „
9
39
21 „
12
3>
10-5°
107°
88°
90°
PHODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— BEACHIOPODA. 559
largest of them comes from hard limestones of the Chittawan, forming there the
middle region of the middle Productus-limestone. The second specimen was col-
lected at Shekh Budin (trans-Indus). It is contained in a hard grey limestone,
forming prohahly also part. of the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This species on a first glance seems to he rather similar to Enteletes
hemiplicatus, Hall, sp., but on closer examination one soon finds that the American
species has its sinus in the ventral valve, whilst the Indian shell has it in the dorsal
one, and thus a comparison between the two shells can in reality not be undertaken.
Prom Enteletes ferrugineus, W., the present species can be distinguished easily
by its nearly quite smooth ventral valve, whilst in the former one the same valve
is strongly plicated.
3. Enteletes latesintjattis, Waagen, n. sp. ; PI. LVII, figs. 4, 5, 6.
This is a rather large species of slightly transversely oval outline, moderately
inflated valves, of which the ventral one is by far the flatter, and with an .ex-
tremely broad median sinus in the dorsal valve.
The ventral valve is flat, obliquely conical, but very little arched in both direc-
tions. The apex is little prominent and barely at all bent over. The area is high
and strongly reclining, but very little concave. The deltidial fissure is large, some-
what higher than it is broad, occupying just one-third of the entire area, which is
very short in comparison to its height, the hingeline not being longer than half the
transverse diameter of the shell. Immediately at the apex there begins a high and
very broad median fold, which becomes so broad as to occupy the entire front of the
shell. This fold is narrowly rounded on the top and in consequence somewhat roof-
shaped. On each side of this median fold there is a lateral one, which is, however, low
and little developed, although commencing also very near the apex of the valve.
The remainder of the valve, up to the margins of the area, is smooth and gently
vaulted. The fine radial striation is not very well visible on the outer surface of
this species, owing to the somewhat coarsely silicified condition of the speci-
mens.
The dorsal valve is very much more strongly vaulted than the ventral, and its
inflation is about equal in both directions ; it is also considerably larger than the
ventral valve. The apex is enormously inflated and strongly bent over, and owing
to a strong truncation it bears a large semi-circular foramen at its end, within which
a small cardinal process is visible. The area is very small, nearly linear, and so
strongly concave that it makes a nearly angular bend. In the immediate vicinity
of the apex there commences the enormously broad and deep median sinus, which
expands so as to occupy the whole frontal part of the valve. The sinus is bordered
on both sides by narrowly rounded elevated ridges, which are followed laterally again
by low folds, one on each side. The rest of the valve is smooth, sometimes perhaps
with a very slight indication, near the margin, of a second lateral fold.
560 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The internal characters could be well studied in one of the silicified specimens,
and hare been figured, PL LVII, figs. 5 and 6. In the ventral valve the three septa
are very conspicuous features. The two lateral ones support the hinge- teeth, which
are formed by the direct continuation of a thickened shelly ridge bordering the
deltidial fissure ; the median septum commences at the apex as a low shelly ridge,
and ascends slowly to a high angular point, when it suddenly terminates (fig. 5b).
The muscular impressions are probably situated between these septa, but they could
not be observed.
In the dorsal valve the deltidial fissure is hemmed in by thick shelly ridges
which hang tolerably far down into the interior of the valve, making the same bend
as is indicated by the concavity of the area. They do not, however, stop at the hinge-
margin, but proceed far above it, expanding at the same time a little, and thus form-
ing the curious kind of crura which imitate to a certain extent the shape of boars'
tusks. Laterally, by their exterior side, these crura are fixed to strong diverging
septa that originate near the apex of the valve and support the dental sockets, which
latter are situated on the external side of the crura, where they project from the
hinge-margin. In the middle of the apex an elongated ridge-like cardinal process
is observable ; lower down this cardinal process changes into a slightly elevated shellv
line, which extends about as far as the lateral septa.
In this valve also the muscular impressions could not be distinguished.
The measurements of a specimen from Musakheyl are as follow : —
"" Entire length of the shell ••••..... 34 mm
Length of the ventral valve •••■••... 29
Entire breadth of the shell ......... 37
Length of the hingeline •••••■... 19
Entire thickness of the shell ......... 27
Height of the area of the ventral valve •••.... 8
Apical angle of the ventral valve ........ 212°
» » » dorsal valve g4°
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether five specimens of this
species known to me, of which two were collected by Dr. "Warth at Musakheyl in
the upper region of the middle Productus-limestone, two were found by Mr. "Wynne
in the Chittawan in a similar geological position, and one specimen I brought
myself from Virgal, where it occurred in the coral beds of the middle Productus-
limestone.
Remarks.— This beautiful species is rather nearly related to the two previously
described, but from both it can be easily distinguished by the pecuUar configuration
of its ventral valve, which is nearly quite flat, and has a beak that is not bent over
in consequence of which the area of that valve is scarcely at all concave. Other dis-
tinguishing characters are the scarcity of ribs and the enormously broad median
sinus in the dorsal valve. Prom these characters it appears that the present form is
an easily distinguishable species.
Of other species none can be compared particularly to the present one.
PRODUCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA.
561
B.— Group of ENTELETES PENTAMEROIDES, W-
6. Enteletes pentameroides, Waagen, n. sp. ; PI. LVII, fig. 2.
This is the largest species of Enteletes that has been detected up to the present.
The shell is about as long as it is broad, with extremely inflated valves, so as to be
almost globular. Both valves are very strongly plicated.
The ventral valve is by far smaller than the dorsal one. It is very strongly
arched, but more so in the longitudinal than in the transverse direction. The apex
is well bent over, but it remains doubtful whether it is truncated or not. The area
is high and very strongly reclining, flat for the greater extent along the hingeline,
and strongly concave where the apex overhangs it. It is cut open in the middle by
a large deltidial fissure. The hingeline is rather short. At a very little distance
from the apex a median fold appears, which extends down to the front, but which
is never very prominent or conspicuous. It is followed on each side by four lateral
folds, which are not much less strong than the median one. They diminish in size
the more they are removed from the median fold. The dorsal valve is very consider-
ably larger than the ventral one, and chiefly the apical region projects far above the
hingeline. Also the inflation is about twice as strong as that of the ventral valve ;
the curvature is, however, about equal in both directions. The apex of the valve is
very strongly bent over, and almost entirely rolled in. It cannot therefore be exactly
seen whether the apex is truncated or not. The area is very narrow and very strongly
concave. A median sinus appears to commence directly at the apex and to extend
down to the front line. It is neither very broad nor very deep, and not very dis-
tinct from the furrows which separate the other radial folds from each other. The
sinus is shut in on both sides by rather high ridges, which are broadly rounded on
the top and are more prominent than the remaining radial folds. These ridges are
followed on each side by three to four radial plications, which gradually diminish in
size, as they are moved from the median part of the valve.
Both valves are marked by concentric plications or striae of growth, which are
most strongly marked on the top of the radial folds, and are mostly restricted to the
vicinity of the margins of the valves. The fine radial striation characteristic of the
genus is less strongly marked in this species than in those previously described.
Of the internal characters of this species nothing is known to me.
The measurements of the only existing specimen are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell
Length of the ventral valve
Entire hreadth of the shell
Length of the hingeline .
Entire thickness of the shell
Height of the area of the ventral valve
Apical angle of the ventral valve
„ „ „ dorsal valve
39 mm.
30-5
39
24
37
8
114°
77°
562 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species preserved
in the Salt-range collection was found by myself in white, somewhat dolomitic, lime-
stone forming part of the middle region of the middle Productus-limestone in the
vicinity of Katwahi.
Remarks. — This species is chiefly remarkable on account of a certain similarity
it bears to Enteletes lamarcki, Eisch., from the upper carboniferous-limestone of
Prussia, though the latter belongs to the section " Ventrisinuati " as indicated
above. The excellent figures given by Trautschold in his memoir on the carboni-
ferous-limestone of Mjatschkowa show in the middle of the ventral sinus an elevated
fold, which originates at the apex of the ventral valve, whilst on the apex of the
dorsal valve a sinus originates corresponding to the fold in the middle of the ventral
sinus. If we now suppose that this median fold were to increase considerably in
size, we should without much difficulty arrive at the figure as exhibited by Ent.
pentameroides. It needs only a comparison of the figure, PI. LVII, fig. 2d, of the
present work, with that given by Trautschold in his monograph, PI. VII, fig. Sf,
to see how easily one form could have been changed into the other. Thus it becomes
very probable that Ent. lamarcki is the ancestor of our Ent. pentameroides.
Of other species those described on the foregoing pages must be compared.
The present form can be easily distinguished from all those by the much more pro-
minent apical region and the narrower sinus of the dorsal valve and by the far
stronger plication exhibited by both valves.
7. Enteletes acutepmcattts, "Waagen, n. sp. ; PI. XLIX, fig. 10.
This species is considerably smaller than the preceding one, but otherwise not
dissimilar. The general outline is considerably higher than broad, the dorsal valve
being by far larger than the ventral one, and at the same time also much more in-
flated. Both valves are covered with very sharp and high radial folds.
The ventral valve is elevated conical, with a tolerably strong bend in both direc-
tions. The apex is pointed, not strongly bent over, and overhangs a large, nearly
flat trangular area, which is so strongly reclining that it forms an acute angle with
the plane of the valve. The deltidial fissure of the specimen is covered up by rock-
matter. Immediately at the apex a median fold, which is high and angular, origin-
ates and extends down to the front. It is not much more prominent than the
lateral folds which follow on each side. There are three to four of these folds on
each side, which become gradually less prominent as they are more removed from
the middle of the valve. The frontal margin of the valve forms a very strongly
indented zig-zag line.
The dorsal valve is very much larger than the ventral one ; it is also more
strongly inflated, and therefore its curve is also more considerable in both directions.
The apex is very much bent over and strongly inflated, the area below it very small
and very concave. The deltidial fissure cannot be observed. At the apex there
begins a deep and angular median sinus, which is, however, comparatively narrow.
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.-BEACHIOPODA.
563
On both sides of it narrow, angular, elevated ridges are situated, followed by three
lateral folds diminishing gradually in size.
The radial striation of the shell is not preserved in this species, but the puncta-
tion can yet be seen in some places.
It is difficult to give measurements of the only existing specimen, as it is much
deformed by pressure ; so far as observable, they are as follow :—
Entire length of the shell, about .
Length of the ventral valve
Entire breadth of the shell .
Length of the hingeline
Entire thickness of the shell, about
Height of the area of the central valve
, „ dorsal valve
33 mm.
21 „
29 „
16 „
23 „
S „
3 „
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species that is ■
known to me was found by myself in the vicinity of Katwahi in the upper division
of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — The specimen upon which the present species is founded would not
have been worth describing, its state of preservation is so bad, were it not that it
represents the geologically youngest form of the genus Enteletes that has been
observed up to the present. On account of this special interest, I have ventured to
describe it under the above name. Even in its bad state of preservation the speci-
men can easily be recognised as representing a form very nearly related to Hint,
pentameroides, W., but yet different from it. The differences consist chiefly in the
strong and angular J. olds of both valves and in the more strongly reclining area of
the ventral valve. The similarities on the contrary are to be sought for in the
narrowness of the sinus in the dorsal and the little prominence of the median fold
in the ventral valve.
Erom these circumstances it appears highly probable that though Ent. penta-
meroides may be the ancestor of Bnt. acuteplicatus, yet the latter forms a well
distinguishable separate species.
Sub-Family: ORTHINM
Genus: ORTMIS, Dalm.
I accept this genus in the most restricted sense, as it has been circumscribed
by Davidson and others, and think that it is most strictly characterised by the
existence of two short crura in the dorsal valve. All the other forms formerly
classed with Orthis, such as Streptorhynchus, Orthisina, &c, are entirely devoid
of such crura, and instead of them the cardinal process, which is but little developed
in Orthis proper, attains a development which already to a certain extent suggests
the development of that part in the family Productidce. I therefore not only
exclude those forms from the genus Orthis, but altogether remove them from the
family Ort hides, uniting them at the same time with the family Strophomenidm.
564 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
I have no new observation as to the' internal structure of the Indian shells
belonging to the genus, as the preservation of the materials is not propitious for
such observations. Moreover, the species of Orthis are rather rare in the Salt-range •
only at one locality, Amb, have many specimens of Orthis been found, in the lowest
beds of the Productus-limestone.
Altogether seven species of Orthis have been detected in the Salt-range, assign-
able to three groups, differing in their internal arrangement. The first group is that
of Orthis morganiana, Derby. This group forms a transitional link between Orthis
proper and Enteletes. The interior structure of these forms has been very ably
described by Mr. Derby. As in Enteletes there are two strong, curved up, horn-
shaped crura, supported by strong diverging septa, in the dorsal valve, and three
elevated ridges in the ventral one ; but all these characters are much less strongly
developed than in Enteletes, and chiefly the internal arrangement of the ventral valve
approaches much nearer to that occurring in typical species of Orthis than to that of
Enteletes. I thus think it more correct to retain these species in Orthis than to
place them among the Enteletes. There are two species of this group in the Salt-
range, which will bear respectively the name of Orthis marmorea, W., and Orth.
derbyi, W.
Eor a second group the Orthis resupinata, Mart., is the type. The interior of
the shells belonging to this group has been admirably described by Davidson. The
differences from the preceding group consist chiefly in the less strong development of
the crura and their shelly supports in the dorsal valve, and in the little development
of the median ridge in the ventral one. This group is represented in the Salt-range
also by two species, which will bear the names of Orthis indica, W. (= Orth.
resupinata, Dav.), and Orthis janiceps,W.
The third group is typified by Orthis michelini, Lev. For the description and
drawing of the interiors of the shells belonging to this group, we are again indebted
to the admirable investigations of Mr. Davidson. The species of this group are
chiefly different' from those of the preceding one by the arrangement of their
muscular impressions and by the interior character of the ventral valve. Whilst in
Orthis resupinata and its allies there exists still a little developed median ridge in
the ventral valve, this ridge is nearly quite absent in Orth. michelini. The species
belonging to this group can also exteriorly be easily recognised by their elongated
general outline and the extraordinarily short hinge-margin. This group is represented
in the Salt-range by three species — Orthis corallina, W., Orthis pecosii, Marcou, and
Orthis incisiva, W.
It cannot be denied that the three groups just indicated do not exactly corre-
spond to what has been called generally in this work a " group ; " these groups
rather correspond to the " divisions " as introduced by me in other genera, or they
might be even of sub-generic value. The reason why I called them simply groups
is, that it is impossible for me to work up the whole host of species of Orthis exist-
ing in the devonian and silurian periods, partly on account of lack of materials, and
partly on account of the impossibility to spend the necessary time on the subject ;
PBODITCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 565
but without a careful study including these older forms a definite sub-division of
the genus cannot be arrived at. I thus did not like to prejudice by divisional or
sub-generic names a future monographical treatment of the genus.
I.— Group (ob Sub-division) op OBTRIS MOBGANIANA, Derby.
1. Orthis dbrbti, Waagen, n. sp.; PI. LVI, figs. 2, 5, 6.
This species is of a middle size and does not seem to become large. Its general
outline is nearly circular or transversely oval, the dorsal valve being considerably
larger and more inflated than the ventral one. The latter valve bears a flat sinus in
the middle.
The ventral valve is more or less conical, with a flat curve in the longitudinal
and a very small curve in the transverse direction. The hingeline is very short ; the
area high, very strongly reclining, but very little concave and cut open in the
middle by a very large triangular fissure, which is just as broad at its base as it is
high. The area is tolerably sharply defined. The apex of the valve is very pointed,
but very little bent over, and only slightly overhanging the deltidial fissure. Not
far from the apex a median sinus begins, and extends down to the front, indenting
the dorsal valve. The lateral parts of the valve are smooth.
The dorsal valve is much larger and more strongly inflated than the ventral one.
Longitudinally its curve is much stronger in the apical than in the frontal region.
Transversely the curve is strong but not equal; there is a kind of median carination
of the valve observable extending from near the beak to the front, and on both
sides of which the valve is somewhat flattened. The area is small, very sharply
defined, and distinctly overhanging the area of the other valve. It is but little con-
cave and cut open in the middle by a large triangular fissure. The apex of the
valve is not complete, but truncated, whereby a kind of semi-circular foramen is
formed, within which the small cardinal process is visible.
The surface of both valves is covered by strong imbricating striae of growth,
which form approximately a semi-circle in the ventral valve, but which are indented
in passing over the median carination of the dorsal valve. The whole shell-surface
is provided with a very fine radial striation, similar to that occurring in Orthis resu-
pinata.
Of the interior characters of the species only those of the ventral valve are
known to me, and these only partially. The specimen showing them is figured, PI.
LVI, fig. 2. The hinge-teeth are supported by very strong dental lamellae, which
are continued in the direction of the front as diverging, somewhat elevated, ridges
up to a short distance from the front, then they suddenly bend round towards the
middle and unite with a sharp but not very elevated median ridge, which latter
does not, however, extend quite up to the apex of the valve. By these ridges two deep
elongately oval grooves are circumscribed which evidently served for the insertion
of the divaricator and adductor muscles, but the sub-division of these grooves cannot
I.
II.
25 mm.
24 mm.
21 „
21o „
26 „
27 „
11 „
11 ,,
18-5 „
175 „
4 „
5 „
1'6 „
1 „
109°
121°
89°
96°
566 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
be distinctly seen. A slight impression runs longitudinally about the middle of
them, but I cannot be certain whether this indicates the limit between the two
pairs of muscles. The whole apparatus has yery much resemblance to the same
apparatus in the ventral valve of Orthis resupinata, but is comparatively very much
larger than in that species.
The measurements of two specimens, No. I from the middle Productus-limestone
of the Chittawan, and No. II from the uppermost bed of the upper Productus-lime-
stone of Virgal, are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell
length of the ventral valve
Entire breadth of the shell
Length of the hingeline .
Entire thickness of both valves
Height of the area of the ventral valve
„ „ „ „ dorsalvalve
Apical angle of the ventral valve
„ „ „ dorsal valve
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether six specimens of this
species known to me which range from the middle division to the topmost beds of
the upper division of the Productus-limestone. Two specimens were found by
Dr. Oldham and Mr. Wynne in the middle Productus-limestone of the Chittawan,
and one specimen in the same division in the Bazarwan also by Mr. Wynne. By
myself the species has been collected at Virgal in the coral-beds of the middle
division of the Productus-limestone (two specimens), and one more specimen also at
Virgal in the topmost beds of the upper division of the same formation.
Remarks. — This species is easily distinguishable from all the European forms of
Orthis, to any of which it has not even a remote similarity. So much the more
marked is its resemblance to the South American Orthis morganiana, Derby, from
which, in fact, it is not quite easily distinguishable. Nevertheless there are some
points of difference which prevented my uniting the Indian form specifically with
the South American one. The chief differences consist in the smaller size, the com-
parative thickness of the shell, the obtusely carinated condition of the dorsal valve,
the truncated beak of the same valve, and the imbricating striae of growth which
cover both valves in the Indian species. These differences seem to me perfectly
sufficient for the specific distinction of the two forms.
I have called this species Orthis derbyi in honour of Prof. Derby, to whose
excellent description of the Brachiopoda of Itaituba I owe much most valuable
information.
2. Orthis marmorea, Waagen, n. sp.; PI. LVI, figs. 3, 4.
The materials of this species are very scanty indeed, but still sufficient to char-
acterise the shell as a new and well distinguishable form.
PRODTJOTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 567
The general outline of the species is transversely oval or somewhat triangular,
the greatest breadth being situated far down in the vicinity of the front. The
dorsal valve seems to be larger than the ventral one, but I am not quite certain on
the point, as I have only one isolated ventral valve for observation. The dorsal
valve is not much inflated, and the ventral one even very fiat.
The ventral valve is very little arched in both directions, and its- curve is very
regular. The apex is but little elevated, pointed, and little bent over. The hinge -
line is rather short, the area not very high, triangular, flat, not at all concave,
and but little reclining, forming an angle of 120° with the plane of the valve. It
is cut open in the middle by a large triangular fissure, which is about as broad at its
base as it is high. The surface of the valve is entirely smooth, without the slightest
indication of a median sinus, and thus the frontal and lateral margins of the valve
lie all in one plane, forming a gentle, and in the frontal region somewhat flattened,
curve.
The internal characters of this valve can be beautifully observed in a specimen
from the Bazarwan. The strongly developed cardinal teeth are situated on both
sides of the triangular fissure, and are supported by oblique shelly septa, which are
angularly cut out immediately at and below the teeth. They descend in a gentle
curve down to near the front, becoming gradually lower, and then disappear. In
the middle of the valve, beginning from the apex and being highest in the centre
of the valve, a strongly elevated median septum is situated, very much resembling
that in Unteletes, but in not quite so extreme a development. It suddenly de-
creases in height after having reached the centre of the valve, and then bifurcates ;
the bifurcating branches extend only for a short distance and then disappear
without quite uniting with the termination of the two lateral septa. The arrange-
ment of the muscular scars cannot be exactly traced.
The dorsal valve is more strongly vaulted than the ventral one, but nevertheless
its inflation is not very considerable. It is regularly curved in both directions, and
its apex is not more strongly inflated than the remainder of the valve. The apex
is strongly bent over and well pointed. The area is narrow, very sharply defined,
and strongly concave, cut open in the middle by a large deltidial fissure. The
surface of the valve is entirely smooth, only very faint strise of growth being observ-
able. The margins of the valve, lateral as well as frontal, are all in one plane, an
indentation of the front by the ventral valve being altogether absent.
Of the interior characters of this valve only the existence of two diverging
septa, the shelly supports of the crura, can be traced. In extent and position these
septa seem to be very similar to those that have been described in the genus Mite^
letes.
The surface in both valves is covered by a radial striation, which is so fine that
it is scarcely possible to observe it with the naked eye. Between this striation toler-
ably numerous large roundish foramina are strewn irregularly over the whole shell.
On them were probably situated fine hair-like spines.
568 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The substance of the shell is rather thick and heavy.
The measurements of a dorsal valve from Virgal are as follow : —
Entire length of the valve 30 mm.
Length of the hingeline .......... 18
Entire breadth of the valve 33 „
Entire thickness of the valve .... .... 14 „
Height of the area .......... 3 „
Apical angle ........... 110°
A ventral valve from the Bazarwan, belonging to a somewhat smaller indivi-
dual, exhibits the following dimensions : —
Entire length of the valve 25 mm.
Length of the hingeline ......... 16 „
Entire breadth of the valve 29 „
„ thickness „ „ ......... 8 „
Height of the area .......... 6 „
Apical angle 124°
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether three specimens of this
species known to me — two dorsal valves, one of which was collected by Dr. Oldham
in the Chittawan, the other was found by myself in the coral-beds of Virgal ; and
one ventral valve brought by Mr. "Wynne from the Bazarwan — all three specimens
coming out of the hard, marbly, silicious limestones of the middle region of the
middle Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — The species here under consideration is rather nearly related to the
preceding Orthis derbyi, W., as well as to Orthis morganiana, Derb.
From the first it can easily be distinguished, by its much less inflated valves, the
absence of a sinus in the ventral, and an indentation in the dorsal, valve, and by the
absence of imbricating striae of growth.
From the second it can be distinguished also by much less inflated valves, its
heavy shell, and the absence of sinus and indentation in the ventral and dorsal
valves.
II.— Group (or sub-division) op OB THIS RESUPINATA, Mart.
3. Orthis indica, "Waagen, n. sp.; PI. LVI, figs. 7, 8, 14, 15, 16.
1862. Orthis resupinata (Mart.), Davidson : Quart. Journ. Greol. Soa.Lond., Vol. XVIII, p. 31, PI. L, fig. 15.
1863. Orthis resupinata (Mart., Dav.), Eoninck : Fossiles paleoz. de l'lnde, p. 37, PI. X., fig. 15.
This species remains always very small ; specimens of the size of the one figured
by Davidson are the largest that have been observed up to the present.
The general outline of this species is mostly transversely oval, sometimes nearly
circular, and rarely longer than it is broad. Of the two valves the ventral one is
always the larger. The two valves are mostly about equally inflated. On the whole
the species is, however, rather variable.
PRODCTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BEACHIOPODA.
569
The ventral valve is the larger of the two. It is tolerably inflated, but its curve
is not very regular, being rather inflated in the apical region and extending from
there in a more flattened curve to the front. Transversely the curve is more regu-
lar. The beak is strongly incurved and pointed. It is bent over a small but toler-
ably high triangular area, which is strongly concave, and cut open in the middle by
a moderately large deltidial fissure. The hingeline is short and not projecting on
both sides. The surface of the valve is smooth, without a trace of a sinus or carina-
tion. The frontal margin is always strongly indented by the projecting frontal part
of the dorsal valve.
The dorsal valve is always, but generally only very little, smaller than the
ventral one; it is mostly also slightly more inflated. Longitudinally its curve
is more regular than that of the other valve, but in the transverse direction it
appears somewhat flattened in the middle, and then suddenly bends down to
the lateral margins. The beak is strongly bent over and pointed. The area is
small, very low, vertical and very sharply defined, cut open in the middle by
a moderately large deltidial fissure. The valve is provided with a median sinus or
impression which is mostly limited to the vicinity of the front in the specimens
coming from the lower Productus-limestone, but reaches up to the apex in the
specimens from the middle Productus-limestone. The frontral part of the valve
projects a little and indents distinctly the corresponding part of the ventral
valve.
On both sides slightly imbricating striae of growth are to be observed. The
fine radial striation which covers the whole shell is exactly like that in Orthis resu-
pinata.
The interior structure of this species is altogether unknown to me.
The measurements of three specimens, No. I from the middle Productus-lime-
stone of Katwahi, and Nos. II and III from the lower Productus-limestone of Amb,
are as follow : —
I.
Entire length of the shell 18
Length of the dorsal valve
Entire breadth of the shell
Length of the hingeline .
Entire thickness of the shell
Height of the area in the ventral valve
„ „ » » dorsal
Apical angle of the ventral valve
„ dorsal ., .
17-5
20
12
14-5
2
1-5
108°
114°
II.
III.
1525
mm.
14
15
»>
139
16
„
1375
9
Jr
8
12
>»
12
2
•>
2
1
»
1
105°
90°
112"
97°
Locality and geological position. — This species ranges through the lower and
.middle divisions of the Productus-limestone; in the upper division it has not
been found up to the present. The greatest number of specimens was collected by
me at Amb in the coaly sandstones at the very base of the Productus-limestone
proper, above the lavender-clays (twenty-two specimens). In somewhat higher beds I
found it at Katta, in the lowest strata of the compact limestones (one specimen).
In the mountains east of Katwahi, I detected the species in the middle region of the
570 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
compact limestones in a silicified condition (four specimens) and at Virgal in the coral-
beds associated with. Orthis derby i and Orth. marmorea (one specimen). The geolo-
gically youngest exactly determinable specimen I collected near Khura in the upper
region of the limestones forming the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
From the trans-Indus continuation of the Salt-range, one specimen was con-
tained in Dr. Verchere's collection. It is preserved in a grey sandstone, but the
exact locality where it came from is not known.
Remarks. — This species has been described by Mr. Davidson under the name of
Orthis resupinata, Mart., but I think the forms from the Salt-range can be distin-
guished from Martin's species. Mr. Davidson had only two specimens at his disposal,
and therefore could not state the constant recurrence of certain characters, which is
very striking when a greater number of specimens is accessible for observation.
In the first place it is a remarkable fact that specimens of many sizes occur, but
never larger than those figured by Davidson in the Quarterly Journal, and by myself
in this work, PI. LVI, fig. 8. The species evidently did not grow larger, and there
is no conceivable reason why Orthis indica should always be of small size, whilst
Orthis derbyi and marmorea should have grown in the same beds and at the same
localities to considerable dimensions. We evidently have to deal here with a small
form which never attained the dimensions of Orthis resupinata.
Another very characteristic feature consists in the circumstance that the dorsal
valve always indents the ventral one, so that the front line bends down towards the
ventral valve, instead of, as is the case in Orthis resupinata, being curved up to-
wards the dorsal one. This seems the most essential point of difference between the
two species, which chiefly led me to distinguish specifically between them.
Specimens of Orthis resupinata of a size equal to the largest specimens of Orthis
indica have mostly less inflated valves, a more marked transversely oval general
outline, and a frontline which is always more or less strongly bent up towards the
dorsal valve. Even in specimens in which the dorsal valve is flattened or slightly
impressed in the middle this curve upward is not entirely eliminated.
I therefore think that the Indian specimens can well be considered as forming
a species different from Orthis resupinata, for which I introduce the name of Orthis
indica, W.
4. Orthis janicbps, Waagen, n. spt; PI. LVI, fig. 9.
The species which I describe under the above name is about of the same size
and general appearance as the preceding one, but can be distinguished on a close
examination by the existence of a sinus in both valves, and by the dorsal valve
being larger than the ventral one.
The general outline is transversely oval, with moderately inflated valves, of
which the dorsal one is deeper.
The ventral valve is tolerably elevated in the apical region, but its curve is
rather unequal. Longitudinally the curve is pretty strong in the vicinity of the
PEODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 571
apex, and flattens considerably towards the front. In the transverse direction, how-
ever, the curve is rather regular. The apex is pointed and strongly bent over. The
area is comparatively large, distinctly concave, and very strongly reclining, cut open
in the middle by a not very large deltidial fissure. Prom near the apex there
extends a flat, little impressed sinus along the middle of the valve down to the
front. This valve is very slightly indented in the frontal region by the dorsal valve.
The dorsal valve is more strongly inflated than the ventral one, and also slightly
larger. The longitudinal curve is very strong in the apical region and considerably
flattened towards the front. Transversely the curve is somewhat flattened in the
middle and strongly bent down on the lateral parts. The apex is much inflated, con-
siderably bent over and pointed. The area is distinctly defined and very narrow,
cut open in the middle by a very large deltidial fissure. Very near the apex there
begins a longitudinal median sinus, which is more strongly impressed and broader
than that of the other valve. The frontal part of the valve projects a little, causing
a slight indentation of the same part of the opposite valve.
The interior characters of this species are not known to me.
The fine radial striation which covers both valves is exactly like that occurring
in Orthis resupinata.
The measurements of a specimen from Katwahi are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell ......... 15 mm.
Length of the ventral valve ......... 14"3
Entire breadth of the shell 17"5
Length of the hinge-line ......... 8
Entire thickness of the shell . . . . . . . . .11
Height of the area of the ventral valve ....... 2
,> „ „ dorsal „ 1
Apical angle of the ventral valve ........ 108°
„ „ dorsal „ 105"
Locality and geological position. — There are only two specimens of this species
preserved in the Salt-range collection, which were both found by myself in the
mountains east of Katwahi in the middle region of the middle Productus-lime-
stone together with Orthis indica, W., described before.
Eemarks.-^-Th.e two specimens by which the species is represented are not
easily distinguishable from the very similar Orthis indica, and it was only after a
careful study and comparison that I came to distinguish between the two forms. It
is true the sinus in both valves is an easily observable feature, but if this were the
only means by which the present form were distinguishable from Orthis indica, it
would be very doubtful whether a specific distinction between the two forms could
be advocated. Only after I had detected another peculiarity, which consists in the
ventral valve being the smaller one, in opposition to the characters occurring in
Orthis indica, I became certain that a specific distinction between the two forms
was necessary.
I thus have introduced the name of Orthis janiceps for the form here under
consideration.
D
572
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
III.— Group (ok Sub-division) op OBTEIS MICEELIM (L6v.).
5. Obthis coballina, Waagen, n. sp. ; PI. LVI, fig. 1.
The general outline of this species is nearly circular, very little broader than it
is long, with the ventral valve nearly flat and the dorsal one only very little curved.
The ventral valve is but very little curved in every direction, and even the apical
region is not at all inflated. The beak is thin and pointed, barely at all incurved,
and very little projecting above the apex of the dorsal valve. The area is very
small, and the hinge-line extremely short. The deltidial fissure is not distinctly
visible, being for the greater part concealed by rock. The valve is smooth for the
greater part, only in the frontal region a very faint impression takes place, causing
the front-line to ascend a little.
The dorsal valve is very little smaller than the ventral one, but more strongly
curved in every direction. The curve is rather flat in the longitudinal, and some-
what more strongly elevated in the transverse direction. The apex is little promi-
nent, thin, pointed, and not much bent over. The valve is smooth for its whole
extent, neither carinated nor impressed in the middle.
Both valves are extremely thick and heavy. They are covered by a fine radial
striation, similar to that occurring in Orthis michelini.
The interior structure of this species is wholly unknown to me.
The measurements of the only existing specimen are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell .
Length of the dorsal valve
Entire breadth of the shell
Length of the hinge-line .
Entire thickness of the shell
Apical angle of the ventral valve
» „ „ dorsal „
25 mm.
24-5 „
26 „
7 „
12 „
113°
130°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species that is
known up to the present was collected by myself at Virgal in the coral-beds of the
middle Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — On a first glance this species seems to be very similar to Orthis
michelini, Lev., but on a closer examination one finds soon that only the group
characters are identical, whilst the specific characters are decidedly different. The
difference is chiefly striking in the general outline. This is always trapezoidal
or more or less transversely oval in Orthis michelini, whilst the Indian form
is nearly circular. This difference of outline is chiefly caused by the extreme
shortness of the hinge-line and the nearly entire absence of an area in the ventral
valve of Orthis corallina. Moreover, the Indian shell has extremely thick and
heavy valves — a circumstance which is never the case, so far as I am aware, in
Orthis michelini. Thus I think two forms can be well distinguished specifically.
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA.
573
Another form that must be compared to the present species is the one figured
by Kayser from Lo-Ping in Cbina under the name of Orthis pecosii, Marcou. This
form is dfferent from the Indian species by much more inflated valves and a
much larger apical angle, which causes the shell to assume a more or less rectan-
gular general outline. Thus also from this form the Indian shell can well be dis-
tinguished.
6. Orthis pecosii, Marcou ; PI. L VI, fig. 13.
1858. Orthis pecosii, Marcou : Geology of North America, p. 48, pi. VI., figs. 14 a, b.
1858. Orthis carhonaria, Swallow : Transact. Acad. Scienc, St. Louis, I., p. 218.
1872. Orthis carhonaria (Swallow), Meek : Final report on Nebrasca, p. 173, PI. I. figs., 8 a, b, c.
The small specimen which serves for description belongs decidedly to the group
of 0. michelini.
The general outline is elongately roundish triangular, with strongly prominent
not much unequal beaks and flattened valves.
The ventral valve is very little arched, but more so in the apical than in the
frontal region, its curve being rather strong near the apex and very much flattened
towards the front. Also in the transverse direction the curve is more strong in the
middle and flattened towards the margins. The apex is well bent over and pointed,
provided below with a very small area, which is, however, nearly all covered up by
the apex of the other valve, as the ventral valve extends only little in excess of the
dorsal one. The hinge-line is short, not projecting on both sides as has been erro-
neously drawn in the enlarged figure on PI. LVI.
The dorsal valve is very little smaller than the ventral one, but it is more strongly
inflated. Its curve is very strong in the apical region, but flattens all round
towards the margins. The apex is strongly bent over, and concealed below the
apex of the other valve. The hinge- line is very short, and the area of this valve
cannot be seen at all.
Both valves are entirely smooth with the exception of some imbricating strise
of growth, and the fine radial striation characteristic of the species belonging to
the group of Orthis michelini. The large perforations left by the removal of small
tubular spines, which also occur on all these species, are, however, rather exception-
ally numerous towards the margins of both valves in this species.
Of the interior characters of this species nothing is known to me.
The measurements of the only existing specimen are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell .
Length of the dorsal valve .
Entire breadth of the shell
Length of the hinge-line .
Entire thickness of the shell
Apical angle of the ventral valve
» „ dorsal
11 mm.
10 „
10-5 „
45 „
5-5 „
91°
113°
574 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species that has
been found up to the present in the Salt-range was collected by myself at Amb
in the so-called Chonetes bed of the lower division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — I think there can be but little doubt that the specimen here de-
scribed belongs to Marcou's species. The size as well as all the other characters are
perfectly identical, and it would be rather difficult for me to indicate points of differ-
ence between the Indian and the American specimens.
In America, however, it seems that different things have been placed under the
name ; and especially the large form figured by Meek from California, I should not
like to include in this species. So am I also doubtful whether the rather large and
square specimen figured by Kayser from Lo-Ping in China can be assigned to Mar-
cou's species.
Orthis pecosii is, in America, a characteristic species of the upper coal-mea-
sures.
7. Orthis incisiva, Waagen, n. sp. ; PI. LVL, figs. 10, 11, 12.
The general outline of this species is elongately triangular with rounded cor-
ners. The valves are not much inflated and very little different in size, the dorsal
one being smaller.
The ventral valve is slightly larger than the dorsal one and not at all inflated.
Its curve is very unequal ; longitudinally it is tolerably strongly vaulted in the
apical region, but very soon the curve becomes flat, forming almost a plane down
to the front-line. In the transverse direction the curve ascends rather rapidly from
the margins of the valve, but is then suddenly strongly depressed. The remarkable
flattening of the valve thus produced, without forming quite a sinus, is a very charac-
teristic feature of the species. The apex is well bent over, pointed, and rather
strongly prominent. The area is small, high, and strongly reclining, covered for the
greater part by the apex of the other valve. The deltidial fissure cannot be observed.
The front-line is entirely straight, or sometimes very slightly bent up towards the
dorsal valve.
The dorsal valve is a little smaller than the ventral one, but much more strongly
inflated. Its curve is at the same time more regular. Longitudinally the curve
is very strong in the apical region, and somewhat flattened towards the front. In
the transverse direction the curve is equal throughout. The apex is very strongly bent
over and partly disappears within the deltidial fissure of the other valve, in conse-
quence of which the area of this dorsal valve is entirely concealed.
On both valves of this species some faint, slightly imbricating striae of growth
are observable. The fine radial striation, characteristic of all these shells, is not
very well preserved on all the specimens I have for description. The substance of
both valves is comparatively very thick and heavy.
The interior characters of this species are entirely unknown to me.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA.
575
The measurements of two specimens, one complete, the other only a ventral
valve, are as follow : —
I.
II.
Entire length of the shell ......
9 mm.
16 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve ......
8-5 „
...
Entire breadth of the shell ....
8-5 „
13 „
Length of the hinge-line ......
3 „
5 „
Entire thickness of the shell .....
5-5 „
...
Thickness of the ventral valve .....
25 „
4 „
„ „ „ dorsal „ .....
3 „
*••
Height of the area of the ventral valve <
1-5 „
2 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve ......
75°
77°
„ j, » dorsal „
100°
The specimen No. II is the largest that has been observed up to the present,
and I doubt whether the species ever grew much larger.
Locality and geological position. — There have altogether five specimens of this
species been found up to the present. All five were collected by myself near Amb
in the lowest beds of the compact limestones which form the middle division of the
Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — The general outline of this species is so very remarkable that its
form cannot easily be mistaken. Of all the species of Orthis, this one has the small-
est apical angle and the most strongly triangular shape. Nevertheless I think it cannot
be doubted that the species forms part of the group of Orthis michelini. The very little
inflated valves, the very approximated beaks of the valves, the short hinge-line,
characters among the most striking of the group, this species possesses in common
with Orthis michelini.
The species scarcely needs a closer comparison with any other form except with
Orthis pecosii, Marcou. This American form also has a somewhat triangular outline
and very little inflated valves ; the beaks are very much approximated and tolerably
prominent, but in all these characters Orthis incisiva is much more extreme than the
American species, and besides this the peculiar, flattening of the ventral valve is a
character which does not occur in Orthis pecosii.
Family: STBOJPSOMENIDM
In this family we find for the first time the type of the Aphaneropegmata fully
developed. As has been stated above, Orthis and its allies are still provided with
rudimentary crura in the dorsal valve, and might perhaps, together with the family
Rhynchoneliidce, form a proper distinct sub-order, from which the others have
taken their origin. In the Strophomenidce, on the contrary, even rudiments of crura
are entirely absent, and the most striking characters can only be derived from the
different development of the cardinal process of the dorsal valve, — an organ that is of
the greatest importance for the systematic arrangement of these shells. Neverthe-
less, this organ does not seem to replace the loop and crura of other Brachiopo ds
576 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
the parts to which the brachial appendages were fixed must be looked for else-
where. Most recently Prof. Neumayr has published a short notice, in which he
demonstrates the occurrence of reniform impressions also in Strophomena, and ex-
presses the opinion that these reniform ridges were the organs to which the labial
appendages had been fixed. We shall have occasion to recur to this opinion in
describing the JProductidce, where reniform impressions are of far more general
occurrence than in the Strophomenidce.
The Strophomenidcs may be very conveniently divided into four sub-families,
which can chiefly be distinguished by the different development of the cardinal process.
The first sub-family that I am able to distinguish is the, Orthisin^, to which
only one genus, Orthisina, Orb. (JSemipronites, Klitambonites, &c, Pander),
belongs. This genus is still very nearly related to Orthis ; the cardinal process is
very small, but every indication of crura, even only rudimentary, is absent. It
forms by itself a very easily distinguishable group of the Strophomenidce.
The second sub-family will bave to bear the name of Orthothetin^e, and will
comprise four genera, all provided with a strong cardinal process, which is mostly
supported by two septa partly surrounding the muscular impressions. These genera
are: —
1. Tripeesia, Hall, 1859 (12th Reg. Rep., New York State Cab., p. 44, figs.
1 — 3), Davidson: Suppl. Brit. Sil. Brach., p. 141. The strange bifid cardinal process
shows very clearly that this shell belongs to the Orthothetince, and not to the
Rhynchonellidce in which it has been placed by others.
2. Streptorhynchtjs, King, 1850 : Monogr. Brit. Perm. Toss., p. 109. The
cardinal process is large, 'supported by two septa, which partly surround the muscular
impressions. The ventral valve is devoid of a median septum ; permian.
3. Derbtia, Waagen, n. gen. The cardinal process is very similar to that of
the preceding genus, but in the ventral valve a strong median septum is present ;
carboniferous to permian.
4. Meekblla, White and St. John, 1856 : Transact. Chicago Acad. Sci. I, p. 120,
figs. 4 — 6. The cardinal process is similar to that in the preceding genera. In the
ventral valve the hinge- teeth are supported by strong dental plates, which form two
septa. A median ventral septum is absent ; mountain-limestone {Meek, olivieriana,
Vern.) to coal-measures (Meek, eximia, Eichw. ; Meek, striato-costata, Cox).
5. Orthothetes, Eischer von Waldheim, 1830 : Oryctogr. du Gouv. de Moscou,
p. 133, PI. XX, fig. 4. Cardinal process small and not supported by septa, a little
developed median dorsal septum mostly present ; the ventral valve without a septum ;
devonian to (?) permian.
The third sub-family will bear the name of Strophomenin.53. The forms
belonging to this sub-family have the cardinal process mostly very small and always
bifid, and the two valves leave very little space between them. The genera which
I consider as belonging to this sub-family are the following : —
1. Strophomena, Blainville, 1825, emend. Davidson.
2. Strophoponta, Hall, 1850 : Proc, Am, Assoc, 1850, p. 348-
PRODTTCTITS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 577
3. Leptagonia, M'Coy, 1844 : Synops. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 116, emend.
Zittel : Handb. 678.
4 Lept^na, Dalman, 1828, emend. Davidson.
It is not necessary to add here any particulars about tbese genera, as they are
mostly already well known from Davidson's admirable works.
There remains, however, one group which probably forms part of the family
Strophomenidce ; it is typified by the genus Amphiclina, Laube, which probably
must be considered as the prototype of a fourth sub-family, for which I shall intro-
duce the name of Amphiclinin^. To this sub-family the genus Aulacorhynohus,
Dittmar, will probably also be assigned.
Of these four sub-families the first is of an exclusively silurian and devonian
distribution. The second commences already in the silurian period and extends
thence up into permian beds, perhaps even to still more recent formations. The
third is also most numerously represented in the silurian and devonian epochs, and
ascends only in isolated forms into carboniferous strata. The fourth at last occurs
in carboniferous and triassic beds.
In the Salt-range only the Orthothetince and the Strophomenince are repre-
sented. Of the Orthothetince three of the genera included by me in the sub-family
occur in the Salt-range, and there are of the genus Streptorhynchus seven and of
the genus Derbyia six species present ; the genus Orthothetes has furnished only a
single species. It then appears that the sub-family is altogether represented by
fourteen species. Of the sub-family Strophomenince there has up to the present been
detected only a single somewhat doubtful species of Leptcena. It is a fact worthy
of notice that the genus Leptagonia, which is of not rare occurrence in the carboni-
ferous deposits of England and elsewhere, is entirely absent in the Salt-range.
Sub-family : ORTHOTEETINJE, W.
Genus: STREPTORHYNCHUS, King.
It has given me very great trouble to find out what name this genus ought to
bear, and even now I am somewhat in doubt on the matter, as still the possibility
remains of its being identical with Hipparionix, but the true Hipparionix seems to
possess dental plates, which are decidedly absent in Streptorhynchus. I have there-
fore returned to King's name Streptorhynchus, of which the signification is quite
certain.
If we take the characters of the typical species, Strept. pelargonatus, to be
those of the genus, we find that in the ventral valve the more or less high area is
interrupted in the middle by a strong pseudodeltidium, which is always entirely
closed. The hinge-line is generally not quite so long as the greatest breadth of the
shell. On both sides of the termination of the pseudodeltidium tolerably strong
hinge-teeth are situated, which are prolonged inside the area in prominent ridges
578 SALT-RANGE POSSILS.
that accompany the pseudodeltidium. Any kind of septum in the ventral valve is
entirely absent.
In the dorsal valve a large cardinal process is present, which is erect and reaches
far into the cavity of the ventral valve. The process is bifid, bearing on its upper
(dorsal) side a longitudinally in-cut line. On both sides of the process the dental
sockets are placed and supported by short diverging septa, which partly surround
the muscular impressions. In the dorsal valve the two pairs of adductor scars can-
not well be distinguished, as they are not distinctly separated from each other, only
between the right and left groups of impressions a distinct rounded ridge extends.
In the ventral valve the muscular scars make also two groups of elongately oval
impressions, separated from each other by a low rounded ridge ; but also here the
distinction of the scars of the cardinal and adductor muscles is difficult.
The characters by which this genus may most easily be distinguished are — the
presence of two diverging septa in the dorsal valve and the absence of a median
longitudinal septum in the ventral valve.
This genus is rather largely represented in the Salt-range, and there can be
distinguished two large groups of forms, of which one has smooth and the other
radially plicated valves. The first section I shall call "Simplices" and the second
" JPlicati." The second group exhibits a very great resemblance to the genus MeeTc-
ella, White and St. John, and in fact I am very doubtful whether this genus
ought not for the most part to be merged in the genus Streptorhynchus. Meek in
the "Pinal report on Nebrasca" gives a woodcut of MeeJcella striatocostata, in.
which he draws two strong septa, representing the dental plates, in the ventral
valve. These septa certainly exist in some forms, but with them in Nebrasca there
also occur shells which are devoid of septa, as I have seen a specimen in the Royal
Palseontological Museum in Munich in which these septa seem to be absent. Thus
also in America the Plicati forms of the genus Streptorhynchus seem to occur, and
this shows clearly that the plication alone cannot serve for the distinction of the
genus Meekella. The absence of septa in the Indian shells has been pointed out
already by Meek.
The first section, the Simplices, is represented in the Salt-range by four species,
which can be separated into two groups. The first of these is typified by Strept.
pelargonatus, Schloth., and is represented in the Salt-range by Strept. pelargonatus,
Schl., and Strept. lenticularis, W. The second group comprises only forms that are
restricted to the Salt-range. It will be called group of Strept. capuloides, W., and
will contain the species Strept. capuloides, W., and Strept. operculatus, W.
The second section, the Plicati, is represented in the Salt-range by three species,
which can again be brought into two groups, the first of which will have to bear
the name of a group of Strept. hallianus, Derb., with only oae species, Strept,
deltoidens, W., and the second group will be called the " group of Strept. pectinu
formis, Dav.," with two species, Strept. pectiniformis, Dav., and Strept. distortus,
W.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BKACHIOPODA. 579
We have thus arrived at the following grouping of the species : —
I. — Section Simplices.
a. — Group of Steept. pelaegonatus, Schloth.
1. — Strept. pelargonatus, Schl.
2. — „ leniicularis , W.
b. — Group of Steept. capuloides, W.
3. — Strept. capuloides, W.
4. — „ operculalus, W.
II. — Section Plicati.
c. —Group of Steept. hal£ianus, Derby.
5. — Strept. deltoidens, W.
d. — Group of Steept. pectinifoemis, Dav.
6. — Strept. pectiniformis, Dav.
7. — „ distoftus, W.
The genus seems in Europe to be restricted to the permian period, though
perhaps some forms that occur in the mountain-limestone might also belong
to it.
In the Salt-range the different species are distributed through the whole mass
of the Productus-limestone, from the lowest to the topmost beds. The first section,
the Simplices, is restricted to the lower and middle divisions, whilst the second
section, the Plicati, chiefly occurs in the upper division.
Of all the seven species occurring in the Salt-range only one is identical with a
European species ; this is, Strept. pelargonatus, the well-known typical permian
form. It is the typical form that occurs in the Salt-range, and not the one that
has been called by Moller Strept. pelargonatus, and which belongs to the genus
Derbyia. The occurrence of this form in India is of importance, as it again aug-
ments by one the number of permian species that are represented in the Salt-range.
I.— Section : SIMPLICES.
a.— Group of STBEPTORHYNCHUS PELARGONATUS, Schloth.
1. Streptorhynchus pelargonatus, Schloth. sp.; PI. L, figs. 3, 4, 5, 7.
1816. Terebratulites pelargonatus, Schlotheini : Denkschr. d. K. Acad. d. W. in Miinchen, Vol. VI, p. 28,
PI. VIII, figs. 21—24.
1837. Orthis laspii, Buch. . Uber Delthyris, p. 62-
1848. Orthis pelargonata (Schl.), Geinitz: Deutsch. Zechst., p. 13, PI. 5, figs. 11 — 15.
1850. Streptorhynchus pelargonatus (Schloth., sp.), King : Monogr. Perm. Foss., 108, PI. X, figs. 18—28.
1858. Streptorhynchus pelargonatus (Schloth. sp.), Davidson : Monogr. Brit. Perm. Brach., p. 32, PI. II
figs. 32—42.
1861. Orthis pelargonata (Schloth. sp.), Geinitz: Dyas, Vol. I, p. 92, PI. XVI, figs. 26—34.
1871 . Orthis pelargonata (Schloth.), Quenstedt. ; Petref. Deutschl., Brachiop., p. 548, PI. 55, figs. 51 56.
1880. Streptorhynchus pelargonatus (Schloth. sp.), Davidson : Suppl. Brit. Perm. Brach., p. 243, PI. XXX
fiff.3.
580 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The most instructive figures of this well-known species have been published by
Geinitz and Davidson, and with these figures the Indian specimens agree in every
detail.
This species never attains any considerable dimensions ; and this is not caused,
as might be supposed, by the supposition that it always forms part of a generally
dwarfed fauna, for also in India it occurs always in small specimens, though it has
lived there associated with truly gigantic shells, such as Derbyia grandis, which
will be described later on in this work.
The general outline is extremely variable, and it is barely possible to give any
positive general description of it. The ventral valve bears always a very large area,
in consequence of which this valve is considerably larger than the dorsal one. The
latter has always a slight median impression. The hinge-line is always shorter
than the greatest breadth of the shell.
The ventral valve is generally longer than it is wide ; only rarely is the contrary
the case. The beak is not much pointed and barely at all bent over, but is twisted
in various directions. The area is very large, vertical or somewhat reclining, pro-
vided in the middle with a not very broad vaulted pseudodeltidium. The depth and
curvature of the valve are again very variable, but generally the ventral valve is
deeper than the dorsal one. Sometimes the ventral valve bears an obtuse longitu-
dinal median carination, sometimes not ; but the frontal line always bends down
to the ventral side, the ventral valve being indented by the dorsal one.
The dorsal valve is always considerably broader than it is long. It is always
somewhat flattened, its curvature being never very considerable ; it is, however,
more strongly bent in the longitudinal than in the transverse direction. In the
middle of this valve there is always a more or less strongly developed median im-
pression which causes the front-line to descend considerably towards the ventral
side. The area of this valve is mostly linear, and the apex but very little pro-
minent.
Of the internal characters of this species nothing can be stated from the Indian
specimens except the absence of a median septum in the ventral valve.
Both valves are covered by a fine radial striation, which augments towards the
margins of the valves by intercalation of new ribs. This radial striation is crossed
by strong imbricating striae of growth.
The measurements of two specimens from Katta are as follow : —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell 20 mm. 15 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve ....... 13 „ 11 „
Entire hreadth of the valve 13'5 „ 13 „
Length of the hinge-line ....... 11 „ 9 „
Thickness of both valves . . . . . . 12 „ 8 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve ..... 65° 75°
Locality and geological position. — This species is not very rare in certain beds at
certain localities of the Salt-range, The greatest number (3 specimens) I collected
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 581
at Katta in the lowest beds of the compact limestones forming the middle divi-
sion of the Productus -limestone (bed No. 12 of my note-book) within a few
minutes during a rapid visit to the locality. Another specimen I found at Amb
in the coaly sandstones forming the lowest fossiliferous beds of the Productus-lime-
stone above the lavender-clays.
Remarks. — There cannot, it seems, be the slightest doubt that the Indian spe-
cimens represent the typical form, which was called originally by Schlotheim Tere-
bratulites pelargonatus, and which is so very characteristic of the Zechstein and
the magnesian-limestone of Europe. It needs only a comparison of the drawings
published by Geinitz, chiefly the specimens represented in figs. 26 and 31 of PI.
XVI. of his work, to make the identity of those forms with the ones drawn on
our PL L immediately apparent.
Something quite different from the Indian shells are, however, those fossils
which have been called by Moller Strept. pelargonatus, and which were originally
described by Abich under the names of Strept. perigrinus and Strept. crenistria,
from permian beds of Armenia. We shall see later on that these form part of the
genus Iterbyia.
The occurrence of the typical form of Strept. pelargonatus in the Salt-range
is of the greatest geological importance, as this form augments again by one the
already considerable number of permian species occurring there.
2. Stkbptobhtnchus lenticttlabjs, Waagen, n. sp, ; PL L, fig. 8.
This is also a small species, which is characterised by its transversely oval out-
line, its small strongly reclining area in the ventral valve, and the general lenticular
shape of the whole shell.
The ventral valve is flat, conical, not much vaulted in any direction. The
curvature is, however, not quite regular ; it is very slight in the longitudinal direc-
tion, and much stronger transversely, a barely perceptible broad obtuse ridge ex-
tending from the apex to the front, on both sides of which the valve is somewhat
flattened. The apex is well pointed, prominent but not at all bent over ; the area
comparatively not very large, flat and rather strongly reclining, in the middle
interrupted by a narrow convex pseudodeltidium. The hinge-line is very short.
The dorsal valve is considerably shorter than the ventral one. It is tolerably
strongly inflated in the apical region, but otherwise it is rather flat. Its curvature
is stronger iu the longitudinal than in the transverse direction. The apex is slightly
prominent and well bent over, the area only linear. Prom the apex down to the
front there extends a broad but rather flat median sinus, which causes the front-
line to descend in the direction of the ventral valve, and thus the dorsal valve in-
dents the ventral one.
Both valves are covered by a fine but sharp radial striation which augments
towards the margins of the valves by intercalation of new ribs. Besides this stria-
tion there are strong imbricating striae of growth.
582 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The internal characters of this species are not known to me.
The measurements of the only existing specimen are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell ......... 20 'mm.
Length of the dorsal valve ......... 18 „
Entire breadth of the shell ......... 21"5 „
Length of the hinge-line ......... 12 „
Entire thickness of the shell 12 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve .98°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species that has
been detected up to the present was found hy myself at Katta, in the lowest heds
of the compact limestones that form the middle division of the Productus-limestone
(bed No. 12 of my note-hook).
Remarks. — This species is very nearly related to Strept. pelargonatus with which
it occurs in the same bed, and many authors would probably not have separated
it from that species. I think, however, that the much more regular general con-
figuration of the whole shell, the smaller and more strongly reclining area and the
marked lenticular shape, may serve for a specific distinction. So much is certain,
that the form here under consideration does not present the features of the typical
Strept. pelargonatus, and already for this reason it seems desirable not to mix up
this form with the typical one.
The species here under consideration seems to be much rarer than the typical
Strept. pelargonatus.
b.— Group of STREPTORHYNCHTJS CAFTTLOIDES, W.
3. Streptorhynchus CAPULOIDES, Waagen, n. sp. ; PI. L, fig. 9.
Shell small, nearly globular, with strongly inflated valves, the ventral valve
being slightly shorter than the dorsal one. The hinge-line shorter than the greatest
breadth of the shell.
The ventral valve is depressed, conical, patelliform, the area being so large and
so strongly reclining that the apex is shifted towards the centre of the valve. The
curvature is very strong in the transverse direction, but barely perceptible longitu-
dinally. The apex is pointed and not at all bent over ; the area entirely flat, form-
ing an equilateral triangle. In the middle of it extends a very narrow, vaulted
pseudodeltidium, which bears a slight longitudinal impression on the top. The
whole valve is regularly vaulted without any crest or median fold, though the
front-line is slightly indented. Only along the crests that mark off the area there
extend slight impressions from the apex to the terminations of the hinge-line, so that
this line at both ends projects in little wings.
The dorsal valve is slightly larger than the ventral one. It is strongly inflated,
chiefly in the apical region, but its curve is rather equal in both directions.
The apex is not prominent, but strongly bent over. There exists a very narrow
but distinct area in this valve, which is not quite one millimeter broad, and
. PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BBACHIQPODA. 583
extends all along the hinge-line. In the middle it seems to be interrupted for the
passage of the cardinal process. About half way from the apex there commences
a broad but very shallow median sinus, which extends down to the front and
slightly indents the ventral valve. Both ends of the hinge-line are slightly pro-
minent, forming small indistinct wings.
Both valves are covered by a fine radial striation, but the concentric striae of
growth are not conspicuous.
Of the internal characters of this species nothing is known to me, except that a
ventral median septum is absent.
The measurements of the only existing specimen are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell ......... 16'5 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve . . . . . . . . 15 „
Entire hreadth of the shell ...... , 18 „
Length of the hinge-line . . . . . . . . . 11 „
Entire thickness of the shell ..... . . 14 „
Height of the area in the ventral valve ...... 9 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve ....... 70°
Locality and geological position. — There is only a single specimen of this species
known up to the present. It was collected by myself at Nursing-Pohar in black
coaly calcareous beds, at the base of the limestones forming the middle division of
the Productus-limestone, together with Dielasma itaitubense, Derb., &e.
Remarks. — The general configuration of this species is very peculiar, and not
at all similar to that of other species of Streptorhynchus, and I was for a long time
inclined to consider it as belonging to the genus Orthisina. There is, however, not
a trace of a foramen to be detected in the ventral valve, and the species also shows
a certain typical similarity to Strept. pelargonatus as well as to the species
which will be described next ; and from these indications I have decided to place
the species in the genus Streptorhynchus, though the internal characters of it are
not known.
Prom Strept. pelargonatus the species is easily distinguishable by its inflated
valves and by the shortness of the ventral one, caused by the large and extremely
reclining flat area.
Of other species none can be compared more particularly to the present one.
4. Stkeptorhynchus operctjlattjs, Waagen, n. sp. ; PI. L, fig. 6.
This is again a very small species, of a semi-conical general form, the ventral
valve being pyramidal or conical, and the dorsal valve resting on the other like an
operculum. Prom this configuration, the shell assumes very much the appear-
ance of a small Gaprina, the similarity being augmented by the fine radial striation
with which both valves are covered.
584
SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
The ventral valve, as has been already stated, is elevated conical, with one ver-
tical and one sloping side. The vertical side is occupied by the large area. The apex
of this valve is not quite complete in the specimen that serves for description ; it
seems to have been not pointed but rather rounded, and not at all bent over.
The area is very high, just as high as it is wide, forming an isosceles triangle, of
which the hinge-line represents the short side ; it is flat and concave and bears in
the middle a narrow vaulted pseudodeltidium, which extends from the apex to the
hinge- line. Except the area, the valve is very regularly rounded, and bears neither
a median fold nor a median sinus. The front-line is nearly straight, only very
lightly indenting this valve.
The dorsal valve is strongly inflated, chiefly in the apical region. Its curve is
equally strong in both directions, but longitudinally the bend is stronger in the
apical than in the frontal region. The hinge-line is very short, the area not quite
linear, though very narrow. The apex is strongly bent over, but not prominent.
There is only a slight trace of a median sinus observable ; it commences at a short
distance from the apex, and extends down to the front.
The surfaces of both valves are covered by a radial striation which is finer than
in other species of Streptorhynchus. It is very similar to that occurring in many
species of Orthis, but this apparent fineness of the striation may be partly due to
the mode of preservation of this species, the surface of both valves being much
corroded and otherwise obliterated by weathering.
The internal structure of this species is not known to me. The only point I
could ascertain with certainty was the absence of a median septum in the ventral
valve.
The measurements of the only existing specimen are as follow : —
Length of the dorsal valve
„ „ „ ventral „
Entire breadth of the shell
Length of the hinge-line .
Entire thickness of the shell
Height of the area of the ventral valve
Apical angle of the ventral valve
15 mm.
15-5 „
15-5 „
8'5 „
16
8-5 „
70°
Locality and geological position. —The only specimen that has been detected
up to the present was found by Dr. Oldham in the Bazarwan, in the middle
Productus-limestone .
Remarks. — This species is so peculiar in its general configuration that it can-
not easily be mistaken for any other forms. It is related to a certain extent, to the
species described before, but it is more extreme in its development in every respect.
The ventral valve is still more elevated, and the dorsal median sinus is almost
entirely absent. These peculiarities seem to be sufficient to distinguish between
the two species ; both might, however, be in developmental connection.
Of other forms none needs to be more particularly compared.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA.
585
II.— Section: PLICATI.
c— Group of STBEPTOBRYNGUVS HALL1ANTJS, Derby.
5. Streptorhtnchtjs deltoidens, Waagen, n. sp.
The materials upon, which, this species is to be founded are rather scanty, only
ventral valves in tolerably complete condition being known to me ; but the outline
of these valves is so peculiar that by them alone most decidedly a separate species
is indicated.
b 1
w4
\
Fig. 15. STSEPTOEHTNCHtrs DELTOIDENS, Waagen, n. sp. Fig. 1, ventral valve of a specimen from the middle
Productus-limestone of Khura; la, ventral view; lb, lateral view, both natural size. Figure 2, area and dental ridges
of a specimen from the middle Productus-limestone of Khund. Figure 3, ventral view of a partial internal cast from
the same bed and locality as the preceding ; a, shelly mass filling up the apex of the valve ; b, muscular impressions on
the cast.
The general outline is elOngately triangular, much longer than it is broad, with
a nearly quite flat ventral and a strongly inflated dorsal valve. Both valves are
plicated, but only near the margins. The species is of a middle size.
The ventral valve is nearly quite flat, and in the longitudinal, as well as in the
transverse direction, its bend is very small. In the latter direction, however, it
is somewhat more considerable than longitudinally, and the lateral parts especially
bend rather abruptly down and even inwards to the hinge-line and the lateral shell-
margins. The apex of the valve is very strongly prominent, pointed and not at all
bent, quite straight, sometimes slightly twisted to one or the other side. The area
is large, very high, but not so very broad, somewhat reclining and interrupted in
the middle by a large, vaulted pseudodeltidium. The hinge-line is extremely short.
There is no median fold or sinus to be observed in this valve, and the front-line is,
excepting the undulations caused by the radial folds, quite straight. The radial
folds are very irregular, highest at the margin of the valve, and commencing about
half way from the apex. Their number is also very variable.
The interior characters of this valve are well preserved and can be most dis-
tinctly made out. They are very similar to those occurring in Strept. hallianus
as they have been figured by Derby. The short hinge-line is interrupted on both
sides of the pseudodeltidium by very strong and prominent hinge- teetb, which are
586 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
continued inside the area as prominent ridges up to the apex of the valve. A
median septum is altogether absent. The large muscular impressions begin with
their upper margins at the same distance from the apex as the termination of the
area. The adductor or occlusor impressions are small elongated narrow scars
situated in the middle at the upper end of the excavated space. The divaricator
impressions, on the contrary, are large and fan-shaped, separated from each other
by a slightly raised line and occupying nearly the whole excavated space.
The substance of the shell is for the most part extremely thickened in the apical
region in this species, so that often the whole apex down, to the hinge-line consists
of one compact shelly piece.
The dorsal valve is very imperfectly known to me, as the only specimen in
which the dorsal valve is preserved is so firmly impacted in the rock that it is im-
possible to expose it. Only in making a section through this specimen I learnt
that the dorsal valve was strongly inflated and that it possessed a very strong cardinal
process.
In one specimen from Khura it is possible to take some of the measurements ;
they are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell .......... 52 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve, about . . . . . . . . 43 „
Entire breadth of the shell . . . . . . . . . 39 „
length of the hinge-line, about . . . . . . . . . 17 „
Entire thickness of the shell . . . . . . . . . 25 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve ......... 72°
The apical angle of other specimens is larger, up to 92°.
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether seven specimens of this
species known to me, which are all, however, in rather a fragmentary condition.
Six of them were collected by Mr. Wynne at Khund, with silicified shell in a
yellowish saccharoid limestone, forming beyond doubt part of the lower region of
the middle Productus-limestone. All these specimens are ventral valves only. The
seventh specimen I found myself at Khura in a white saccharoid limestone low
down in the lower region of the middle Productus-limestone. This specimen is
entire, but the dorsal valve is entirely covered by the firmly adhering very hard
rock, and could not be cleaned.
Remarks. — The general outline of this species is very peculiar, and thus the
species can well be recognised and will not easily be mistaken for any other form.
The only species with which it can be more particularly compared is Streptorhynchus
hallianus, Derby, from the coal-measures of Itaituba in Brazil. Both forms are
identical, in the large valve being flat and the small one strongly inflated, in the
rudimentary radial plication, and in the arrangement of the muscular impressions in
the ventral valve ; and thus there can at least be no doubt that they compose one
group of very closely related forms. The two species can, however, easily be dis-
tinguished by the strangely triangular shape of the Indian shell, which is not to
be found in the American species.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 587
Of Indian species only Strept. pectiniformis, Dav., which will be described next,
can be compared with the shell here under consideration. Davidson's species is,
however, distinct, by the much more strongly inflated ventral valve, by the more
strongly plicated shell leaving a distinct sinus in the dorsal valve, and by its much
thinner shell-substance.
It might be possible that Strept. deltoidens is the ancestor of Strept. pectini-
formis, but I am not sure on the point, and it appears to me that there exists a
more close affinity between Strept. hallianus and Strept. deltoidens than between
the latter species and Strept. pectiniformis, and according to this opinion I have
also grouped the species.
d.— Group of STBBPTOBSTNCEUS PEQTINIFOBMIS, Dav.
6. Streptorhynchtjs pectiniformis, Davidson ; PI. LV, figs. 4 — 11.
1862. Streptorhynchu pectiniformis, Davidson : Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, Lond., Vol. XVIII, p. 30, PL I, fig. 17.
1863. Streptorhynchus pectiniformis (Dav.), Koninck : Fossiles paleoz. de l'Inde, p. 37, PI. X, fig. 17.
The species is of a medium size, with inflated valves, a little longer than it is
wide, and with many irregular radial folds, which commence only at a certain but
very variable distance from the apex. The dorsal valve bears always a more or less
strongly excavated median sinus.
The ventral valve is strongly inflated, showing an about equal curving in the
longitudinal as in the transverse direction. Of median fold not a trace can be
observed. The apex is strongly pointed, but always twisted to one or the other side.
It is only slightly bent over. The area is large, always considerably broader than
it is high, slightly concave, and interrupted in the middle by a narrow convex
pseudodeltidium. The hinge-line is straight and comparatively long, projecting
considerably but irregularly on both sides, by which are produced small wings
projecting on both extremities of the hinge-line and marked off from the remainder
of the shell by a furrow, which extends from the apex down to the end of the
hinge-line. The valve is covered with a coarse radial striation only for a length of
15 or 20 millimeters from the apex ; coarse plications then begin to appear, which
are at first very irregular, and only lower down become more and more regular and
equal. The radial striation extends also on these plications, but is very unequal on
different specimens. The striation mostly converges irregularly towards the top of
the plications, as has been described by Meek in Meekella striatocostata, Cox. In
other specimens, on the contrary, the striation remains approximately parallel, and
only occasionally a convergence at the top of the plications can be observed. The
number of plications is very irregular, but in full-grown, well-developed specimens
mostly between nine and fifteen folds are present. Young specimens have often
much less. The front-line is regularly rounded, slighly depressed in the middle. It
presents a zig-zag line from the radial plications.
F
588 SALT-KANGE FOSSILS.
The dorsal valve is slightly more strongly inflated than the ventral one. Its
curve is very regular in both directions, and it is not more strongly inflated in the
apical region than elsewhere. A median sinus is always present, hut very differently
developed in different specimens. It is always very distinctly present in young speci-
mens, beginning very near the apex, but mostly rather narrow. In adult specimens
it becomes sometimes deeper and more strongly developed, but sometimes also it
becomes less distinct and disappears almost entirely. The consequence is that the
front-line in some specimens is strongly depressed in the middle, whilst in others it
is nearly straight. The apex of the dorsal valve is pointed but not prominent, lying
in one plane with the linear area which extends along the hinge-line. On both sides
of the apex distinct wings are developed which give to this valve very strikingly the
appearance of a pectenoid shell. The radial striation in this valve is just like that
of the other one. On the wings the striation runs parallel to the hinge-line.
Both valves are provided with very strongly imbricating striae of growth, form-
ing very neat zig-zpg lines, and below which the radial striation appears in diverging
directions, so as to converge again towards the top of the radial plications. This
gives the shell-margin a fringed appearance, as the imbricating striae of growth are
chiefly heaped together near the margin in both valves.
The internal characters of this species could be very accurately ascertained,
with the exception of the muscular impressions, which are extremely faint in all the
specimens I have for description.
In the ventral valve there are on both sides of the vaulted pseudodeltidium
strong, pointed, prominent teeth, which are continued inside the area as prominent,
but not very strongly projecting, ridges along the pseudodeltidium up to the apex
of the valve. There is not a trace of any septa observable. The muscular impres-
sions, as far as they can be made out, seem to be very similar to those that I have
been able to describe in Strept. deltoidens, but they are not at all excavated in the
present species.
The dorsal valve is provided with a strong cardinal process which projects at
about right angles from the plane of the valve. Seen from the dorsal side, — that is,
from the outer side of the isolated valve, — this process is slightly bent over the
apex of the valve, and bears here in the middle an incision, as if it were pierced
by a visceral foramen, which is, however, not the case. Erom this incision extends
a deep groove all along the posterior or dorsal face of the process down to the
extremity, which it divides into two by a deep notch. On the sides of tnc
notch two deeply hollowed out elevated ridges extend^ so that the extremity of the
process is provided with four very acute points, and thus often appears exactly like
the extremity of the cardinal process of Strept. pelargonatus as figured by Davidson,
PI. II, fig. 39 of the British Permian Brachiopoda.
Laterally there are joined to this median part of the cardinal process two broad
wing-shaped shelly plates, which must be considered as continuations of the socket-
plates. The dental sockets themselves are small and marked off by a prominent
P&ODUCTU S-LIMESTONE.— BBACHIOPODA. 589
ridge, which, extends from near the apex of the valve to the extremity of the wing-
shaped plates. These latter are on their lower side again supported by shelly
lamellae, which extend down to the bottom of the valve and form two short diverg-
ing septa. On its lower or ventral side the whole process' is entirely smooth.
The muscular impressions in the dorsal valve are also very indistinct. They
seem to be large, and separated from each other in the middle by a rather broad
smooth space.
The measurements of two specimens, No. I from the Cephalopoda-bed of Jabi,
representing the average size of the species, and No. II from the middle Productus-
limestone of Swas, a rather small specimen, are as follow : —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell .33 mm. 28'5 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve . . . . . . . 26 „ 19 „
Entire breadth of the shell 32 „ 22
Length of the hinge-line . . . . . . . 19 „ 11"5 „
Entire thickness of both valves . . . . . . 21 „ 14 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve without the wings . . . 80° 74°
„ „ „ dorsal valve „ „ ... 114° 112°
Sometimes, though rarely, the species grows very much larger. The largest
specimen known to me I have figured in PL LV; fig. 6 ; it measures 55 mm. in
length.
Locality and geological position. — This is a rather common species in the upper
division of the Productus-limestone ; it is much rarer in the middle division of the
same formation. In the lower division it has not yet been detected.
Most common is the species in the Cephalopoda-bed of the upper Productus-
limestone. It has been collected in this bed by me at Jabi (15 specimens) and at
Chidru (11 specimens). In other beds of the upper division the species has been
found at Chidru (8 sp.) by Dr. Oldham and Mr. Wynne, in the mountains east of
Katwahi (2 sp.) by myself, in the section near Khura (2 sp.) also by myself, and at
Khund Ghat (3 sp.) by Mr. Wynne.
In the middle division (upper and middle region) of the Productus-limestone
the species has been detected at Vurcha (3 sp.) by Mr. Wynne, at Khyrabad (1 sp.)
by myself, at Khund (1 sp.) by Mr. Wynne, and at Swas (1 sp.) by Dr. Oldham.
Trans-Indus the species has been found in these beds at Kafirkot (2 sp.) by myself,
and at Kalabagh (2 sp.) by Mr. Wynne.
Remarks. — Prom all the species that occur in India this one is easily distin-
guishable by the strong radial plication it possesses. It is otherwise, however, with
respect to Meekella striatooostata, Cox, which bears a strong superficial resemblance
to the Indian shell. I have remarked already in the description of the genus
Streptorhynchus that in one specimen of Meekella striatocostata I had for compari-
son I could not detect the dental plates developed in the form of large septa charac-
teristic of genus Meekella. Thus it seems probable that also in America species of
Streptorhynchus occur that are radially plicated and bear in general a very great
590 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
resemblance to the Indian Strept. pectiniformis, whilst they are at the same time
generically distinct from Meekella striatocostata. Nevertheless I should not be
prepared to admit a specific identity of these American specimens with the Indian
shells, on account of the much finer radial striation and the general absence of a
sinus in the dorsal valve.
Of other species Meeleella garnieri, Bayan, from carboniferous beds of China
ought to be compared. Of this species, however, it is not known whether it is really
a Meekella or not, and it appears not improbable that it is a simple Strept. pectini-
formis. On the whole a certain resemblance to Strept. pectiniformis certainly exists,
but the only specimen upon which the species has been founded is so badly pre-
served that it appears impossible to arrive at a positive opinion as to the identity or
the difference of the Indian and Chinese forms. If the identity could be proved it
would be of interest, as showing with some probability that beds of the age of the
Salt-range Productus-limestone exist also in China : Strept. pectiniformis being one
of the most characteristic species of all the fauna of the Productus-limestone.
In the external form also Meekella eximia, Eichw., shows a great resemblance
to the Indian Streptorhynchus pectiniformis, but not only does Verneuil figure two
very strong septa in the ventral valve, but also Trautschold mentions the existence
of them, and thus there remains no doubt that the Russian species belongs to the
genus Meekella and not to Streptorhynchus.
7. Streptorhynchus distorttjs, Waagen, n. sp. ; PL LV, figs. 12-13.
This is a rather small species, about of the size of Strept. pelargonatus, and also
otherwise not dissimilar to that shell. Both valves are very much contorted, and
thus the general outline is very irregular. Badial plications are present, but they
are irregular and not very distinct.
The ventral valve is rather strongly inflated, but of such an irregular curve
that it is impossible to give any particulars about it. The apex is pointed, inflated,
prominent, and very strongly bent over. The area is very large, concave, and striated,
parallel to the hinge-line, as well as vertically. The pseudodeltidium is very narrow,
vaulted, and very much shifted to one side, extending from the apex to where the
apex of the other valve is situated. The hinge-line is comparatively long, being
not much shorter than the greatest breadth of the shell. It terminates on both
sides in little wings, very much as occurs in the preceding speeies. The radial
plications begin at a short distance from the apex, are very irregular, and about
seven to nine in number. They do not run parallel to the radial striation, but
are crossed by it in the most various manner. The front-line forms an irregular
zig-zag, and is slightly depressed in the middle.
The dorsal valve is somewhat flatter and less inflated than the ventral one,
but its curve is also very irregular. It bears a slight sinus or impression in the
middle. The apex is not prominent, not inflated, and often shifted to one side. On
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA.
591
both sides of the apex little wings are developed, from which the valve acquires
a more or less pectenoid or aviculoid appearance. The hinge-line is straight ; there
is no area. The radial plications begin at a short distance from the apex. They are
about eight to ten in number, very irregular, and not very prominent. In this
valve also they are not parallel to the radial striation.
The radial striation is very fine in this species, much finer than in StreptorJiyn-
chits pectiniformis.
The internal characters of this species are very insufficiently known to me,
only so much is certain that there are no septa in the ventral valve.
The dimensions of a full grown specimen from Virgal are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell .......
. 18
mm
Length of the dorsal valve .......
. 13
Entire breadth of the shell .......
. 15
)>
Length of the hinge-line ..... . . .
. 11
J9
Entire thickness of the shell .......
. 10
Jf
Apical angle of the ventral valve without the wings
. 80°
si 3) •, dsorsal ,, „ „ ,, .
. 115°
Locality and geological position. — There is only one full-grown specimen of
this species preserved in the Salt-range collection. This was found by myself at
Virgal in the topmost bed of the upper Productus-limestone. Several specimens
which are apparently the young of this species were brought by Mr. Wynne from
Bilot, where they occur in a similar geological position as at Virgal.
Semarks. — The present species is in general very similar to Strept. pectini-
formis, Dav., but can be distinguished from that form by the much finer radial stria-
tion, its strongly distorted general shape, large area, and strongly bent-over apex ;
also the radial plication is less distinct, but is developed at a much earlier period
of the shell's growth. It is highly probable that the two species are in a develop-
mental connection.
There is no other species to which Strept. distortus could be more particularly
compared.
Genus: DERBYIA, Waagen, n. gen.
The existence of this genus was recognised by Prof. Hall so far back as 1874,
according to a note contained in Mr. Derby's description of the carboniferous Bra-
chiopoda of Itaituba, but neither Hall nor Derby have given a name to it. Thus
nothing remains for me but to give a name to these forms, which I do by calling
them Derbyia in honour of Mr. Derby, who first drew the attention to the fact that
the shells generally considered as Streptorhynckus exhibited a widely differing
internal structure.
The forms here under consideration can be characterised in the following
manner. The general outward appearance is the same as in the shells belonging
to the genus Streptorhynckus. Internally the dorsal valve bears an extremely large
592 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
and massive bifid cardinal process, laterally united to massive shelly plates, which
form a kind of diverging , septa and partly surround the muscular impressions.
These latter are large and deep, but not separated from each other in the middle
by a septum.
In the ventral valve a very strong median septum extends from the apex to
about half the length of the valve. The hinge-teeth are continued inside the area
as prominent ridges up to the apex, and there unite with the median septum.
Sometimes, however, this union is not restricted to the apical region alone, where
the prominent ridges into which the cardinal teeth are prolonged are changed into
a kind of central plates, united to the septum for their whole extent, thus form-
ing a little trigonal chamber under the vaulted pseudodeltidium.
This existence of a very strong median septum in the ventral valve distin-
guishes the present genus very neatly from Streptorhynchus ; whilst this same cha-
racter as well as the presence of diverging septa in the dorsal valve make it easy
to distinguish the genus here under consideration from Orthothetes, Fisch., which
will be described next.
At the time when Hall drew attention to the peculiarities exhibited by the
forms here under consideration, there were only three species known which pos-
sessed these peculiarities ; they were Strept. crassus, Meek and Heyden, Strept.
robustus, Hall, and Strept. senilis, Phill. To these was added a new species by Derby
under the name of Strept. correanus, Derb. But these four species already re-
present two different types, marking two different sections within the genus. One
section is typified by Derb. senilis and the other old species, which all three have
the cardinal teeth free and united to the septum only at the apex \ the other section
is typified by Derb. correana, in which species the cardinal teeth are supported by
short dental plates which are for the whole extent united to the median septum
forming a small triangular chamber under the pseudodeltidium.
The latter section I shall call the " Cam er at I," whilst the others I shall call
the " Septati." The Gamerati are not represented in the Salt-range, though they
are not restricted to the single South- American species Strept. correanus, Derb.,
but have also very interesting representatives in the permian beds of Armenia,
the Derby ia eusarlcos, Abich. {Strept. crenistria var. eusarkos and var. incurvus,
Abich. : Bergkalk v. Djulfa, p. 73), and Derbyia peregrina, Abich. Both these spe-
cies have, for reasons which I cannot quite conceive, been united by Prof. Val. v.
Moller to Strept. pelargonatus, Schloth., though Mr. Abich in the description very
distinctly mentions the ventral septum and the dental plates. These features alone
indicate already the great difference that exists between these Armenian forms and
Streptorhynchus pelargonatus, not to speak of the enormous size and the radial
plications of the Armenian species.
The second section, the Septati, is largely represented in the Salt-range. The
species belonging to this section can be distributed into three groups. The first is
the group of Derbyia senilis, Phill. That Phillips' Spirifera senilis belongs to
our genus has been stated already by Mr. Derby, who not only observed the exist-
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 593
ence of a large median septum in the ventral valve of European specimens, but
also figures a very large cardinal process with shelly supports, forming diverging
septa. These observations can also be confirmed by myself, and thus there re-
mains no doubt that Phillips' species forms part of the genus Derbyia. It is the
prototype of a group of forms for which a more or less inflated apical region of the
ventral valve is characteristic. The group is represented in the Salt-range by four
species which will bear the respective names of Derbyia grandis, W., Derb. regu-
laris, W., Derb. altestriata, W., and Derb. plicatella, W.
The second group is that of Derbyia crassa, Meek and Worthen. This group
can be recognised by an extremely heavy shell, which chiefly in the ventral valve is
enormously thickened. The typical species has been described by the above-
named author from the coal-measures of the Upper Missouri, but it seems that
species belonging to the same group occur already in somewhat older strata, as in
the Mining Journal of St. Petersburg a shell has been figured by Moller from the
mountain-limestone of the Ural under the name of Streptorhynchus crenistria,
which with some probability might belong to the present group. In the Salt-range
the group is represented only by a single species, which will receive the name of
Derbyia vercherei, W.
The third group is typified by Derbyia robusta of Hall. The group is easily
recognisable by the extremely large, straight and compressed apex of the ventral
valve. In India this group is represented also by a single species, which has been
identified by Davidson directly with Orthis robusta, Hall. To me, however, an
absolute identity between the American and the Indian shells seems not to exist,
and I should be rather inclined to consider the Indian form as a distinct species, for
which I shall introduce the name of Derbyia hemisphcerica, W.
The grouping of the Indian species can thus be made in the following
manner :
Section : Septati.
a. Group of Derbyia senilis, Phill., sp.
1. Derbyia grandis, W.
2. „ regularis, W.
3. „ altestriata, W.
4. ,, plicatella, W.
I. Group of Derbyia crassa, Meek & Worthen.
5. Derbyia vercherei, W.
c. Group of Derbyia robusta, Hall.
6. Derbyia hemispkcerica, W.
As regards the geological distribution of this species, the first, Derbyia grandis
has been found up to the present in the upper and middle divisions of the Produc-
tus-limestone ; Derb. regularis is restricted to the lower and middle divisions
while Derb. altestriata and Derb. plicatella occur exclusively in the upper division
of the same formation. Derb. vercherei is extremely rare and has been found up
594 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
to the present only in the middle division and Derb. hemisphcerica in the upper
division of the Productus-limestone.
A fact that has already occurred three times to our observation, and which
cannot be passed in silence, is that in several groups of the forms more or less
nearly related to Streptorhynchus the geologically younger species attain more or
less distinctly radially plicated valves. This peculiarity we had occasion to observe
in the genus Streptorhynchus itself, where the form occurring with or above Strept.
pelargonatus, viz., Strept. pectiniformis and distortus, are strongly radially plicated.
Quite the same occurs in the genus Meehella, the mountain-iimestone species,
M. oliviericma, Vern., being smooth, while the species from the coal-measures and
the upper carboniferous-limestone, M. striatocostata, Cox, and M. exvmia, Eichw.,
have a strong radial plication. Another instance is the section of the " Camerati,"
within the genus Derby ia, where the geologically oldest species, Derb. correna,
Derb., is not plicated; while the permian forms, Derb. eusarkos, Abich, and Derb.
peregrina, Ab., are more or less distinctly radially plicated. Lastly, in the section
"Septati" of the genus Derby ia a similar peculiarity prevails, though in a much less
degree. The geologically older species like Derb. senilis, Phill., Derb. grandis, W.,
and Derb. regularis, W., are smooth, without a trace of a radial plication ; Derb.
plicatella, on the contrary, which occurs in the Cephalopoda-bed of Jabi, has toler-
ably strong traces of such a plication. It is now in many instances very highly
probable that the plicated forms are the descendants of the smooth ones, but if this
be the case it is at the same time very improbable that a character which occurs in
absolutely the same manner over the whole world should have been caused by
external influences as climate, food, &c; there must have existed within these
organisms an innate law, according to which they were forced to assume with
the progress of time, sometimes sooner, sometimes later, a radially plicated shape
under most widely different external circumstances.
Section: SEPTATI.
a.— Group of DEBBYIA SENILIS, Phill.
1. Dbbbyia keguxakis, Waagen, n. sp. ; PI. LIII, figs. 1, 2, 4.
The general outline of this species is mostly very regularly transversely oval,
with a straight hinge-line, which is always shorter than the greatest breadth of
the shell, and a not very prominent broad apex to the ventral valve.
The ventral valve is generally slightly vaulted ; sometimes, however, it is more
or less flat, and rarely even a little concave. In the specimens with a somewhat
vaulted ventral valve, which are by far the majority, the curve of this valve is very
regular and about equal in both directions. The apex is, however, always more
or less flattened and depressed, never pointed and prominent. The area is largely
triangular, flat, and crossed by numerous imbricating strise of growth disposed
PRODUCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 595
parallel to the hinge-line. In the middle there is a rather large vaulted pseudodel-
tidium, which bears a distinct longitudinal furrow. This furrow is of great im-
portance, as it indicates the existence of a median septum inside the valve. A
trace of this furrow seems visible in Davidson's drawing, PL XXVII, fig. 26, of his
Carboniferous Monograph, representing the area of the original specimen of
Derb. senilis, Phill. The surface of the valve is ornamented with some rounded
concentric waves and numerous little, far separated imbricating striae of growth.
The margins of the valve are everywhere rounded, and even the corners in which
the hinge-line terminates do not much project. The frontal line is nearly quite
staight, only very little depressed in the middle.
The dorsal valve is much more strongly vaulted than the ventral one, and its
curve is very regular and equal in both directions. The hinge-line is comparatively
long and straight, and the valve is somewhat flattened towards both ends of this
line, whereby a kind of flattened wing is formed on each side. There is an area
developed in this valve, but it is very narrow, nearly linear. The apex is well
bent over and not prominent. There is never a median sinus in this valve, though
the front-line is slightly depressed in the middle. This valve also is ornamented
with small numerous far distant imbricating striae of growth ; they are, however,
entirely absent from a large space round the apex which is a very striking character
of this species. Concentric wrinkles or waves as in the other valve are only
rarely developed in this one, and if they are present, they are very indistinct.
The radial striation is very fine in this species, 7 to 8 striae within the space
of 5 millimeters. It is very regular and not interrupted by striae of growth for
a space of about 30 mm. from the apex of each valve, and augments as the shell
increases in size by intercalation of new ribs.
The internal characters of this species are not quite perfectly known to me.
In the ventral valve the median septum seems not to be very strongly developed, and
apparently reaches on the anterior (dorsal) side only to half the length of the
pseudodeltidium. On tbe other side it reaches down much lower and occupies
about a third of the entire length of the valve.
In the dorsal valve the cardinal process is almost completely known to me.
I have worked it out in a specimen from Swas, and only the termination of the
process has been broken in thus preparing it. The process proceeds straight up
from the hinge-line, it being situated in the plane of the valve, an arrangement
which is necessitated by the little inflation of the apex of the ventral valve. Con-
sidered from the dorsal side (PL LIII, fig. 4a) the process consists of two parts,
which are separated from each other by a deep and narrow furrow hemmed in on
both sides by prominent ridges having a furrow at top. The process projects far
above the hinge-line, is rather massive, and terminates in two short rounded
branches. On the ventral face (PL LIII, fig. 46) a strong median septum rises
up, where on the other side the median furrow commences. It bifurcates where
the process divides, and each branch is ornamented with a branch of the septum up
to the top. On both sides of the process the dental grooves are situated (PL LIII,
G
596 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
fig. 4c). The shelly plates forming these grooves are continued into diverging
septa, which descend a good distance into the interior of the valve. Above the
dental groove the septum is drawn out into a shelly lobe which recalls somewhat
the crura of the Mhynchonellidos and might perhaps be the morphological represen-
tative of those organs.
I was not able to make out the muscular impressions of any of the valves.
The measurements of a large specimen from Vurcha are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell .......... 73 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve . . . . . . . . 64 „
Entire breadth of the shell ......... 88 ,.
Length of the hinge-line .......... 66 „
Entire thickness of the shell ......... 36 „
Apical angle of the larger valve ......... 155°
The species seems not to become larger than the specimen of which the
measurements are here given.
Locality and geological position. — This species commences in the lower division
of the Productus-limestone and extends up into the middle division of the same
formation, where it also terminates. In the upper division it is replaced by a
smaller form which will be described next.
In the lower division the species has been collected by myself at Amb in the
coaly sandstones forming there the lowest fossiliferous beds above the lavender-clays
(4sp.).
In the middle division the greatest number were found by Mr. "Wynne, at Vur-
cha, in a shaly bed between the limestones (11 sp.). Another specimen was
collected also by Mr. Wynne at Chidru.
Bemarks. — This species is very nearly related to Derbyia senilis, Phill., as well
as to Derbyia robusta, Hall, and seems to keep about the middle between the two
forms. From the first species the present one seems to differ by the smaller area
and the less strongly inflated ventral valve, as well as by a considerably finer and
more regular radial striation. The slightly raised vertically striated median part of
the area which appears very distinctly in some specimens of Derb. regularis seems to
be absent in Derb. senilis. These differences may be sufficient to distinguish the
two forms. On the whole it is, however, extremely difficult to distinguish the
several species within the genus Derbyia, as the forms are very variable, and seem to
be linked together by more or less numerous transitional shapes. Nevertheless I
think the distinction of species should not be given up altogether, for this reason,
that the typical shapes are always prevalent and often by their occurrence in certain
distinct beds are of great geological importance. As in several of the genera of the
Terebratulidce so in this genus the production of hybrids seems to have occurred
very frequently.
The distinction from Derbyia robusta, Hall, is not difficult if we compare typical
specimens, as in these the ventral valve is more strongly vaulted, and the whole
shell more lenticular in the Indian form. In other specimens, however, the ventral
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BEACHIOPODA. 597
valve becomes more flattened, and then the Indian shell may become very similar to
Derbyia robmta, but also in those specimens a decidedly distinguishing character
consists in the constantly shorter hinge-line of Derbyia regularis. While in Derbyia
robmta the hinge-line is very nearly as long as the greatest breadth of the shell, it
is always very considerably shorter in Derbyia regularis, and thus again the Indian
species seems distinguishable from the American form.
la. Derbyia regularis, W., var. minor.
There occurs in the upper division of the Productus-limestone a species of
Derbyia which is in all respects very similar to Derbyia regularis, except that it
never attains nearly the size of the typical form and exhibits always a concave
ventral valve. I should have distinguished this form as a proper species, but that
also among the typical Derbyia regularis specimens occur having a concave ventral
valve. It is true that this form, which constantly remains smaller and bears a con-
cave ventral valve, is entirely restricted to the upper Productus-limestone, and also
on geological grounds the form might well bear a proper designation, but consider-
ing the general extreme variability of the shells belonging to this genus, it would
not seem quite prudent to create, on the evidence before me, a quite distinct species
of these smaller specimens.
The measurements of two specimens, No. I from Kufri and No. II from
Katw&hi, are as follow : —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell ........ 57 mm. 50 mm.
Height of the area in the ventral valve . . . . . . 11 „ 11 „
Length of the dorsal valve . . . . . . . . 49 „ 48 „
Entire breadth of the shell . . 68 „ 63 „
Length of the hinge-line . . . . . . . . 64 „ 45 „
Entire thickness of both valves . . . . . . . 23 „ 26 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve ....... 133° 141°
Locality and geological position. — The variety is not very rare at certain places
in the upper division of the Productus-limestone. It has been collected by myself
at Kufri (6 sp.) and by Mr. Wynne west of Katwahi (1 sp.) and at Chidru (1 sp.).
2. Derbyia grandis, Waagen, n. sp.; PI. LI, LII, figs. 1 & 3 ; LIII, figs. 3 & 5.
1862. Streptorhynchus crenistria (Phill.), Davidson : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., Vol. XVIII, p. 30.
The general outline of this species is very irregular, more or less semi-circular,
the hinge-line being about as long as the greatest breadth of the shell ; the valves are
not very strongly inflated, and the apex and area tolerably large and prominent.
Both valves are covered by very irregular more or less concentric wrinkles.
The ventral valve is not much vaulted, though it is rather thick and inflated.
In the longitudinal direction it is barely arched at all, while transversely it is rather
strongly curved chiefly towards the lateral margins, and in the middle it appears
often more or less flattened. The apex is promiment but not pointed, sometimes
598 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
slightly bent over, sometimes not at all, always more or less twisted, to one or the
other side. The area is large, triangular, but forming a very irregular triangle, in
which only the hinge-margin forms a straight line. The area is sometimes slightly
concave, sometimes not, and mostly rather strongly reclining. In the middle it is
interrupted by a comparatively very narrow pseudodeltidium, which is slightly vaulted
and bears in the middle a very distinct longitudinal furrow. On both sides of the
pseudodeltidium a slightly raised triangular platform is marked off, which some-
times bears a distinct vertical striation, while on the remainder of the area only
parallel slightly imbricating striae of growth can be observed. The hinge-line is
nearly as long as the greatest breadth of the shell, but does not cause the formation
of distinct wings. The surface of the valve is covered with very irregular concentric
wrinkles or waves, which mostly coincide with rather strongly imbricating striae of
growth. The apex of this valve is often so much deformed that it appears as if the
shell had been fixed to some foreign body during youth. As the apex is more
deformed, so also is the remainder of the valve crumpled in all possible directions.
The dorsal valve is less strongly inflated than the ventral one, yet it is much
more strongly curved in every direction. The apex is slightly prominent, some-
times much vaulted, and sometimes rather flattened, but from the apex down to the
front-line the valve extends always in a rather bold curve. In the transverse direc-.
tion the curve is somewhat less considerable, chiefly towards both ends of the hinge-
line the valve appears considerably flattened and thus indistinct wings are formed, by
which this valve is well characterised. All along the hinge-line a very sharply defined
but very narrow area extends. Though a distinct median sinus from the apex down
to the front cannot be observed, yet there exists a kind of a median depression, which
is sometimes more, sometimes less developed, and though often interrupted by the
concentric wrinkles, it always produces a more or less strong median depression of
the front-line. The concentric wrinkles are as numerous but less strongly prominent
than in the ventral valve.
The radial striation is tolerably fine, sharp, but not prominent. In all speci-
mens it is locally very irregular, the separate striae running into one another, &c.
This is caused by frequent injuries received during lifetime when the animal
mended its shell as best it could. How serious such injuries must have been is
shown in the specimen figured in PL LII, fig. la ; on the left of the specimen is a
large space where the shell had been broken and is now in the first stage of repair.
It is remarkable that the specimens belonging to this particular species are subject
to such frequent injuries ; it must have been a favourite food of some large fish.
The internal characters of this species are not entirely known to me, as the
muscular impressions of the dorsal valve could not be made out.
The internal characters of the ventral valve can be seen as well on the partial
oast figured, PI. LI, as on the internal cast of a small specimen that is represented
in PL LIII, fig. 3. The hinge-teeth are situated on both sides of the pseudodelti-
dium, and are continued inside the area as prominent ridges up to the apex of the
valve. Between these ridges a thin median septum extends, which is, however, not
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 599
sufficiently high to reach the lower margin of the pseudodeltidium and thus to fill
the whole cavity of the heak. On the hottom of the valve this median septum
reaches down for about one-third or somewhat more of the entire length of the
valve. It then divides in two branches, which encircle the muscular impressions
and terminate before they reach the apex of the valve. The muscular impressions
themselves are large and multilobed. These large scars are evidently the impres-
sions of the divaricators, whilst the adductors apparently have left long narrow
impressions on both sides at the base of the septum.
In the dorsal valve the most conspicuous feature is the enormous cardinal
process, which I had occasion to observe in several specimens. I have figured a
tolerably complete specimen, PI. LIII, fig. 5, from which it appears at a glance that
this process is much more massive in the present species than in the preceding one-
It does not rise straight up from the apex of the valve, but projects under a more
or less obtuse angle from it, and is at the same time considerably curved, the
convex side of the curve being on the ventral, the concave on the dorsal side of the
process. The ventral side of the process is entirely smooth, and does not bear a
prominent septum-like ridge as in the preceding species. On the dorsal side the
process bears in the middle a very deep and rather broad furrow, which towards
the end of ths process divides it into two thick short prongs. On both sides of this
median furrow ridges extend up to the end of the prongs, which are broadly fur-
rowed on the top. Laterally the cardinal process is united to the socket-plates.
The dental sockets are large and roundish, marked off by a spur which projects
from the hinge-line. The socket plates are continued towards the interior of the
shell as thick diverging septa. At the place where the socket-plates unite with the
cardinal process a broad wing-shaped shelly projection is formed which is probably
the morphological representative of the crura of Bhynchonellidce. The similarity
is augmented by a prominent ridge, which originates not far from the apex, runs
along above the dental sockets, and terminates with a gentle inward curve at the
extremity of the shelly projections just described — a position which exactly corre-
sponds to the position of the crura of a Rhynchonella. The exact form of the mus-
cular impressions of this valve is not known to me.
The measurements of two specimens, No. I from Kafirkot, and No. II from
Musakheyl, are as follow : —
I. n.
Entire length of the shell 116 mm. 86 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve ..... 96 „ 72 „
Entire breadth of the shell 119 „ 96 „
Length of the hinge-line ..... 102 „ 86 „
Thickness of both valves 49 39 „
Apical angle of the larger valve .... 143° ? 136"
The specimen No. I is the largest that has been observed by me.
Locality and geological position. — This species occurs throughout the middle
and upper divisions of the Productus-limestone, but in the upper division it becomes
generally not quite so large as in the middle one.
600 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
In the middle Productus-limestone the species has been found by myself at
Chidru (2 sp.), in the mountains east of Katwahi (1 sp.), and at Kafirkot (1 sp.).
Mr. Wynne brought the species from the Bazarwan (1 sp.), from north of Katwahi
(1 sp.), from Morah (1 sp.), from the Chittawan (1 sp.), from Khyrabdd (1 sp.),
and from north of Kafirkot. An excellent specimen has been contributed by Dr.
Warth from Musakheyl.
In the upper Productus-limestone the species has been obtained by Mr. Wynne
at Khund Ghat (8 sp.), and by myself in the section at Kufri (2 sp.), and in the
Cephalopoda-bed at Chidru (1 sp.).
Remarks. — This species is very nearly related to Derbyia senilis, Phill., with
which in fact it has been identified by Mr. Davidson. The distinctive characters
which are sufficient, according to my view, to distinguish the Indian form as a
proper species, consist in a yet greater irregularity of growth, in a less prominent
apex, a by far smaller area and longer hinge-line, and in a very considerably narrower
pseudodeltidium in the Indian shells. Also the size is not nearly reached by
European specimens. These characters might be sufficient for the distinction of
the species, though by some people they may not be thought so ; it cannot, however,
be denied that the Indian shell does not exhibit the typical shape of the specimens
of Derb. senilis occurring in the European mountain-limestone. Thus I think it is
more prudent to give a new name to the Indian form than to quote it under the
name of a species with which it does not entirely agree.
Also Derb. regularis is similar to a certain extent to the present species, but
it can be much more easily distinguished by the more regular shape, the sporadic
occurrence of a concave ventral valve, which never has been observed in Derb.
grandis, and by its finer radial striation.
3. Derbyia altestriata, Waagen, n. gen. et sp.; PI. LII, fig. 2.
This species is of a middle size, with a more or less semi-circular outline and
approximately lenticular shape. The most striking character, however, consists in
the extremely coarse and raised radial striation.
The ventral valve is rather flattened and but very little vaulted in both direc-
tions. The apex is pointed, but very little prominent. The area not very large
and strongly reclining ; it forms a tolerably regular, flat, horizontally striated
triangle, in the middle of which a narrow vaulted pseudodeltidium is situated,
which latter bears on the top an excavated line extending nearly down to the
hinge-margin. The surface of the valve is covered with distant, very prominent
concentric wrinkles which are tolerably regular, and give to this valve a character-
istic appearance. The frontal margin is slightly cut out in the middle.
The dorsal valve is much more strongly inflated and vaulted than the ventral
one ; its curve is, however, about equal in the longitudinal direction as well as in
the transverse one. The apex is slightly prominent, pointed, and strongly bent
over. The area of this valve is narrow but very distinct. On both sides of the
PRODITCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BEACHIOPODA. 601
apex, along the hinge-line, the valve is considerably flattened and spread out, form-
ing indistinct wings. Prom the apex down to the front a shallow and not very
broad but yet quite distinct sinus extends. This valve also bears a concentric sculp-
ture, but in the opposite sense of that of the other valve — that is to say, there is
a depression or furrow in this valve, where there is an elevated wrinkle or wave on
the other one. The concentric imbricating strise of growth are much less conspi-
cuous in this than in other species of Derbyia.
The most characteristic feature is the radial striation. It is coarser and the
single ribs are more highly elevated than in any other species of Derbyia. I have
seen up to the present their height reaching nearly one millimeter. At the same
time the fine scaly concentric striation, which occurs in nearly all the Orthothetince
is very distinct and coarse in this species. The radial strise augment but rarely by
intercalation.
Of the internal structure of this species but very little is known to me, only
the strong median septum of the ventral valve being visible in one of the specimens.
The measurements of the larger of the two existing specimens are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell ......... 38 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve ......... 36 „
Entire breadth of the shell . 46 „
Length of the hinge-line ......... 37 „
Entire thickness of both valves ........ 20 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve ........ 140°
„ „ „ dorsal „ 100°
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether only two specimens of
this species preserved in the Salt-range collection. Both were found by myself
at Jabi in the Cephalopoda- bed of the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks.— This species is more or less nearly related to all the species previ-
ously described. It can, however, be distinguished from all of them by the regular
shape, the strong concentric wrinkles, which are prominent folds on the ventral and
depressions on the dorsal valve, and by the much stronger and higher radial
striation. These same characters are also sufficient to distinguish the present form
from other species which have not been described in this work. Thus it can well
be distinguished from Derb. senilis, Phill,, and others, and so it forms, I consider,
a sufficiently distinct and well-distinguishable species.
4. Derbyia piicatella, Waagen, n. gen. et sp.; PI. LV, fig. 3.
This is a very rare middle-sized species, of an about lenticular shape, with not
very inflated valves, and not very strongly developed radial plication.
The ventral valve is tolerably strongly vaulted, with an about equal curve in
both directions. The apex is rather much inflated, pointed, and strongly bent over.
The area is broad, high and strongly concave, provided with many imbricating striae
of growth parallel to the hinge-line. The pseudodeltidium is large and not quite
distinctly defined. The sculpture of this valve besides the radial striation consists
for the greater part of irregular concentric wrinkles, which often appear as high
concentric folds and are more or less in conuection with strong imbricating striae of
602
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
growth. A short distance from the margins of the valve the concentric sculpture
disappears more or less, and gives way to a radial one, which consists of very
irregular not very high radial plications, giving to the margin of the valve more or
less the form of a zig-zag line. The lateral parts of the shell margin are slightly
depressed, while the median or frontal part is somewhat bent up, without, however,
a distinct median fold being formed on this valve.
The dorsal valve is perhaps a little more strongly vaulted than the ventral one,
and its curve is very regular in both directions. The apex is barely prominent,
pointed, but not at all inflated, rather flattened. It is not bent over. The area is
narrow but very distinct. Towards both ends of the hinge-line the valve is some-
what flattened and spread out, forming a kind of wings. The valve shows a con-
centric sculpturing, consisting of folds and depressions, but it is much less strongly
developed in this than in the other valve. Not far from the margin also in this
valve this sculpturing disappears to be replaced by a radial one. This latter con-
sists of very irregular coarse radial folds, some of which begin earlier, some later,
but which are all most strongly developed at the shell-margin itself. Also their
lateral distance from each other is very irregular. The front-line is depressed,
but without the formation of a distinct median sinus.
The radial striation of both valves is rather fine, and the single striae are also
rather low, just the contrary of what is the case in the preceding species.
Of the internal characters of this species only the very strong median septum
in the ventral valve can be observed. The substance of the shell is very thin.
The measurements of the only existing specimen are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell
Length of the dorsal valve
Entire breadth of the shell
Length of the hinge-line
Entire thickness of both valves
Apical angle of the ventral valve
Locality and geological position
47 mm.
40 „
52 „
38 „
27 „
131°
. — This is a very rare species, and up to the
present only a single specimen of it has been detected. This was found by myself
at Jabi, in the Cephalopoda-bed of the upper Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — It is not difficult to distinguish this species from others of the same
genus. The strongly concave area, the fine radial striation, and the radial folds by
which its margin is ornamented, are characters which in the same combination are
not to be found in any other species.
Of not Indian species none can be more particularly compared to the pre-
sent one.
b.— Group op DBRRYIA CRASS A, Meek and Hayden.
5. Derbyia vercheuei, Waagen, n. gen. et sp.; PI. LIV, fig. 4
As all the species of this group so also the present one is characterised by an
extremely heavy and ponderous shell, of an about trapezoidal outline.
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BBACHIOPODA. 603
The ventral valve, the only one known to me, is nearly quite flat, partly even
slightly impressed, and only the extremely thickened shell-margin is again strongly
bent up. The apex is but little prominent and not pointed, the area small, but
very little reclining. It is quite flat, not in the slightest degree concave or
vaulted. In the middle it is interrupted by a broad but short pseudodeltidium,
which does not entirely fill up the deltidial fissure, but is largely cut out at its lower
extremity, apparently to allow of the passage of a rather large pedicle. The pseudo-
deltidium is but very little vaulted, and bears in the middle a longitudinal impres-
sion, by which circumstance the presence of a median septum inside the valve is
marked. On both sides of the pseudodeltidium a rather large slightly raised trian-
gular platform is marked off, which bears a very distinct vertical striation. Other-
wise the area is only sculptured by distant very strong imbricating striae of
growth, which extend parallel to the hinge -line. Along the hinge-line the enor-
mously thickened shell- substance forms a flattened space, which apparently has
been covered up by an equally thickened hinge-region of the dorsal valve. Near
the hinge-teeth and outside of them, this flattened space bears narrow elongated
grooves, which apparently served for the reception of a kind of hinge-teeth of the
dorsal valve, with which apparently the present species has been provided. The
external surface of the ventral valve is in its sculpture very much like that of other
species of the same genus. It is provided with extremely strongly imbricating
striae of growth, which are nearly absent up to a distance of 35 mm. from the apex,
after which up to 60 mm. some strong ones occur, when the shell-margin suddenly
bends up, and countless scaly striae of growth are heaped together. The front-line
is straight, the hinge-line is much shorter than the greatest breadth of the shell,
and this latter is situated nearer to the front than to the hinge-line.
The radial striation is not very fine nor sharp. It is crossed as in other
species by neat concentric striae, which give a somewhat scaly appearance to the
radial striae.
The internal characters are excellently visible on the specimen at my disposal.
The hinge-teeth are continued inside the area as prominent ridges extending on
both sides along the pseudodeltidium ; but they are not so strongly developed as to
form distinct septa which would extend down to the bottom of the valve and divide
the interior of the beak longitudinally into different parts. The muscular impres-
sions are very deep and very large, occupying half of the entire length of the valve.
They are surrounded by a high undulating shelly crest, which flattens where it
approaches the cardinal region, thus not uniting to the dental ridges. The whole
space of these muscular impressions is divided longitudinally by a very high and
sharp median septum, which commences at the apex and extends down to the end
of the muscular impression. Towards the extremity of the beak, this septum
reaches up from the bottom of the valve to the pseudodeltidium, and is grown to-
gether for a certain extent with it, but lower down the pseudodeltidium becomes
again free. On both sides of this septum one should expect to find the impressions
of the adductors, while the larger part of the whole impression would be due to
604 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
the divaricators. I am, however, quite unable to distinguish the adductor im-
pressions, and I cannot say how the adductors may have been fixed.
The measurements of the only existing specimen are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell ......... 68 mm.
Height of the area ........... 11 „
Length of the median septum ......... 33 „
Entire breadth of the shell 72 „
Length of the hinge-line . . . . , . . . 52 „
Thickness of the valve at lower margin of area . . . . . . 10 „
„ „ „ at the frontal margin . . , . . . 16 „
Apical angle ............ 140°
Locality and geological position.— -The only specimen of this species that is known
to me consists in a quite free ventral valve of enormous thickness which was found by
Dr. Verchere at Bilot (trans-Indus) . The bed from which the specimen came is not
exactly known, but from its mode of preservation it appears very probable that it
came from the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — It cannot be denied that the materials upon which this species
is founded are barely sufficient for the purpose, but on the other hand the form can
be so well and easily distinguished from all the other species of the genus occurring
in the Salt-range, that on this ground alone it may be useful to distinguish it.
At the same time it is of much interest that the Indian shell is so very nearly
related to Derbyia crassa, Meek, and Hayden, of the American coal-measures.
Erom all the Indian species Derbyia vercherei can be distinguished by its
regular outline, flat ventral valve, little prominent beak, and the enormously
thickened shell-substance. By this latter character as well as by the largeness of
the muscular impressions in the ventral valve, the species here under consideration
approaches very closely the Derbyia crassa, from which it can be distinguished
by its much larger size and the much more strongly developed median ventral
septum.
Also in Europe very nearly related forms seem to occur ; at least there has
been figured by Moller a ventral valve from the upper carboniferous-limestone of
the Ural, under the name of Strophomena crenistria, Phill., which is apparently
very like the species I have here described under the name of Derbyia vercherei.
All these seem to constitute one group of forms which is easily distinguish-
able and well characterised by the extreme heaviness and solidity of the shell. *
c— Group op DERBYIA ROBUST A, Hall, sp.
6. Derbyia hemispheric^, Waagen, n. gen. et sp.; PL LIV, figs. 1 — 3.
1862. Streptorhynchus crenistria (Phill.), var. robusta (Hall), Davidson : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Lond., Vol.
XVIII.
1863. Streptorhynchus crenistria, Phill., var. robusta (Hall — Davids.), Koninck : Possiles de l'lnde, pag. 36, PI. X,
fig. 16.
This species is always of a middle size, and never becomes so large as the
preceding one. One valve is quite flat, the other very strongly inflated, and the
PRODUCTUS LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA.
605
beak is very strongly prominent and compressed. The whole shape of the shell is
mostly quite regular.
The ventral valve is quite flat, very rarely slightly concave. Only towards
both ends of the hinge-line the margins of the valve are slightly bent up. The
hinge-line is always a good deal shorter than the greatest breadth of the shell. The
area is extremely large, triangular, and more or less reclining. It is quite flat,
and ornamented only by usually not well-marked imbricating striae of growth
which extend parallel to the hinge-line. In the middle, on both sides of the
pseudodeltidium, there is again a slightly raised space which mostly bears a faint
vertical striation. The pseudodeltidium itself is narrow, very little vaulted, and
bears a slight longitudinal impression in the middle. The surface of the valve is
ornamented by distant, sometimes imbricating striae of growth. The margins are
either all in one plane or the frontal margin appears slightly depressed.
The dorsal valve is very strongly inflated, more or less hemispherical. Its
curvature is equal in both directions, and only towards both ends of the hinge-line
it is slightly flattened, so that a kind of small wings is formed. These are some-
times less strongly developed, but never stronger than in the specimen figured by
Davidson in the Quarterly Journal. The apex of this valve is not at all prominent
and very strongly incurved. The area is distinctly developed, though very narrow.
The surface of the valve is covered by distant, sometimes imbricating striae of
growth.
The surface sculpturing consists in both valves of a fine radial striation, which
is crossed by very fine, concentric, somewhat scaly striae of growth. There exists,
however, at the same time in this species a great propensity to form a radial pli-
cation, but which never becomes very distinct. Traces of such a plication are
visible on the specimen figured by me, PI. LIV, fig. 26. In other specimens this
plication becomes yet stronger, and chiefly on the dorsal valve it can then be
distinctly seen. The majority of specimens remain, however, smooth.
The internal characters are only very imperfectly known to me. The median
septum in the ventral valve is very strongly developed, and divides the interior of
the beak in two halves nearly down to the hinge-line. The hinge-teeth are strong
and continued inside the area as prominent ridges up to the apex. The muscular
impressions are large and deep. In the dorsal valve the cardinal process seems
to be not very large. The dental sockets, however, are supported by shelly plates,
which extend far inside the valve as prominent diverging septa. The muscular
impressions of the dorsal valve are not known to me.
The measurements of two specimens from Khura are as follow : —
i. II.
Entire length of the shell 50 mm. 54 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve .
Entire hreadth of the shell .
Length of the hinge-line
Entire thickness of the shell
Apical angle of the ventral valve
40
»
43
51
»
545
45
n
48
30
»
30
130°
130°
606 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The species never becomes larger than the specimens of which the measure-
ments are here given.
Locality and geological position. — The species is almost entirely restricted to
the upper division of the Productus-limestone and has been found up to the present
only in very sporadic specimens in the uppermost beds of the middle division.
In the Salt-range collections there is a single specimen from the limit between
the upper and middle divisions of the Productus-limestone. This specimen was
collected by Mr. Wynne, trans-Indus at Kalabagh.
All the other specimens are from the upper division. The species has been
found in these beds at the following localities : At Khund Ghat (21 sp.)
and at Nurpur (1 sp.) by Mr. Wynne; at the section near Khura (5 sp.) and west
of the same village (3 sp.) as well as at Chidru (1 sp.) by myself. Dr. Warth
brought the species from Musakheyl (1 sp.), not from the bed with silicified fossils,
but from a bed of sandstone in which the fossils are contained in a calcareous con-
dition. There is but little doubt that this sandstone forms part of the upper
division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This species has been identified by Mr. Davidson with Orthis
robusta of Hall, and it cannot be denied that the similarity between the Indian and
the American shells is very great. Nevertheless I should not be quite inclined to
adopt Davidson's opinion. If within that group of forms which has up to the
present generally been united under the name of Streptorhynchus crenistria, Phill.,
we once come to distinguish several different genera, according to the different in-
ternal structure that occurs in these shells, we are then also obliged to draw the
limits of the different species somewhat more closely, and to consider forms as
specifically different, which formerly would not have been so distinguished. In
such a position are we also in this case ; and though I believe that Derb. robusta,
Hall, and Derb. hemisphcerica, W., belong to one and the same group of forms,
yet I think that the two shells must be considered as specifically different. The
Indian shell can easily be distinguished from the American one by the always less
considerable size, an outline in which length and breadth are nearly equal, and the
by far more strongly developed beak.
But in Europe as well as in America there occur forms which are very similar
to the present species. Among these chiefly Streptoryhnchus crenistria, Phill., var.
cylindrica, M'Coy, must be mentioned. Of this form excellent figures have been
given again by Mr. Davidson in his Supplement to the British Carboniferous
Brachiopoda. Erom these figures it appears that the European form differs from the
Indian one chiefly by the concave ventral valve. In the cast represented in fig. 7
by Davidson this concavity seems to be less developed, but this cast is otherwise
very different and must be put into the genus Meekella. It could perhaps be com-
pared to Meekella olivieriana, Vern.
Of other Indian species several must be compared. There is before all Derbyia
regularis, var. minor, W., which in general appearance is rather similar to the
PRODTTCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 607
present species. It can be distinguished by its much smaller and less prominent
beak and the flatter dorsal yalve ; also in its general outline it is often much less
regular than Derb. hemisphcerica.
Derbyia vercherei, W., which is also similar, can be well distinguished by its
larger size, smaller beak, and the extreme thickness of its shell-substance.
Genus : ORTHOTHETES, Fischer v. "Waldheim.
Though this name has been quoted as applied by Evans to certain forms already
in the year 1829, yet the genus cannot be considered as fairly established before the
year 1830, when in the first edition of the " Oryctographie " the interior of a
dorsal valve was distinctly figured and the genus definitively transferred to the
Brachiopoda by Fischer v. Waldheim. In the edition of 1830 only the interior of
the dorsal valve was figured, whilst in the edition of 1837 an external view of a
ventral valve is added.
In both cases there cannot remain the slightest doubt that the name was
applied to a shell very nearly related to Streptorhynchus crenistria, Phill., and
which chiefly in the internal characters of the dorsal valve is generically identical
with Phillips' species. The name must thus be restricted to those forms and the
genus may be characterised in the following manner : —
The external shape of the shells belonging to this genus is in no way charac-
teristic, and it is only by the internal characters that the genus can be recognised.
In the dorsal valve a cardinal process of moderate dimensions exists, which is
generally bifid and comparatively broad. Laterally it is joined to the walls of the
dental sockets. These latter are not very large and not supported by shelly lamellae,
so that the diverging septa, which are characteristic of the preceding genera, are
absent in the present one. Instead of these, however, there seems to be not rarely a
median dorsal septum developed, which is immediately joined to and takes its origin at
the cardinal process. This median dorsal septum appears on Fischer v. Waldheim's
original figure as well as on PI. XXVII, fig. 6, of Davidson's Carboniferous
Monograph.
In the ventral valve, as far as my experience goes, every kind of septum is
absent.
The muscular impressions of both valves have been excellently described by
Mr. Davidson, but they are in their general arrangement very similar to the muscu-
lar impressions of other genera.
There can be no doubt that Strept. crenistria, Phill., belongs to this genus,
even if it should be proved that Fischer v. Waldheim's original specimen did not
belong to the same species. Also the species or varieties St. radialis, Phill., and
St. arachnoidea, Phill., perhaps too the typical St. eylindrica, M'Coy, will have to be
connected to it. Otherwise not much is known of species of the genus. There has
been described a species belonging to this genus by Derby under the name of Strept.
tapajotensis, from the coal-measures of Brazil, and of devonian species are quoted
also by Derby, Strept. arctostriata, Hall, St. pandora, Hall, and St. agassizi, Hartt.
608 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Also Strept. devonieus, Orb., which has been placed by Derby in another group of
forms, belongs, in my opinion, to this genus, as the diverging septa of the dorsal
valve, characteristic of the preceding genera, are absent in it.
In the Salt-range the genus is represented by a single species, which will bear
the name of Orthothetes semiplanus, "W- ; it occurs in the Cephalopoda-bed of the
upper Produetus-limestone.
It is impossible to tell whether this species is in a more or less close relation to
the Orthothetes crenistrata, Orthoth. radialis, or any of the other species. As yet
too little is known of these to attempt a definite grouping of the species.
1. Orthothetes semitlantjs, "Waagen, n. sp.; PL LV, figs. 1, 2.
This species is of rather small size, and of a characteristic transversely oval out-
line. Of the two valves, the larger one is depressed conical, the smaller quite flat.
The hinge-line is slightly shorter than the greatest breadth of the shell.
The ventral valve is of a flatly conical shape, rather strongly vaulted in the
transverse, and but little arched in the longitudinal direction. The area is very
large, flat, triangular and strongly reclining. It is interrupted in the middle by a
very large strongly vaulted pseudodeltidmm. The apex is prominent, pointed, and
bent over just at its extremity. The surface of the valve is smooth without a median
fold or sinus. Besides the radial striation, which is very unequal in strength and
resembles in this respect somewhat that of Orthothetes radialis, Phill., there are
only some strong imbricating striae of growth at very irregular distances. The
margins are all in one plane and the frontal one is not at all or only very slightly
indented. The dorsal valve is quite flat and not vaulted in any direction. Only in
the middle it is slightly depressed, so that a kind of very flat and broad median
sinus is formed. The apex is entirely flattened, neither prominent nor pointed.
The hinge-line is straight, provided with a narrow but very distinct area. In the
middle it is somewhat swollen where the cardinal process is fixed to it. The radial
striation is less unequal in strength in this valve than in the other one. The con.
centric imbricating striae of growth are also less strongly developed, The frontal
margin is mostly slightly depressed.
Of the internal characters of this species but little is known to me, as the
specimens were too few to allow of investigations in this direction. From an isolated
dorsal valve from Chidru it is, however, possible to state that the cardinal process
is short, bifid and rather broad, in shape very similar to that of Orthothetes tapajo-
tensis as figured by Mr. Derby. Diverging septa are absent. The interior of the
ventral valve is entirely unknown to me.
The measurements of a rather small specimen from Jabi are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell ......... 21 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve . . 17 „
Entire breadth of the shell . 25 „
Length of the hinge-line ......... 22 „
Entire thickness of the shell ......... 10 ,,
Apical angle of the vejitral valve , , , l\fi°
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 609
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether only two specimens of
this species known to me, both from the Cephalopoda -bed of the upper Productus-
limestone. They were collected by myself, a bi-valved one at Jabi, and the other, a
dorsal valve only, at Chidru.
Remarks. — There can be, I think, but little doubt that the present species be-
longs to the genus Orthothetes, though the internal characters could not be entirely
made out ; but it is very difficult to ascertain what are the specific relations of this
form. It appears in such an isolated manner in the Salt-range that from its geolo-
gical position no conclusion can be drawn as to its relation to other forms, and one
is restricted for such considerations to mere similarities.
A certain similarity exists between the present species and Orth. crenistria,
Phill., but the semi-conical form of the ventral, and the entirely flat condition
of the dorsal valve, are features which seem not to occur in Phillips' species,
and thus the two forms will probably be different.
Other species are yet much less similar, and scarcely need a closer comparison,
and thus the present species appears as a rather isolated form of uncertain affinities.
Sub-Family : STROPHOMENIN^!.
Genus: LEPTCENA, Dalm. (emend. Davids.).
It is with great doubt and hesitation that I introduce this genus into the fauna
of the Salt-range. The interior of the little shell which I place in this genus is
absolutely unknown to me ; and only the existence of a very distinct area in the
smaller valve, and the typical similarity to other species of Leptcena like Lept.
dblonga or Lept. transversalis, induce me to place this shell in that genus.
After the extremely interesting discovery of spirals in the interior of Lept.
Hasina by Mr. Munier Chalmas, I thought it indispensable for me to detect also
spirals in the shell from the Salt-range, as this shell bears a great external resem-
blance to Koninckella Hasina, but all my endeavours failed, and I must now believe
that the Salt-range shell really possessed no spirals.
After this nothing remains for me but to place this shell either in the genus
Leptcena or Chonetes, and I have put it into the first of these, on account of the
development of distinct area in the smaller valve and the absence of spines along
the margin of the area of the larger valve.
The only species in the Salt-range will bear the name Leptcena indica, Waagen.
It occurs not very rarely at certain localities at the base of the compact limestones
forming the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
1. Leptcena indica, Waagen, n. sp.; PI. LVIII, figs. 7, 8, 9.
This little shell has either a circular, or a somewhat transversely or elongately
oval shape. The ventral valve is strongly inflated and convex, the dorsal one as
much concave. Both valves are entirely smooth.
610 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
The ventral valve is so strongly inflated that it appears nearly semi-glohose in
outline. It is equally vaulted in both directions, and the curve is not stronger near
the apex than near the front. The apex is not very prominent, pointed, and strongly
bent over. The hinge-line is long and straight, as long or longer than the greatest
breadth of the shell. Thus distinct wings are produced of a triangular shape and
slightly vaulted. All along the hinge-line a narrow but distinct area extends, which
is highest in the middle. Below the apex this area is cut open by a comparatively
small triangular slit, of which I am not able to indicate with certainty whether
it is closed by a pseudodeltidium or not. The area is mostly more or less concave.
The surface of the valve is entirely smooth, and even with the lens no sculp-
turing can be distinguished. If the smooth epidermis is taken off, a rather coarse
punctation of the shell- substance appears.
The dorsal valve is concave and follows in its curvature in every respect the
curvature of the ventral one. The wings are also distinctly developed and concave.
There is no distinct apex of this valve. Along the hinge-line a distinct narrow
area is developed, which bears in the middle a triangular prominence, where the
cardinal process is inserted. This valve also is entirely smooth.
Of the interior characters of the species nothing is known to me.
The measurements of three specimens from Katta are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell ..... 9- mm. 9" mm. 8- mm.
Entire hreadth of the shell 10' „ 95 „ 7'5 „
length of the hinge-line ...... 105 „ 10'5 „ 7" „
Entire thickness of the shell . . . . . 45 „ 5 „ 3'5 „
Distance of the valves from each other . . . 2' „ p l-5 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve .... 110° 100° 96°
No larger specimens of this species have been observed.
Locality and geological position. — This species is restricted to a single bed at
the base of the compact limestones composing the middle division of the Productus-
limestone. It has been collected in this position by myself at Katta (6 sp.) and at
Nursing Pohar (1 sp.).
Bemarks. — It has been remarked already in the exposition of the genus that
the classing of this species with Leptcena is rather doubtful.
As to species the silurian Leptcena oblonga and transversalis are not dissimilar,
but it is not quite probable that they should be specifically identical. Another
form, however, the distinction of which is very difficult, is Productus Icevis, Davids.,
from the carboniferous beds of the Kashmir valley. On a first glance at the draw-
ing one would take the two forms to be absolutely identical, and I cannot at all assert
whether they are not so in reality. Of the Kashmir form, however, the dorsal side
is not known, and thus it cannot be ascertained whether an area is present or not.
As Mr. Davidson has put this shell into the genus Productus, it is most certain
that he could not state the presence of an area, and thus it must remain doubtful
whether the Kashmir and the Salt-range shells are identical or not. In awaiting
the solution of this question from new finds in Kashmir, I have introduced the
above name for the Salt-range form in a provisional way.
PRODUCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— BEACHIOPODA. 611
Family: PPLOVUCTIBM.
This is one of the oldest families that has been distinguished among the
Brachiopoda, it having been founded as far back as 1846 by King; and since that
time it has not undergone very great changes. Most authors have agreed in one
point regarding this family, that is, to place it at the end of the Arthropomata, just
before the Lyopomata ; and its position in the system seems to be more certain than
that of any other family of Brachiopods.
Its characters are very easy to be framed. The most striking one of all is the
existence of reniform prominent ridges on the inside of the dorsal valve, a charac-
ter which, in this strong and distinct development, is entirely restricted to the
Productidce. The nature of these ridges has been much disputed, and must be
considered even now as an open question. Davidson and others were of opinion
that these strange organs, in which the impressions surrounded by the ridge
were taken to be the essential feature (" reniform impressions "), belonged to
the vascular system, and were to be considered as strangely developed vascular
impressions. In opposition to this view, the opinion was propounded by Key-
serling, M'Ooy, and Howse, that the prominent ridges had to be taken as the
essential feature in these organs, and that these ridges served for the support of
the brachial apparatus. This latter opinion has been taken up most recently by
Neumayr (Neu. Jahrb. f. Min., 1883, Vol. II, p. 27) ; and in an able discussion he
tried to prove that these organs had to be considered as brachial ridges. I must
confess that I fully concur with him in all his deductions, and that I myself very
strongly incline to accept Professor Neumayr's opinion ; nevertheless I cannot deny
that it would be very desirable that some additional proofs should be adduced,
before this opinion can be considered as entirely well founded. These proofs
should be deduced from a careful morphological study of the species of Strophomena
and allied genera, in which the development of the brachial apparatus on the
one hand in the direction of the Productidce, and on the other hand in the
direction of Tropidoleptus and the Terebratulidce, must have taken place. I have
not, at present, either the time or the materials to enter into such studies ; but for
the present, after Professor Neumayr's publication, it seems to me far prefer-
able to designate these strange organs of the Productidce as brachial ridges than to
continue to call them " reniform impressions," as, indeed, it is not the impression
which is the essential part of the organ, but the surrounding elevated ridge.
A passage in Professor Neumayr's paper, which is of very great importance,
I must quote here more in detail. He says, a chief objection of Davidson's against
the opinion that these ridges form part of the brachial apparatus is the existence of
spiral impressions which are to be found in the ventral valve of some specimens of
Productus, and which beyond any doubt are impressions of the spirally enrolled
arms of the animal. Now, as these impressions show not the slightest accordance
612 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
with the brachial ridges, Mr. Davidson concludes that these latter cannot be taken
as belonging to the brachial apparatus. " I cannot concur," says Professor Neumayr,
" in this argument. The greater number of the now living Brachiopods have
arms showing a double curve; and if such were, as is probable, present in
Productus, these features (the ridges in the one and the spiral impressions in the
other valve) are in no way difficult to explain ; on the contrary, they indicate very
accurately the direction and the manner in which the arms extended in Productus.
They ran first along the descending, then along the re-ascending branch of the
ridges, were then bent back over the descending branch and curled in a spiral coil,
which caused the impression in the ventral valve. Thus, in their general shape,
these arms very nearly agree with those occurring in Terebratula and Waldheimia,
though in proportion and direction of the different parts certain differences exist."
This deduction is of very great systematic importance.
Another very characteristic feature of the Productidcs consists in the cardinal
process of the dorsal valve, which is mostly long and thickened at its extremity.
It is generally tripartite at its upper or exterior face, and bipartite on the lower or
interior one.
The ventral valve shows no very characteristic features. In Productus and
some allied genera the valve is entirely devoid of cardinal teeth, whilst in Chonetes
and Strophalosia such teeth are present. The presence or absence of these teeth
can very well be made use of for the distinction of two sub-families within the
Productidce, of which one may bear the name Chonetince, whilst the other has to
receive the name Productinoe.
Sub-Family: CH0NET1NM
This sub-family comprises those forms which have cardinal teeth developed in
the ventral valve. In connection with this character is the very general occur-
rence of an area in the ventral valve and a pseudodeltidium in the middle of it.
None of the muscular impressions is dentritic. The greater part of the forms
belonging to this sub-family are free, but some, the Strophalosice, have been fixed
to foreign bodies either only in the young stage, or during the whole lifetime. One
species, a Strophalosia, has lived parasitic in the interior of corals.
The following genera belong to this sub-family : —
1. Chonetes, Eisch. v. Waldheim, 1837. Oryct. Gouv. de Moscou, II, p. 134,
pi. 26, f. 8, 9.
This genus is characterised by a long straight hinge-line and a narrow area in
the ventral valve, marked off from the remainder of the shell by sharp edges,
which are ornamented with a row of projecting spines. All the species are free, not
sessile. Silurian to permian. (Eor particulars of the genus see Oehlert: Bull.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 613
Soo. Geol. de Prance, 3rd ser., t. XI, p, 513 ; T. Young, Geol. Mag. Dec. II, Vol. X,
p. 368; and Davidson, ibid., p. 371.)
2. Strophalosia, King, 1844. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIV, p. 313.
Hinge -line short ; an area mostly in both valves, the margins of which are not
provided with a row of spines. Most of the species are sessile during their younger
stages of growth, or during their whole lifetime. (Devonian ?) Permian.
3. Chonetella, Waagen, n. gen.
This genus holds about the middle place between Chonetes and Productus.
The cardinal teeth are rudimentary. In both valves an area is mostly present,
the upper margins of which, in the ventral valve, are ornamented with spines.
The brachial ridges form the commencement of a spiral. (?) Permian (Salt-
range).
4. Daviesiella, Waagen, n. gen.
I create this genus for the reception of such forms as Productus Llan-
gollensis, Dav., and Prod, comoides, Sow., which are characterised by cardinal teeth
and a second pair of adductor impressions in the ventral valve. The other charac-
ters are like those of Productus. Mountain-limestone.
Sub-family: PRODUCTINJS.
This is composed entirely of forms in which the ventral valve is without cardinal
teeth, and in which the impressions of the adductor muscles are dendritic. The shells
that belong to this sub-family attain far more considerable dimensions than those of
the preceding sub-family, and some of the species are among the largest forms that
occur in the Brachiopoda. Nearly all the shells of species belonging to this sub-
family are free during their whole lifetime, and were not even fixed by a pedicle to
foreign bodies. Only in the genus Productus some few species occur, which were
fastened either by the entire ventral valve or by spines that project from that valve
and creep root-like along corals, the sterna of crinoids, or similar objects.
The genera belonging to this sub-family are the following : —
5. Atjlosteges, Helmersen, 1847 ; Neu. Jahrb. f . Min., p. 330.
The hinge-line of these shells is long ; the ventral valve has a large and high
area, with a not very large pseudodeltidium in the middle. The interior of the
dorsal valve is characteristic. Permian.
614 SALT-EANGE EOSSILS.
6. Peodtjctella, Hall, 1867; Pal. New York, Vol. IV, p. 153.
Hinge-line tolerably long, denticulated ; yentral valve with area. Devonian. —
(?) Carboniferous (Prod, sinuatus, Kon. ?)
7. Peodtjctus, Sowerby, 1812 ; Min. Conch, I., p. 153, pi. 68., IV, p. 15, pi. 317.
Hinge-line tolerably long, smooth, not denticulated. Ventral valve very
rarely with a linear area. Internally the valves of the well-known construction.
Carboniferous, permian.
8. Maeginifeea, Waagen, n. gen.
Shell externally very much like Productus. Internally a thickened shelly
margin extends parallel to and at a certain distance from the edge of both valves,
thus causing a partition to be formed within the shell (see PI. LXXVII, fig 6).
Carboniferous (?) to permian.
It appears from this list that the number of generic divisions in each sub-
family is not very large, but so much the larger is the number of species within
the single genus. The sub-family Chonetince begins already in the silurian period
and extends up into the permian, whilst the Productince start from the devonian
and terminate also in the permian formation.
In the Salt-range not less than six of the eight genera above enumerated are
represented ; they are : Chonetes, Strophalosia, Chonetella, Aulosteges, Productus,
and Marginifera.
Sub-family: CHONETINjE.
Genus : CHONETES, Eisch. v. Waldh.
This genus has been long recognised and very generally accepted. It is in
general very easily recognisable by the regular shape, the long and straight hinge-
line, and a narrow area in the ventral valve of the shells belonging to it. The area is
generally ornamented along its upper margin with prominent spines. On a first glance
the species of Chonetes can be distinguished from Productus by a much less strongly
curved ventral valve and an apex which is not at all bent over. Though this external
shape is retained by the greater number of species, yet there are exceptions. There
are chiefly some forms in which the spines on the upper margins of the area are
not developed. It might be that in these shells, if better preserved specimens were
obtainable, such spines would be detected ; but in one species from the Salt-range
at least it seems highly probable that the shell never possessed such spines. In
other cases the shell of Chonetes becomes strongly vaulted, the apex much bent
PRODUCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 615
over and even enrolled ; and then the area under the heak becomes much concealed
and the similarity to Productus very great.
In the interior the shells of Chonetes are very characteristic. In the ventral
valve there are small hinge-teeth on both sides of the pseudodeltidium. The
muscular impressions are mostly not very distinct, and only the adductor impres-
sions can be well seen on both sides of a raised middle line or kind of low septum.
Immediately adjoining these are large oval impressions, apparently partly muscular
and partly perhaps ovarial impressions. The interior of the dorsal valve shows a
small impressed or hollowed out cardinal process on both sides of which the dental
sockets are situated. The muscular impressions as well as the brachial ridges are
in all the species of the Salt-range at least very distinct ; the latter are generally
speaking rather more hook-shaped than reniform.
The dentoid muscular impressions, characteristic for all the genera of the sub-
family Prodmctinee, are absolutely absent in the genus Chonetes.
The genus is very largely represented in the Salt-range, and some beds are
filled with thousands of individuals of a single species. Not less numerous, how-
ever, than the individuals are the species, and I am able to distinguish not less
than 14. When one considers that in all the formations beginning from the
silurian up to the permian only about 60 species are known up to the present, the
number of 14 in the beds of the Salt-range must really be taken as enormous. Also,
the variation of form is much greater in these species than has been known up to
the present in the genus Chonetes. Mons. de Koninck has distinguished five sections
within the genus, viz. : I. Concentricee, with concentric plications; II. Comatce,
with more than 100 smooth radial folds ; III. Striates, with less than 100 but more
than 30 smooth radial folds ; IV. Plicoses, with less than 30 smooth radial folds ; and
V- Bugoses, with rugose radial folds. Of these groups I should think the second
and third, the Comatce and the Striates, should be united, as their distinction is
entirely artificial, and on a first glance it is impossible to distinguish between the
two divisions. The divisions, however, should be based on such external characters
as would make the distinction of the single forms possible on a first glance. Thus
we have for the present four divisions : I. Concentrioce, II. Striates, III. Plicosce, and
IV. Bugosce. Of these four groups, only one is represented in the Salt-range — this
is the Striates ; but only three of the species occurring there can be placed in this
group, and all the others belong to groups of forms which were not known at the
time of publication of Mons. de Koninck's work. One further division has already
been introduced by Davidson for the reception of Chonetes polita, M'Coy, and for
which he created the name of " Leeves." This division is largely represented in
the Salt-range, and 1 count five species that belong to it. Nevertheless, there
remain six more species which cannot be brought under any of the divisions hitherto
adduced. They compose one more division, which contains the forms with very
strong and high radiating ribs, and for which I shall introduce the designation of
"Grandicostatee." Thus we have got in the Salt-range three divisions of the
genus Chonetes, viz., I. Leeves, II. Striates, and III. Grandicostatee.
616 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
As regards the section Lcsves, the forms occurring in the Salt-range can be
considered as forming two groups. One of them is represented by Chonetes
ambiensis, W., a species which might perhaps be identical with Chonetes rotundatus,
Toula., from permo- carboniferous beds of Spitzbergen, but which could not be identi-
fied on account of Toula's exceedingly bad figure. This species seems to be very
nearly related to Chonetes polita, M'Coy, and both forms must be considered as
belonging to one and the same group, which I shall call " Group of Chonetes polita,
M'Coy." The remaining four species of the Lseves are all more or less nearly
related to each other, and form together one group which seems to have taken its
origin from Chonetes glabra, Gein. (non Hall.), of the permo-carboniferous beds of
Nebrasca. The name of the latter species having been preoccupied by Hall, I intro-
duce for it the name of Chonetes geinitziana, W., and shall call this group " Group
of Chonetes geinitziana, W."
The division " Striates " is but sparingly represented in the Salt-range, but yet
the species occurring there can be distributed into three groups. There is one
species, flat and finely striated, which I shall call Chonetes squama, W., and which
seems to be most nearly related to and as belonging to the " Group of Chonetes papi-
lionacea, Phill."
Another species, for which I shall introduce the name of Chon. strophomenoides,
W., is most nearly related to the typical Chon. variolata, Orb., which I consider as
entirely different from Chon. variolata, Kon, (non Orb.) or Chon. granulifera, Owen.
This species will thus belong to the " Group of Chon. variolata, Orb." The third
species of the Striates will bear the name of Chon. compressa, W. ; it is bipartite,
and thus more or less nearly related to Chon. variolata, Kon. (non Orb.) and differ-
ent from Chon. lag nessiana, Kon. (=Chon. hardrensis, Pill., Dav.). What name
ought to be applied to Koninck's Chon. variolata is difficult to decide ; perhaps
the name of Chon. vishnu, Salt, which was introduced for a carboniferous species
of the Himalaya, could be made use of, or else Chon. flemingi, Norw. and Pratt. ;
provisionally I shall call this group " Group of Chon. vishnu, Salt."
The section Orandicostatcs is, as far as is known up to the present, entirely re-
stricted to India. The six species occurring in the Salt-range belong to two different
groups. The first of these is more or less nearly related to Chon. austeniana, Dav.,
from Kashmir, and two species can be distinguished within it : Chon. semiovalis, W.,
and Chon. dichotoma, W. The second group seems to be rather nearly related to a
shell which has been described by Davidson also from Kashmir under the name of
Spirifer barusiensis. To this group belong Chon. squamulifera, W., Chon. depla-
nata, W., Chon. grandicosta, ~W., and Chon. aequicosta, W.
Thus we arrive at the following grouping of the species of Chonetes : —
L— Section: L.3EVES.
a. — Group of Chonetes polita, M'Coy.
1. — Chonetes ambiensis, Waagen, n. sp.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA . 617
6. — Group of Chonetes geinitziana, Waagen, n. sp.
2. — Chonetes morahensis, Waagen, n. sp.
3. — „ avicula, Waagen, n. sp.
4. — „ trapezoidalis, Waagen, n. sp.
5. — „ bipartita, Waagen, n. sp.
II.— Section: STRIATA.
c. — Group of Chonetes papilionacea, Phill.
6. — Chonetes squama, Waagen, n. sp.
d. — Group of Chonetes variolata, Orb.
7. — Chonetes strophomenoides, Waagen, n. sp.
e. — Group of Chonetes vishnu, Salt.
8.— Chonetes compressa, Waagen, n. sp.
III.— Section : GRANDlCOSTATiE.
f. — Group of Chonetes austeniana, Davidson.
9. — Chonetes semiovalis, Waagen, n. sp.
10. — „ dichotoma, Waagen, n. sp.
g. — Group of Chonetes baeusiensis, Davidson, sp.
11. — Chonetes squamulifera, Waagen, n. sp.
12. — „ deplanata, Waagen, n. sp.
13. — „ grandicosta, Waagen, n. sp.
14. — „ cequicosta, Waagen, n. sp.
With regard to the apparition in time of the different species, it must be noted
that the lower Productus-limestone has furnished but a single species : Chon. am-
biensis. This seems to be very nearly related to the coal-measure species Chon.
rotundata, Toula., whilst the latter stands in- close connection to Chon. polita,
M'Coy, from the mountain-limestone. It is beyond doubt a developmental series,
which is here before us, Chon. Icevis, Dav., from carboniferous deposits of the
Himalaya might perhaps be identical with Chon. rotundata, Toula. All the other
species of the Salt-range occur in the middle and upper divisions of the Productus-
limestone. The group of Chon. geinitziana stands in very close relation to that
American coal-measure species, and Chon. morahensis, W., is the form that ap-
proaches nearest that species, and is at the same time the geologically oldest form
of the group that occurs in the Salt-range. All the other forms of this group have
been found in the upper Productus-limestone, but a developmental connection
between any of these forms and Chon. geinitziana, or of the forms among each
other can barely be established.
All the species belonging to the section Striates occur in the middle Productus-
limestone. It is very probable that the single forms stand in a developmental
618 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
connection with the typical species of the respective groups in which they have
been placed.
The two groups of forms that compose the section Grandicostatce can be
traced with great probability from two Himalayan shells. The one group from
Chonetes austeniana, Dav., the other from a shell that has been described by Da-
vidson under the name of Spir. Barusiensis. Mr. Davidson had only a single valve
of the latter at his disposal, and thus the error, that he considered this as the dorsal
valve of a Spirifer, can easily be explained, no shell to which it could have been
compared being known at the time. Spir. barusiensis shows, however, such a
typical resemblance to the largely costate Chonetes of the Salt-range, that I am
convinced that the shell from Kashmir is also a Chonetes.
The group of Chon. austeniana is restricted in the Salt-range to the middle
division of the Productus-limestone, whilst the group of Chon. barusiensis has
representatives in the middle as well as in the upper divisions.
I.— Section: LAEVES.
a— Group op CHONETES FOLITA, M'Coy.
1. Chonetes ambiensis, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LVIII, figs. 1 — 6.
This little species is about semi-circular in its outline, the hinge-line being as long
or a little longer than the greatest breadth of the remainder of the shell. The ventral
valve is very strongly inflated, and the dorsal one just as much concave. On each
side of the apex along the margin of the area of the ventral valve, mostly three,
sometimes four spines are situated.
The ventral valve is, as has been said above, very strongly vaulted, and its
curve is very equal and regular in both directions, only the apical region is slightly
more strongly inflated than the rest of the valve, thus allowing the wings to appear
slightly flattened towards both ends of the hinge-line. The apex is barely promi-
nent, but distinctly bent over. The hinge-line is quite straight, and generally marks
the greatest breadth of the shell, only rarely is the greatest breadth situated a little
lower down. Between the hinge-line and the apex extends a long but narrow area,
which is sometimes concave, sometimes not. It is ornamented with striae of growth
parallel to the hinge-line. In the middle there is a very large and broad triangular
fissure, which is only at its upper extremity filled up by a small and short vaulted
pseudodeltidium, which is, however, easily lost. On the very sharp margins of
the area, which descend from the apex to both ends of the hinge-line, three to four
very thin spines are situated on each side; they are, however, in none of the
specimens entirely preserved.
The surface of the valve is entirely smooth, only very faint strise of growth
can be distinguished, but no large punctures.
The dorsal valve is sometimes more, sometimes less, concave, chiefly towards
the middle region of the valve, but the wings in the vicinity of both ends of the
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BBACHIOPODA. 619
hinge-line are almost always considerably flattened. Along the straight hinge-line
a narrow but very distinct area is developed, which turns its face somewhat towards
the observer. In the middle there is a thick, oval, prominent knob, which bears
an excavated line in the middle, and fills the deltidial fissure of the other valve ;
it is the external continuation of the cardinal process. This valve is also entirely
smooth, with only some more strongly marked imbricating striae of growth;
nor are any larger punctures observable in it.
The internal characters of both valves are well known to me. In the ventral
valve there are on both sides of the cardinal fissure small but distinct hinge-teeth,
which are not supported by septa. At the upper end of the same fissure a distinct
septum commences, which is highest and bifid at its upper termination, then tapers
quickly and changes into a low ridge, and in this form it extends nearly half way
down to the front of the valve. Not far from its upper termination two narrow,
elongated deep impressions are situated, which are probably the scars of the
adductors, and outside of these two very large roundish impressions can be dis-
cerned, very likely the scars of the divaricators. The whole arrangement of these
impressions shows a very great similarity to the same organs in Chonetes har-
drensis as figured by Davidson. The whole remaining interior surface of the
valve is covered by rather coarse granulations, which are arranged in indistinct
radial rows.
The dorsal valve has a broadly compressed, not very prominent, cardinal
process, on both sides of which the dental sockets are situated. Both pairs of
adductor impressions are very distinct. Between the two pairs on each side the
brachial ridges take their origin. They descend in a gentle curve to more than half
way from the front-margin, and then bend round towards the middle line, forming
nearly a semi-circle. The middle line is not raised but excavated. The whole sur-
face of this valve, except the muscular impressions, is covered by a rather coarse gra-
nulation, which is tolerably distinctly arranged in radial rows.
The measurements of the largest specimen known to me are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell ......... 9 mm.
Length of the ventral valve ......... 8
Entire breadth of the shell . . . . . . . . .11
Length of the hinge-line ......... 10
Entire thickness of the shell . . . . . . . . . 3'5
Distance of the two valves from each other ...... 2*5
Apical angle of the ventral valve ........ 146°
There exists some variation among different individuals as to comparative
breadth of the shell and length of the hinge-line, the inflation of the ventral
valve, and so on, but the variation is never great.
Locality and geological position. — This species is restricted to the lower divi-
sion of the Productus-limestone, but there is only one locality where it occurs in
great numbers and fills a whole bed with thousands of individuals, the Chonetes
bed, as I have already quoted it several times. This locality is below the village of
620 SALT- RANGE FOSSILS.
Amb, and the fossils are contained in a black or brownish sand or soft sandstone,
very low down in the fossiliferous series.
At other localities the species seems to be very rare. A single specimen was
collected by Dr. Oldham in the lower Productus-limestone of Swas.
Remarks. — In its general form this species resembles very much four species :
these are Ghonetes polita, M'Coy, Chon. laevis, Dav., Chon. rotundata, Toula, and Chon.
palumbona, M. & W., the first from the mountain-limestone proper, the second from
carboniferous beds of the Himalaya, the third from permo-carboniferous beds of
Nowaja Semlia, and the fourth from the Keskuk-limestone of Illinois. From all
these the present species can be well distinguished. Chonetes polita remains much
smaller ; larger punctures are disseminated over its surface, a character which is
absent in Chon. ambiensis ; and the internal features of the dorsal valve are so entirely
different that this alone can serve for a strict distinction of the two forms. Chonetes
Icevis, Dav., has a much longer hinge-line and seems to be less strongly inflated ;
the apex is also far less strongly prominent. Chon. rotundata, Toula, appears to
be a little larger than the Indian species, but it is to be regretted that Toula's figure
is so insufficient that a close comparison seems barely possible. In the description
Toula says that larger punctures were present, and tlms it appears probable that
also the species from Nowaja Semlia was different from our Chon. ambiensis,
Chonetes palumbona, Meek & Worthen, is similar in size and general outline, but it
exhibits a flattened apex, an obscure radial striation, and much more numerous
spines along the •margins of the area, and thus cannot be considered identical
with our Indian shell.
b.— Group of CHONETES GEINITZIANA, Waagen.
2. Chonetes morahensis, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LIX., figs. 6, 7, 8.
This is a middle-sized species of approximately semi-circular outline, the hinge-
line being about as long as the greatest breadth of the shell. The ventral valve is
strongly bipartite, as it bears a deep sinus in the middle which is hemmed in on both
sides by broad prominent folds.
The ventral valve is rather flat, not much inflated. The curve is tolerably
equal in both directions, but in the transverse direction it does not remain the same
for its whole extent, as the lateral parts of the valve are considerably flattened. The
apex is barely prominent and not pointed. The area is comparatively broad,
vertical, but very little concave, and cut open in the middle by a large deltidial
fissure. Neither the pseudodeltidium nor the cardinal teeth can be observed'.
Along the cutting edges, which mark off the area, the traces of five broken off
spines can be observed on each side of the apex, sometimes with some additional
finer ones, immediately near the apex. Prom the apex towards the frontal margin
there extend two diverging strong, broad, rounded folds, which have a rather deep,
but not broad, sinus btweeen them. Outside of these folds, towards the lateral
PRODU CTUS-LIMESTONE.— BR ACHIOPOD A. 621
flattened parts of the valve in some large specimens, slight traces of a faint radial
undulation of the shell can be observed.
The surface of the valve is smooth, with the exception of some imbricating striae
of growth, which appear from distance to distance. In large specimens these striae of
growth get more and more numerous towards the margin of the valve. When the
shell is somewhat injured by weathering, it is seen to be composed of radially
arranged fine fibres, which then give to the shell a finely radially striated appearance.
Between these fibres some larger punctures can be observed with the lens ; they are
arranged in quincunx.
Though this species is not at all rare, yet I have not succeeded in cleaning the
the dorsal valve, and thus only the ventral one is known to me.
The inside of the ventral valve is exposed in several specimens, but all of them
are very much weathered, and the details of the interior arrangement cannot be
observed with accuracy.
The measurements of the largest specimen known to me and of a middle sized
specimen, both from Morah, are as follow : —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell ....... 9 mm. 7 mm.
Height of the area ........ 15 „ 1 „
Entire breadth of the shell 13-5 „ 11 „
Length of the hinge-line . . . . . . . 13 „ 10 „
Entire thickness of the shell ....... 3 „ 32'5 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve ...... 145° 150°
Divergence of the two folds on the ventral valve . . . 21° 22°
Locality and geological position. — The species commences already in the lowest
part of the middle Productus-limestone, but becomes common only in the upper
division of the same formation.
The former geological position is held by a specimen tbat I worked out
of a slab of rusty calcareous rock that had been brought by Dr, Oldham from Swas,
and which contained a great many species of Brachiopoda. These rusty lime-
stones constitute a well-marked horizon towards the base of the middle division of
the Productus-limestone.
All the other specimens, of which there are a great many, are contained in a
slab of yellowish gray sandstone, which was collected by Mr. "Wynne at Morah.
The nature of the rock cannot leave much doubt as to the horizon from which it
came, and it may be considered as certain that these specimens come from the upper
division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks.— The present species stands beyond any doubt in very close relation
to Chonetes glabra, Geinitz, or, as I have called it, Chonetes geinitziana, as the name
" glabra " had been already employed by Hall for a species of the devonian system in
the year of 1857, whilst Geinitz's name was not given before 1866. Therefore the
name of Geinitz's species from permian and carboniferous beds had to be changed.
Chon. geinitziana is in all respects similar to the present species except in the general
outline which is more transversely trapezoidal, and in the development of the sinus
622 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
of the ventral valve which is broader and less deep, whereby it arises that the
two folds which extend from the apex diverge at an angle of about 70°, whilst the
angle enclosed between them is only 21° — 22° in the species hereunder considera-
tion.
Thus, though ifc is highly probable that tbere exists a certain developmental
connection between the two forms, yet it seems necessary to distinguish the Indian
shell under a proper specific designation.
I know of no other species which could be more closely compared to the present
one.
3. Chonetes AVicuLi, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LIX., fig. 5.
This is a middle-sized species of a nearly rectangular or squarish outline, having
a slightly vaulted ventral and a concave dorsal valve, the former with two radiating
folds. The margins of the shell are not in one plane as in other species, but the
lateral parts are depressed, and the frontal part bent up in the direction of the ventral
valve, as it appears on the drawing, PI. LIX., fig. 5f.
The ventral valve is nearly flat, and very little vaulted. Its curve is regular,
but very small in the longitudinal direction. The curve is somewhat more consi-
derable in the transverse direction, but here restricted to the median part of the
shell, whilst the lateral parts, chiefly in the vicinity of the hinge-line, are consider-
ably flattened. The apex of the valve is barely prominent, not pointed and not
bent over. The area is comparatively large and strongly reclining, cut open in the
middle by a not very large triangular fissure, which is perfectly filled up by the
cardinal process of the other valve. A pseudodelticlium cannot be distinguished.
The very sharp margins, by which the area is limited off from the other face of
the valve, are ornamented by three spines on each side of the apex, but in the
majority of specimens every trace of these spines has been destroyed. Prom the
apex down to the front extend two strongly prominent rounded folds, which have a
tolerably deep sinus between them. Outside of these folds the valve is depressed
and bent down, so that the lateral margins make a gentle wave downward in the
direction of the dorsal valve. The front margin on the contrary is again bent up
in the direction of the ventral valve, notwithstanding the sinuation which it
bears in the middle.
The dorsal valve is concave and follows in every particular the curve of the
opposite valve. The apex is not at all prominent but also hollowed out. The valve
bears a narrow but distinct area, which is interrupted in the middle by a prominent
knob, the outward continuation of the cardinal process. The valve shows in the
middle a not very prominent, broad, rounded fold, which is limited on both sides by
not very broad rounded furrows. The lateral parts are strongly bent up, and
flattened only near the hinge-line. In some specimens it appears as if a sculpturing
of some few radiating lines were present, but these, are very faint and barely visible
even with a lens.
The interior structure of this species is not known to me. The surface of the
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 623
shell is entirely smooth, and even the imbricating striae of growth are scarce and
faint. Larger punctures seem to be present, but are very indistinct.
The measurements of a specimen from Khura are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell ......... 7*5 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve . J 7 „
Entire breadth of the shell ......... 10 „
Length of the hinge-line ......... 8-5 „
Entire thickness of the shell ......... 3 „
Distance of the valves from /each other ....... 1 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve ........ 155°
Divergence of the two folds on the ventral valve ..... 30°
Locality and geological position. — This species has been found by me at a
single locality,- — this was in the section near Khura, where it occurred not very
rarely in the upper division of the Productus-limestone. I procured there four
specimens, all duplicates.
Remarks. — The present species is again more or less nearly related to Chon.
geinitziana and the species previously described. From both it can be well distin-
guished by its nearly squarish outline and the undulating shell margin.
There is no other species known to me to which the present one. could be more
particularly compared.
4. Chonetes trapezoid alis, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LIX., figs. 3, 4.
Of this rather small species only ventral valves are known to me. They
present a more or less trapezoidal outline, the greatest breadth of the shell being
marked by the hinge-line. Prom the apex to the front-line there extend two strong-
ly prominent and strongly diverging folds. The frontal margin is strongly
indented.
The ventral valve is tolerably strongly vaulted, chiefly in the longitudinal
direction. Its curve is regular, and the greatest inflation is situated about the
middle of the valve. Transversely the curve is less strong, and at the same time
less regular : the lateral parts are distinctly flattened, whilst the middle is con-
siderably elevated. The apex is somewhat prominent, bent over and pointed. The
area is not clearly visible and cannot be entirely cleaned on account of the smallness
of the specimens and the hardness of the rock in which they are contained. As far
as it can be made out, the area seems to be tolerably large, flat, only a little concave
towards the apex, and cut open in the middle by a tolerably large deltidial fissure.
The very sharp upper margins of the area are ornamented with three spines on each
side of the apex. These spines are always broken off. The surface of the valve
appears very distinctly characterised by the two very strong diverging folds
extending from the apex to the frontal margin. Between them there is a deep
and very broad sinus, whilst outside there are other not very high or distinct radial
folds. They are three to four in number. The margins of the valve are all in
one plane, and the frontal margin shows a deep sinuation.
624 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
The surface of the valve is apparently entirely smooth, and only very faint
stride of growth can he observed. The preservation of the surface is not sufficiently
clear to allow it to be stated whether larger punctures were present or not.
The dorsal valve of this species is not known to me.
The largest specimen that has been observed up to the present shows the
following measurements : —
Entire length of the shell ......... 6 mm.
„ breadth of the shell ......... 10 „
„ thickness of the shell ......... 2 ,
Apical angle of the ventral valve ........ 122°
Divergence of the two folds ......... 52°
Locality and geological position. — I detected this species in the same slab of
sandstone, coming from the upper Productus-limestone of Morah, in which Chonetes
morahensis was contained in great numbers. The present species is, however, very
much rarer than the other one ; for whilst the slab contained a great number of speci-
mens of Chonetes morahensis, I detected not more than two specimens of the pre-
sent species in it.
Remarks. — The form here under consideration seems to be most nearly related
to the species with which it is associated, this is Chon. morahensis. The differences
from that species consist in the trapezoidal outline, in the broader median sinus of
the ventral valve, and the greater divergence of the two prominent folds, and
in the smaller number of species along the margins of the area.
Chon. geinitziana is yet more widely different from the present species than
Chon. morahensis.
5. Chonetes bipartita, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LIX., figs. 1, 2.
This is a comparatively large species, with a transversely oval outline, having
a slightly inflated ventral and a concave dorsal valve, with a longitudinal angular
impression along the middle of the ventral valve.
The ventral valve is rather flat, only a little vaulted. The curve is very regular
in the longitudinal direction, but less so transversely, where the lateral parts
of the valve are considerably flattened. The apex is very prominent, pointed, and
distinctly bent over. It overhangs a tolerably broad vertical area, which is a
little concave, and cut open in the middle by a very large deltidial fissure. The
surface of the valve is ornamented with two broad rounded folds or protuberances,
separated from each other by a very narrow sinus, which appears almost as if cut
in with a knife. The sinus commences only at a certain distance from the
apex. The, condition of preservation of the only ventral valve that exists in the
Salt-range collection is such that it remains doubtful whether the sharp edges
limiting the area were ornamented with spines or not. It appears to me as if there
were points of insertion of eight spines on each side of the apex, but I cannot
be certain on the point.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BEACHIOPODA.
625
The surface of the valye is perfectly smooth, with the exception of some
imbricating striae of growth, which are, however, not very distinct. With the lens a
great number of larger punctures, which seem to be rather irregularly dissemi-
nated, can be seen. The interior of the ventral valve is not known to me.
The dorsal valve is almost entirely flat and only very slightly concave. In the
middle it bears a narrow prominent longitudinal fold. The external side is,
however, in the specimens at my disposal, nearly quite covered up by roek-
matter, and it is chiefly the internal side which is well preserved. The cardinal
process is prominent, conical, and flattened on the interior side : interiorly at its
origin a distinct circular groove is excavated. The dental sockets on both sides of
the process are long, narrow, and slit-like. The muscular impressions are very
distinct. The outer and larger pair of adductors forms large reniform impressions
in deep grooves below the dental sockets. The smaller pair is situated on a slightly
raised platform, on both sides of a low septum originating between these impres-
sions, and extending a short distance towards the front. The brachial ridges
are low but distinct : they originate at the lower margin of the larger pair of
muscular impressions, and turn in a gentle curve round towards the septum. The
granulation, which is a prominent feature in other species of Chonetes, is but little
developed in this one, though it is not entirely absent as would appear from the
figure.
The measurements of a ventral valve from Khund-Ghat are as follows : —
Entire length of the shell
Height of the area
Entire breadth of the shell
Length of the hinge-line
Entire thickness of the shell
Apical angle of the ventral valve
12
mm
2
n
16
„
12
»j
4
>>
120°
Locality and geological position. — The species is very rare in the Salt-range,
having only been found there up to the present at a single locality. It was Mr.
Wynne who collected two specimens of it, one ventral and one dorsal valve, in the
upper Productus-limestone of Khund-Ghat.
Remarks. — The present species seems to be further removed from the species
described previously than the latter from each other. Nevertheless, I think also
the present species can be added with safety to the group of Ohon. geinitziana,
like the others, but we must trace its relation not from Chan, trapezoidalis,
but from Chon. morahensis Whilst the group of forms, to which Chon. avicula
and Ohon. trapezoidalis belong, is characterised by two radial folds, which become
more and more apart from each other, Chon. bipartita is probably a member of
another line of development, which also starts from Chon. morahensis, but in which
on the contrary the two folds more and more approach each other.
Thus Chon. morahensis must be chiefly compared to the present species. It is
easily distinguishable by its broader median sinus and different general outline.
626 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
II.— Section: STRIATA.
c— Group op CKONETES PAPILIONACEA, Phill.
6. Chonetbs squama, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LXI, figs. 1, 2, 3.
The shell here under consideration is of a middle size, quite flat, of a trans-
versely oval or somewhat trapezoidal outline, with a very fine radial striation.
The ventral valve is quite flat, barely vaulted in any direction. The apex is
not prominent and not incurved, the area is very narrow, nearly linear, and, as far
as can be seen, devoid of spines along its upper margins. The deltidial fissure is
small. The outside of this valve is, however, not known to me, as only one specimen,
of which the inside only is exposed, is accessible to my observation. Small cardinal
teeth are situated on both sides of the deltidial fissure. Along the median line
from near the apex a narrow elongated impression extends for about one-third
of the length of the valve, hemmed in on both sides by elevated ridges. It is
somewhat broader at its upper end and gets narrower towards its lower termination.
On either side of these ridges bordering the median impression large oval impres-
sions extend ; they are however rather flat and not very strongly marked. These
large impressions are beyond doubt the divaricator scars, but whether the median im-
pression is due to the adductors remains doubtful, as it is too narrow to distinguish
whether it is longitudinally divided in two or not. The whole inside of the valve
is, like the outer side, covered with a very fine radial striation ; and one can count
considerably more than one hundred strise along the margin of the valve. But
while the strise on the outside of the valve are smooth, those on the inside are
finely papillate, which is only visible with a very powerful lens. The strise augment
more often by bifurcation than by intercalation.
The dorsal valve is also nearly quite flat, and only in the apical region is it
a little impressed. It has a distinct linear area, which in the middle is inter-
rupted by a slightly prominent knob, the external continuation of the cardinal
process. The surface of the valve is covered by very numerous radiating strise
which augment mostly by bifurcation. If examined with a powerful lens, they
show exactly the same characters as have been figured of Chon. papilionacea by
Mr. Davidson. When the outermost layer of the shell is well preserved, the same fine
scaly strise of growth and the same sparingly distributed round orifices on the
top of the strise are observable as in Chon. papilionacea. This outer shell layer
is, however, preserved only in very few and small patches. The greater part of the
specimens at my disposal are deprived of this outermost layer, and then between
the single strise rows of oval grooves appear, exactly as on the left side of David-
son's figure. These grooves are, however, not on the internal cast, but on the
interior shell layer.
The interior side of the dorsal valve can be well seen on two specimens. The
cardinal process is barely at all prominent, strongly excavated, lamellar and bent
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 627
up. On both sides of it distinct dental sockets are situated. They are limited
below by prominent, rounded ridges, which directly join the lateral parts of the
cardinal process and separate the dental sockets from the impressions of the outer
and upper pair of adductors. These latter are deep, very distinct, large and of
an oval shape. Not far from the cardinal process a low median septum originates.
It extends to not very far from the frontal margins. On both sides of this septum,
not far from the cardinal process, two elongated grooves can be distinguished, which
are evidently the scars of the interior pair of adductors. The brachial ridges are
situated between the two pairs of adductor impressions, but they are very indistinct
in this species ; two oval slightly raised spaces can be distinguished, but the exact
shape of the ridges cannot be stated. Except the muscular impressions, all
the remaining inner surface of the valve is covered by a fine granulation which is
distinctly arranged in radial rows.
The measurements of an isolated dorsal valve are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell 12 mm.
„ breadth of the shell ......... 20 „
Length of the hinge-line 16 „
Entire thickness of the shell ......... 1 „
The specimen of which the measurements have been given is the largest one
known to me.
Locality and geological position. — The species occurs in a single piece of rock
brought by Mr. Wynne from Katwahi. The rock is much decomposed by weather-
ing and consists of a fine yellowish-red ferruginous oolite, a rock which has never
been found by me in situ. Also Mr. Wynne only found the fragment among the
debris of the Productus-limestone. Probably the oolitic nature of this rock has
only become visible through the action of weathering ; and it appears highly prob-
able that this piece came from the middle Productus-limestone. The lower Pro-
ductus-limestone is not well developed in the vicinity of Katwahi, and is there
mostly represented by lavender-coloured clays. The upper Productus-limestone of
the same region is entirely composed on the other hand of yellowish-gray sandstones,
and thus there remains for this ferruginous oolitic limestone no other division but
the middle one from which it probably came.
The piece of rock in question is entirely filled with the shells of this Chonetes,
and no other species is contained in it.
Remarks. — Though the spines along the margins of the area have not been
detected up to the present on the form here under consideration, yet I think it most
probable that the species will have to be considered as a rather near ally of Chon.
papilionacea.
I did not arrive immediately at this way of considering the matter, but for a long
time was very much in doubt whether this shell should not rather be transferred to the
genus Strophomena. After a long deliberation, however, I thought it most prudent
to consider the shell as a Chonetes, as the interior characters, though not quite
628 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
identical with other species of Chonetes, can yet be most naturally brought into
accordance with that genus. After I had thus come to the conclusion that the
present shell was a Chonetes, the most natural grouping seemed to be to class it
with Chon. papilionacea, Phill., as this is the only species which is similarly finely
striated and possesses similarly flat valves, and in which the minute sculpture is
absolutely identical. Though Chonetes squama, W., thus seems to be most nearly
allied to, yet it cannot be considered identical with Phillips's species. The chief differ-
ences consist in a shorter binge-line and smaller area of the Indian shell. Also the
internal characters seem to be different, but these are very imperfectly known in
Chon. papilionacea.
Of other species, none can be compared more particularly to the present one.
d.— Group op CHONETES VABIOLATA, Orb. (sens, strict.)
7. Chonetes strophomenoides, Waagen, n. sp., PL LVIII, fig. 10.
This is a comparatively large species of somewhat transversely rectangular
outline, the greatest breadth of the shell being at the hinge-line. The shell is
but little inflated, and is provided in the middle with a broad but not very deep
sinus.
The ventral valve is in some specimens rather flat, in others somewhat more
inflated. The curve is in neither direction quite equal and regular. Longitudinally
the shell appears rather flattened in the apical region, whilst not far from the front
it bends more strongly down and shows, chiefly in some specimens, a rather bold
curve. Transversely the curve is very regular in the middle region of the valve,
and flattened only on the lateral parts, chiefly in the vicinity of the hinge-line
where distinct wings are developed. The apex is not at all prominent, not pointed,
and not bent over. The area is quite flat and narrow, cut open in the middle by a
very small deltidial fissure. The very sharp margins that limit the area above are
ornamented by four oblique spines on each side of the apex, which are, however, not
visible on every specimen.
Fig. 16, Chonetes strophomenoides, W., n. sp., ventral valve with partly preserved marginal spines, natural size, from
the lowest beds of the middle Productus-limestone of Swas.
The broad median sinus, which is developed on this valve, commences only at
a short distance from the apex, and extends down to the front. The whole surface
of the shell is covered by a fine radial plication, which augments mostly by bifur-
cation. On the margin of the valve one counts 8 to 10 striae in the space of 5
mm., and thus 60 to 80 striae on the whole valve. The spaces between the striae
PEODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE— BKACHIOPODA. 629
are remarkable for the very large punctures they bear, which are easily visible to
the naked eye on certain specimens. But some of these punctures are also dis-
seminated on the top of the strise.
The dorsal valve is flatly concave, with a slight prominent median fold and
deepened spaces on each side of it. It is very nearly approximated to the ventral
valve, and the space which remains between the two is very small ; towards the
margins the two valves are so firmly pressed against each other that they cannot at
all be distinguished. The sculpture of this valve is somewhat different from that
prevailing on the other valve, the radial strise being rather coarser, less distinctly
dichotomous and somewhat wavering in direction, which latter circumstance is
caused by roundish grooves placed between the ribs causing a very indistinct barely
perceptible concentric sculpture to be formed. The puncturing is less distinct in
this than in the other valve.
Of the internal characters but little is known to me. In the ventral valve the
cardinal teeth on both sides of the deltidial fissure can be tolerably well distinguished
in one specimen, whilst in the same specimen it can be seen that the cardinal
process of the dorsal valve is comparatively long and very narrow. Of the other
internal characters nothing is known to me.
The measurements of a specimen from Swas are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell . . . . . . . . 13 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve ... ..... 12
Entire breadth of the shell ...... 22
Length of the hinge-line ......... 24
Entire thickness of the shell ......... 4
Distance of the valves from each other ....... 1*5
Apical angle of the ventral valve .... . p 120°
Locality and geological position. — This species was contained in a single piece
of rock brought by Dr. Oldham from Swas. Three species of Brachiopoda were
contained in this rock : Chonetes compressa, W., in very great numbers, the present
species, somewhat less numerously, and one species of Strophalosia, in a few speci-
mens. The rock is a very hard, sandy, somewhat micaceous limestone of a rusty
colour, and comes beyond any doubt from the limits between the middle and upper
division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — The present species is without the slightest doubt most nearly
related to Chonetes variolata, Orb., and I would be very much inclined to consider
the two shells as identical ; if not, according to d'Orbigny's drawing, the South
American form would possess a finer and more regular radial striation than the
specimens from the Salt-range. The coarse punctation, to which the name alludes,
is equally well developed in the Indian and in the American shell. Thus Chonetes
strophomenoides, "W., will probably have to be considered as a representative form
or geographical variation of Chonetes variolata, Orb.
Chonetes variolata, Kon. (non Orb.) is something entirely different, and cannot
be compared with the present species.
630 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
Of other species, one form of the genus Productus must be taken into com-
parison, and this is Productus sinuatus, Kon., of which chiefly the dorsal view shows
a certain similarity. The sculpture of the dorsal valve of Productus sinuatus and
Chonetes strophomenoides is nearly identical, though the concentric sculpture is
slightly more distinct in Koninck's species. Also the ventral valve has a small
area in that species of Productus, but beyond this the similarity does not extend.
The curvature of the ventral valve and the disposition and direction of the spines
near the areal margin are entirely different, and there remains no doubt that the
two forms must be considered as distinct, even if one were inclined to put the
Productus sinuatus into the genus Chonetes.
e.- Group of CHONETES VISHNU, Salter.
8. Chonetes compressa, Waagen, n. sp.
This is a rather small species, with very flat valves, which are so close together
that scarcely any no room remains between them. The ventral valve bears in the
middle a low sinus, and the radial striation of both valves is limited to the median
parts, whilst the lateral parts remains entirely smooth.
Fig. 17. Chonetes compbessa, Waagen, n. sp. Specimen from the lowest beds of the middle Productus-limestone of
Swas : a. ventral valve, natural size ; b. the same enlarged ; c. dorsal view, natural size ; d. the same enlarged.
The ventral valve is nearly quite flat, barely perceptibly vaulted, and appears
very much like a fish's scale. Only the median part is slightly elevated, and in the
middle again impressed, thus forming a broad but very flat sinus. The lateral parts
are distinctly flattened and form well distinguishable wings, which are at the
same time devoid of a radial striation. The apex is very little prominent, pointed
and not bent over. Below it there extends a very narrow flat reclining area,
interrupted in the middle by a narrow deltidial fissure. The margins which limit
the area above are very sharp, but in none of the specimens at hand can the spines,
which are probably situated on them, be distinguished. The hinge-line is long
and straight, and marks the greatest breadth of the shell. The sinus does not
commence immediately on the apex but a little distance from it ; but immediately
at the apex commences the fine radial striation of the shell, which is very character-
istic in this species and which covers the sinus and the elevated parts of the shell
adjoining it, but is absent on the lateral wings. The striation is extremely
fine, and there are four to six striae in the space of one millimeter. The single
strise are distinctly swollen from distance to distance, where rather thick spines are
placed on them, which follow approximately the direction of the shell surface,
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 631
pointing towards the margin of the shell. These spines were hollow tubes, as can
be distinctly seen on their broken ends, but none of them is completely preserved on
any of the specimens at hand. These spines were largest and thickest just in the
centre of the valve, and from there both towards the apex and the margins of the
valve they rapidly diminish in size.
The dorsal valve is very flatly concave, the apex not prominent, with a linear
area along the straight hinge-line. Prom the apex, comparatively strong promi-
nent folds start towards the lateral margins, thus marking off the lateral wings.
The space between these two folds is most deeply impressed, whilst the wings are
rather flattened. In the vicinity of the frontal margin a very slightly indicated
median fold can be distinguished. The sculpture consists also in this valve of a
fine radial striation, but it is in every respect the reverse from that of the other
valve. "Where there are striae in the other valve are furrows in this one, and instead
of the spines of the other valve we find deep grooves disseminated along the furrows.
Of the internal characters of this species nothing is known to me.
The measurements of two specimens, No. I, a duplicate, and No. II, a ventral
valve only, are as follows : —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell . . . . . . 6 ram. 6'5 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve ....... 5'5 „ p
Entire breadth of the shell (along the hinge-line) . . . 10 „ 11 „
„ thickness of the shell ...... 1 „ 1 „
Distance of the two valves from each other . . . . 0'5 „ ?
. Locality and geographical position. — This species was present in great num-
bers in the same slab of rusty sandy limestone which contained the specimens
of Chonetes strophomenoides, W., described previously. It must also be con-
sidered as coming from the lowest part of the middle division of the Productus-
limestone.
Remarks. — This species belongs to a group of forms for which no proper name
is available, though the geologically oldest form of the group is very well known
to palaeontologists. In the mountain-limestone the group of the devonian Chonetes
hardrensis, Phill., begins to be split up into two series of forms, one with a
median sinus in the ventral valve, the ancestor of the form here under consider-
ation, and another without such a sinus : Chon. Lagnessiana, Kon. and allies. In
the mountain-limestone proper, it must be admitted, this splitting up is not yet
perfect, and the form with a sinus just begins to appear ; but later on the sinuated
forms become of very great importance and in the coal-measures are by far pre-
dominating. Starting from such considerations it seems to be strongly desirable
to have a proper specific name for the form in the mountain-limestone in which
a sinus is well developed, and which has been so excellently figured by Count
Keyserling in the Geology of Russia, or by Mons. de Koninck in his mono-
graph of the genus Chonetes. Perhaps this form could be identified with Chonetes
vishnu, Salt., from carboniferous beds of the Himalaya, and this name be adopted for
632 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
it ; or perhaps also Chonetes flemingi, Norw. and Pratt., could prove to be identical,
though this comes from the upper Coal Measures of America.
That the sinuated form was not identical with Chonetes variolata, Orb., as was
formerly advocated, has been admitted by Koninck himself in his monograph of the
fossils from Bleiberg.
The species described here under the name of Chonetes compressa, W., is
very easily distinguishable from all the 'sinuated forms that have been described up
to the present, by its smooth wings and the comparatively large spines that are
clustered together in the centre of the ventral valve.
III.— Section : GEANDICOSTAT.E.
f.— Group of CHONETES A USTEN1ANA, Dav.
9. Chonetes semiovalis, Waagen, n. sp., PL LXL, fig. 5.
In its general characters the present species still approaches very nearly the
" Striates, " as besides the larger plications of the shell a very fine barely per-
ceptible radial striation also exists. The outline of the shell is transversely oval,
the hinge-line being shorter than the greatest breadth of the shell. The ventral valve
bears a not very broad median sinus.
The ventral valve is but little inflated, very regularly and equally vaulted in
both directions, only the lateral parts are slightly flattened in the vicinity of the
hinge-line. The apex is slightly prominent, pointed and strongly bent over. The area
is rather narrow, flat and slightly concave in the middle. The deltidial fissure is
very large. The upper margins of the area are very sharp and ornamented with
seven spines on each side of the apex. The median sinus of the valve commences
at the very extremity of the apex. It is not very broad, but rather deeply sunk in
and rounded in its depth, not sharply cut in. It is bordered on both sides by high,
broad, rounded folds. Otherwise the sculpture of the shell consists of numerous, not
very high rounded radiating costse, which are often dichotomous, and rather unequal
in strength, there being six within the sinus and about eight on each lateral part.
All over the valve there are disseminated a very great number of large punctures
which can be seen even with the naked eye. They are arranged irregularly in radial
rows, the arrangement causing the formation of a very fine radial striation which
is very characteristic for this species.
On the whole, however, the sculpture is somewhat variable. The radial plica-
tions, which I have described above, become sometimes very weak and barely dis-
tinguishable, so that the sculpture of the valve then only consists of the median
sinus and the high folds on both sides of it. But even then the species can easily
be recognised by the large punctures and the fine radial striation that is produced
by them.
The dorsal valve of this species is not known to me, and nothing could be
observed also of the internal characters of the species.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 633
The measurements of a specimen from Morah are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell . . . . . . . . .13 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve . . 11 „
Entire breadth of the shell 18 „
Length of the hinge-line 16 ,,
Entire thickness of the shell 5 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve without the wings ..... 114°
Locality and geological position. — The species is not very rare in the middle
Productus-limestone of Morah, where it occurs associated with Chonetes morahensis.
Some four specimens from there are known to me. Another specimen was col-
lected by myself at Khura in the topmost beds of the middle Productus-limestone,
and one specimen was brought by Mr. Wynne from Khund Ghat, but the exact
bed it came from is not known.
Remarks. — The present species is very nearly related to Chonetes austeniana,
Dav., and on a first glance one might consider both identical, but on a close com-
parison some difference can be traced, which makes a distinction of the two desirable.
In the species from Kashmir the hinge-line is comparatively longer, the radial
plications fewer and broader, and the median sinus of the ventral valve narrower
than in the Salt-range species. Also the fine radial striation, which is so very
characteristic in Chonetes semiovalis, seems to be absent in Chonetes austeniana,
Dav. It thus seems to me perfectly justifiable to distinguish the two specifically.
Another form to which the present species seems to be very nearly related is
Chonetes morahensis, "W., which has been described above. In this form, however,
the radial plication, as well as the fine radial striation, is not developed to the same
extent as in Chonetes semiovalis : the general outline is also very different, it being
well rounded in Chonetes semiovalis and nearly trapezoidal in Chonetes morahensis.
It needs only a comparison of the figures of the two species to see these differences.
10.— Chonetes dichotoma, "Waagen, n. sp., PI. LXL, fig. 4.
This is a middle-sized species of transversely trapezoidal outline, having a hinge-
margin which occupies the greatest breadth of the shell, and a but little inflated
ventral valve. This latter bears a broad median sinus and fine radial plications
which show a distinct bundling.
The ventral valve is not strongly arched, but its curve is somewhat more consi-
derable in the longitudinal than in the transverse direction ; chiefly the lateral
parts in the vicinity of the hinge-line are considerably flattened, thus forming a kind
of wings. The apex is little prominent, pointed and well bent over : it overhangs
a distinct narrow area which is entirely flat, not concave, and is cut open in the middle
by a not very large deltidial fissure ; along its upper very sharp margins it is orna-
mented by about five spines on each side of the apex. Of the spines, however,
only the roots are preserved. Immediately at the apex of the valve there begins a
broad sinus, which is deepest and broadest in the vicinity of the front. It is limited
634 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
on both, sides by broadly rounded prominences. Besides this sculpturing the
valve is covered all over by a fine radial plication, which is simple within the sinus
and on the flattened lateral wings, and distinctly bundled on the prominences that
border the sinus on both sides. There are about six such fine plications within the
sinus, and about as many on each lateral wing ; on each prominence, however,
three broad bundles can be distinguished, each of which is composed of two to three
ribs. Concentric strise of growth cross over these radial plications but they are
very faint.
The dorsal valve is not deeply but very equally concave, and only the lateral
parts in the vicinity of the hinge-line are considerably flattened, forming distinct
wings. There is a very distinct narrow area, quite straight, and interrupted in the
middle by a thick cardinal process. This valve also is covered by a fine radial stria-
tion, which becomes coarser in the deep excavations corresponding to the pro-
minences of the other valve.
The minute structure of the shell in this species shows also a great many
large punctures, arranged indistinctly in radial rows.
Of the internal characters of this specie nothing is known to me.
The measurements of a specimen from Katwahi are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell ......... 11 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve ......... 10 „
Entire breadth of the shell (at the hinge-line) . . . . . . 16 „
„ thickness of the shell ......... 5 „
Distance of both valves from each other ....... 3 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve, without the wings ..... 82°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species that is
known to me was collected by Mr. Wynne at Katwahi, but the bed it came from is
not exactly known. From the preservation of the specimen it appears probable that
it came from the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — The present species is very nearly related to the preceding one and
can be distinguished chiefly by its different general outline, the broader sinus of the
ventral valve and the absence of the fine radial striation, characteristic for the
preceding species.
The present species agrees pretty well with Chon. austeniana in its general
outline, but it has a much broader median sinus and a fine radial plication which
is absent in Davidson's species. Thus it seems that the shell here under considera-
tion represents a well distinguishable form which deserves a proper specific
designation.
g.— Group op CEONETES BAEUSIENSIS, Dav., sp.
Chonetes squamtjlifera, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LX., figs. 1 — L
This species is of a middle size and somewhat trapezoidal outline, the greatest
breadth of the shell being situated at the hinge-line. The ventral valve is rather
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BE ACHIOPOD A. 635
strongly inflated, provided with a very broad sinus, and ornamented with strong
radiating folds which are never dichotomous.
The ventral valve is very equally curved, chiefly in the longitudinal direction.
Trans versally it appears flattened or impressed in the middle, and the lateral parts
are distinctly flattened, forming small triangular wings. The apex is prominent,
pointed, and strongly bent over. It overhangs a broad slightly concave area, which
is cut open in the middle by a very large deltidial fissure. The upper sharp margins
of the area are provided with four spines on each side of the apex. The very
broad sinus of this valve begins immediately at the apex, which appears in conse-
quence somewhat flattened. It is limited on both sides by highly elevated
broadly rounded folds, which also commence at the apex. On these general
features of sculpture the radial plication is distributed. Within the sinus are
generally about six rather fine folds, whilst on the elevated parts of the shell, on
both sides of the sinus, three very strong and thick folds follow, which are again
succeeded by much smaller ones on the. lateral wings. These latter are, however,
often very indistinct or even entirely absent.
The minute surface sculpture of this valve is very peculiar. Under the lens,
the whole surface appears as if covered with very small scales, which are very
irregularly arranged and directed not towards the shell margin, but upwards
towards the apex of the valve. These scales seem to be in a certain connection
with the striae of growth, and are probably a strange modification of them ; though
observed in most specimens, they are not always developed in the same degree,
and it seems that this circumstance depends upon the more or less complete
preservation of the shell surface. If the shell is somewhat worn by weather-
ing, the large punctures which occur on most species of Chonetes, appear also
in this one in great numbers. They are sometimes indistinctly arranged in radial
rows. In this species they were evidently not in connection with hair-like spines
on the shell surface.
Of the internal characters of the ventral valve nothing can be observed, except
the existence of two well developed cardinal teeth, which are fastened to the hinge-
line on both sides of the deltidial fissure.
The dorsal valve can be but rarely observed. It is rather deeply concave
and in every respect the reverse of the other valve ; it bears two deep excavations
where the elevated folds are on the other valve, and each elevated radial plication
of the ventral valve is here represented by a more or less deepened radial furrow.
The lateral wings are flattened and slightly hollowed out. The valve is provided
with a very distinct narrow area, which is interrupted in the middle by a strong
cardinal process.
In the only specimen of the dorsal valve with its outer side accessible to
observation, I cannot observe the fine scales with which the other valve is covered ;
but the large punctures, which seem to be somewhat more scarce than on the
other valve and are arranged very regularly in radial rows, are very distinctly
risible.
I.
II.
10'5 mm.
8 mm
8-5 „
7 „
15
12 „
5-5 „
4-5 „
?
2 „
76°
83°
636 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
The inner side of the dorsal valve is most beautifully exposed in a specimen
from Jabi. The cardinal process is short and little prominent, and at the sides of it
the dental sockets are situated. It is somewhat excavated on its inner side. The
two pairs of adductor impressions are very distinct. The outer pair is large, oval,
and situated in deep grooves, which are limited on both sides by comparatively high
folds. The inner pair is much smaller, narrowly elongated, and very deeply im-
pressed, rather far apart. A short but well developed septum originates at the lower
extremity of these latter impressions. The brachial ridges are large but very faint,
and encircle an oval space. Nearly the entire inner surface is covered with irre-
gularly disseminated little spines.
The measurements of the largest specimen known to me from Jabi (No. I) and
of a somewhat smaller specimen from Khura (No. II) are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell
Length of the dorsal valve
Entire hreadth of the shell
„ thickness of the shell
Distance of the two valves from each other
Apical angle of the ventral valve, without the wings
Locality and geological position. — This is one of the more common species of
Chonetes occurring in the Salt-range, and it extends through the middle and upper
divisions of the Productus-limestone.
In the lower region of the middle division the species has been found by my-
self in the section at Khura (two specimens), and in the same section two specimens
were detected by me in the top beds of the middle division. At Kafirkot, trans-
Indus, the species is tolerably common in the middle region of the middle division ;
I collected there five specimens, whilst Mr. Wynne, at a spot somewhat north of
my locality, obtained five specimens more.
In the upper division, I found the species west of Khura ; in the lower region
of the division (seven specimens), and in the upper region in the Cephalopoda bed
of Jabi (five specimens).
Remarks. — If Spirifer barusiensis, Dav., might really be considered as the
ventral valve of a Chonetes, then the present species would be very nearly related to
Davidson's form. Nevertheless I would not consider the two shells as specifically
identical. The form from the Himalaya is just twice as broad as it is long, and the
lateral wings are very large and pointed ; while, as regards size the whole shell is
considerably smaller. In Chonetes squamulifera on the contrary, the length is never
less than two-thirds of the breadth, the wings are much smaller and less pointed,
and it attains a much more considerable size. Thus I think the two shells must be
considered as belonging to two different species.
Another species for comparison is Productus robertianus, Kon., from permian
beds of Spitzbergen. As the dorsal face of this shell is not known, the possibility
of its being a Chonetes is yet an open question. In the description, Mons. de
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 637
Koninck compares this species also to the ventral valve of a Spirifer. It can,
however, be easily distinguished from our Chonetes squamulifera by its smooth and
narrow sinus and its bifurcating ribs.
Of other forms, I do not know any which could be compared more closely with
the present species.
12. Ohonetes depla.nata, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LX., figs. 5, 6.
This species is very nearly related to the preceding one, and differs from it
chiefly by its strongly flattened valves and the occurrence of dichotomous ribs.
The ventral valve is but very little vaulted in every direction. Its curve is
very regular longitudinally, but transversely the valve appears impressed in the
middle by the presence of a very broad sinus, and the lateral parts form rather large
flattened wings. The apex is slightly prominent, pointed, and but little bent over.
The area is tolerably large and flat, cut open in the middle by a large deltidial
fissure. Along its upper very sharp margins, three spines can be observed on each
side of the apex. The hinge-line is somewhat longer than in the preceding species,
and thus the lateral wings are more prominent and more strongly pointed. The
deep and broad median sinus of the valve commences directly at the apex.
There are three to four fine radial ribs within the sinus. On both sides of the
sinus the shell forms highly prominent broad folds, each of which is ornamented by
three, mostly dichotomous, strong radial ribs. The minute sculpture of the shell is
squamose or scaly as in the preceding species.
The dorsal valve bears a very distinct narrow area and is flatly concave, form-
ing in every detail the reverse of the other valve. This valve is not sufficiently well
preserved for observation of its minute surface sculpture.
Of the interior characters of this species nothing is known to me.
The measurements of a specimen from Kafirkot are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell 9 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve ......... 8 „
Entire breadth of the shell (at the hinge-line) . .... 12 „
„ thickness of the shell . . . 3'5 „
Distance of the two valves from each other ...... 2 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve ........ 147°
„ „ „ „ „ without the wings ..... 85°
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether only two specimens
of this species known to me, both which were collected by myself at Kafirkot in the
middle division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — It is not easy to distinguish the present species from the preceding
one, and it was chiefly the great flatness of the valves and the often dichotomous
ribs, which led me to distinguish specifically between the two forms. These
differences, just pointed out, will most easily be detected in comparing the frontal
apical and lateral views of the different specimens figured on PI. LX. Also the
638 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
more considerable length of the hinge-line is a feature which may serve for charac-
terising the present species.
In this latter character, however, it approaches again more closely to Chon.
{? Spirifer) barusiensis, Dav., and yet the hinge-line of my Chon. deplanata is con-
siderably shorter in comparison to the length of the shell than is the case with
Davidson's species. Otherwise, the shell from Kashmir seems to be also more inflated
than Ohonetes deplanata.
13. Chonetes grandicosta, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LXL, figs. 6, 7.
Among all the species belonging to this group the present is the one which
is most extremely developed in all its characters.
The shell is very strongly inflated and enrolled, the sinus very deep and broad,
the wings small and pointed, and the whole surface covered by very strong radiating
folds.
The ventral valve is most strongly inflated, and exhibits in the longitudinal
direction a strong parabolical curve. The apex is pointed, slightly prominent, and
extremely bent over, so much so that the very broad area is entirely concealed under
the upper sharp areal margins, while the area forms an angle of about 90° with the
plane of the valve. The deltidial fissure is very large. On the sharp upper margins
of the area, the points of insertion of three /perhaps four) spines on each side of
the apex can be observed. The very deep and broad sinus commences immediately
at the apex, and occupies in its breadth nearly half of the entire surface of the valve :
it is limited on both sides by extremely prominent rounded folds, which occupy the
remaining space of the valve with the exception of the small pointed wings. Besides
these general features of sculpture ; the whole valve is covered by a radial plica-
tion, which is rather fine within the sinus and extremely strong on the elevated
folds that border it on both sides. Within the sinus there are between five or
six ribs, and on the elevated folds there are again five very strong and elevated ribs
on each side. The wings are smooth and devoid of a radial plication. This radial
sculpture is crossed from distance to distance by fine slightly imbricating striae of
growth. Between these, if the surface of the shell is very well preserved, a fine scaly
structure can be observed. If, however, the shell is only very slightly weather-worn,
large punctures appear, which are arranged irregularly in radial rows.
The dorsal valve of this species is not known to me.
Also nothing could be observed of the interior characters of this species.
The measurements of two specimens are as follow : —
I.
Entire length of the shell 1] mm.
Breadth of the area ........?
Entire hreadth of the shell at the hinge-line . . . . 14 „
Breadth of the deltidial fissure ...... F
Entire thickness of the shell 8 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve, without the wings . . 74°
II.
10'5
mm,
2
»
14
»>
2
>»
6
?9
81°
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BEACHIOPODA. 639
Locality and geological position. — There are only three specimens of this
species known tome, all three of which were collected by myself in the cephalopoda
bed of the upper Productus-limestone at Jabi.
Remarks. — This species is very peculiar in all its characters, and it can be
very easily recognised. Though it is more or less nearly related to all the species
that have been described above of the same group of forms, yet it is very easily
distinguishable, and the differences are so obvious that it seems hardly necessary to
point them out in detail.
14. Chonetbs .eqtjicosta, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LX., fig. 7.
This shell is considerably smaller than all those previously described of the same
group, except Spir. barusiensis, Dav., which is nearly of the same size.
It is about as broad as it is long, of a slightly trapezoidal outline, well vaulted,
with a narrow sinus and a very regular fine radial plication.
The ventral valve is rather strongly inflated, but its curve is not quite regular,
being stronger in the apical than in the frontal region. The apex is pointed,
slightly prominent, and very strongly incurved. The area is inclined under the
apex and entirly concealed ; it is also covered up by rocky matter in the two speci-
mens at my disposal. The sharp margins which limit the area above are, however,
well exposed, and seem to bear traces of two to three spines on each side of the apex.
The sinus begins at the very extremity of the apex, but is narrow and not very deep :
it is limited on both sides by low, broad, rounded folds, which are followed again
by the small, flattened and pointed wings. The whole valve is covered by a very
equal radial plication which is not quite correctly represented in the figures on
PL LX. There are four to five folds within the sinus, which are of very equal size ;
then follow two slightly stronger ones on the top of the lateral folds ; and then
again about eight somewhat finer ones, which still cover part of the wings. That
part of the wing, however, immediately adjoining the areal margin is smooth.
The minute sculpture of the valve is smooth, not.scaly ; and the larger punctures
seem to be scarce, but are not very distinct.
Neither the dorsal valve nor the interior characters of the species are known to
me.
The measurements of a specimen from Jabi are as follow ; —
Entire length of the shell ......... 7 mm.
„ hreadth of the shell at the hiDge line ...... 9 „
„ thickness of the shell ........ 3 „
Apical angle without the wings 100°
Locality and geological position.— There are altogether only two specimens
known to me both of which were collected by myself at Jabi in the cephalopoda-
bed of the upper Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — On a first glance, it seems to be nearly obvious that the present
species is only the young of the preceding one, and that it is quite superfluous to
640 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
make a new name for the present form. Eor a long time I held this opinion, and
it was only after a closer comparison that I found it not practicable to unite the
two forms. Chon. eequicosta has a differently curved ventral valve, the apex
is more strongly incurved, and the remainder more flattened, the sinus is narrower
and less deep and the radial plication more equal. Also the minute sculpture of
the shell is different. These differences would not exist if the present shell were
only the young of Chon. grandicosta, and thus I came to the conclusion that we
had to deal with a different and smaller species.
The present species very nearly agrees in size with Spir. barusiensis, Dav., but
the proportions are quite different. Whilst Spir. barusiensis is just twice as broad
as it is long, in Chon. eequicosta the length and breadth are nearly identical.
Of other species none can be compared more closely to the present one.
Genus : STROPHALOSIA, King.
The characters of this genus are very easily recognisable, particularly if one has
to deal with quite typical species. The well developed, very distinct area in both
valves, the always deformed apex of the ventral valve, produced by the circum-
stance that it has been fixed to foreign bodies, and the consequently always more
or less irregular shape of the whole shell, are the very striking characters which
make a recognition of the shells belonging to the genus very easy. Internally, the
presence of cardinal teeth is very important, but not so striking, as these teeth
can only be rarely observed. Of equal importance are the absence of dentritic
muscular impressions and the circumstance that the interior pair of adductor-scars
in the dorsal valve is always strongly raised.
These characters are all developed in a typical manner in the species of
Strophalosia that occur in the permian formation, but as soon as we turn to forms
from other beds, it seems difficult to re-detect all these characters. King quotes
two species from the devonian and one from the mountain-limestone, which he
considers to belong to the genus Strophalosia. One of the devonian species,
Strophalosia subaculeata, Murch., has in the meantime by Hall been made the type
of his genus Productella, and it is doubtful if the other should not be considered
as belonging to the same genus. The carboniferous Strophalosia buchiana, Kon.,
sp., seems to possess a very small area as it has been entirely overlooked by Mons.
de Koninck, who figures the shell without a trace of it. Thus this species also seems
at least not to be a typical form of Strophalosia, and so there remains only the
permian species having the striking external appearance of the genus. To these
has been added a truly carboniferous species, Strophalosia comelliana, by Derby,
who detected this shell in the upper carboniferous beds of the River Tapaios
in Brazil.
In the permian beds of Europe about six species of Strophalosia have been
detected up to the present, which all seem to belong to approximately the same
group of forms, of which Strophalosia goldfussi, Munst. {emend. Geinitz), is the
geologically oldest and may be considered as the typical species. To this group belong
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 641
two shells occurring in the Salt-range, which are identical with European species :
Strophalosia excavata^ Gein., from the upper region of the middle Productus-lime-
stone, and Strophalosia horrescens, Vern., from the lower region of the same
division.
One species of Strophalosia has been already described by Davidson from the
Salt-range under the name of St. morrisiana, King. Var. There can be no doubt at
all that this shell is extremely similar to King's species, and if only two specimens are
available, as was the case with Mr. Davidson's materials, it appears most natural
to unite this shell with St. morrisiana. Nevertheless, after having studied extensive
materials of this species most carefully, I have come to the conclusion that the
Indian shells belong to a group of forms entirely different from St. morrisiana,
which most probably replaces the St. morrisiana in southern countries, and of which
St. comelliana, Derby, must be considered as the prototype. This group is
represented in the Salt-range by two species : St. varispina, "W., in the middle, and
St. indica, W., in the cephalopoda-bed of the upper division of the Productus-lime-
stone.
A third group of forms is entirely restricted to the lower Productus-limestone,
As the prototype of this group, most likely the Strophalosia gerardi, King, from
Spiti can be considered. The group is represented by three species in the Salt-
range : Strophalosia plicosa, ~W., Strophalosia nodosa, W., and Strophalosia tenuis-
pina, W-
Lastly, there still remains a species which is again very nearly related to a
European form : Strophalosia leplayi, Gein. (non Produotus leplayi, Vern). The
Indian shell cannot be directly identified with that species, but its near relation to
the form from the " Weissliegenden " of Germany is all the same of great interest.
This shell will bear the name of Strophalosia costata, W.
Thus we have altogether eight species of Strophalosia in the Salt-range, a
number that exceeds by two the number of species occurring in the permian beds
of Europe. This fact is, as it appears to me, of high geological importance, and gives
to the Brachiopod-f auna of the Salt-range a very young geological or newer palaeozoic
aspect.
These eight species can be grouped, as has been indicated above, in the follow-
ing manner: —
a. — Group of Strophalosia goldfussi, Miinst.
1. — Strophalosia excavata, Geinitz.
%. — „ horrescens, Vern.
b. — Group of Strophalosia cornelliana, Derby.
3. — Strophalosia varispina, Waagen.
4. — „ indica, Waagen.
c. — Group of Strophalosia gerardi, King.
5. — Strophalosia plicosa, Waageli.
6. — „ nodosa, Waagen.
7.— „ tennispina, Waagen.
642 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
d. — Group of Strophalosia leplayi, Gein.
8. — Strophalosia costala, "Waagen.
a.— Group op STROPHALOSIA OOLDFUSSI, Miinst.
1. Strophalosia excavata, Geinitz, PI. LXV, fig. 5.
1842. Orihis excavata, Geinitz : Leonh. and Bronn's Jahrb., p. 578, PL X, figs. 12 — 13.
1848. Orthothrix excavata, Geinitz: Deutsch. Zechst., p. 14, PI. V, figs. 35—40 ; PI. VI, figs. 20—21.
1850. Strophalosia goldfussi (Miinst.) ; Strophalosia excavata (Gein.); Strophalosia parva (King), King:
Monogr. Perm. Foss., p. 96, 98, 102, PI. XI, figs. 19, 20 ; PI. XII, figs. 1—17, 33.
1857. Strophalosia goldfussi (Miinst.), Davidson : Monogr. Brit. Perm. Brach., p. 39, PI. Ill, figs. 1 — 18.
1861. Strophalosia excavata, Geinitz : Dyas, Vol. I, p. 93, PI. XVII, figs. 1 — 19.
The materials of this species are very small, hut the specimen is so character-
istic that I think the determination can he made with sufficient accuracy.
The specimen which serves for description is of rather small size, hroader than
it is long, and distinguishable from all the other Strophalosia occurring in the
Salt-range by the presence of a broad sinus in the middle of the ventral valve not
far from the front.
The ventral valve is moderately inflated, of a broadly triangular outline, with a
curve which is in the longitudinal direction strongest in the apical region. Trans-
versely the valve appears somewhat flattened in the middle, whilst the sides bend
strongly down. The hinge-line is short, much shorter than the greatest breadth
of the shell. The area appears to be small but is covered with rocky matter. The
apex is pointed, bent over, and flattened on the top, showing the place where the
shell has been fixed to a foreign body during its youth. The sinus developed
on this valve commences only at a certain distance from the apex about half
way to the front. It is shallow but rather broad ; and in this respect, as well
as in many other characters, the Indian specimen resembles most that figured by
Geinitz, Dyas, PI. XVII, fig. 12. The whole valve is covered with little spines,
which do not appear quite numerous enough on our figure, PI. LXV., fig. 5, and
which are arranged irregularly in quincunx : they are slightly finer and more
numerous towards the margins than in the middle of the valve. Between these
spines concentric strise of growth can be observed.
The interior of the ventral valve as well as the dorsal valve are not known to me.
The measurements of the specimen are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell ......... 14 mm.
„ breadth of the shell ......... 16 „
Length of the hinge-line 85 „
Entire thickness of the shell ......... 8 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve ........ 108°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species that
exists in the Salt-range collection was collected by myself in the section near
KLwira, in the top-beds of the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — The specimen that has served for description cannot be deter-
mined, I think, otherwise than as Strophalosia excavata. It is a specimen which
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 643
holds about the middle place between the typical form and the Var. lewisiana,
Kon. The triangular outline agrees with the typical form, but the small area and
the character of the spination is rather more similar to St. lewisiana. On the
whole, I think, I cannot be very wrong if I quote the specimen under the name of
Strophalosia excavata, Gein.
2. Strophalosia horrescens, Vern., PL LXXV., fig. 6.
1842. Productus calvw (Sow.), Kutorga: Verhandl. der Kais. Russ. Min. Ges. zu St. Petersburg, p. 17, PL
V, %. 1.
1842. Productus horrescens, Murch. Tern. Kayserl. : On the Geol. Struct, of Brass, and the Ural, p. 15.
1844. Productus areatus, Kutorga : Verhandl. Kais. Russ. Min. Ges. St. Petersburg, p. 97., PL X, fig. 5.
1845. Productus horrescens, Vern. : Rrussia and the Ural Mountains, Vol. II, p. 280, PL XVIII, fig. 1.
1846. Strophalosia horrescens (Vern.), King : Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Vol. XVIII, p. 28.
1847. Productus horrescens (Vern.), Koninck : Monogr. des genres Prod. etChon., p. 153, PL XV, fig. 6.
1861. Strophalosia horrescens (Vera.), Geinitz : Dyas, Vol. I., p. 94, PL XVII, fig. 30.
1868. Strophalosia horrescens (Vern.), var. pyramidalis et var. prismatica, Golovkinsky : The Permian
Formation in the centre of the Kama-Wolgaic Basin : Materials towards the Geology of Rrussia, Vol.
I, p. 361, PL II, figs. 13—17.
Though three specimens of this species are known to me, yet none of them
attains the size of those that have been figured by Mons. de Verneuil ; otherwise,
they are absolutely identical.
The general outline is more or less squarish, though the length of the hinge-line
is very variable. The lateral margins of the shell always unite with the hinge-line
at a sharp angle. The median part of the ventral valve is depressed, forming a
broad but very shallow sinus, and the apex is truncated by the place of attach-
ment of the valve to foreign bodies. The whole valve is covered with irregularly
arranged spines.
wmsr
Pig. 18. Stbophalosia hoeeescens, Vern. Three specimens from the lowest beds of the middle-Productus-limestone
of Swas : 1. Apical view of the ventral valve, to show the place of attachment ; 2. Dorsal valve, impression of
the rock ; 3. dorsal valve, outer side, (a) natural size, (b) portion of the shell enlarged.
The ventral valve is rather strongly inflated, and its curve is about equally
strong in both directions. In the longitudinal direction the valve is most strongly
elevated not far from the front, sloping thence slowly towards the apex and
rather rapidly towards the frontal margin. Transversely, the valve appears highly
elevated and flattened or slightly excavated in the middle, and the lateral parts descend
most rapidly to the lateral margins. The apex is bent over and truncated
in an irregular manner. The area is covered up by rocky matter and cannot be
cleaned on account of the extreme hardness of the rock, but to all appearance
it cannot have been very broad. The hinge-line is, in the specimens at my disposal,
always shorter than the greatest breadth of the shell. The median sinus does not
644 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
commence immediately at the apex but only at a certain distance from it : it
is very shallow, and appears as a flattening rather than as an excavation of the
shell ; it occupies in its breadth the whole median part of the valve, and is
limited on both sides by a kind of prominent, nearly angular folds. The lateral
parts of the shell descend very steeply to the lateral margins, only in the
vicinity of the hinge-line they are a little flattened forming a kind of small wings.
The whole valve is covered by very irregularly arranged little spines, between which
yet thinner spines can be observed very long and firmly pressed down towards
the valve, by which circumstance they have been preserved. These thinner
spines between the larger ones have, as far as I am aware, not yet been
observed in Russian specimens of this species, but it seems to me that their
occurrence entirely depends upon the mode of preservation. The Indian specimens
are contained in an extremely hard limestone, and have apparently undergone a
very strong pressure, by which these slender spines, which originally rested for their
whole extent on the shell surface, have been pressed into the shell substance and
have thus been preserved. In another kind of rook every trace of these spines
would have been destroyed. Thus I think these are not of very great importance
for the determination of the species. Fine concentric striae of growth are present,
but they are not very conspicuous.
The dorsal valve is entirely flat in the visceral portion, whilst the margins sud-
denly bend up so as to let the whole valve appear more or less concave. The hinge-
line is straight, of variable length, and forms always angular wings with ;the lateral
margins of the valve. The area is quite linear. The apex is pointed and slightly
prominent, owing to the apical region being a little vaulted corresponding to the
truncation of the beak of the other valve. The whole valve is covered with little
shallow grooves, corresponding to the spines of the ventral valve, Between these
grooves little prominent spines are irregularly disseminated. Some of these spines
are also pressed into the shell substance as on the other valve.
The substance of both valves is very thin, and the inner side is just the reverse
of the outer one. Though the inside of both valves is well observable on the speci-
mens at my disposal, yet the muscular impressions, as well as the brachial ridges,
are so faintly developed that it is impossible to distinguish anything.
The measurements of a ventral valve from Swas are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell ......... 25 mm.
„ breadth of the shell , . 23 „
Length of the hinge-line 18 „
Entire thickness of the shell ......... 14 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve 93°
An isolated dorsal valve from the same locality is of somewhat larger dimensions,
and indicates a considerably larger individual.
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether three specimens of this
species known to me, which all three come from one and the same piece of rock.
The specimens consist of two dorsal and one ventral valve, obtained from the
same slab of rusty-coloured hard limestone which furnished also many specimens
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.-BRACHIOPODA. 645
of Chonetes strophomenoides, W., and Chon. compressa, W. It has been stated
above that this piece of rock came from Swas out of the lower region of the middle
Productus-limestone.
. Remarks. — The form, which I have described here under the name of Stroph.
horrescens, seemed to me not distinguishable from the typical form described by
Mons. de Verneuil from the permian beds of Russia ; and the similarity of the
Indian specimens to the Russian seems to me so great, that the entire description
as given by Verneuil, word for word, might be applied to them. The most
striking character, which is scarcely ever absent in the true Strophalosice, is
the place of attachment on the apex of the ventral valve. Among all the Stro-
phalosice, occurring in European permian beds, as well as in those that have been
found in the Salt-range, this point of attachment is never entirely absent, though
it is sometimes rather small, as for instance in Stroph. excavata, etc. ; and it is this
point of attachment which enables us to distinguish between Strophalosia and Pro-
ductus in cases in which the existence of cardinal teeth in the ventral valve is not
known. The presence of a small area in the ventral valve is utterly unfit for
such a distinction, as it is well known that most species of Productus might pro-
duce a small area in the ventral valve under certain circumstances. This, it seems
to me, must be taken into consideration in judging of the figures given by Abich
in his " Geologische Forschungen in den Kaukasischen Landern," Vol. I, PL V, figs.
2 and 3, to which have been applied the names of Productus humboldti, Orb., and
Prod, scabriculus, Mart., respectively by the author, but which have been considered
to represent Stroph. horrescens, by Val. von Moller, on account of the occurrence
on one of these specimens of an area in the breadth of one millimeter. Among the
specimens of the Productus humboldti group, which occur in great numbers in
the Salt-range, there are many in which such a small area occurs, and which I am
absolutely unable to distinguish from the true Productus humboldti, Orb., on the
one hand and from Abich's figures on the other. The point of attachment as well
as the vertical sides by which the shell appears as if laterally compressed (on both
which points great stress is laid in Verneuil V characteristic of the Strophalosia
horrescens) are absolutely absent in Abich's figures, and thus Mr. Abich's determi-
nations seem to be not quite so abortive as they have been represented to be by
Mr. Moller. Thus I have also not accepted Abich's figures as representing Stroph.
horrescens, and have not quoted them in the table of synonyms preceding the species.
c— Group op STROPHALOSIA GORNELLIANA, Derby.
3. Storphalosia rarispina, "Waagen, n. sp., PL LXV, figs. 6, 7, 8, 9.
1862. Strophalosia morrisiana (King), (?) var. Davidson : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, Vol. XVIII,
p. 32, PI. II, fig. 8.
1863. Strophalosia morrisiana (King), (?) var. (Davidson), Koninck : Poss. paleoz. de l'lnde, pag. 39, PL
XII, fig. 8.
Mr. Davidson, in his cautious and conscientious manner of recording the results
of his observations, quoted the present species under the heading of Stroph. morris-
646 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
iana, King, (?) var., in order to express on the one hand his conviction that the
present shell was identical with King's species, but yet to show on the other hand
that there existed some slight discrepancies, which might, if more extensive mate-
rials were procurable, make his determination somewhat doubtful. Mr. Davidson
had only two specimens, from the upper region of the middle Productus-limestone of
Musakheyl, at his disposal ; but in the Salt-range collection more than a dozen
specimens of this species are preserved, and all show, with the greatest constancy,
the same discrepancies from Stroph. morrisiana which were pointed out by
Mr. Davidson ; and thus, it seems to me, the Indian specimens cannot be retained
in King's species.
The general outline of this species is very variable and very irregular, but it
is always somewhat longer than it is wide. The ventral valve is strongly inflated,
with a more or less large point of attachment on the beak ; the dorsal valve
is concave ; the former has not very numerous strong spines, the latter has only
traces of them.
The ventral valve is strongly vaulted in both directions, but perhaps somewhat
more strongly transversely than longitudinally. The curve is, however, not quite
equal for its whole extent : in the longitudinal direction it is tolerably so, but trans-
versely considered the shell appears distinctly depressed in the middle, and some-
times even a shallow sinus is developed. An apex is for the most part non-existant,
but its place is occupied by the more or less large place of attachment of the valve.
Below this the area extends ; it is small, depressed triangular, provided in the
middle with a small pseudodeltidium. The hinge-line is short, very considerably
shorter than the greatest breadth of the shell. The whole valve is covered by not
very numerous spines, which are on an average about 3 millimeters distant from
each other. They are of two different kinds: one set is directed forward and
more or less firmly pressed down to the surface of the valve ; the other is erect, and
projects perpendicularly from the surface of the valve. These two sets are
quite irregularly mixed together, and show no regularity whatever in their
arrangement. Between the spines the shell is smooth, showing only very faint
slightly undulating strise of growth. In some specimens a small number of these
strise of growth is more strongly marked and imbricating.
The dorsal valve is strongly concave, but its external side is rather imperfectly
known to me, as no specimen is in my possession showing this valve in a
well-preserved state. In the vicinity of the apex, which is slightly prominent, a
smooth slightly convex space corresponds to the place of attachment of the other
valve. The hinge-line is straight, the area very narrow and interrupted in the
middle by the base of the cardinal process. The surface of the whole valve seems
to be covered with little grooves, between which very small spines are disseminated.
Of the interior characters of this species only those of the dorsal valve are
known to me. The cardinal process is strongly prominent, thick and tripartite at
its upper extremity. It is prolonged towards the interior of the valve as a low
median septum. At the base of the process, where it unites with the hinge-line on
both sides of it, the very distinct and deep dental grooves are situated. The inner
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA.
647
walls of the socket are made up of low, rounded diverging ridges, which originate
at the base of the cardinal process. The muscular impressions are peculiar, and I
am not quite certain as to how to interpret them. It seems to me that the inner
pair of adductors must be considered as bifid, one division being situated above the
other. These scars are strongly raised and thickened. The outer pair of adductors,
on the contrary, seem to be situated in deep grooves outside and somewhat above the
preceding. The brachial ridge is very faint and barely perceptible. It makes a
large and widely open curve and joins in the middle the end of the median septum.
The whole interior surface of this valve, with the exception of the muscular impres-
sions, is covered by a very fine and very close granulation, which is indistinctly
arranged in radial rows.
The measurements of two specimens from near TJchali are as follow : —
I.
II.
Entire length of the shell .
. 22 mm.
19 mm
Length of the dorsal valve .
. 19 „
?
Entire hreadth of the shell ....
. 20-5 „
18 „
Length of the hinge-line .
. 10 „
95 „
Entire thickness of the shell . . . .
■ 12 „
10 „
Locality and geological position. — The chief distribution of this species is in
the middle division of the Productus-limestone, but in some rare specimens it occurs
also in the upper division, up to the Cephalopoda-bed where it is replaced by
the next following one. In the middle region of the middle division I collected
the species myself on the road between Vurcha and Uchali (4 specimens) and at
Kafirkot (6 spec). Mr. Wynne found it in the same geological position at
Swas (1 spec). In the upper region of the middle division the species has been
observed by Mr. Wynne at Ohidru (1 spec) ; also Mr. Davidson's specimens came
probably from the same horizon at Musakheyl. At the very base of the upper
division, I collected one specimen west of Khura ; and at last, in the middle region
of the upper division, I found the species (2 specimens) at Chidru.
Remarks. — This species has been described by Davidson under the name Stro-
phalosia morrisiana, King, var., and I must state my reasons for not concur-
ring in this view with Mr. Davidson. Already that author himself drew attention
to the fact that the longitudinal striation present in all the well-preserved
specimens of Stroph. morrisiana, is absent in the Indian shell. It is true that also
in Stroph. morrisiana, if the surface is not well preserved, the striation is
apparently absent ; but as little it can be denied, that for the majority of specimens
the striation is characteristic. Now, as Mr. Davidson had only two Indian speci-
mens for description, it is not improbable that these two specimens were just not
quite well preserved, and so no great stress could be laid on the absence of the
striation. But as among my material I have specimens in the very best
preservation imaginable, in which also every trace of a striation is absent, this
smoothness of the shell must be considered as constituting a specific peculiarity.
But also in the spines a difference exists. In Stroph. morrisiana the spines are
648 SALT- RANGE EOSSILS.
nearly all directed forward and pressed down, and erect spines occur only in the
region of the apex and on the sides. In the Indian specimens, on the contrary,
erect spines are mixed all over the shell between the adpressed ones.
In this latter character, as well as in the smoothness of the shell's surface, the
Indian shells resemble very closely another species, which has been described by
Derby from upper-carboniferous beds of Brazil under the name of Stroph. cornelliana.
Already Mr. Derby pointed out the close affinity of his species to the Indian form,
but I cannot recognise a specific identity, such as Mr. Derby suspected. Stroph.
cornelliana is more circular in its outline, smaller, and bears by far more numerous
spines, the distance between the single spines being in the South American species
only one millimeter, whilst this is three millimeters in the Indian shells.
That Stroph. cornelliana, as well as our Stroph. rarispina, is nearly related
to Stroph. goldfussi, Miinst., has also been already pointed out by Mr. Derby. A
specific identity exists, however, in no case. The differences between Stroph. cor-
nelliana and Stroph. goldfussi have been indicated already by Mr. Derby ; between
our Stroph. rarispina and Count Miinster's species these differences consist in the
by far more numerous spines, which are all erect in the ventral, and the by far
stronger and more numerous spines in the dorsal valve in Stroph. goldfussi. Stroph.
cornelliana is a truly carboniferons species, and it is highly probable that it is the
ancestor on the one hand of Stroph. rarispina, W., and its allies, and on the other
of Stroph. goldfussi, Miinst., and the other European species. The radially striated
Stroph. morrisiana, King, belongs to another series of forms.
4. Stbophalosia indica, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LXV., figs. 1 — 4.
This species is very nearly related to the preceding one, but it is generally
broader in its outline and bears a greater number of spines.
The ventral valve is strongly inflated, and its curve is very regular in both
directions, a median longitudinal impression never occurring : (the front view,
fig. 1 d., PL LXV, in which the shell appears somewhat depressed in the middle, is
not quite correct). The apex is quite obliterated by the large place of attachment
by which it is truncated. Below, there is a tolerably large, smooth, triangular area,
which is interrupted in the middle by an extremely narrow and slightly prominent
pseudodeltidium. The hinge-line is very considerably shorter than the greatest
breadth of the shell. The valve is rather thickly covered with two sets of spines, of
which one is directed forward and firmly pressed down to the surface of the shell,
whilst the other is erect already from its beginning. The spines are about one and a
half to two millimeters distant from each other. In large specimens the margin
of the valve becomes coarsely and radially plicated. The depressed spines are
situated, for their whole extent, so strictly in the plane of the shell's surface that,
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA.
649
in its advancing growth, the shell very often emhodies them in its substance,
and thus they are on their lower part covered up by shelly matter.
a b
Fig. 19. Stbophalosia ihdica, W., n. sp. Dorsal valve of the specimen figured PI. LXV, fig. 1, entirely cleaned :
a. natural size ; b. enlarged.
The dorsal valve is concave. The apex is slightly prominent and encircled by
a smooth space, corresponding to the place of attachment of the other valve. The
valve hears a narrow hut very distinct area, which is interrupted in the middle by
the very narrow base of the cardinal process. The whole valve is covered by a very
characteristic minute grooving, between which extremely fine erect spines are irre-
gularly distributed.
The surface of the shell in both valves is perfectly smooth between the spines,
and only very faint striae of growth can be observed, but no radial striation.
Of the interior characters of this species only those of the dorsal valve are
known to me. The cardinal process is small and little prominent. It is continued
below in a low median septum and is joined laterally at its base by two projecting
ridges which form the inner walls of dental sockets. The muscular impressions
are very distinct. The inner pair of adductor scars is raised, and each scar is divided
by a curved transverse projecting ridge. The whole scar forms a roundish mass.
The outer pair of adductors is apparently inserted in deep grooves that encircle the
scars of the inner pair above and somewhat outside ; each scar is of about semi-lunar
shape. The brachial ridges are, in all specimens at my disposal, so faint that they
cannot be at all distinguished. Instead of them a smooth shield-like space is observ-
able extending below the scars on both sides of the faint median septum. The
meaning of these features I do not know. The whole interior side of the valve
is covered by a very finely- granulated radial striation.
In the ventral valve, very strong cardinal teeth are situated on both sides of the
deltidial fissure.
The measurements of a full-grown specimen from Jabi are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell ......... 23 ram.
Length of the dorsal valve ......... 20
Entire breadth of the shell ......... 24
Length of the hinge-line ......... 14
Entire thickness of the shell . . ....... 12
Distance of the two valves from each other ...... 7
Locality and geological position. — This species is entirely restricted to the
Cephalopoda-bed of the upper Productus-limestone, but is extremely common in
650 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
this geological position. In this Cephalopoda-bed, chiefly at Jabi, nearly all the
shells are covered with young specimens of this species, which are often difficult to
distinguish from specimens of Crania. The young specimens of this species have
also attached themselves to corals, chiefly of a genus allied to Fistulipora;
and it is interesting to observe how the corals grew all round these specimens
and at last enclosed them entirely, whilst the specimens yet lived on in a somewhat
parasitical way in the interior of their host. There are several specimens of Fistuli-
pora, forming stems of nearly the thickness of a man's fist in which such hollows
occur, occupied by small specimens of Strophalosia. As the specimens grew
larger they detached themselves and got free. This was absolutely necessary
for them, because the young specimens are clustered so closely together that it
would have been impossible for them to augment in size had they not become
detached from their support. Nevertheless, full-grown detached specimens are much
rarer than young ones; I brought away about a dozen of them from the
Cephalopoda-bed of Jabi, and about the same number from the same bed of
Chidru. The size at which the specimens become detached barely ever exceeds 5
millimeters in length.
Remarks. — The present species is very nearly related to the preceding one,
and is distinguishable from it chiefly by the circumstance that it bears more
numerous spines, which most clearly appears from the fact that the average distance
between the spines is T5 to 2 millimeters in the present species, while it is 3 in
the preceding one. Besides this, the general outline is also broader in comparison
to the length, and the strong plication of the margin of the valves is peculiar.
The most striking proof, however, of the distinctness of the two species, rests on the
interior characters of the dorsal valve in which the muscular impressions in both
species are differently placed.
By the more closely set spines, the present species again more nearly approaches
the Stroph. comelliana, Derby. Nevertheless a distinction of these two species is
very easy. Stroph. comelliana remains always small and its dorsal valve is quite
smooth, whilst the Indian shell grows larger and has a dorsal valve bearing a
great number of very fine erect spines.
c— Group op STROPHALOSIA GERARDI, King.
5. Strophalosia plicosa, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LXIII, figs. 2 — 6.
The whole group to which the present species belongs is characterised by a
rather clumsy general shape, a very small often barely perceptible point of attach-
ment in the ventral valve, and a sculpture which consists of rather far distant
spines. As in the whole group, so are also these characters well developed in the
present species. The peculiarities of the species, however, consist in a very strongly
and regularly vaulted ventral valve and broad radial plications, which appear after
PHODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA.
651
the shell has attained a certain size. The species is rather large, but never grows
to the size of Stropn. gerardi.
The ventral valve is rather variable in its general outline, but in the majority
of specimens this outline is nearly circular. The hinge-line is very short and not at
all projecting at the ends, so that the general regular curve of the outline is
nowhere interrupted. The valve is very strongly inflated, nearly semi-globose^
and its curve is rather regular in both directions. The apex is very strongly* bent '
over and pointed ; it bears at or near its extremity a small flattened or slightly excava-
ted, irregularly circumscribed space, where the shell had been attached during its
youth to foreign bodies. The area is rather small and slightly concave, interrupted
in the middle by a small pseudodeltidium. The spines covering the surface of
this valve, though apparently rather thick when preserved, are only slightly conspi-
cuous when broken off, as they leave no strong trace on the surface of the shell.
They are, as far as can be observed, all directed forward, and are rather distant
from each other, leaving a smooth space of 4 millimeters between. At a distance
of about 18 to 20 .millimeters from the apex, a strong radial plication commences ;
it is however rather irregular, and has no very distinct relation to the spines on
the surface. The margins of the valve are all in one plane.
The dorsal valve is not very strongly concave. The apex is pointed and slightly
prominent, surrounded by a very small somewhat vaulted smooth space, which
corresponds to the point of attachment of the other valve. The area is distinct but
very narrow, nearly linear. The valve is almost quite smooth, only covered by
very numerous somewhat lamellar strise of growth, between which little grooves are
situated off and on. Whether projecting spines were present or not, I cannot decide,
as the . preservation of the dorsal valves of this species is rather indifferent ; to all
appearances there were none.
The interior characters of this species are not known to me. I have figured
PL LXIII, fig. 4, the interior side of a dorsal valve, but it is too badly preserved to
make out the characters. Also with regard to the ventral valve, I am in a similar
position, all the interiors being too badly preserved.
The measurements of a large specimen from the Chittawan are as
follow : —
Entire length of the shell
Length of the dorsal valve
Breadth of the area in the ventral valve
Entire breadth of the shell
Length of the hinge-line .
Entire thickness of the shell
Apical angle of the ventral valve
31 mm.
26
4
32
16
19
133°
The species seems to have attained considerably larger dimensions than those
of the above specimen. There is one badly preserved dorsal valve which is about
35 mm. in breadth, indicating a considerably larger individual; and other frag-
ments seem to have come from yet larger specimens.
652 SALT-BANGE FOSSILS.
Locality and geological position. — The present species is entirely restricted to
the lowest fossiliferous beds above the lavender-clays, and occurs most numer-
ously in this geological position in the Ohittawan near Ghari, where in a hard
dark-gray calcareous sandstone, weathering of a rusty colour, thousands of specimens
are imbedded ; they can however only with difficulty be extracted from the hard
rock. At other localities the species is much rarer. It has been collected by
myself in absolutely the same geological position, near Amb, in a dark coaly sand-
stone (2 specimens) ; and by Mr. Wynne near Dokri (5 spec.) and near Khairabad
(1 spec).
Remarks. — The species here under consideration seems to be very nearly related
to Stroph. gerardi, King, from beds of unknown age of the Himalaya. I should
have liked to identify the present shell with the Himalayan one, but after a
lengthened consideration I do not feel justified in doing so. The shell from the Salt-
range is always narrower and more semi- globose, the apex much more strongly bent
over, the area of the ventral valve smaller, and that of the dorsal one nearly
quite absent. Then, the thick radial folds that appear with the progressing size of
the specimens, and the but little marked spines on the surface of the ventral valve, all
characters by which the Salt-range shell differs from the Himalayan one, forbade
the identification : thus I was forced to give a new name to the shell here under
consideration.
Of other species none can be compared, more particularly with the present one.
6. Stkophalosia nodosa, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LXIV, figs. 8, 9.
The general outline of this species is not much different from that of the
preceding one, but it never attains the same size and generally bears a larger point
of attachment in the ventral valve. The chief difference, and at the same time the
most striking character of the present species, consists in the sculpture, which is
composed of spines of very different size, very thin ones and very thick ones, which
are all very irregularly disseminated over the surface of the ventral valve.
The ventral valve is very strongly inflated, nearly semi-globose, with a tolerably
equal curve in both directions. The hinge-line is very short, but nevertheless project-
ing slightly at both ends, so that the ends can be seen in a ventral view of the shell as
little projecting corners. The area is tolerably large, concave and interrupted in the
middle by a very narrow little-vaulted pseudodeltidium. The apex is prominent,
sometimes indistinctly pointed, sometimes truncated, and not much bent over. The
most characteristic feature of the valve is its sculpture. It consists altogether of erect
spines, which are, however, of very different sizes. One set of them is extremely
thin, and leaves barely perceptible points on the surface of the valve when the spines
are broken off ; the other set is very thick and in case of fracture leaves thick knob-
like projections on the valve. The relative number of the two sets is very variable,
and sometimes the thin, or again the thick set is the more prevalent. If the former
is the case, the thick spines are sometimes only represented by the number of five
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA.
653
or six on the whole surface of the valve. Also, the distribution of the two sets
is very irregular, and both kinds are disseminated quite irregularly between each
other.
The dorsal valve is not quite well preserved in any of the specimens at my
disposal. It is concave, with a slightly prominent apex, round which the valve is a
little vaulted according to the point of attachment of the other valve. The area is
very distinct and comparatively broad, interrupted in the middle by the small knob-
like root of the cardinal process. The whole valve seems to be covered with irre-
gularly distributed little pits, but it cannot be stated whether little spines were
disseminated between them or not.
The interior characters of the species are also very imperfectly known to me.
It is certain that the ventral valve possessed very narrow but very long and well-
developed cardinal teeth, which fitted into very deep dental grooves in the dorsal
valve. The muscular impressions are apparently in both valves much in the same
way as in other species of Strophalosia, but they are rather indistinct in the speci-
mens at my disposal, and the brachial ridge cannot be at all distinguished.
The measurements of two specimens from Amb are as follow : —
I.
II.
Entire length of the shell ....
. 25 mm.
19 mm
Length of the dorsal valve ....
• 21 „
17 „
Entire breadth of the shell ....
• • • 27 „
19 „
Length of the hinge-line ....
• 19 .,
11 „
Entire thickness of the shell ....
• 13 „
11 „
Distance of the valves from each other . . ,
8 „
?
Apical angle of the ventral valve
. 117°
118°
The specimen No. I is the largest known to me of this species.
Locality and geological position. — The present species was detected by me
only at a single locality in the Salt-range. This was at Amb, where it occurs
rather plentifully in the Chonetes-bed of the lower Productus-limestone. I brought
away 27 specimens.
Remarks. — In its general outline the present species is very nearly related to
the preceding Strophalosia plicosa, but the hinge-line is a little longer and slightly
projecting at both ends, and the sculpture is quite different. The knob-like inser-
tions of the thick spines, which are erect from their roots, are very different from the
insertions of the spines in Strophalosia plicosa which are thin and directed
forward, though afterwards these spines also become erect. It needs only a look at
the figures to make these differences apparent.
There exists, moreover, a similarity to another species, and this is the true
Strophalosia goldfussi, Miinst., as described by Geinitz. In general habitus
both species seem to be very similar, chiefly by the circumstance that in both
the spines are erect from their roots, but in Strophalosia goldfussi the spines
are much more numerous than in the Indian shell, and the dorsal valve bears also
strong spines, which is decidedly not the case in Strophalosia nodosa.
654 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
7. Strophalosia tenuispina, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LXIV, figs. 2—7.
The general outline of this species is circular to transversely oval. The ventral
valve is not much inflated and is covered hy very fine spines, which are directed for-
ward. The interior of the dorsal valve is very peculiar.
The ventral valve is nearly flat to slightly inflated, and its curve is tolerably
regular in both directions ; only longitudinally the curve is perhaps somewhat flatter
in the apical than in the frontal region. The point of attachment on the apes of
this valve is very small ; and the truncation of the apex, which is caused by it, is
only preceptible on a very close examination. The apex is slightly bent over but
not prominent, and thus the area appears quite flat, not concave. This latter is not
very large and bears in the midd]e a narrow pseudodeltidium. The hinge-line is
comparatively long and projecting at both ends. The surface sculpture of the valve
is characteristic for the species. I have figured different states of preservation on
PI. LXIV. In the specimen represented in fig. 3, the spines are entirely broken
off on the greater portion of the shell, so that nothing but the roots remain. In
figs. 2, 6, and 7, on the contrary, small pieces of the spines still adhere to the roots,
and thus the whole aspect of the shell is changed. The spines are thin, directed for-
ward, fir-mly pressed down to the surface of the valve and arranged approximately in
concentric rows, which are marked by well-developed imbricating striae of growth.
There are no erect spines disseminated between the adpressed ones.
In the dorsal valve, I have not succeeded in cleaning the outer side from the
adhering rock matter ; it seems, however, that this valve was provided with spines
very similar to those of the other valve. The area of this valve is small, nearly
linear.
Of the interior characters of this species, only those of the dorsal valve are
known to me. The cardinal process is rather small, and bears at its base on both
sides the very deep slit-like dental grooves, which approach each other very nearly,
leaving only a thin shelly mass between them. The cardinal process is prolonged
into a distinct median septum, which extends for. about half the length of the
dorsal valve. The two pairs of adductor impressions are very clearly distinguishable.
The scars are somewhat lozenge-shaped, the inner pair larger and slightly raised, the
outer pair shorter and excavated. The brachial ridges are not distinguishable. In
their place a shelly callosity of a somewhat bilobed outline exists. The whole
internal surface of the valve, with the sole exception of the muscular impressions,
is covered with a finely granulated radial striation.
The measurements of two full- grown specimens from Amb are as follow :
I. ii.
Entire length of the shell 23 mm. 23 mm.
„ breadth of the shell ....... 26 27
Length of the hinge-line . . . . . . . p 14 , 15
Entire thickness of the shell ....... TO 7
Apical angle of the ventral valve ...... 123° 141°
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRA CHIOPODA. 655
Locality and geological position. — Like the preceding species this one also is
restricted to a single bed and locality in the Salt-range. I collected the species at Amb
in the so-called Chonetes-he&, associated with Chonetes ambiensis, W., Strophalosia
nodosa, W., and several other species. The present species is, however, considerably
rarer than those two forms ; I brought away only ten specimens.
Remarks. — The present species seems to be more or less nearly related to seve-
ral of the forms previously described, and chiefly there exists a rather close simi-
larity between the present shell and Stroph. plicosa. Nevertheless, I think the two
shells can well be distinguished, as Stroph. tenuispina has a much less strongly
inflated ventral valve and finer and much less numerous spines. The dorsal valve,
so far as it can be observed, is entirely different, as it possesses apparently compa-
ratively strong spines, while that of Stroph. plicosa shows only [fine lamellar striae of
growth.
A closer comparison of the present species with the forms of the group of
Stroph. goldfussi or of the group of Stroph. ccrnelliana seems hardly necessary, as
the shell here under consideration seems to be sufficiently distinct to allow of its
being recognised without indication of the distinguishing characters.
d.— Group of STROPHALOSIA LLPLATI, Geinitz.
8. Strophalosia costata, Waagen, n. sp., PL LXIII, figs. 7, 8 ; PI. LXIV, fig. 1.
This neat little species is of a transversely oval or somwhat rectangular outline
with a strongly inflated ventral valve and a sharply costate surface. On the costse
moderately projecting spines are distributed.
The ventral valve is strongly vaulted, with a distinct longitudinal sinus in the
middle. Its curve is rather regular and equal in both directions. The apex is
mostly truncated by the place of attachment of the valve ; but in some cases when
the shell has been fixed during its youth to a concave body, the apex is complete
though somewhat crumpled, and then it is pointed and strongly bent over. The
hinge-line is always shorter than the greatest breadth of the shell. The area is
concave and narrow, and the deltidial fissure seems to be small, but it cannot be
distinctly seen in any of the specimens, as just this part is always covered up by
very hard rock matter. The whole surface of the valve is covered by verv
strong radiating ribs, which sometimes bifurcate and are ornamented at intervals
with strong spines. In specimens with a small point of attachment, and which in
consequence have a longer hinge-line, a greater number of spines is clustered
together towards both ends of this line. In other specimens, with a large point of
attachment and a shorter hinge-line, these spines are very much reduced in size and
number, or they are even entirely absent. But otherwise, in all specimens the radi-
ating ribs are strongly nodose and ornamented with spines, which are distributed
quite irregularly over the whole valve.
656
SALT-EANGE EOSSILS.
The dorsal yalve is flatly concave, with a but slightly developed median fold.
The apex is pointed and slightly prominent, surrounded by a convex part of the
shell corresponding to the place of attachment of the other valve. A narrow but
distinct area is present in this valve. The surface of the valve, with the exception
of the convex part round the apex, is covered with low radiating folds, between
which shallow pits correspond to the places where on the other valve spines are situated.
These pits sometimes become the leading feature of the valve as in the specimen
of which an enlarged figure is given, PL LXIV, fig. lc. This valve is abso-
lutely devoid of any trace of spines. Eaint concentric striae of growth can be
observed.
The internal characters of this species are entirely unknown to me.
The measurements of two specimens, No. I from the Chonetes-bed, and No. II
from the lowest fossiliferous bed above the lavender-clay of Amb, are as follow : —
I.
II
Entire length of the shell .....
14 mm.
13 i
Length of the dorsal valve .....
• 12 „
11
Entire breadth of the shell .....
• 20 „
14-5
Length of the hinge-line .....
. 16 „
10
Entire thickness of the shell .....
• 10 „
7
Distance of the two valves from each other
■ ? „
5
Apical angle of the ventral valve ....
. 85°
?
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether only three specimens
of this species known to me, all three of which were collected by myself ; one of
them in the Chonetes-bed. and the two others in the lowest fossiliferous beds above
the lavender-clay ; that is to say, all three in the lower division of the Productus-
limestone, at Amb.
Remarks. — The present species seems to all appearances very nearly related to
Stroph. leplayi, Gein., of the European permian formation. Some confusion seems,
however, to prevail about this European species, and it is necessary to state
first what I include under the name. From permian beds of Russia a shell had
been described by Count de Verneuil under the name of Productus leplayi, which
afterwards was identified by Geinitz with a shell from the " Weissliegenden" of
Tieochitz near Gera, and which was manifestly a Strophalosia ; so that Geinitz in his
text of the " Dyas " changed the name of Productus leplayi into Strophalosia
leplayi. But afterwards he himself seems to have become uncertain of the identi-
fication, and on the explanation of the plates he quotes two species one at the side of
the other: Productus leplayi, Vern., and Strophalosia leplayi, Gein. This latter
proceeding seems to me the correct one. Strophalosia leplayi differs, according to
mv opinion, from Productus leplayi by its much smaller size, the fine radial
striation, the shorter hinge-line, and the attached ventral valve. That the ventral
valve of Strophalosia leplayi was in reality attached appears beyond all doubt
from Geinitz's figures and description of the species : in these he mentions and
draws a smooth space round the apex of the dorsal valve, a character which would
not be present if the ventral valve was quite free as this smooth space of the dorsal
PRODTTCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 657
valve just corresponds to the place of attachment of the ventral one. It needs only a
look at Geinitz's figures (chiefly fig. 25, PI. XIX of the Dyas) to become convinced
of the circumstances. It is this Strophalosia leplayi to which I think that the
Indian Strophalosia costata is most nearly related. Some palaeontologists might
perhaps be inclined to consider the two as identical, but I think one should not go
so far in the identification. Strophalosia costata is slightly larger, has got coarser
radial ribs, and bears more spines on them ; and thus I should rather advocate its
specific separation from the European permian shell. Nevertheless, the very near
relation of the two forms remains, and it is probable that the Strophalosia costata
must be considered as a geographical variation or representative form of Strophalosia
leplayi.
Of other species there is none known to me, to which the shell here under
consideration could be more particularly compared.
Genus : CHONETELLA, Waagen, n. gen.
There is only a single species for which I have to introduce this new genus, but
it is very common in the Salt-range, and its external and internal characters are so
peculiar, that I cannot place it in any of the genera which have been distinguished
up to the present.
On the first glance everybody would take this shell to be a Productus, as its
external appearance is entirely Productus-like. But on a closer examination one
finds that the ventral valve bears a narrow but distinct area, which is interrupted
in the middle by a small deltidial fissure ; and it is ornamented along its upper mar-
gins on both sides of the apex with thin spines, just as they occur in the genus Cho-
ustes. Also in most specimens a linear area exists in the dorsal valve. The chief
distinguishing characters of the genus are however to be found in its internal pecu-
liarities.
Fig. 20. Choneteixa nasuta, W., n. gen. et sp. Specimen from the Cephalopoda-bed of Amh : a. internal cast of the
ventral valve, natural size ; b. gutta-percha impression of the same, enlarged.
The ventral valve bears on both sides of the deltidial fissure rudimentary
cardinal teeth. The muscular impressions are deep and large. The adductors have
left somewhat reniform elongated impressions on both sides of the middle
line, not far from the apex; they are however not dendritic ; the divaricator
658 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
impressions are larger and situated somewhat outside and lower down than the
preceding. They are of a somewhat rectangular shape and longitudinally striated
as in Productus.
In the dorsal valve a very small trilohed cardinal process exists, at the base of
which on both sides are situated very indistinct shallow dental grooves. The car-
dinal process is continued as a thin, low median septum down to about half way
in the length of the valve. The muscular impressions are very distinct. All four are
somewhat lozenge- shaped, and the inner pair is somewhat larger than the outer one,
and at the same time somewhat lower down in its position. None of the impres.
sions is dendritic. The brachial ridges are very distinctly visible in all the speci-
mens at my disposal, but their origin remains always doubtful. It would appear as
if they originated at the lower end of the outer pair of adductor impressions, but I
cannot be quite certain of the circumstance. So much is however certain,
that they do not distinctly proceed from between the two pairs of adductor impres-
sions as is the case in other Productidce. The form of these sharply prominent
ridges is at the same time very peculiar ; they first descend in a broad curve, about
parallel to the margin of the valve, and then suddenly bend round in a narrow
curve as if they would form a spiral, and terminate suddenly as if cut off. I have
figured these specimens in order to show that these characters are constant. The
whole interior surface of the valve is largely papillate, except the space 'within the
brachial ridges.
Erom this description of the characters, it appears that the shells here under
consideration are truly transitional forms between Chonetes and Productus. They
can, however, not be united with Chonetes on account of the scarcely developed area
and hinge teeth, nor with Productus on account of the little spines with which
the upper margins of the area are ornamented. Charact in which the present genus
deviated from all the other genera of the Productidce are exhibited in the brachial
ridges of the dorsal valve.
If we take exception to the two above-mentioned genera, the form here under
consideration can only as yet be compared to those shells which have received the
names of Prod, llangollensis, Dav., and Prod, comoides, Sou., and which constitute
to my view the genus Damesiella, Waagen. Erom these shells, the present form is
distinguished by the absence of a second pair of adductor impressions in the ventral
valve and by differently disposed brachial ridges.
The genus is represented in the Salt-range by a single species, which will
receive the name of Chon. nasuta, W. I know of no other shell in any country
which with any probability could be attributed to the present genus.
I. — Chonetblla nastjta, Waagen, n. gen. et sp , PI. LXXXI, figs. 3 — 8.
Eor a long time I considered this little shell as a Productus, and only after a
very close and very careful investigation was I convinced that I had in it to deal
with a shell of different generic characters.
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BEACHIOPODA. 659
The general outline of the shell is entirely like that of a Productus. The ventral
valve is very strongly inflated in the middle with little wings on both sides. It
bears a fine radial plication, and in the middle of the frontal margin a large nose-
shaped process. The dorsal valve is strongly concave. The distinct area which
exists in both valves is almost entirely concealed, as it is so strongly overhanging
that its upper sharp margins appear as if they were the hinge margin.
The ventral valve is very strongly inflated, its curve being very regular in the
longitudinal as well as in the transverse direction, the lateral wings being but little
flattened and slightly projecting. The apex is slightly prominent, pointed and very
strongly bent over. The area is tolerably broad, a little concave and quite con-
cealed below the apex. It is cut open in the middle by a rather narrow deltidial
fissure. The upper very sharp margins of the area are ornamented with four to
five spines on each side of the apex, which are directed towards the end of tbe hinge-
line. Not far from the apex, a generally very shallow sinus commences and
about half way to the front suddenly changes into a high and prominent fold,
which is prolonged in the front into a narrow, long, nose-shaped process. The whole
valve is covered with a rather faint radial plication, which is sometimes well deve-
loped, sometimes barely at all preceptible. The single folds are narrow, rounded on
the top, and often dichotomous towards the frontal margin. As a very great
exception (in two cases among the 30 specimens at my disposal), one or the other of
these ribs bears a spine somewhere in its curve. The number of the radial folds
is between twenty and thirty.
The dorsal valve is concave, and is in every respect the reverse of the other
valve. It bears a prominent median fold to about half way from the apex,
when this suddenly changes into a deep rather narrow furrow, which is prolonged
into the nose-shaped process. The lateral portions of the valve bear a more or less
distinct radial plication. Along the hinge-line, a narrow but distinct area extends,
which is interrupted in the middle by the little prominent cardinal process.
The interior characters of the species are such as have been described in the
characteristic of the genus.
The substance of the shell is of a silky lustre as in Productus, but I cannot
detect in any of the specimens, when the outermost shell layer is destroyed, the fine
punctures, which are so very characteristic for the shell of Productus.
The measurements of two specimens, No. I, a strongly inflated variety with
small wings, from the base of the upper Productus-limestone of Khura, and No. II,
a less strongly inflated variety with large wings, from the Oephalopada-bed of
Chidru, are as follow : —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell ....... 13 mm. 9 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve ....... 9 „ 7 „
Entire breadth of the shell (at the hinge-line) . . . . 13 „ 14 „
„ thickness of the shell ....... 7 ,, 5 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve ...... 122° 130°
660 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The distance of the two valves from each other is 3mm, in a specimen of
10mm. in length. The specimen No. 1 is the largest one known to me.
Locality and geological position. — This is a rather common species in the Salt-
range, and it extends through the whole middle and upper divisions of the
Productus-limestone. It is, however, most numerous in the lower beds of the
upper division.
The geologically oldest specimen that is known up, to the present was col-
lected by myself at Katta in the lower beds of the middle Productus-limestone
(bed No. 12 of my note-book) (1 spec). In somewhat higher beds of the middle
division, I found the species in the section near Khura (1 spec), and in the middle
region of the middle division, on the road between Vurcha and TJchali (4 spec),
and at Kafirkot (4 spec). The top beds of the middle division have furnished
specimens at Khura (1 spec.) and at Kalabagh (1 spec).
In the lower region of the upper division the species was collected by myself
west of Khura (18 spec), and at Katwahi (4 spec). Lastly, in the Cepha-
lopoda-bed of the upper Productus limestone, the species occurred at Jabi (9 spec.)
and at Chidru (4 spec.) ,
Remarks. — As the present species has in its external appearance entirely the
look of Productus, it is also among the species of that genus that we must look out
for relations to the present form. In fact there is such a shell, and it has been
described by Mr. Davidson as an exceptional shape of Productus longispinus, Sow.
These little shells have been found in carboniferous-shale near Carluke in Lanark-
shire, and as I have not got specimens for comparison I must rely entirely on Mr.
Davidson's drawings, which are, however, of such a well-known quality that they
appear as nearly of the same value as natural specimens. Above all, it appears
highly probable that these little shells, though the interior of the dorsal valve is
not known, belong to my genus Chonetella as in fig. 18 (PI. XXXV of the Carboni-
ferous Monograph) . Mr. Davidson draws a distinct area in the ventral valve. As to
specific differences, the shell from the mountain-limestone has apparently no spines
along the upper margins of the area of the ventral valve, and on the surface of the
ventral valve much more numerous spines seem to be present than in the Indian
species, where the occurrence of a spine anywhere on the ventral valve, except
along the margins of the area, is a very great exception.
Now these little shells, the Indian as well as the English, ought not, according
to my opinion, to be considered as simple varieties of Productus longispinus, Sow.,
as their internal structure is very different. Productus longispinus, Sow., and its
allies belongs to that group of forms which I shall consider later on in the text
under the name of Marginifera, and the characters of which group will be duly
described in the right place. Of these characters, however, not a trace is to be
found in Chonetella, and thus these shells appear not only specifically but even
generically different from Productus longispinus.
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 661
Sub-family: PRODUCTINJE.
Genus: AULOSTEGES, Helmersen.
The occurrence of this genus in the palaeozoic strata of the Salt-range is of very
great interest, so much the more as I am in a position to add to the species already
made known by Mr. Davidson, a new one which is very common at certain
localities.
The generic characters seem not yet quite definitely fixed, as every new species
that becomes known adds something new to our knowledge of these characters, and
thus it appears difficult to draw up a generic description.
The general shape of the shells belonging to the genus is flat, with a convex
ventral and a flat or concave dorsal valve. The ventral valve, though mostly with
a deformed apex, as Streptorhynchus, is never attached but always free. It is
provided with a more or less large flat area, which bears in the middle a narrow
pseudodeltidium, provided, if well preserved, with little spines. Interiorly this
valve seems to be generally edentulous ; but in the specimen of Aul. dalhousm,
figured by Davidson, small rudimentary hinge-teeth are drawn and described, so that
hinge-teeth seem to have been sometimes developed. In the other species occurring
in the Salt-range no hinge-teeth are present. The muscular impressions of the
ventral valve connot be observed in any of the Indian specimens.
The dorsal valve has a linear area, a large cardinal process, and dendritic
adductor impressions. The brachial ridges reach far down to near the margin of the
valve, but are otherwise like those of Producius. This seems to be the case in Aulo-
steges wangenheimi, Vera., and Aulosteges dalhousi, Dav. The arrangement of
the brachial ridges is, however, quite different in Aulosteges medlicottianus, W., the
second species that occurs in the Salt-range, and perhaps this arrangement could be
made use of to distinguish this shell generically ; but I should not like to advocate
this, as only a single interior side of the dorsal valve of this species is known to me,
and it would be desirable to make some further investigations before deciding on
this question. The brachial ridges are very short in this species, proceed horizon-
tally from between the muscular impressions, then bend round in a sharp corner,
and return with a somewhat parabolical curve to the median septum.
The geological distribution of the genus is chiefly permian, and it has been
already remarked by Davidson that the occurrence of a species of Aulosteges in
the Salt-range might indicate the existence of permian strata there.
In the Salt-range the two species which exist there occur at two different
horizons. The species that has been described by Davidson, Aul. dalhousii, belongs
to the upper region of the middle Productus-limestone of Musakheyl, and the
second species, Aul. medlicottianus, W., is restricted to the lower Productus-lime-
stone, but it occurs there at different localities and sometimes in great numbers.
The two species are, however, apparently in no connection whatever together.
662 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
1. Aulosteges dalhousii, Davidson, PL LXIIL, fig. 1.
1862. Aulosteges dalhousii, Davidson : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Loud., Vol. XVIII., p. 33, pi II., fig. 7.
1863. Aulosteges dalhousii, (Dav.) Koninck: Foss. paleoz. de l'lnde, p. 41, pi., XII., fig. 7.
I regret to say that the materials of this species at my disposal are very scanty,
only a single-well preserved ventral valve being contained in the Salt-range collec-
tion. I must thus, in everything that regards the dorsal valve, copy from Mr.
Davidson's description.
The general ontline of the shell is broadly triangular, with a vaulted ventral
and a flat or slightly concave dorsal valve. The hinge-line is short, not projecting
at both ends, and the area of the ventral valve very large and reclining.
The ventral valve is not very strongly vaulted, and its curve is very irregular.
Longitudinally, the valve is tolerably flat to not very far from the front, then it
suddenly bends up to the front line. Transversely, the curve is more regular, but
indented in the middle by the broad and deep median sinus, which extends from the
front line to about half way up the length of the shell. The apex is prominent,
pointed and a little bent over in normal specimens, but very strongly incurved and
somewhat swollen in my specimen, a conformation which is evidently caused by mal-
formation. The area is very large and flat, very strongly striated vertically, and with
a few inbricating striae of growth parallel to the hinge line. It is interrupted in
the middle by a very narrow deltidial fissure, which is of nearly equal breadth for
its whole extent. This fissure is bridged over nearly down to the very hinge-margin
by a little vaulted pseudodeltidium, wbich bears many imbricating striae of growth
and is thickly covered by little spines. At the hinge-margin it leaves only a very
small space open for the reception of the apparently very small cardinal process of
the dorsal valve. The whole surface of the valve, with the exception of the area,
is covered with closely set spines, of which the majority is directed forward, whilst
between them are some which are slightly thicker and erect. The spines with a
forward direction are mostly pressed down firmly to the surface of the valve.
I do not know the dorsal valve of this species from my own observation.
What Mr. Davidson says about this valve is as follows : The dorsal valve is
convexo-concave, — that is to say, it is convex up to a little distance from the margin,
and then bends up and becomes concave. The area of this valve is narrow and
linear. The whole surface seems to have been covered with thin spines. Interiorlv
the cardinal process is trifid, and there are traces of the small dental sockets at
both sides of its base. The cardinal process is continued in a small median septum
which extends somewhat in excess of half of the length of the valve. On each side
of this septum two elongated oval dendritic inpressions are to be found, which
without doubt represent the impressions of the adductor muscles. At their inner
extremities commence the reniform impressions (brachial ridges) : these are
marked by a curved line which, extending to near the margin of the valve and then
abruptly bending round, terminates not far from the point whence it had started-
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 663
The measurements of the specimen at my disposal are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell ......... 44 mm.
Height of area . . . . . . . . . . . 10 • „
Entire breadth of the shell ......... 48 „
Length of the hinge-line ...... ... 32 „
Breadth of the pseudodeltidium at the hinge-line ..... 3 „
Entire thickness of the shell ......... 19 „
Apical angle ............ 100°
Locality and geological position.- — There are altogether only two specimens
of this species known up to the present. One of them was collected hy Mr. Purdon,
and has been described by Mr. Davidson, and the other was found by Mr. Theobald,
and has served here for the description. Both these specimens, come from Musa-
kheyl, and were undoubtedly collected there in the upper beds of the middle Produc-
tus-limestone.
'Remarks. — The present species appears on the whole to be very nearly related
to Aul. wangenheimi. Vern., from permian beds of Prussia. It is entirely of the
same type and configuration, and it is highly probable that the two are either
in a developmental connection, or that they are forms of the same geological age,
representing each other in different geographical regions.
The difference that exists between the two forms consists chiefly in the smaller
size of Aul. wangenheimi and in the finer and more erect spines that it bears on
the ventral valve.
Aulosteges guadalupensis, Shum., is of the same type, and related as well to
Aul. wangenheimi as to Aul. dalhousii ; but this species is so badly figured that
it is difficult to decide as to its specific identity or difference with any of the above
species. It appears certainly to be much smaller than Aul. dalhousii.
2. Aulosteges medlicottiantjs, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LXII.
' The general outline of this species is more or less trapezoidal, with a moderately
vaulted ventral valve which bears a shallow sinus in the middle. The area is com-
paratively small and the hinge-line long, so that little wings are formed at both ends
of it. The dorsal valve is flatly concave throughout, without any spines.
The, ventral valve is not much inflated, but its curve is very unequal in different
directions. In the longitudinal direction, the valve appears considerably flattened in
the apical region till about half way down to the front, when it bends suddenly, but
in a well rounded curve, down to the front line. Transversely, this flattening of the
apical region is less strongly marked, but then, those parts of the valve which are
situated towards both ends of the hinge-line appear considerably flattened, and
thus form distinct little wings. The apex is pointed but very little prominent,
mostly more or less deformed, but it has never been fixed to a strange body.
It is mostly slightly incurved, and thus the area, which extends below, becomes a
little concave. This latter is narrow, strongly reclining, and bears a great number
664 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
of very strongly imbricating striae of growth. In the middle it is interrupted by a
narrow but very highly roof-shaped pseudodeltidium, which is also provided with
many imbricating striae of growth, but which bears, as far as can be observed, no
spines. The median sinus of the valve commences only at a certain, but somewhat
variable, distance from the apex. The surface of the valve is covered by not very
numerous, tolerably fine spines, which are arranged approximately in quincunx
and are erect from their roots. On the wings they are somewhat more numerous
and coarser. These spines become often astonishingly long and bend in every
direction. They are never straight, and served probably for fixing the valve to
foreign bodies.
The dorsal valve is flatly concave, with a very faint indication of a median fold.
The apex is very strongly pointed and extremely prominent but quite flat, thus
causing the pseudodeltidium of the other valve to assume the shape of a roof. The
valve possessess a very narrow vertical area and thus projects like the blade of a
knife over the hinge-line. This area, if quite well preserved, possesses a very neat
diagonal striation, which starts from the outer and upper margin and proceeds in
an oblique direction towards the hinge-line and the base of the cardinal process.
The surface of the valve is entirely smooth and devoid of spines, and only a few
concentric wrinkles can be observed.
The minute structure of the shell substance of both valves is very much like
that of Productus. The shell has a dull smooth epidermis, below which follows
the proper substance of the shell, which exhibits a very vivid silky lustre. If
the epidermis is removed, one sees a very great number of exceedingly fine radial
wrinkles, between which punctures are situated. The fine radial striation, which
is drawn in the figures on PL LXII, is caused by this wrinkling of the deeper shell
layers.
Of the interior characters of this species only those of the dorsal valve are
to a certain extent known to me. The only specimen, however, in which the
interior surface of the dorsal valve is exposed, shows such strange characters that I
must suppose that some of them have been brought about by malformation. * The
cardinal process is very large and depressed, sharp on its dorsal side and broadly
flattened on the ventral one. There are no distinct dental grooves at both sides of
the base of the cardinal process. On the ventral side, the process is divided by
a longitudinal impression, which terminates at the base in a tolerably deep roundish
groove, as in most species of Chonetes. Below this groove a low median septum
takes its origin, which is however in the specimen at my disposal split up in
two — a feature that is probably not a natural one, but caused by malformation.
This septum extends to not far from the frontal line. The muscular impressions,
which are clearly visible, are situated on both sides of this septum. The outer pair
of adductors has left large, somewhat reniform dendritic impressions, which reach
far up towards the base of the cardinal process. The inner pair is enclosed between
the outer pair, and immediately adjoins the median septum : but it is situated
lower down, further removed from the cardinal process than the other pair, of
PRODUCTUS- LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 665
a more narrowly elongated form, and not dendritic. The brachical ridges are not
very distinct, but as far as they can be made out, they are of very strange shape.
They originate on each side between the muscular impressions, and proceed, slightly
ascending towards the hinge-line, to about half way from the shell margin. Then
they make a nearly angular bend back, run for a short distance about parallel to the
first branch, take a turn towards the front-margin, ascend again in a somewhat
parabolic curve, and terminate not far from the point where they originated, in
the vicinity of the median septum. The whole internal side of this valve is covered
by a fine papillation, which has inadvertedly been left out in the drawing, PI. LXII,
fig. 4ta.
The measurements of two specimens, No. I from Amb, and No. II from Chidru,
are as follow : —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell ....... 41 mm. 42 mm.
Length of the dorsal valve ....... 37 „ 38
Entire breadth of the shell 49 „ 60 „
Length of the hinge-line ....... 45 ,, 33 ,,
Entire thickness of the shell ....... 23 „ 19 „
Distance of the two valves from each other .... 13 „ 16 „
Apical angle of the ventral valve ...... 141° „ 149° „
Locality and geological 'position. — The present species is common only at a
single locality, and this is Amb, where it occurs in the coaly sandstones that form
the lowest fossilliferous bed of the Productus-limestone above the lavender-clays.
I brought away about a dozen specimens. Except at this locality, the species has
been found again only at Chidru, by Dr. Oldham ; the bed this specimen came
from is not exactly known, but it is probable that it came also from the lower
Productus-limestone.
Remarks, — It is very easy to distinguish this species from all the others of the
same genus that have been described up to the present. Prom Aul. dalhousii, in
particular, it can be distinguished by its comparatively larger hinge-line, smaller
area, and the less numerous and erect spines.
If we look among other genera, for shells which could possibly be related to
the present species, we find Strophalosia poyangensis, Kays, from upper carbonifer-
ous beds of China, to be rather similar to the Indian shell. It cannot be decided
from the plates alone if the Chinese species had better be retained in the genus
Strophalosia, or if it should not rather be considered as an Aulosteges. No point
of attachment of the ventral valve seems to exist. But even if the two shells
should be found to be congeneric, yet specifically they are certainly distinct.
Stroph. poyangensis is a much smaller form, with a finer sculpture, shorter hinge-
line, and a much more transversely oval outline.
One point in the structure of the Indian species is of special interest, — this
is as to how the valves opened. The point on which the dorsal valve turned
when the animal opened its shell was the extremity of the apex of this valve,
which is strongly prominent, entirely attached to the cardinal process , and sticks
666 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
firmly to the roof -shaped pseudodeltidium of the other valve, which is closed nearly
quite down to the hinge-line. Owing to this arrangement the valve could not have
turned without a slight shifting of the whole hinge-line in a vertical direction, and
without a sliding backward of the two thickened projecting shell corners on both
sides of the deltidial fissure, which fitted into the large roundish grooves on both
sides of the cardinal process without filling them up. Thus it happened that
in the position when the valves were opened, the upper margin of the dorsal area was
functioning as hinge-line. It is also very remarkable that just in this species, where
an opening of the valve was only possible under very peculiar circumstances, the
dorsal area possesses a diagonal striation, which bears a striking resemblance to the
striation occurring on the valves of the Pelecypoda at the place where the ligament
is inserted.
I have thought it not superfluous to draw the attention of men of science to
this circumstance, as it would be very desirable that further observations in a
similar direction should be made on other shells.
I have given the name of Aulosteges medlirottianus to this shell in order to
express once more my utmost gratitude to Mr. H. B. Medlicott, the Superintendent
of the Geological Survey of India, for the great kindness and untiring zeal with
which he has now conducted for years the publication of the present work.
Genus: PRODUCTUS, Sowerby.
This genus is among all the fossils of the Salt-range most numerously repre-
sented; I count altogether not less than twenty species of it. Not only. are the
specific forms so very numerous, but the individuals also occur in the greatest
profusion, and in some beds scarcely can any piece of rock be picked up in which
one or the other specimen of the genus would not be contained. It was for this
reason that I chose the name of " Productus-limestone " for the wfiole formation.
The genus Productus is very well known to everybody, and it seems hardly
necessary to repeat here again the already often described generic characters, more
especially as I have nothing new to add to them. I have only slightly restricted the
genus, inasmuch as I have separated from it those forms which bear in each valve,
not far from the margin and parallel to it, a projecting shelly ridge, which is some-
times crenulated on top. I unite these forms under the name of "Marginifera,"
and consider Productus longispinus, Sow., also as probably belonging to this genus,
though it has the character not yet well developed. All the shells belonging to
my new genus are of small size.
Even in this restricted sense there are nevertheless twenty different species
that can be attributed to the genus. Seven different species of Productus from the
Salt-range have been described by Davidson; these are — 1, JProductus striatus,
Eisch. ; 2, JProductus longispinus, Sow. ; 3, Productus cora, Orb. ; 4, Productus semi-
reticulatus, Mart. ; 5, Productus costatus, Sow. ; 6, Productus purdoni, Dav. ; and 7,
Productus humboldti, Orb. I am, however, very sorry to say that I can accept but
PBODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 667
few of these names. Firstly, Productus longispinus must be removed from the list ;
as all the forms more or less allied to Sowerby's species occurring in the Salt-range
belong to the genus Marginifera, and will be treated of later on in this work.
With regard to the other species, I must confess that I am inclined to draw the
limits of the several species much closer than Mr. Davidson has done, and also closer
than Mons. de Koninck has proposed to do. The descriptions of the species in the
works of Mons. de Koninck as well as of Mr. Davidson have all been drawn up under
the impression that the marine carboniferous species all came from about the same
geological horizon, — that is, the mountain-limestone, — and tbat the marine carbonifer-
ous beds of Russia and other countries were not mucb different in age from those of
England and Belgium. In the meantime, Mr. Moller, in a paper of the utmost im-
portance, has shown that the Bussian marine beds as well as those of other countries
belonged to very different geological horizons, — as different, for instance, as the
several sub-divisions of the trias in Southern Europe. While, then, the first of the
two views indicated tended to contract the different shapes of Brachiopod shells as far
as possible into one species, as of not very much differing geological age, the
other takes the very different geological age of the different shapes also into considera-
tion, and must thus arrive at a much closer distinction of the species than would other-
wise be the case. I am in this latter position, and must break up the developmental
lines of forms, which have all been contracted into one species by Koninck and
Davidson, into the several composing members ; thus I shall frequently have to
apply other names to the Salt-range species than those given by Mr. Davidson.
In most cases what is a species for Mr. Davidson is a group of forms for me,
but as I always employ the name of the group as heading, it will not be difficult
for those who may not agree with my views to reduce them to the opinions of
Mr. Davidson.
The grouping of the species of Productus has been executed in the most ad-
mirable manner by Mons. de Koninck, and in all cases it is most easy to distribute
the Salt-range forms into Koninck's groups. Only one of Koninck's groups or
sub-divisions I should like to split up into two, namely, that of the " Striati," which
comprises regular forms like Prod, cora, Orb., and Prod, giganteus, Mart., as well as
the very irregular Prod, striatus, Fisch. Now this latter I should like to remove
from the group and introduce the designations of " Lineati" for the regular forms
and " Irregulares " for Prod, striatus and allies.
If we now go through the different species of Productus occurring in the Salt-
range, according to the sub-divisions to which they belong, we must begin with the
Lineati which includes Prod. cora. As it seems to me, very different things
have been considered as belonging to this species. On a first view, we can dis-
tinguish two large groups among the forms that are generally called Prod, cora :
one group with a median impression on the visceral part of the ventral valve, the
group of Prod, neffedievi, Vern., and another group without such an impression,
that of Prod, cora proper. Each of these groups, however, can again be sub-divided,
as it appears to me, into several mutations according to the geological age of the
668 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
different forms. That the two groups must be considered as distinct has been recog-
nised already by M'Coy and Moller ; and notably the latter has not introduced
Prod, neffedievi among the synonyms of his Prod. cora.
In the group of Prod, neffedievi, the geologically oldest shape which apparently
occurs in the mountain-limestone proper is the typical form which has been
figured so excellently by Verneuil (Geol. of Russia, Vol. II, pi. 18, fig. 11) and
Koninck (Monogr. d. gen. Prod, et Chon., pi. 5, fig. 2 d. e.). This species is charac-
terised by the general absence of spines on the surface of the ventral valve, except
along the hinge-line, where apparently two rows of small spines are generally de-
veloped. It seems that this form is almost entirely restricted to eastern districts, and
is, if not entirely absent, yet very rare in Western Europe. In the upper carbonifer-
ous limestone of Russia, chiefly at Mjatchkowa near Moscow, another shape occurs,
which has been excellently figured by Trautschold (Mjatchkowa, pi. 5, fig. 1). In
this shape scattered spines are generally developed on the surface of the ventral
valve, and the hinge-line also bears one or two rows of little spines. This same form
occurs in great numbers in the Salt-range. It bears, like the Russian shell, scattered
spines on the ventral valve and spines along the hinge-line. I distinguish this form
under the name of Prod, lineatus, W.
The other group of forms, of which Prod, cora, Orb., forms part, has in gene-
ral a more westerly distribution than the preceding one. The geologically oldest
shape of that group is Prod, corrugatus, M'Coy, from the mountain-limestone of
England and Belgium. Most authors have united this species with Prod, cora, but
I think it must be kept separate, as in this species by far the majority of specimens
is without scattered spines on the surface of the ventral valve, and only in certain
rare variations do such spines occur. This shape has been excellently figured by
Davidson (Mon. Brit. Carb. Brach., pi. 36, fig. 4, and pi. 42, fig. 9) and Koninck
(Mon. gen. Prod, et Chon. pi. 5, fig. 2 a. b. c). The hinge-margin is in this form always
provided with numerous spines. In the coal-measures of North and South America,
another form occurs, in which the scattered spines on the ventral valve are never
absent, and in which they occur often in great numbers. This latter form only, I
think, must be considered as representing the true Prod, cora, Orb. The species has
been found also in the Salt-range, but it is very rare there. In America, this
species is generally quoted under the name of Prod, prattenianus, Norw. and
Pratt.
The second of Mons. de Koninck's sub-divisions, of which species occur in the
Salt-range, is that of the Semireticulati, and it must be remarked that the greatest
number of individuals of the genus is furnished by this sub-division. Mr. Davidson
has described two species belonging to it, — Prod, semireticulatus, Mart., and
Prod, costatus, Sow. With regard to the first of these two species, I must be
somewhat doubtful whether Mr. Davidson had really the Prod, semireticulatus
from the Salt-range before him, when quoting this species, as Prod, semireti-
culatus is so very rare there that only a single very badly preserved specimen of the
species has been obtained up to the present. It is on the other hand probable that
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— PKACHIOPODA. 669
Mr. Davidson has included other forms, which are far more common, but which,
according to my views, should be separated from Martin's species, and which I
shall describe further on under the name of Productus spiralis, W. Another allied
form will be described as Productus aratus, W. I am in a very similar position
with regard to Trod, costatus, Sow. The European species is always rather small,
not very coarsely ribbed ; the most striking character, however, consisting in two
thick ribs, which cover the wings of the ventral valve. These ribs, with the strong
spines on them, are present in nearly all the specimens, and among a good set of
this species contained in the Hof-Mineralien- Cabinet at Vienna, there is not
a single specimen without these ribs. The European specimens without the
thick lateral folds must be considered as exceptions, which must be traced probably
from other sources and might perhaps best be considerd as bastard forms between
Prod, costatus and Prod, semireticulatus. In the Indian shell, which has been
identified by Mr. Davidson with Prod, costatus, these thick lateral folds are never
present, and the shell is altogether of a larger and clumsier shape than Prod,
costatus. I shall call the Indan form Prod, indicus, W. At the side of this species
another occurs with somewhat finer ribs, which will bear the name of Prod, sub-
costatus, W., and a third with a nearly smooth shell, which will be described under
the name of Prod, vishnu, W.
With these two groups of forms the species of the Semireticulati occurring
in the Salt-range are not yet at an end. There is still a very elegant little
Productus, which I consider as nearly related to Prod, portlochianus, Norw. and
Pratten. This latter species has been considered by many writers as a synonym only
of Prod, costatus, but I think it is distinct by its more equal ribs, deeper and
sharper median sinus, and smaller size. In all these characters the Indian shell
agrees with this American species, but it is yet smaller, the ribs are finer and higher,
and thus I must distinguish it under a new name, which will be Prod, gratiosus,
W. It might perhaps be compared also to Prod, griffithianus, Kon.
The third sub-division of Mons. de Koninck, the Spinosi, is but very sparingly
repesented in the Salt-range. I can place only a single species in this sub-division,
and this is rather nearly related to Prod, muricatus, Phill., and will bear the name of
Prod, asperulus, W.
The " Fimbriati " occur again in rather large numbers in the Salt-range, and
the most important group among them is the group of Prod, humboldti, Orb.
This latter species itself is rather rare in the Salt-range ; so much the more common,
however, is another species, which is very nearly related to the preceding one, but
distinguished by a coarser granulation, and which will receive- the name of Prod,
abichi, W- Other species belonging to the group, but of less importance, are Prod,
serialis, W., and Prod, cylindricus, W. The group of Prod, pustulosis, Phill., is
represented by Prod, bhalensis. "W. Lastly, an isolated species, belonging to the
sub-division, is Prod, purdoni, Dav.
The "Eorridi " are but very little developed, whilst the " Caperati " are entirely
absent. Of the Rorridi there exists a little spieces, which is very nearly related to
670 SALT-EANGE EOSSILS.
Prod, geinitzianus, Kon., but which yet cannot be identified with that species.
It wil] bear the name of Prod, opuntia, W. Another species, also probably belong-
ing to the Horridi, appears to bear rather a close likeness to Prod, kiangsiensis,
Kays, from the upper-carboniferous beds of Lo-Ping in China. Nevertheless I
cannot identify the two forms on account of a somewhat different sculpture and a
different development of the wings in the Indian shell, and thus this latter will have
to take a new name, and I shall call it Prod, twmidus, W.
Lastly, the section " Irregulares " consists only of shells more or less nearly
related to Prod, striatus, Eisch. I know that I shall meet with the approval of but
very few men of science, when I distribute the forms which are generally considered
as composing the species Prod, striatus, into several specific groups ; and yet I can-
not but proceed in the manner indicated. The shells which have been described
from the Salt-range under the name of Prod, siriatus are, to me, distinguishable
from the European shell which bears this name, and I must express this distinctness
in the name. There are two forms of the group of Prod, striatus in the Salt-range.
The one has large but depressed wings, so that these latter do not extend
approximately in the plane of the valve, but are bent down forming one plane with
the lateral descending parts of the apex. This species I shall call Prod, compressm,
W. The other form is not accidentally but really without wings, and has no hinge-
line at all ; I shall call it Prod, mytiloides, W.
With these latter two species the number occurring in the Salt-range is at
an end.
It will be necessary, in order to make a general view of these scattered notices
of the affinities of the Salt-range species more easy, to give a classified list of these
forms. I have accordingly drawn up the following scheme : —
I. — Section Lineati.
a. — Group of Peoductus nefpedievi, Vera.
1. — Prod, lineatus, W.
b. — Group of Peoductus coeeugatus, M'Coy.
2. — Prod, eora, Orb.
II. — Section Semieeticulati.
c. — Group of Peoductus semiheticulatus, Mart.
•5. — Prod, semireliculatus, Mart.
4. — „ spiralis, W.
5. — „ aratus, W.
d. — Group of Peoductus costatus, Sow.
6. — Prod, snbcostatus, W.
7. — „ indicus, W.
<S. — „ vishun, W.
e. — Group of Productus poetlockianus, Norw. and Pratt.
9. — Prod, gratiosus, W.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BEACHIOPODA. 671
III. — Section Spinosi.
y. — Group of Productus muricatus, Phill.
10. — Prod, aspernlus, W.
IV. — Section Fimbriati.
g. — Group of Productus humboldti, Orb.
11. — Prod. humboldti, Orb.
12. — „ alichi, W.
13. — „ ser talis, W.
14. — „ cylindricus, W.
h. — Group of Productus pustulosus, Phill.
15. — Prod, bhalensis, W.
i. — Isolated species.
16. — Prod, purdoni, Davids.
V. — Section Horridi.
k. — Group of Productus geinitzianus, Kon.
17. — Prod, qpuntia, W.
I. — Group of Productus kiangsiensis, Kays.
18. — Prod, lumidus, W.
VI. — Section Irregulares.
m. — Group of Productus striatus, Fisch.
19. — Prod, compressus, W.
20. — „ mytiloides, W.
To many it will appear very strange that in this long list only a single species
is quoted which occurs also in Europe, and among the whole there are only four,
which have heen described previously. This result differs widely from what one is
wont to see among the Producti. In the Producti more than in any other group of
the Brachiopoda transitional shapes between the several forms occur, and the species
are generally taken as having a wider range than those of other groups, their varia-
bility being extreme. It will be understood that I cannot here go into details with
regard to the European species, though as to them also opinions have been uttered,
for instance by Beyrich, that Mesrs. Koninck and Davidson had gone too far in
uniting different shapes into one species ; but with regard to the Indian forms
I must keep things more apart than has generally been done in Europe. The
circumstance that we were so very long entirely in the dark as to the general
classification of the carboniferous rocks is due in great measure to the very insuffi-
cient distinction made among the species of Brachiopoda ; and if a_ satisfactory
discrimination of the several marine carboniferous beds is ever accomplished, it will
certainly be found that different shapes are also restricted to different beds. The
transitional forms that no doubt exist are partly due to the development in tim e
of the different species, although partly also no doubt to bybridity, as I have
672 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
indicated already in describing the Terebraiutidcs. The hybridity will the more
frequently occur as the different forms are more nearly related. It seems, however,
not practical to lay too great stress on such intermediate forms, but rather the
contrary. We will then only arrive at a right understanding of the historical
development of the different shapes, by fixing strictly the more constant and
frequently occurring forms by separate names, rather than by mingling up different
things only for the reason that here and there transitional forms can be observed.
Starting from such considerations, I have thus arrived at founding so many new
species on the one hand, and on their distinction from the related European forms
on the other. The reason why all these forms can be distinguished specifically from
all the species that have been described up to the present by other authors, rests
probably on two circumstances — first, that the great mass of described Producti
came from truly carboniferous beds, be it from the mountain-limestone or from the
coal-measures ; and second, that the Salt-range beds have for the greater part an
age different from both.
The geological distribution of the Salt-range species is very variable; some of
them are restricted to a single bed, others again extend through the whole Produc-
tus-limestone formation. I think it will be best to give here a list of the species
with the horisons in which they occur. In this list, Low.=Lower Productus-
limestone, Midd.=Middle Productus-limestone, and Upp.=TJpper Productus-lime-
stone ; Ceph. bed, signifies the Cephalopoda-bed of the Upper Productus-limestone.
Thus the distribution of the several species is as follows : —
1. Prod, lineatus, W., Midd. and Upp., common.
SJ. „ cora. Orb., Low. Midd. and Upp., rare.
3. „ semireiiculatus, Mart., Low,, very rare.
4. „ spiralis, W., Low., common.
5. „ aratus, W., Ceph. bed, rare.
6. „ subcostatus , W., Midd. and Upp., rare.
7. „ indiciis, W., Midd. and Upp., very common.
8. „ vishnUy W., Midd., very rare.
9. „ gratiosus, W., Midd., common ; Upp., rare.
10. „ aspendus, W., Midd., rare ; Upp., common.
11. „ humboldti, Orb., Midd., rare.
12. „ abichi, W., Midd. and Upp., common.
13. „ serialis, W., Cepb. bed, rare.
14. „ cylindricws, W., Cepb. bed, rather rare.
15. „ lhalensis, W., Low., rare.
16. „ purdoni, Davids., Upp., not rare.
17. „ opuntia, W., Ceph. bed, rare.
18. „ tumidus, W., Midd., rather common ; Upp., rare.
19. „ compressus, W., Midd., not rare.
20. „ mytiloides, W., Cepb. bed, very rare.
It appears from this list that the chief mass of species of JProductus occurs in
the middle Productus-limestone ; that the lower Productus-limestone is not very rich
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA.
673
in species, but that those that occur are nearly all peculiar ; and that in the upper
Productus-limestone the Cephalopoda-bed has the greatest number of peculiar
species.
1.— Section: LINEATI.
a.— Group op PRODUCTUS NEFFEDIEVI, Vera.
1. Productus lineatus, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LXVI, figs. 1, 2, PI. LXVII, fig. 3.
1862. Productus cora, (Orb.) Davidson, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Lond., Vol. XVIII, p 31.
1863. Productus cora, (Orb., Davids.) Koninck : Fobs, paleoz. de l'lnde, p. 38.
1876. Productus cora, (Orb.) Trautschold : Die Kalkbruche von Mjatsobkowa. II, page. 53, pi. V, fig. 1, (Syn.
exclus.)
The general outline of this species is mostly elongately oval, longer than it is
wide, with a strongly prominent and bent-over apical region. The dorsal valve is
not very deeply concave. The sculpture consists of fine radiating striae, which are
interrupted from time to time by not very strong erect spines.
Fig. 21. Productus lineatus, W., n. sp. : a. b. c. silicified specimen from Musakheyl — a. dorsal valve, interior view;
b. view of the cardinal process and hinge-line from the outer or dorsal side ; c. ventral valve of the same specimen
internal view, all natural size ; d. cardinal view of a specimen from the road between Vurcha and Ucha'li, to show
the spines along the hinge-line, natural size.
The ventral valve is very strongly inflated, and it is equally strongly vaulted
in both directions. Only, towards the ends of the hingeline it is somewhat flatten-
ed, thus forming little spread-out wings. The hingeline is long and straight ; but in
most cases it is not quite so long as the greatest breadth of the shell. The pointed and
very strongly enrolled apex distinctly bends down over it. Not far from the apex,
a broad distinct flattening, or impression, appears on the very prominent median
part of the ventral valve, and extends as far as the visceral part ; lower down, how-
ever, it disappears again entirely. The sculpture consists of numerous fine radiat-
ing striae, which remain of very equal thickness for their whole extent, and augment
at intervals by intercalation of new ones. There are, very regularly, 7 or 8 striae within
the space of 5 mm. The striae are interrupted at intervals by the bases of strong erect
spines, in which generally three or four striae unite, and which thus cause locally a
674 SALT-KANGE FOSSILS.
strong deviation of the otherwise straightly descending striae. These spines are irre-
gularly distributed oyer the median part of the valve and are rather variable in number,
but never very profusely developed. Along the hingeline one or two rows of smaller
spines, very irregular in number, are present. The wings are ornamented with strong
concentric folds, which are almost entirely restricted to them or only ascend for
a very short distance the lateral parts of the median shell portion. The margins of
the valve, if entirely preserved — though this is only rarely the cas e — are not in one
plane, but have the lateral parts descending and expanding considerably below the
level of the hinge-line, in the same manner as has been described by Trautschold
from Moscow specimens.
The dorsal valve is flatly concave in the visceral region, and, when entirely
preserved, somewhat geniculated towards the margins. It is most regularly hollow-
ed out in the vicinity of the apex, while the wings are rather flatly spread out.
Lower down a very distinct median fold is developed, which is limited on both
sides by elongated, deeply excavated spaces. The geniculated part of the valve is
again regularly concave. This valve is also ornamented with a very regular fine
radial striation, which is, however, rather indistinct on the wings. The striae are
of the same breadth as on the other valve, augment also by intercalation, but
are not interrupted by spine-bases, spines being entirely absent in this valve. In-
stead, a distinct concentric sculpture is developed. This commences on the wings
with strong descending folds, which are, however, separated from the hingeline by
a smooth excavated space. Of these folds, there are about eight present on each
side. They bend round, following approximately the contour of the shell-margin,
and unite with the folds of the other side.
The interior characters of the shell are pretty completely known to me. In
the ventral valve the muscular impressions are of quite an extraordinary size. The
four adductor impressions, as well as the divaricators, are clearly distinguishable. Of
the adductors, two large dendritic impressions are situated not far from the apex
on both sides of the middle line of the valve, and two quite small ones can be observed
at the base of the former and somewhat between them. They are not dendritic.
The divaricator impressions are outside the adductors and somewhat lower down.
They are very large, of a somewhat broadly reniform shape and strongly striated
vertically. The remaining space of the visceral part of the valve, below the muscu-
lar impressions, shows shallow radiating furrows which sometimes bifurcate : these
might perhaps be explained as impressions of the vascular system.
The dorsal valve is less exactly known to me in its internal characters than
the other one, as the space outside the brachial ridges is broken away in the speci-
men I have for observation, and thus nothing is known to me of possibly occur-
ring vascular impressions, &c. The cardinal process of this valve is comparatively
small and little prominent. It is deeply tripartite, the median part being largest,
rectangular in shape, and bearing a deep groove on its interior face. The process is
supported by a thick callous shelly mass, which forms the upper end of the valve,
and is continued along the hinge-margin as thick rounded ridges. Also in the
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— BEACHIOPODA. 675
direction of the middle line of the valve it forms sometimes a thick broadly rounded
ridge, which then forms more or less the continuation of the cardinal process. Out
of this ridge lower down a high and sharp median septum is produced, extend-
ing for about two-thirds of the length of the visceral part of the valve. Where
the thick ridge, above mentioned, is absent, the cardinal process is separated from
the median septum by an elongated smooth space. The muscular impressions,
which are broad but not very long, commence about where the median septum
begins. The two pairs of adductor impressions cannot well be distinguished, all
forming one large dendritic mass ; it seems, however, that an obliquely striated inner
part of the impression belongs to the inner pair, whilst an irregularly dendritic
larger outer part may be considered as being produced by the outer pair. The
brachial ridges originate at the base between the two pairs of muscular impressions.
They first extend outward, slightly ascending, then suddenly bend down and
extend in this way, directed slightly outward, for a rather long distance, and at last
they turn again inward and upward, and terminate far distant from each other and
from the termination of the median septum. The thorns, which generally ornament
the inside of the JProductus shells, seem to be absent in this species.
The species varies to a certain extent, inasmuch as the general outline is
sometimes narrowly elongated, sometimes broadly oval. This variation is chiefly
due to two circumstances. First, it depends upon the more or less strong develop-
ment of the wings, which are sometimes rather large and strongly projecting, while
they are very small in other cases; and second, from the more or less entire preserva-
tion of the " trail," as it as been called, — that is, the part of the shell which is beyond
the visceral portion and where the two valves run parallel and nearly touch each
other. Another point of variation is in the spines, which are situated along the
hingeline. These are sometimes numerous (10 to 12 on each side of the apex) and
then arranged in two irregular rows, sometimes they are scarce or seem to be even
entirely absent. It must, however, be remarked that these spines are very easily
lost by the process of fossilisation, a circumstance which is not the case with the
spines scattered over the surface of the ventral valve.
It is barely possible to give exact measurements of this species of Productus
as the dimensions vary exceedingly with the mode of preservation of the several
specimens, and thus exact measurements are of no use for comparison. The largest
specimen known to me is 76 mm. in length and 67 mm. in breadth ; its thickness is
53mm. Average-sized specimens have generally 60 mm. in length and 48 to 55 mm.
in breadth. The apical angle varies between 85 and 105 degrees. The distance of
the two valves in the visceral region is about 30 to 35 mm.
Locality and geological position. — The present species is rather common in
certain beds of the Productus-limestone. It commences already in the lower divi-
sion of the formation, but is very rare there. A single specimen was detected
by Dr. Oldham at Chidru in a yellowish-grey sandstone rather low in the series.
In the middle division the species has its chief development. It has been found
in these beds by all who have visited the Salt-range, and is preserved in the
676 SALT RANGE EOSSILS.
collections from the following localities: E. of Katwahi (2 sp.), N. of the same
place (1 sp.) ; Khura (4 sp.) ; Khura top beds of the middle division (1 sp.) ;
Khund Ghat (7 sp.) ; Morah (4 sp.) ; Virgal (2 sp.) ; Vurcha (3 sp.) ; road from
Vurcha to Uchali (7 sp.) ; Musakheyl (2 sp.) ; Chidru (3 sp.) ; Kafirkot (6 sp.),
Kafirkot North (2 sp.) ; Paniala cliffs Shekh Budin (2 sp.).
In the upper division of the Productus-limestone the species is somewhat
rare. It has been found in these beds by Mr. "Wynne at Katwahi (2 sp.) and at
Khund Ghat (1 sp.) ; and by me on the road between Katwahi and Shahpur
(2 sp.), at Jabi in the Gephalopoda-hed (2 sp.), and somewhat lower down (1 sp.),
at Chidru in the Cephalopoda-loeA (1 sp.), and in the section west of Khura, at
the base of the upper division.
Remarks. — The occurrence of this species in India is of very high geological
interest. As to the identity of the Indian shells with the European one that has
been figured by Trautschold, there can, I think, be no manner of doubt. It needs
only a comparison of the figures given by me with Trautschold's drawings, to
become convinced of the matter. Another question is its distinction from Prod,
cora, Orb., as these forms are called generally, or from Prod, neffedievi, Vern., more
especially. I have already stated in the introduction to the genus that, according
to my views, the shells which are generally called Prod, cora should be divided
into two series of forms, one with a median sinus in the visceral region and
another without such a sinus. Both of these series have representatives already
in the mountain-limestone proper, but these geologically older shells are generally
devoid of scattered spines on their shell surface, whilst they bear spines along the
hingeline. The absence of spines on the surface of the shell is certainly not entirely
due to the preservation of the shell, as has been suggested for Prod, neffedievii
by Mons. de Koninck, or else the spines along the hingeline would also be absent.
The nearly entire absence of surface-spines is certainly a specific character, and
thus the forms with a sinus {Prod, neffedevi, Vern.) as well as those without it
(Prod, eorrugatus, M'Ooy) must be considered as constituting separate species.
In the upper-carboniferous beds, the upper-carboniferous limestone of Russia,
the coal-measures of America, &c, forms with surface-spines occur exclusively.
Of shells with a sinus two varieties occur. One of them is that described here
under the name of Prod, lineatus, W. It is characterised by an elongated general
outline, scattered surface spines of varying number, and strong concentric folds on
the wings. Another form has been described from the coal-measures of western
North America by Meek under the name of Prod, multistriatus. It is distinct
from Prod, lineatus, by a more transverse general outline, a deeper sinus and the
absence of concentric folds on the wings. Very nearly related to this American
shell are Prod, impressus, Toul., and Prod, weyprechti, Toul,, from permo-carboni-
ferous beds of Spitzbergen. Our Prod, lineatus can be distinguished from these
by the same characters by which it differs also from Prod, multistriatus, Meek.
The forms without a sinus constitute Prod, cora, and allied species.
The vertical geological distribution of the several forms is rather large,
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 677
The forms without surface-spines seem to go through all the different sub- divisions
of the lower-carboniferous, whilst the forms with surface- spines are scattered
through the whole of the upper division of the carboniferous formation, without
its being possible to distinguish specifically between the forms collected at different
horizons. It is a feature which will yet often occur to us in the description of
the species belonging to the genus Productus, that the species of this genus have a
more extensive vertical geological distribution, and that they are not so apt for the
characterisation of more minute geological horizons as of larger divisions. Por
this latter purpose they are often of the utmost value.
b. Group op PRODUCTUS CORRUOATUS, M'Coy.
2. Productus cora, Orbigny. PI. LXVI, fig. 3; PI. LXVII, figs. 1, 2.
1842. Productus cora, D' Orbigny : Voyage dans l'Amerique Meridionale, tome III, 4me partie : Pale"ontologie,
p. 55, pi. V, figs. 8-9.
1852. Productus cora, (Orb.) Owen : Geol. Rep. on Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota, pp. 103 and 136, pi. 5, fig. 1.
1852. Productus semireticulatus, (Mart.) Hall : Stansbury's Rep. Salt Lake Exp., p. 411, pi. Ill, figs. 3-5.
1854. Productus prattenianus, Norw. and Pratten : Journ. Acad. Nat. Soi. Philadelphia, 2 series, Vol. Ill,
p. 17, pi. I, fig. 10.
1855. Productus aequicostatus, Shnmard: Geological Report, Missouri, p. 201, pi. C, fig. 10.
1858. Productus cora, (Orb.) Marcou : Geology of North America, p. 45, pi. VI, fig. 4.
1866. Productus flemingi, (Sow.) Geinitz: Carbon, u. Dyas in Nebrasca, p. 52, pi. IV, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.
1871. Productus prattenianus, (Norw.) Meek and Hayden : Final Report on Nebraska, p. 163, pi. II, fig. 5 ;
pi. V, fig. 13; pi. VIII, fig. 10.
1874. Productus cora, (Orb.) Derby: On the Carboniferous Brachiopoda of Itaituba, Bull. Cornell Univ., Vol.
I, No. 2, p. 49, pi. II, fig. 17 ; pi. VI, figs. 17.
1875. Productus prattenianus, (Norw.) White : Wheeler's Geogr. and Geol. Expl. west of the 100th Meri-
dian, Vol. IV, pi. I ; pi. VII, fig. 1.
1877. Prod, prattenianus, (Norw.) Meek: King's Geol. Expl. of the 40th Parallel, Vol. IV, p. 72,
pi. VII, fig. 7.
The general outline of this species is elongately to transversely oval. The
ventral valve is moderately convex, with a not very strongly prominent apical
region. The dorsal valve is not very deeply concave, geniculated. The sculpture
consists of a fine radial striation, with tolerably numerous scattered spines on the
surface of the ventral valve.
The curve of the ventral valve is rather different in different specimens.
In some the apical region is somewhat flattened in the longitudinal direction,
whilst it is regularly vaulted in others. In the transverse direction the curve
is everywhere regular. The lateral parts along the hingeline are flattened and
form rather largely spread-out wings, which are however rarely entirely pre-
served. The hingeline is as long or slightly shorter than the greatest breadth
of the shell. The apex is nearly always strongly enrolled, slightly prominent,
pointed, and generally overhangs the hingeline a little. The wings are flatly
spread out, and bear not very strongly developed concentric folds or wrinkles,
of which there are about four or five on each wing. When the valve is entirely
preserved, it possesses a well-developed trail, which is in some cases spread out all
round' the shell, but which mostly does not deviate from the general curve of
the valve. The sculpture of the valve consists in fine radiating ribs, which are
678 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
separated from each other by equally broad interstices. The striae are nearly of
equal breadth for the whole length, and vary in this respect only so far, that there
are seven of them within the space of 5 mm. not far from the front margin, while
there are ten within the same space in the vicinity of the apex. From distance to
distance this striation is interrupted by the bases of strong erect spines which are
irregularly disseminated over the surface of this valve. Their number is rather
large ; I counted 24s such spines on a specimen from Jabi. At the base of these
spines four to six of the longitudinal striae unite. Along the hinge-margin also
numerous spines exist which are, however, smaller than the others.
The dorsal valve is not very deeply concave in the visceral part, and geniculated
where the trail commences. The wings are large and quite flattened, separated
from the remainder of the valve by barely perceptible rounded ridges, which diverge
from the apex to the lateral parts of the shell. The sculpture of the valve consists
of radial striae of the same character as those of the other valve. Of scattered spines,
or grooves corresponding to the spines of the other valve, nothing can be seen.
Besides this radial sculpture there is also a concentric one, consisting of rather
irregular concentric folds or wrinkles, which are apparently sometimes in connection
with somewhat imbricating or even lamellar striae of growth.
The internal characters of this species are not known to me.
The size of the species is moderate ; it seems not to become as large as Produc-
tus lineatus. The visceral part of a full-grown specimen is about 55 mm long, 50
mm. broad, and 30 mm. thick. The distance of the two valves from each other is
about 23 mm.
Locality and geological position. — This species is extremely rare in the Salt-
range, though it occurs off and on through the whole vertical extent of the Productus-
limestone formation. Most numerously I found the species in a reddish sand-
stone at the very base of the fossiliferous part of the Productus-limestone at Katta
(bed No. 9 of my note-book). The specimens are mostly very badly preserved, but
I brought away four, tolerably well preserved and well determinable. In the middle
division of the Productus-limestone the species has been detected up to the present
only trans-Indus ; Mr. Wynne brought one specimen from Omarkheyl and one
specimen from Shekh Budin. The upper division has furnished two specimens at
Jabi, where they occurred in the Cephalopoda-bed.
Remarks. — 1 must at first say some words about the name I apply to this
species. The original figure of the species, as given by D'Orbigny in his Voyage
dans l'Amerique Meridionale, cannot possibly be correct. The wings as they are
drawn could never occur in any Productus ; they are represented like the wings of
a Janira or some such form. If then we consider the figure, we must ignore the
wings entirely, and notice only the body of the shell in comparing the figure with
other species. Now Mons. de Koninck tells us, after inspection of the original
specimen, that Productus cora is in every respect identical with Productus corru-
gatus, M'Coy, with the sole exception that the surface is spiny, whereas in the
European shell it is generally devoid of spines. That Mons. de Koninck does not
think this difference to be of sufficient importance to distinguish specifically between
PRODUCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 679
the American and the European forms, does not materially influence the question.
We know from Mons. de Koninck's observation, which is not directly contradicted
by D'Orbigny's figure, how to interpret that figure, and from such an interpretation
it devolves necessarily that the form described by American writers generally under
the name of Productus prattenianus, Norw., is identical with Productus cora,
Orb. A further argument in the matter can be drawn from Mr. Derby's statement,
that the beds in which Productus cora at Yarbichambi occurs are to all appearances
of the age of the coal-measures.
Thus the true Productus cora would be constituted of those forms which have
been called in North America Productus prattenianus, but it would be entirely
absent in Europe and the adjacent countries. Of European forms which approach
very nearly Prod, cora, one must chiefly be mentioned, that figured by Moller
from the upper carboniferous-limestone of the Ural under the name of Prod,
cora, Orb. (Mining Journal of St. Petersburg, 1862, p. 179, pi. IX, fig. 3), and
of which somewhat smaller specimens subsequently received the name of Prod,
riparins from Trautschold. Though the latter author affirms in his description of the
species that there were no scattered spines on the surface, yet he draws three spine
bases on the figure of his original specimen. This Productus riparius, Trautsch.,
very likely replaces the Productus cora in the upper-carboniferous beds of Europe,
and can be distinguished from the latter species by its flat (not enrolled) form, pointed
and prominent beak, and the median impression far away from the beak, as in
most specimens ; — such are the characters as far as can be judged from drawings
and descriptions, no specimens being at my disposal.
Less nearly related is Productus corrugatus, M'Coy. I have already stated above
that I consider this species as distinct on account of the general absence of spines
on the surface, whereas these spines are never absent in Prod. cora. Otherwise Prod,
corrugatus shows the same configuration and the same inflation of the ventral valve.
A whole group of forms in outward appearance having a certain similarity to
Prod, cora has lately been made known by Dr. Stache from carboniferous beds
of the Sahara. The chief representative of this group is Prod, africanus, Stache.
The internal characters of these forms are however so peculiar that it will probably
prove necessary in time to create a proper genus for their reception. They need
not then be compared more particularly with Prod, cora and its allies.
II.— Section SEMIPETICULATI.
c. Group op PRODUCTUS SEMIBETICULATUS, Mart.
3. Productus semireticulatus, Mart.
1847. Productus semireticulatus, (Mart.) Koninck : Monogr. des genres Productus et Chonetes, p. 83, pi.
VIII, fig. I ; pi- IX, fig. 1 ; pi. X, fig. 1.
1862. Productus semireticulatus, (Mart.) Davidson : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Lond., Vol. XVIII, p. 31.
1863. Productus semireticulatus, (Mart. Davids.) Koninck : Foss. paleoz. de l'lnde, p. 38.
680
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
1863. Productus semireticulatus, (Mart.) Davidson : Monogr. of Brit. Carb. Brach. p. 149, pi, XLIII, figs.
1-11 ; pi. XLIV, figs. 1-4.
1866. Productus semireticulatus, (Mart.) Davidson : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Lond., Vol. XXII, p. 43, pi.
Ill, fig. 12.
1871. Productus semireticulatus, (Mart.) Quenstedt : Petrefactenkunde Deutschl. Abthlg. I, Vol. II, p. 621,
pi. XXVIII, figs. 29-41.
1871. Productus semireticulatus, (Mart.) Meek and Hayden : Final report on Nebraska, p. 160, pi. 5, fig. 7.
1874. Productus semireticulatus, (Mart.) Derby : Bull. Cornell Univ., Vol. I, No. 2, p. 47, pi. IT, fig. 8; pi.
VI, fig. 18 ; pi. VII, figs. 5, 6, 7, 15, 16.
1877. Productus semireticulatus, (Mart.) Meek : Clarence King's Geol. Bxplor. of tbe 40tb Parallel, Vol.
IV, p. 69, pi. VII, fig. 5.
1883. Productus semireticulatus, (Mart.) Kayser: Obercarbonische Fauna von Lo-Ping, in Richthofen's
Cbina, Vol. IV, p. 181, pi. XXV, figs. 1-4 and 7.
I have given here only a few of the quotations which might be given with
respect to the present species, but those adduced are sufficient to show what I
mean to understand by the name.
gfl&mi
'-■mm,
illl
Fig. 22. Productus semireticulatus, Mart. Fragmentary specimen from the lowest fossiliferous beds above the
lavender-clay of tbe Chittawaa near Ghari : a. ventral view; b, dorsal view; c. lateral view; all natural size.
There is a single very badly preserved specimen in the Salt-range collection
that may possibly be united with Martin's species. It is semireticulate in its
apical region, and bears on the frontal and lateral parts of the ventral valve about
50 narrow sharp radiating ribs. On these ribs thin erect spines are disseminated ;
they are chiefly numerous in the depressions by which the wings are marked off
from the body of the shell. The median sinus is rather deep and narrow, but the
general form of the specimen is a good deal altered by pressure, and thus the general
features of the relief cannot be much relied upon.
To give a more accurate description of the specimen seems not advisable, as it
is too badly preserved. The subjoined woodcut gives a sufficient clear idea of its
features.
Locality and geological position. — I should not have mentioned this specimen,
but that its geological position is peculiar, and that it would from this circum-
stance be of more than common interest. The specimen was collected by myself in
the Chittawan near G-hari, in blackish sandstones forming the very lowest fossilifer-
ous beds of the Productus-limestone above the lavender-clays. Thus the species
occurs very rarely in the lowest fossilferous beds, and is entirely absent in all the
other beds of the Salt-range.
Remarks. — Prod, semireticulatus is one of the most characteristic carboniferous
species, and is not restricted to a single bed or country, but extends vertically
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRAOHIOPODA. 681
from the lowest beds of the mountain-limestone up to the transition beds between
permian and carboniferous, and horizontally it is spread over the whole world. So
much the more it is surprising to find so much difficulty in the endeavour to detect
the true Prod, semireticulatus among the fossils of the Productus-limestone.
It follows from the quotations at the head of the description of this
species that I take it in the broadest sense, so that all the forms with numerous
narrow radiating ribs fall within its scope. In this sense the specimen here de-
scribed must receive the name of Prod, semireticulatus, Mart. ; it is decidedly
distinct from all the other ' semireticulate ' Producti occurring in the Salt-range
by its sharp narrow ribs, which amount to the number of 50. It is true this
number is not identical With that occurring in typical specimens, but there
occur also in Europe varieties having less numerous ribs than the typical form, and
which yet cannot be kept separate from the latter. The Indian specimen resembles
extremely closely the specimens from Vise, figured by Quenstedt (Petrefactenk.
DeutschL, Brach., pi. 58, fig, 38) under the name of Prod, sulcatus, but which
probably must yet be united with Prod, semireticulatus on account of the absence
of the thick, lateral, spine-bearing ribs, characteristic of the true Prod, sulcatus and
costatus. Thuslt seems to be a well-established fact that the specimen here under
consideration on the one hand very closely agrees with Prod, semireticulatus, and
is on the other hand unique among the forms occurring in the Salt-range.
This sporadic occurrence of this well-known extremely characteristic and wide-
spread carboniferous species just in the lowest fossiliferous beds of the Salt- range is
of hi^h geological interest. The species is very common in the carboniferous
beds of the Himalaya, and it is highly probable that the great scarcity of Prod,
semireticulatus in the Salt-range indicates a difference in age of the beds occurring
there. We have seen from the description of the fauna up to the present that in the
lower division of the Productus-limestone many forms of permian habitus, the
Strophalosice, Aulosteges, &c, are mixed with truly carboniferous types like Beticu-
laria liheata, &c. ; with these occur the Fusullnce, which are entirely restricted to the
lower division. All these facts, together with the sporadic occurrence of Productus
semireticulatus, conduct to the conclusion that the homotaxial position of the lower
division of the Productus-limestone of the Salt-range must be about equal to the
uppermost beds of the coal-measures of North America.
4. Productus spiralis, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LXVII, fig. 6; PI. LXVIII, fig. 3 ;
PI. LXIX, figs. 1, 2, 3.
It is a rather large species that I distinguish under the above name, the largest
species of Productus occurring in the Salt-range.
The species is most strikingly characterised by its very strongly inflated and
enrolled ventral valve, and chiefly by the large, narrow, spiral wings at the ends of
the hingeline.
682 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The ventral valve is very strongly inflated, but of a very equal curve through-
out. Longitudinally the curve forms a very regular open spiral, and transversely it
forms a high arch, which is somewhat impressed on topj and flattened on both
sides towards the wings. The apex is pointed, little prominent, and overhangs the
hinge line but very little, though it is so strongly enrolled. The hingeline is straight
and always occupies the greatest breadth of the shell. Along the hingeline in
some specimens a very distinct and sharply defined area is developed, but strange to
say this area is then often provided with thickly strewn, irregularly arranged, short
sharp spines. The wings on both ends of the hingeline are very strongly prominent.
They are narrow and spirally enrolled. The visceral part of the valve. projects far
above the wings, and bears a strong sinus in the middle, which commences a short
distance from the apex and extends over the trail down to the front margin.
The sculpture consists of strong radiating ribs, crossed in the vicinity of the
apex by a system of concentric plications, which extend for a distance of 48 mm.
to 60 mm. from the apex, measured along the curve. The crossing of these two
systems of sculpture causes a very neat reticulation of this part of the shell. The
radial costse are thick and strongly prominent, but on the whole rather regular.
They are somewhat thicker in the middle of the valve than on the wings. There are
four such costse in the middle in a space of 10 mm., whilst there are five in the
same space on the wings. Some of the radial costse disappear bye-and-bye in the
depth of the median sinus as it becomes narrower and deeper on approaching
the frontal margin. On the radial ribs large erect spines are irregularly dissem-
inated. They are more numerous on the wings and along the hingeline than else-
where. The furrows between the ribs are much narrower than the ribs themselves.
The dorsal valve of the species is only partially known to me, as it is covered in
most of the specimens at my disposal by firmly adhering rock-matter. This valve
is flatly concave in the visceral portion, bears a strongly prominent median fold
towards the front, and is very strongly geniculated where the trail commences. The
wings are large and strongly excavated. The hingeline is long and straight, and there
often extends along it a narrow but very sharply defined area, which is, however,
never provided with spines. The sculpture consists up to the commencement of the
trail of a very neat reticulation, which is in every respect the reverse of the
reticulation of the other valve. Prom this sculpture the wings are exempt ; they
are nearly quite smooth or bear only irregular concentric wrinkles. Ou the trail
or geniculated part of the valve, the sculpture consists only of coarse radial costse.
No erected spines have been observed by me on this valve.
Of the internal characters of this species only those of the dorsal valve are
known to me. The cardinal process is extremely short and broad. It is trifid at
its upper extremity, and its lateral branches are larger than the median one, which
is broad and bears a little groove in the middle. From the process there extend two
blunt lateral ridges down to the hingeline. In the middle the process is joined to
a broad median elevation, which changes into a narrow, little elevated septum where
it extends between the muscular impressions. These latter are large and dendritic
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 683
situated in rather deep grooves. The two pairs cannot well he distinguished. The
brachial ridges are very peculiar. They originate about in the middle of the base
of the muscular impressions, then ascend along this base up to the outer corner of it,
are then suddenly deflected, descend in the direction of the front and form a large
hook. A returning branch towards the middle line of the valve cannot be observed.
The whole internal surface of the valve is covered by irregular asperities, but no
long thorns seem to exist.
The measurements are approximate, from a specimen with partly preserved
" trail " from Swas, as follow : —
Length of the shell in a straight line ....... 71 mm.
„ „ along the curve ........ 150 „
Length of the hingeline . . ....... 86 „
Thickness of the ventral valye . . . . . . . . 43 „
Locality and geological position. — This species is the only true Productus
which occurs somewhat plentifully, in some places even in great numbers, in
the lower divisions of the Productus-limestone. It is, however, difficult to extract
these large shells in tolerably well preserved specimens from the rock, and thus
it happened that not very many specimens of the species are preserved in the
Salt-range collection. Specimens of the species were brought by Mr. Wynne
from the Verala springs (3 sp.), from Chidru (1 sp.), from Golawali (2 sp.), from
Swas (2 sp.), and trans-Indus from Omarkheyl (7 sp.). I have myself collected
' the species (3 sp.) in the Chittawan, in the coaly sandstones together with Spirifer
niger, and at Amb in the so-called Chonetes-hed (1 sp.).
Remarks. — The present species is no doubt very nearly related to Prod, semi-
reticulatus, Mart., and it is not quite certain whether the shells quoted by Davidson
under this latter name from the Salt-range, do not rather belong to Prod, spiralis
than to Martin's species.
It is however not difficult to distinguish the present form from the true Prod.
semireticulatus. The most striking distinguishing characters are the much coarser
and less numerous radiating ribs, the beautifully spirally enrolled general outline,
and the long narrow wings, which form nearly a spirally enrolled tube. All these
characters do not occur in Prod, semireticulatus, and I have no doubt that they are
sufficient to distinguish the present form specifically from Martin's species. To
these external characters come yet the internal ones, and if we compare the drawing
given by Davidson of the interior of the dorsal valve of Prod, semireticulatus with
my drawing on PI. LXIX, fig. 6, there cannot, I think, remain the slightest doubt
that the two figures represent two different species. Of the European forms that
have been described up to the present, the one figure by Griinewald (Beitrage, pi.
Ill, fig. 1) from Saraninsk most nearly agrees with the shell here under description,
only the radial striation is somewhat finer.
Of species occurring in other parts of the world, only the South American
Prod, boliviensis, Orb., shows a certain similarity to the form here under consider-
ation. It has similarly, long, narrow and spirally enrolled tube-like wings, but it
differs from the Indian shell by its very fine radial striation.
K
684 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
5. Prodttcttts aratus, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LXXII, figs. 1, 2.
The chief characters of this species consist in a more or less transversely rect-
angular general outline, a very shallow and broad sinus in the middle, and very
broad rounded radiating ribs in the frontal part of the ventral valve. The charac-
ters of the dorsal valve are not at all known to me.
The ventral valve is strongly curved and inflated, but its curve is rather irregu-
lar. The apex is strongly bent in, then comes a somewhat flattened part, which
extends as far as the reticulate portion of the valve, and then a blunt geniculation
takes place, the remainder of the shell being regularly curved. This is what can be
observed of the curve in the longitudinal direction. In the transverse direction the
curve is rather regular, only somewhat depressed in the middle. Laterally the valve
is somewhat spread out, forming rather large vaulted wings, which are distinctly
separated from the remainder of the shell. The apex is pointed, little prominent,
and barely at all overhangs the hingehne. This latter is long and marks always the
greatest breadth of the shell. Not far from the apex a broad but very shallow
sinus commences, which extends down to the front. The sculpture of the valve
consists of two systems of plications which are both rather coarse. The concentric
plications are restricted to the vicinity of the apex, and extend from there up to a
distance of 38 to 43 mm. measured along the curve. The radial plications are of very
unequal thickness on different parts of the shell. On the reticulated part, where
they are crossed by the concentric folds, they are rather thin, not thicker than
these. Lower down, however, mostly two of the plications unite and form one broad
rounded fold. These folds extend all parallel to each other down to the front.
There are not more than two to three of them within the space of 10mm. On these
radial folds there are many large erect spines irregularly disseminated all over the
shell ; they are not more numerous on the wings, or in the vicinity of the hinge-
line than elsewhere. There is no rib more strongly developed which would mark
off the wings, nor are there more strongly developed or more numerous spines in its
place. This indicates clearly that we have to deal here with a form belonging to
the group of JProductus semireticulatus.
Though in all the specimens at my disposal the dorsal valve is preserved, yet I
have not succeeded in cleaning it. I can only say that it is strongly geniculates!, the
visceral part extending not much further than the reticulated part of the ventral
valve. All the remainder belongs in both valves to the " trail."
The internal characters of both valves are unknown to me.
The measurements of a specimen are approximately the following : —
Length of the ventral valve in a straight line ....,, 44 mm,
„ „ „ „ „ along the curve . . . . . . 94 „
Length of the hingeline ........,, 65 „
Thickness of the ventral valve ......... 84 „
Locality and geological position. — This species is very rare in the Salt-range
and has been detected there up to the present only at a single locality and in a
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 685
single bed. I collected two specimens in the Cephalopoda-bed. at Jabi (upper
Productus-limestone) .
Remarks. — The present species is very easily distinguishable from Prod,
semireticulatus, to which it is most nearly related, by its very coarse parallel radial
ribs. From Productus spiralis, W., described above, the present species can well be
distinguished on a first glance by its very broad shallow sinus and much smaller
size. These characters seem to me sufficient to distinguish the form here under
consideration as a separate species with a proper name.
d. Group of PRODUQTUS COSTATUS, Sow.
6. Productus subcostatus, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LXVII, figs. 4, 5 ; PI. LXVIII,
figs. .1,2; PI. LXIX, fig. 4.
This species is always of a moderate size, and never becomes very large. It
has a roundish or somewhat transversely oval outline, and the hingeline always
occupies the greatest breadth of the shell. The wings are small but distinct, the
median sinus is rather deep and not very broad. The sculpture consists of from 25
to 30 rather strong radial ribs, which are all tolerably equal in strength.
The ventral valve is rather strongly inflated and tolerably regular in its curve
in the longitudinal direction as well as in the transversal one. The apex is pointed,
very little prominent, and barely at all overhangs the hingeline. This latter is
straight and always occupies the greatest breadth of the shell. In the majority of
specimens it is provided with a narrow but very sharply defined area, which is cut
open in the middle by a small deltidial fissure. This area is often provided with an
oblique somewhat granular or spiny striation, similar to the striation which has been
described above on the area of the dorsal valve of Aulosteges medlicottianus, W.
On both ends of the hingeline small but distinct vaulted wings are developed, which
are separated from the remainder of the shell by a row of spines, situated on a
slightly thickened radial rib. At a -very short distance from the apex the median
sinus commences. In the beginning it is somewhat flattened, but soon it becomes
deep and comparatively narrow, and extends in this way down to the front. The
sculpture consists of two systems of folds, which are of about equal strength, one
concentric, extending to a distance of about 34 to 37 mm. from the apex,
measured along the curve, and one radial, the folds of which extend down to the front.
The vicinity of the apex becomes thus finely reticulate as in the other allied species.
The radial folds are 25 to 30 in number. They are not all of quite equal
strength, but tolerably so. There is on each side one slightly more strongly deve-
loped rib, marking off the wing from the remainder of the shell. This rib bears
always three to four very strong and long spines. The reticulation extends over
these spine-bearing ribs as well as over the whole wings. Over the whole surface
of the valve very long and strong spines are scattered, always situated on top of
longitudinal ribs.
686 SALT-EANGE EOSSILS.
The dorsal valve is very regularly concave with a not very high median fold in
the frontal region of the visceral part, extending over the trail down to the shell-
margin. The wings are spread out and flatly concave. Also in this valve very
often a linear area exists. When this is the case, the apex of the valve is produced,
and fills up the deltidial fissure of the other valve. The whole apparatus has, on a
small scale, much the appearance of the same parts of Aulosteges medlicottianuSi
W.j arid suggests the prohahle existence of a ligament.
The sculpture of the valve consists in a very strong reticulation which extends
as far as the visceral part of the valve. On the trail only the radial rihs exist, while
on the wings they disappear and only the concentric wrinkles remain. The
most singular feature of the valve consists in some three or four deep grooves on
each side, situated on the prominent ridges that separate the deeply excavated
median part of the valve from the wings ; these grooves correspond to the strong
spines which are to he found on the other valve, on that slightly more strongly
prominent radial rib which occurs at the limit between the wings and the remainder
of the shell. The valve bears no traces of any spines.
The interior characters of both valves are unknown to me.
The measurements of a specimen with preserved trail from Khund Ghat are
approximately as follow : —
Length of the shell in a straight line . ... . • . . 47 mm.
j, „ ,. „ along the curve . . . . . . 90 „
„ „ „ „ from the apex to the front margin . . . . 35 „
Length of the hingeline .......... 54 „
Thickness of the ventral valve . . . . . . . . 30 „
This is the largest specimen known to me. The other specimens are mostly
somewhat smaller.
Locality and geological position. — This is a rather rare species, and has been
found up to the present only in sporadic specimens scattered equally through the
middle and upper divisions of the Productus-limestone. In the middle division it
has been collected by myself at Kafirkot (2 sp.), and I had found it previously in
the upper division at Nanga (1 sp.). Mr. Wynne brought one specimen from the
upper division of Khund Ghat, and two specimens from the same division north
of Kafirkot.
Remarks. — I for a long time considered the present species as identical with
Trod. 8umatrensis, E. Eoemer, but after a lengthened and careful consideration of
the matter I came to the conclusion that the two must be different, and the Indian
shell must receive a new name. It is much to be regretted that the description by
Eoemer is so very short, and the figures apparently more or ]ess diagramatic, and
thus it is rather difficult to decide on questions relating to this species. In treating
the matter I have started from the consideration that such an excellent connoisseur
of palseozoic fossils as Geheimrath Eoemer would most certainly have compared
his species with Prod, costatus and not with Prod, semireticulatus, if in this shell a
row of spines were situated on a somewhat prominent radial ridge separating the
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 687
wings from the remainder of the shell. But as he entirely omits to speak of Prod,
costatus and compares his shell solely with Prod, semireticulatus, it must be taken
for granted that there exists no affinity with the first of the two species, and that in
reality no such row of spines as has been indicated above nor on the whole a greater
number of spines are present. If this be the case Roemer's species cannot be
identical with the Indian shell here under consideration. Other points of difference
between Prod, sumatrensis, Roem. and Prod., subcostatus, W., consist in the greater
curvature of the ventral valve and the larger and more contorted wings of the latter
species, also the age of the two forms seems different. Productus sumatrensis occurs
together with many Fusulince and Schwagerince, whilst Prod, subcostatus appears
in the first specimens only above the Fusulina beds.
Next in affinity comes Productus costatus, Sow. We must take for comparison
the typical form of this species which is represented by Davidson on PI. XXXII,
figs. 2, 3, 4 of his Mon. Brit. Carb. Brach., or by Koninck in his Monographie du
Genre Productus, PI. X, figs, 3 a, b, c, d. This typical form is very easily distinguish-
able from our Indian shell by the enormously strongly developed radial rib, which
separates the wings from the body of the shell, and by the non-extension of the
reticulation on the wings. This typical form seems also the predominating one in
the mountain-limestone of England and Russia Among many specimens
of the species contained in the Hof-Mineralien-Oabinet in Vienna only this
typical shape is represented. Together with this typical form, however, in
England as well as in Russia other shapes occur, which also have been figured
by Davidson and Koninck. As far as my opinion goes, these other forms very pro-
bably should be considered for the greater part as hybrids either between Prod.
costatus and Prod, muricatus, Phill., or between the former and Prod, semireticulatus,
Mart. Howsoever this may be, the Indian shell can be distinguished from these
forms by its much robuster form and size and a much larger reticulated part of
the shell, which occupies in general 37 mm, in the length, measured along the curve,
whilst the same part in the varieties of Prob. costatus just mentioned measure
only 30 mm.
I thus think myself justified in considering the shell here under consideration
as a distinct species, though very nearly related to Prod, costatus.
7. Pkodtjctus Indictts, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LXX, LXXI, fig. 1.
1862. Productus costatus, (Sow.) Davidson : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Lond., Vol. XVIII, p. 31, pi. I,
figs. 20-21.
1863. Productus costatus, (Sow., Dav.) Koninck : Fossiles pale*oz. de l'lnde, page 38, pi. X, figs. 20-21.
The present species is very nearly related to the preceding one. It can be dis-
tinguished from the latter by its generally larger size, more irregular ribbing and
the absence of the somewhat more prominent rib, which would divide the wings
from the remainder of the shell.
688 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The ventral valve is very strongly convex, nearly spirally enrolled. Longitudin-
ally a slightly flattened space can be observed not far from the apex, and also
the trail is again somewhat flattened. In the transverse direction the visceral part
of the shell appears well elevated above the hingeline, but the curve is regular, only
in the middle somewhat impressed. The wings are large, prominent, and vaulted.
The hingeline is straight, long, and marks about the greatest breadth of the shell.
The apex of the valve is pointed, not much prominent, and overhangs but very little
the hingeline. Very near to the apex a strong and deep median sinus commences,
and extends down to the front. The sculpture consists of two systems of folds,
one concentric and one radial. The concentric folds are very equal in size, and
extend partly also over the wings. They cover a space of 43 to 45 mm. from
the apex, measured along the curve. The radial ribs are only regular so far as the
concentric sculpture extends ; further on they become very irregular, some thick,
some thin, two and more unite often into one rib, &c. Chiefly in the depth of the
sinus several ribs often disappear entirely, and the others converge then towards the
front to take up the place of those that have disappeared. Over the whole surface
of the valve numerous long erect spines are irregularly distributed. Only four of
these spines on each side of the apex have a position in which they are very regu-
larly to be met with. They are situated in the furrow that separates the wing from
the remainder of the shell, but are not placed on a radial rib, they seem rather to be
in connection with the concentric sculpture.
The dorsal valve is but rarely observable, as it is mostly covered up by rock
matter. It is flatly concave in the visceral region and somewhat geniculated where
the trail commences. In the middle it bears a little elevated median fold. The
wings are flatly spread out and slightly concave. The valve is nicely reticulated on
the visceral part. The concentric folds are present on the wings only, and the
radial ones only on the trail. On the ridge which separates the wings from the
remainder of the valve three or four flat grooves are present, corresponding to strong
spines on the other valve.
The interior characters of both valves are well known to me. The inner side
of the dorsal valve has been figured already by Mr. Davidson, and I have given on
PI. LXX, figs. 5 and 6, the drawings of two other specimens. The cardinal process
is tolerably prominent, and rests on a very broad base. It is distinctly trifid, the
median lobe being again sub-divided by a longitudinal groove. The base extends
laterally into thickened ridges, which run down to both ends of the hingeline. On
the median face of the base a low rounded ridge originates extending to about the
middle of the muscular impressions, and then splits into two, leaving open in the
middle a deep fissure in which the median septum of the valve originates. This
septum extends as far as the visceral part of the valve and suddenly terminates,
where the valve begins to become geniculated. The muscular impressions are rather
variable in size. They are very large in the specimen represented in fig. 5, and
much smaller in the specimen fig. 6. The two pairs of impressions can never well
be distinguished. The brachial ridges originate not far from where the median
PRODUCTUS-LTMESTONE.— BUACHIOPODA. 689
septum commences, pass in a nearly horizontal direction far out towards the lateral
margins of the valve, then suddenly turn down, inward and up again, forming thus
a very distinct hook. They terminate far away from the median septum, no
returning hranch being developed. There is a distinctly smoothened and somewhat
excavated space in front of the horizontal branch of the brachial ridges, which ex-
tends on the one side into the hook-shaped part of these ridges, on the other runs
down along the median septum nearly to the end. All the remaining parts of
the interior face of the valve are covered with a fine granulation, whilst at the
same time a great number of fine pores is disseminated between the granules.
The ventral valve has raised dendritic muscular impressions, not far from the
apex, divided from each other by a deep furrow. They belong to the adductors.
The divaricators are situated outside and below the former, and are, as usual, larger
and striated longitudinally.
The dimensions of the species are rather variable. The largest specimen known
up to the present is that figured by Davidson (Quart. Journ., Geol. Soc, Lond.,
Vol. XVIII., pi. I, fig. 20). Slightly smaller is the specimen figured by me, PI.
LXX, fig. 1. The average size of the specimens occurring in the Salt-range is
represented by fig. 2 of the same plate. The measurements of the largest specimen
known to me, and of an average-sized specimen, are as follow : —
i. II.
Length of the shell in a straight line ...... 50 mm. 45 mm.
„ „ „ along the curve ...... 102 „ 84 „
Length of the hingeline . . . . . . . . 64 „ 52 „
Thickness of the ventral valve . . . . . . 32 „ 30 „
Locality and geological position. — This is the commonest species of the Salt-
range. It is, however, restricted to the middle and upper divisions of the Pro-
ductus-limestone, and is absent in the lower division.
It is preserved in the Salt-range collection from the following localities : Prom
the middle division from Katwahi (7 sp.), from Khund (31 sp.), from Chidru
(8 sp.), from the road between Vurcha and Uchali (9 sp.), from Khura (2 sp.),
from Vurcha (1 sp.), from Virgal (1 sp.), from Musakheyl (5 sp.), from Mora
(6 sp.), from the Chittawan (3 sp.), from Kalabagh (10 sp.), from Budikheyl
(2 sp.), from Bilot (1 sp.), from Kafirkot (33 sp.), from the Paranga Kuss (1 sp.),
and from the Paniala Bluffs at Shekh Budin (6 sp.).
The upper division has furnished specimens at Khund Ghat (17 sp.), at
Khura (5 sp.), at Kufri (1 sp.), at Jabi (Cephalopoda-bed 5 sp., lower beds 1 sp.),
at Chidru (Cephalopoda-bed 4 sp.).
Remarks. — The present species is very nearly related to the one described
before. It can chiefly be distinguished from the latter by its generally larger size
and much more irregular radial ribbing, also by the absence of the characteristic
radial rib separating the wings from the remainder of the shell.
The form here under consideration has been united by Davidson with Prod,
costatus, Sow., but in reality it appears less nearly related to that species than to
690 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Prod, subcostatus, W., described before. It can be easily distinguished from Sower-
by's species by the constant absence of the thick rib which extends in Prod.
costatus between the wing and the remainder of the shell. Among hundreds of
specimens I have seen, there was not a single one which in this respect would have
resembled the typical Prod, costatus. This constant dissimilarity in connection
with the larger size and less transverse shape of the Indian shells indicates, I think,
beyond doubt the existence of a species in India different from Prod, costatus. I
am even in doubt whether the present species should not, according to its characters,
be altogether removed from the group of Prod, costatus, and transferred to the
group of Prod, semiretieulatus.
Prod, sumatrensis, E. Roem., which also might be compared, is finer and
more regularly ribbed than Prod, indieus.
There is yet a circumstance to be mentioned which is perhaps of some interest
in connection with this species. Quenstedt in his " Petrefactenkunde Deutsch-
lands, Brachiopoden," draws the attention of men of science to the circum-
stance that Prod, semiretieulatus, Mart., is nearly always found with gaping valves,
the valves having turned so far on the hinge that the shell became widely open
before being imbedded in the rock. Quenstedt considers such a position of the
valves impossible if the two had not been united along the hingeline by a liga-
ment. The same position of the valves is the prevailing one in the specimens
belonging to the present species as well as to others, and the same suggestion has
presented itself to me independently, before I had come on Mr. Quenstedt's obser-
vations. Several other points have been adduced already in this work, which tend
to make the same supposition at least probable to a certain extent.
8. Peoductus vishntj, Waagen, n. sp., PL LXXL, figs. 2-3.
This is a tolerably large species, with an extremely elevated visceral part,
strongly separated wings and an almost entirely smooth frontal part of the ventral
valve. The dorsal valve is not known to me.
The ventral valve is extremely inflated, and its curve is very regular, forming
nearly an entire spiral in the longitudinal direction. Transversely the shell appears
flattened on the wings, then the outline suddenly ascends enormously and forms
a highly elevated broad curve, which is strongly impressed in the middle. The
apex is pointed, tolerably prominent, and distinctly overhangs the hingeline.
Not very far from the apex a very deep and acutely impressed sinus commences,
which extends down to the front. The wings are also in certain specimens limited
off from the remainder of the shell by a deep furrow, whilst in others this furrow
is absent. The sculpture of the valve consists in the apical region in a very coarse
reticulation, in which the concentric folds are predominant over the radial ones, and
on the wings only the concentric folds are present. This reticulation extends
up to 40 mm, distance from the apex measured along the curve. Where the reti-
culation stops, the radial folds hare become already very weak and indistinct, and
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 691
before they reach the front they disappear almost entirely. The shell has thus in
certain positions, when the reticulated part is not visible, a certain resemblance to
Prod, horridus. Over the whole surface of the valve very strong erect spines
are quite irregularly distributed ; their number is, however, never very large.
In this species better than in any other species of Productus the different
structure of the different shell-layers can" be observed. The outer layer is quite
smooth and compact, covered with a great many fine striae of growth ; the inner
layer, on the contrary, is thickly strewn with fine elongated punctures. I have given
on PI. LXXI enlarged figures of both layers.
The dorsal valve as well as the interior characters of the species are entirely
unknown to me.
The measurements of a specimen from Chidru are as follow : —
Length of the shell in a straight line ....... 55 mm.
„ „ „ along the curve ....... 107 „
Length of the hingeline ......... 60 „
Thickness of the ventral valve . . . . . . . . . 39 „
Locality and geological position. — This is an extremely rare species, and there
have been detected up to the present not more than two specimens of it. Both
come from the middle division of the Productus-limestone. One of them was
found by Mr. Wynne at Khund, the other by myself at Chidru.
Remarks. — The species which is most nearly related to the one under con-
sideration is Productus indicus. I have separated the two specimens on which
the present species is founded from Prod, indicus on account of the enormously
elevated visceral part of the shell and the peculiar sculpture these specimens
exhibit.
This is the most peculiar form of all the SemiretlculaM, and it is very strange
to observe how it approaches the Prod, horridus in its sculpture, yet being so
widely separated from that species by its coarsely reticulated apical part. This form
might perhaps be considered as the most strongly specialised of all the Semireti-
culati.
e. Group of PRODUCTUS PORTLOCKIANUS, Norw. & Pratt.
9. Productus gratiosus, "Waagen, n. sp., PL LXXII, figs. 3-7.
The dimensions of this species are always very moderate, and specimens as large
as the one figured in PI. LXXII, fig. 3, are great exceptions. As to outline and
sculpture, the present species is most elegant, and it reproduces on a small scale,
but with much more neatness, the form of Prod, semireticulatus.
The ventral valve is rather strongly inflated, but its curve is not very equal in
the lorsgitudinal direction. It appears flattened in the apical region as far as the
reticulation extends, then a slight geniculation occurs, and only after this does the
valve show a regular curve down' to the anterior margin. Transversely the curve
i
692 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
is regular, strongly impressed in the middle. The apex is strongly pointed, not
much bent over, and barely at all overhangs the hingeline. This latter is not very
long, hut yet occupying the greatest breadth of the shell. In consequence of this
the wings are very small, but distinct and pointed. Very near the apex, nearly at
its point, a deep rather narrow sinus commences, and extends down to the front
line. The sculpture is very characteristic. In the vicinity of the apex a very
distinct and fine reticulation exists, which is so very fine and neat that it resembles
the very neat reticulation often exhibited on the shell-surface of recent species
of Nassa or the like. This reticulation extends from the apex, for about 12 mm.
measured along the curve. After this only the radial ribs remain ; they are very
high, and separated from each other by very narrow deep furrows. Sometimes
one or the other of the ribs bifurcates ; more often, however, the ribs converge from
both sides towards the depth of the median sinus, so that often several of them
become eliminated towards the anterior border. The ribs are mostly not all of the
same strength, those situated on the top of the two lobes or folds produced by
the impression of the median sinus being generally thicker and more prominent. On
all the radial ribs a great number of very fine erect spines are distributed. They are
as numerous as in Prod, muricatus, Phill., but are at the same time so fine that even
the place of insertion of the spines can barely be observed, if the surface of the shell
is slightly weathered. This is the reason why on the figures PI. LXXII compara-
tively so few spines are represented.
The dorsal valve is extremely characteristic in this species. It is on the whole
very regularly concave and not geniculated. Its concavity is very strong and in-
terrupted in the middle by a narrow very strongly prominent median fold. The
visceral part of the valve is distinctly and very finely reticulated ; beyond this only
radial ribs remain. These are much narrower and sharper than on the other valve,
and are separated from each other by broad rounded furrows. Their distribution is
very peculiar : as soon as they pass beyond the reticulated part they diverge
fan-like on each side of the median fold, so that the median ones converge towards
the top of this fold, while the marginal ones extend towards the wings. A
consequence of this distribution is that the ribs very often bifurcate regularly.
On the wings themselves only the concentric folds occur. The spines of the other
valve are represented on this one by grooves. Erect spines do not exist on the
dorsal valve.
The interior characters of this species are not known to me.
The dimensions of the largest specimen are approximately as follow : —
Length of the shell in a straight line
„ „ „ along the curve
Length of the hingeline
Thickness of the ventral valve
Distance of the two valves from each other
27 mm.
55 „
26 „
17 „
12 „
Locality and geological position. — This species is most numerously represented
in the middle division of the Productus-limestone. It commences already in the
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BEACHIOPODA. 693
lowest beds of this division, and has been collected in this position by myself at
Chidru. The higher beds of the middle division have furnished very numerous
specimens at certain localities as at Morah, where Mr. Wynne collected 25 specimens.
I myself found the species in the same geological position west of Katwahi (1 sp.),
at Virgal (coral-beds 1 sp.), on the road from Vurcha to Uchali (1 sp.), and at
Khura, where I observed the species as well in the topmost beds of the middle
division (4 sp.), as in the lower beds of the upper division of the Productus-lime-
stone (2 sp.).
The higher beds of the upper division have furnished to me specimens in the
Cephalopoda-hed. at Jabi (7 sp.) and in the same bed at Chidru (1 sp.).
Remarks. — This is one of the most elegant species occurring in the Salt-range.
It is no doubt related to a certain extent to Prod, semireticulatus, Mart., but the
constantly smaller size and the much more prominent radial ribs make a distinction
not very difficult. Beyrieh figures a variety of Prod, semireticulatus from the
island of Timor, which most nearly approaches the Indian shell here under consi-
deration ; the ribs seem, however, also in this form less elevated. Another European
shell to which the present species can be compared is Prod, griffithianus, Kon. It
has a similarly fine and elegant reticulation in the vicinity of the beak, but it
remains always smaller, flatter, and has a geniculated dorsal as well as ventral valve.
I have approached the Indian shell to Prod, portlockianus, Norw. and Pratt.,
on account of the very sharp and deep sinus and the mediocre size exhibited by that
American shell, and probably the shell figured by Beyrieh from Timor under the
name of Prod, semireticulatus must also be approached to that species. These three
forms, the American and the two eastern ones, seem to constitute a group character-
istic of upper-carboniferous and permian beds.
These forms, chiefly the Indian one, seem to be rather nearly related to Prod,
muricatus of Phillips, on account of the great number of fine erect spines, which are
distributed on the radial ribs of the Indian shell. Phillips' species can, however, be-
distinguished as far as can be judged from the figures, no specimens of the species
being available to me, by the absence of a median sinus and of the reticulation in
the vicinity of the apex. On account of these characters, however, the true Prod.
muricatus seems to be referable to a quite different division of the genus, and the
transitional forms between that species and Prod, costatus, Sow., that have been
observed by Mr. Davidson must be attributed very likely only to hybridity.
HI.— Section SPINOSI.
f. Group of PRODUCTUS MURICATUS, Phillips.
10. Prodtjctus aspertjlus, Waagen, n. sp., PL LXXIX, figs. 3-6.
The general outline of this species is roundish or transversely oval. The shell
is always of a very moderate size ; the ventral valve never inflated, and the dorsal
694 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
one only flatly concave. Both valves are covered with a comparatively coarse radial
ribbing, on which very numerous erect spines are placed.
The ventral valve is flat, never much vaulted. Its curve is rather regular in
the longitudinal direction, only the apex being slightly more strongly bent. In the
transverse direction the curve is yet more regular, only in the middle a slight de-
pression takes place in some specimens. The. hingeline is short, always shorter than
the greatest breadth of the shell. The apex is pointed, but little bent over, barely
prominent, and not at all overhanging the hingeline. At a certain distance from
the apex in some specimens a slight median depression is developed, which extends
down to the front. The sculpture of the valve consists in a coarse radial striation or
ribbing, which is rather irregular, inasmuch as the ribs are often dichotomous
towards the front or else sometimes also two are united into one. On these ribs very
numerous erect spines are irregularly distributed. Generally a spine is developed
where a rib splits up in two, but also otherwise the ribs are provided with spines.
The ribs are generally slightly swollen where a spine rests on them. Also along the
hingeline a very distinct row of spines extends.
The dorsal valve is flatly concave, with little developed flattened wings, on
which only a slight concentric folding is observable. The sculpture of the valve
consists of coarse dichotomous radiating striae, on which sometimes slight traces of
spines can be observed. Between the ribs at some places deep grooves are to be
found, which correspond to some of the erect spines of the other valve. The ribs
of this valve are very distinctly flattened on the top.
Of the interior characters of this species nothing but the cardinal process is
known to me, which is rather small and trifid, supported by two lateral ridges and a
median septum. This latter becomes bifid not far from the cardinal process.
The measurements of a specimen from Jabi are approximately the following : —
Length of the shell in a straight line ........ 27 mm.
„ „ „ along the curve ........ 39
Greatest breadth of the shell ......... 32
Length of the hingeline .......... 22
Thickness of the ventral valve . . . . . . . . .11
Distance of the two valves from each other ....... 6
Locality and geological position. — The species is on the whole rather rare in
the Salt-range. It has been chiefly found by me in the Cephalopoda-bed of the
upper Productus-limestone at Jabi, where I obtained six specimens. . It is much
less frequent in the Cephalopoda-bed. at Chidru, only two tolerably well preseved
specimens having been collected by me.
The species is, however, not restricted to the upper division only, two fragments
of the species having also been found by me in the middle division at Kafirkot.
Remarks. — The shells under consideration have puzzled me a great deal,
as it appeared very difficult to decide in what relations to other forms these
specimens might stand. On a first glance the species is not dissimilar to Prod,
cora, Orb., but the radial ribs are much coarser, the spines much more numerous, and
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 695
the concentric folds on the wings are absent. Also Prod, carbonarius, Kon., or
Prod, koninckianus, Keys, as well as Prod, cancrini, Keys, all three forming
one group, are similar to a certain extent to these shells ; and I was long time in
doubt whether I should not consider Prod, asperulus as forming part of this group
of forms- Nevertheless I could not satisfy myself in this direction. In those
species the radial ribbing is much finer and the spines cause an elongated swelling
of the ribs, which is not observable in the Indian shells. Thus it appeared
impossible to affiliate this form to the species mentioned above, and there remained
at last only Productus tnuricatus, Phill., to which the new species could be compared.
Phillips' species was but very imperfectly and inaccurately known before the
publication of Mr. Davidson's admirable drawings of it, but from these drawings it
appears that Prod, murinatus does not belong to the Semireticulati, but rather to the
" Spinosi," as there seems to be no trace of a reticulation in the vicinity of
the apex. In the specimen figured by Davidson (Mon. Brit. Carb. Brach., pi.
XXXII, fig. 13) the radial ribs are as fine as in the Indian specimens, and in the
magnified figure the ribbing shows absolutely the same irregularities which appear
in my specimens. Also the character of the spines is identical in both. I
thus came to consider the Prod, asperulus as very nearly related toProd. tnuricatus,
and distinct from Phillips' species chiefly only by its comparatively flat ventral valve
and little projecting visceral region.
IV.— Section : FIMBRIA!!,
g — Geoup of PRODTJCTTJS HUMBOLDTI, Orb.
2. Productus humboldti, Orbigny, PI. LXXVI. figs. 1-3.
1842. Productus humboldti, Orbigny: Voyage dans l'Ame'riqiie Me'ridionale, Tome III, 4me Partie, p. 54,
PI. V, figs. 4-7.
1846. Productus humboldti, (Orb.) Keyserling : Petsboraland, p. 201, PI. IV, fig. 3.
1847. Productus humboldti, (Orb.) Koninck: Monogr. d. gen. Prod, et Chon. p. 114, PI. XII, fig.
2 a, b, c.
1862. Productus humboldti, (Orb.) Moller: Mining Journal of St. Petersburg, p. ?
1878. Productus humboldti, (Orb.) Abich : Bergkalk- Fauna von Djoulfa, p. 35, PI. V, fig. 2.
1879. Strophalosia horrescens, (Vern.) Moller: Neu. Jahrb. f. Min., p. 233-234.
The species is generally of a moderate size, and only rarely are specimens met
with exhibiting the size of D'Orbigny's original.
The general outline is always more or less transversely oval, and the ventral
valve, which is generally not very strongly inflated, bears in the middle a sinus of
somewhat variable depth. The whole surface is covered with a great number of fine
bent-up spines.
The ventral valve is mostly only moderately inflated, sometimes even rather
flat. Its curv^ is tolerably regular in both directions. The apex, is thin, pointed,
not much prominent, and stroDgly bent over. It overhangs slightly the hingeline.
This latter is straight, always shorter than the greatest breadth of the shell, and in
696
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
nearly all the specimens at my disposal provided with a narrow area. At both ends
of the hingeline small rounded wings are developed, in which the hingeline joins
the lateral margins of the valve under an obtuse angle. Not far from the apex a
mostly rather shallow sinus commences, which extends often not quite down to the
anterior margin. The whole surface is covered with very numerous small elongated
tubercles, which at their lower extremity bear a thin erect spine. These tubercles
are much finer and more numerous in the vicinity of the anterior and lateral
margins of the valve, and this more finely tuberculated space forms a distinct zone
all round these margins. This finely taberculated zone is a peculiarity character-
istic of all the species belonging to the group of Productus humboldti. The
tubercles are arranged irregularly in quincunx.
The dorsal valve is very flat, barely at all concave. In the vicinity of the apex
two diverging folds exist, which separate the wings from the visceral part of the
valve. A median fold, corresponding to the sinus of the other valve, can barely be
distinguished. The sculpture of the valve consists of very numerous little grooves
arranged in quincunx, between which very fine little spines are distributed.
The interior characters of the species are not known to me.
The measurements of a specimen from Vurcha are approximately the fol-
lowing : —
Length of the shell in a straight line .
„ „ „ along the curve
Greatest breadth of the shell
Length of the hingeline
Thickness of the ventral valve
Distance of the two valves from each other
30
mm
50
»
35
)>
24
»>
15
>>
12
Locality and geological position. — Productus humboldti is very rare in the
Salt-range ; there have been found up to the present only five specimens, which
all come from the middle division of the Productus-limestone. There have been
collected two specimens by myself in the section at Khura in the upper region of
the middle division, and two other specimens in a somewhat lower position at Kafir-
kot. Mr. Wynne brought one specimen from the middle division at Vurcha.
Remarks. — I regret very much to say that I must differ somewhat from Mr.
Davidson in the interpretation of this species. The shell that has been figured by
him from the Salt-range under the name of Productus humboldti seems to differ
from the true form of the species that has been so excellently figured by Koninck,
by its much coarser sculpture and less numerous tubercles, and agrees in this respect
much more with the shell that has been described by Abich from Djoulfa under
the name of Prod, scabriculus. There seems therefore to me a distinction necessary,
and I therefore shall describe this coarsely tuberculated shell under the name
of Prod, abichi.
I thus retain the name of Productus humboldti only for the finely tuberculated
shells which are very rare in the Salt-range, but which seem to be characteristic of
the beds of the coal-measures of South America and of the upper carboniferous lime-
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 697
stone of the Ural. The forms approach in all respects very nearly the shell that
has been figured by Koninck from Yarbichambi, and the chief difference seems only
to ponsist in a somewhat more elevated visceral part of the American shell. I shall,
however, have occasion to demonstrate on the specimens belonging to the species
Prod, abichi that this character is rather variable and that specimens with and
without a moderately elevated visceral part occur in the same species.
The Indian specimens of Prod, humboldti are absolutely identical with what
has been described by Abich from Djoulfa as belonging to the same species. Also
at Djoulfa this species is apparently rare, as Geheimrath Abich possesses only a
single specimen from there.
The bed in which this shell was found has been identified by Moller as of
permian age, and this has probably also been the reason why Prof. Moller considered
Abich's specimen as belonging to Strophalosia horrescens, Vern., otherwise I cannot
quite well conceive ,why this should have been done. Abich's specimen has neither
a trace of a point of attachment on the ventral valve, nor the trace of an area,
and thus it is impossible to consider it as anything else than a Productiis.
The occurrence of Prod, humboldti in the permian beds of Djoulfa is of very
great interest, as it shows that the species ascends in single specimens up into the
permian formation.
12. Productus abichi, "Waagen, n. sp., PI. LXXIV, figs. 1-7.
1862. Productus humboldti, (Orb.) Davidson : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soo. Lond., Vol. XVIII, p. 32, pi. IIt
fig. 6.
1863. Productus humboldti, (Orb., Davids.) Koninck: Foss. pale"oz, de l'Inde, p. 39, pi. XII, fig. 6.
1878. Productus scabricalus, (Mart.) Abich : Geologische Forschungen in den kaukasischen Landern, Vol. I,
TTeber eine Bergkalk-Fauna von Djoulfa, p. 33, pi. V, fig. 3.
1879. Strophalosia horrescens, (Vern.) Moller: Neues Jahrb. f. Miu. p. 233-234.
This species is much more common than the preceding one. It has the same
transversely oval outline, a moderately inflated ventral valve with a flat sinus
in the middle, but the sculpture is different. It consists of rather coarse, very
strongly elongated and more or less irregularly arranged tubercles, which bear at
their anterior extremity thin somewhat erect spines. The number of these tuber-
cles is much smaller than in the true Prod, humboldti:
The ventral valve is not very strongly inflated generally, and only some rare
specimens, as the one figured PI. LXXIV- fig. 7, make an exception to this rule.
The curve is generally very regular in the longitudinal direction, less so trans-
versely. In this latter direction the sides appear to ascend rather abruptly, while
the valve is rather flattened on top with a median impression for the sinus. The
wings are small and barely flattened. The frontline is always impressed as the
median sinus of the valve extends down to it ; the lateral margins are well rounded
and join the hingeline always under an obtuse angle. This latter is straight and
always shorter than the greatest breadth of the shell. Mostly there extends a
698 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
small area along the hingeline -which in some cases attains a breadth of one milli-
meter, it is then cut out in the middle by a very large sharply defined deltidial
fissure. The apex is very strongly bent over, thin, pointed and only very slightly
overhanging the hingeline. The median sinus commences in some specimens imme-
diately at the apex, in others only at a certain distance from it. This sinus is
mostly rather deep and well developed, and extends down to the frontline. The
most characteristic feature of the valve is its sculpture. This is not everywhere
and in all specimens absolutely the same. On the greater part of the valve
it consists of rather strong elongated tubercles, which are mostly arranged in a
rather regular quincunx and bear at their anterior extremity a rather long thin
spine, which is but little elevated over the surface of the valve and directed for-
ward. On the wings and towards the lateral and frontal margins the tubercles
become much smaller, much more closely packed together, and are no longer
elongated but forming roundish pustules. These bear erect spines on the top and are
arranged in concentric zones, which are separated from each other by strong
imbricating strise of growth. Otherwise a concentric sculpture is entirely absent
in the specimens belonging to this species.
The dorsal valve is nearly quite flat, and only the margins are somewhat
bent up. The apex is distinctly excavated, and on both sides of it originate low,
broad, diverging folds, which separate the flattened wings from the visceral part of
the valve. At a very short distance from the excavated apex a broad, low, median
fold is developed extending to the frontal margin. The hingeline is generally
without an area in this valve. The sculpture of the valve is very characteristic.
It consists of a great number of low rounded little pits, which are arranged very
regularly in quincunx, and between these pits an equal number of very fine erect
spines are placed.
The interior characters of the species are well known to me. In the ventral
valve the lower margin of the area is always thickly set with a row of fine short
spines, comb-like. The shell is always extremely thin and fragile, and thus the
attachments of the muscles are but very little impressed and rather indistinct.
The adductors form two elongated impressions on both sides of the middle line
not far from the apex, but I cannot distinguish a dendritic sculpture on them.
The divaricators are much larger, extending a good deal further down than the
adductors, and are radially striated. They are situated outside and below the
adductors. The whole inside of the valve is covered with alternating grooves,
corresponding to the tubercles of the outer side, but there are no open pores in which
the hollow spines would terminate. A more or less broad zone along the margins
of the valve is thickly covered by small spiny tubercles.
In the dorsal valve the cardinal process is very long and thin, trifid at its upper
extremity. At its base it bears two prominent tubercles. Laterally it is supported
by two stout ridges, which extend interiorly along the hinge-margin, and on its
lower side it is prolonged into a long, thin, high, blade-like median septum. On
both sides of the septum, about in the middle of the valve, two prominent elongated
PRO DUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BE ACHIOPODA. 699
tubercles are situated, above which the muscular impressions are placed ; these are
dendritic. The two pairs of adductors can barely be distinguished. The same is
the case with the brachial ridges, which are so faint that it is barely possible to see
them. I cannot positively assert that they have been rightly represented by the
draftsman ; their size is, however, correct in the drawing. At the place where the
shell begins to be bent up, and lower down, are situated a great number of long
thin thorns, directed forward. Otherwise the whole internal surface of the valve
is covered with a not very fine granulation.
There are some specimens in the Salt-range collection which I suppose to
have preserved their original colour. While all the other specimens in the same
beds are of a greyish yellow, these are of a dark violet or reddish brown. I have
attempted to represent these colours on the plate.
The measurements of the specimens belonging to this species are rather uni-
form. The largest specimen known to me, from the Cephalopoda-hed at Jabi, ex-
hibits tbe following dimensions : —
Length of the shell in a straight line ........ 34 mm.
„ „ „ dorsal valve in a stright line . . . • . . . . 27 „
„ „ ,, ventral valve along the curve . . . . . . . 65 „
Greatest breadth of the shell ......... 42 „
Length of the hingeline .......... 32 „
Thickness of the ventral valve ......... 21 „
Distance of the two valves from each other . . . . . . . 17 „
Locality and geological position. — The species is rather common in the Pro-
ductus-limestone of the Salt-range. It occurs there in the middle division as well
as in the upper division, but has not been detected up to the present in the
lower division.
In the middle division it has been found at Khund (1 sp.), in the section at
Khura (2 sp.), at Morah (10 sp.), on the road between Vurcha and Uchali (7 sp.),
at Musakheyl (2 sp.), at Chidru (4 sp.), and at Kafirkot (10 sp.).
Out of the upper division it came from the following localities : From the sec-
tion at Khura (1 sp.), and west of the same village (6 sp.), from the Cephalopoda-
bed at Jabi (11 sp.), and from the same bed at Chidru (7 sp.).
Hemarks. — The present species has been long known to science, but either
it has been united with Prod, humboldti, or it has otherwise been wrongly identified.
It must be admitted that it can scarcely be considered as directly wrong that one
should consider the shells here under consideration to form one and the same species
with Productus humboldti, as it is solely a matter of taste whether tbe differences be
admitted or not as sufficient for the distinction of two separate species. To me it
appeared more practical to distinguish the frequent form of the Salt-range, which
deviates by its coarser tuberculation and by the more elongated form of the tubercles
from the true Prod, humboldti, under a separate name, in order to let it immediately
appear most distinctly that forms exactly agreeing with the true Prod, humboldti
are very rare, while that species is for the most part replaced here by another form,
M
700 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
which, though, not very different, yet can always he distinguished from the typical
shape.
By Geheimrath Abich this species has been identified with Prod, scabriculm,
Mart., hut it is distinct from Martin's species by the absence of any radial striation
to support the tubercles.
Prof. Moller's identification of the present species with Strophalosia horre-
scens, Vern. is quite as wrong. It cannot be denied that the whole group of Prod.
humboldti bears a certain resemblance to that Strophalosia, but even if in some
exceptional specimens the area is comparatively not so very small, yet there is
never observable a point of attachment on the ventral valve, nor are there any
traces of hingeteeth developed. Also in Abich 's specimen from Armenia the area
does not exceed the height of one millimeter, dimensions which very often occur
in true species of Productus. Otherwise the specimens from the Salt-range and
that from Armenia are extremely similar, only the arrangement of the tubercles is
not so regularly in quincunx in Abich's specimen as in the greater number of
specimens from the Salt-range, but there are also in the latter place specimens
which have their tubercles quite as irregularly arranged. I think there can be no
doubt about the Salt-range form being absolutely identical with that from the per-
mian beds of Armenia.
Of other species Prod, nebrascensis, Owen, must still be compared. This species
also has "been mistaken by Geinitz for Stroph. horrescens — a further proof how
similar the whole group of Prod, humboldti is to that permian species. Prod, neb-
rascensis is very easily distinguishable from Prod, abichi by the two different sets
of spines it possesses, and by the more distinct radial striation, interrupted from
distance to distance by concentric folds.
13. Productus sebialis, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LXXIV, fig. 8; PI. LXXV, figs. 1, 2.
It is with much doubt that I introduce this species ; it cannot however be
denied that the specimens which I describe under the name show certain pecu-
liarities by which they deviate from other forms.
The shells are on the whole very similar to Prod, abichi, but distinct by a well-
developed concentric folding, in a more or less close relation to the spines distributed
on the surface of the ventral valve. It is even not improbable that I include two
species under this name, each represented by a single specimen, of which the one
bears very coarse, the other very fine spines. The materials are, however, not
sufficient to make the distinction complete.
In both specimens the ventral valve is not very strongly vaulted, and its curve
is tolerably equal in both directions. The apex is pointed, not very prominent,
well bent over and barely overhanging the hingeline. This latter is always consi-
derably shorter than the greatest breadth of the shell, and in one of the specimens
(PI. LXXIV, fig. 8) is provided with an area of one millimeter in breadth. The wings
are small and barely flattened. The valve possesses a rather deep median sinus,
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 701
which commences at the apex itself in the specimen figured PI. LXXIV, fig. 8,
while in the other specimen its commencement is at a certain distance from the
apex. The sculpture is different in the two specimens. In the one (PL LXXIV,
fig. ,8) it consists of strong very much elongated tubercles bearing at their
extremities spines which are directed forward ; between these, smaller tubercles
are irregularly distributed having erect spines. In the other specimen (PL
LXXV, fig. 2) the elongated tubercles are much thinner, and the smaller ones with
erect spines much less frequent. In both specimens the tubercles become smaller
and more numerous towards the margin. Between these tubercles in both speci-
mens eight strong concentric folds extend, on the margins of which the greater
numbers of the spines are situated.
The dorsal valve is nearly quite flat, and only the margins are somewhat bent
up. It bears a sculpture which is coarse in the one and fine in the other specimen,
but otherwise the characters of the sculpture are very similar. It consists of very
numerous little grooves, between which a great number of fine, more or less erect,
spines are situated. There is moreover no very distinct concentric folding of the
valve observable.
The interior of a dorsal valve, which I suppose to belong to this species, is
figured in PL LXXV, fig. 1. The cardinal process is very large in this valve
and deeply trifid. It bears a rounded boss at its base and is laterally supported
by two very strong and high horizontal ridges, which extend for the whole
length of the hingeline. Towards the interior of the valve the cardinal process is
continued into a high blade-like median septum, which extends as far as the
visceral part of the valve. On both sides of the septum, not far from the base of
the cardinal process, the muscular impressions are very distinctly visible. They are
comparatively small, dendritic, and the two pairs can well be distinguished. The
brachial ridges are well developed, and are composed of an obliquely descending
lamella which suddenly bends round forming a hook-shaped curve extending
down to the very edge of the visceral part of the valve. This latter is very dis-
tinctly marked off from the trail by an angular ridge which is thickly set with
long strong spines. Also the trail is covered by many spiny tubercles, while on the
remainder of the interior surface of the valve only a fine granulation is observable.
Of the interior of the ventral valve nothing is known to me.
One of the specimens in my possession shows the same colour as those speci-
mens of Prod, abichi, and which I supposed in them to be the original colouring.
The dimensions of the two specimens, both from Jabi, are as follow : —
I. II.
Length of the shell in a straight line 33 mm. 29 mm.
„ „ along the curve . . . . . . 60 „ 50 „
Length of the dorsal valve . . . . • • 29 „ 26 „
Greatest breadth of the shell 41 „ 35 „
Length of the hingeline . . . . . • • . 30 „ 26 „
Thickness of the ventral valve . . . . . . . 19 „ 15 „
Distance of the two valves from each other . . . . . 15 „ 12 „
702 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Locality and geological position. — There have altogether been detected tip to
the present only the three specimens that have been figured. All three were col-
lected by myself at Jabi in the Cephalopda-hed. of the upper division of the
Productus-limestone. »
Remarks. — The present species can on a first glance only with difficulty be
distinguished from Productus abichi, from which it differs by its concentric sculp-
ture.
Another species, to which the present one is very nearly related, is Prod.
mebrascensis, Owen. Specimens of the species that I have obtained from Illinois are
however much less transversely oval, the hingeline is comparatively long, and the
sculpture is quite different. The spines, as has been rightly observed by Meek,
consist of two different kinds, which are approximately alternating. The thicker
ones are erect, the thinner ones bent forward at a short distance from the
surface of the valve. Besides this the spines are situated on a kind of radial
striation, not dissimilar to that existing in Prod, scabriculus, Mart. These
characters of the sculpture do not at all agree with those of our Indian
shells, in which erect spines occur only exceptionally, and a radial striation is
entirely absent. Only the concentric folds are common to both species.
14. Productus cvlindeictjs, Waagen, n, sp., Ph LXXV, figs. 3, 4.
The specimens composing this species attain not quite middle size. They
are characterised by vertical sides, parallel lateral margins and a very much
produced anterior part of the shell, whereby the general outline becomes nearly
rectangular. The sculpture consists of a rather fine granulation, which changes into
a radial striation on the produced part.
The ventral valve is very strongly but rather irregularly vaulted. In the
longitudinal direction the spiral part appears very strongly curved, whilst the
anterior part is considerably flattened. In the transverse direction the outline
ascends vertically from the lateral margin, and forms a flattened curve, which is
somewhat impressed in the middle, on the median part of the valve. The apex is
attenuated, pointed, strongly bent over and not much prominent; it barely overhangs
the hingeline. This, latter is short, equal to or shorter than the greatest breadth of the
shell. In none of the few specimens at my disposal is it provided with an area.
There are no wings at the ends of the hingeline. The valve is provided with
a not very deep median sinus which commences at a short distance from the
apex, and disappears again before it has quite reached the anterior margin of the
valve, which, in consequence, has a rounded, not indented, outline. The sculpture
of the valve is of two different kinds. On the visceral part of the valve, up to a dis-
tance of about 35 mm. from the apex, measured along the curve, the sculpture con-
sists of numerous, fine, elongated, sharply-pointed tubercles, which are arranged irre-
gularly in quincunx, and are placed on some coarse, not strongly developed concentric
folds. The tubercles have evidently once served for the support of spines, but these
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA.
703
are not preserved on any of the specimens at my disposal. When the shell grows
larger, tubercles and spines disappear altogether, and are replaced by a fine radial
striation which becomes more and more coarse as it approaches the interior margin,
so that this margin at last is ornamented only by a few coarse folds.
The ^dorsal valve is flat in the visceral region, with bent-up margins. The
apex is most strongly excavated, and from both sides of it there extend two low
strongly diverging folds towards the lateral margins of the valve. At a certain
distance from the apex a low broad median fold is developed, which disappears again
further on. The sculpture consists of a great number of little grooves, arranged
about in quincunx, between which very numerous, extremely fine, hair-like erect
spines are placed.
The interior characters of the species are not known to me.
The dimensions of a rather small but very complete specimen from Chidru
are as follow : —
Length of the shell in a straight line
„ „ „ along the curve
„ „ dorsal valve
Greatest hreadth of the shell
Length of the hingeline
Thickness of the ventral valve .
Distance of the two valves from each other
33 mm.
62
22
26
21
19
15
Large specimens are about 37 mm. in length and 29 mm. in breadth, but these
are the largest known to me.
Locality and geological position. — This is a very rare species, and has been
found by me only in the Cephalopoda-hed of the upper Productus-limestone. I
collected the species in this bed both at Jabi (4 specimens) and at Chidru (1 sp).
Another specimen has been found by Mr. Wynne at Vurcha, but the bed it came
from is not known.
Remarks. — The form most nearly related to the present species is beyond doubt
Productus humboldti, Orb. It has the same fine granulation, but there are wings
developed, the general outline is not rectangular, the sides not vertical, and
on the margin of the ventral valve, which is anteriorly not produced, there is a
granulation instead of a radial striation, so that Productus humboldti can most
easily be distinguished, and the present form must be separated from it under a
different name.
Productus cylindricus bears, however, yet a great resemblance to other shells
which have mostly been described under the name of Strophalosia horrescens, Vern ,
var. elongata, Barbot de Marny, or var. prysmatica, Golovkinsky. It is true that
these shells have a well distinguishable area, but as we know that an area occurs
also not very rarely in species of Productus, it would be highly desirable to learn
some more particulars about the internal structure of these shells, in order to make
sure whether they ought to be considered really as a Strophalosia or else as a
Productus. If the latter be the case, the possibility would not be excluded that
these shells were identical with our Productus cylindricus.
704 SALT-RANGE POSSILS.
A.—? Group of PRODUCT US PUSTULOSUS, Phill.
15. Productus bhalensis, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LXXV; fig. 5.
It is only upon a single specimen that I can found this species, but the
occurrence of this specimen in the Fusulina-sanAstoTue of Bhal is of too great
interest to pass it over in silence.
The general outline is somewhat triangular, the hingeline being very short and
the front comparatively very broad. The ventral valve is not very much vaulted,
but the curve is very regular in both directions. The apex is rounded, not pointed,
barely at all prominent and little incurved. It is not quite regularly developed but
somewhat twisted to one side. The hingeline is not quite straight, but at both ends
a little bent up. An area seems not to exist. The wings are very small but flat-
tened, and their outline forms an obtuse angle. The valve presents in the middle
a kind of flattening or very shallow median sinus, which commences at a short
distance from the apex and extends down to the front. On the specimen which I
have for description the shell is only partly preserved, the greater part of it
being an internal cast only. The substance of the shell is, however, so very
thin that the sculpture of the cast is identical with that of the shell. This
sculpture consists in numerous, slightly elongated tubercles, which apparently have
borne very thin spines. The tubercles are arranged irregularly in quincunx, and the
whole surface is sub-divided in broad concentric zones by a few concentric folds
extending parallel to the shell margins.
Neither the dorsal valve nor the interior characters of the species are known
to me.
The measurements of the only existing specimen are as follow : —
Length of the shell in a straight line ....... 48 mm.
„ „ „ along the curve 75 „
Greatest breadth of the shell ......... 50 „
Length of the hingeline .......... 22 „
Thickness of the ventral valve ........ 26 „
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species that has
been detected up to the present was found by myself at Bhal in the lower division
of the Productus-limestone, contained in a greyish-yellow sandstone filled with
numerous beautifully preserved specimens of Fusulince.
Remarks. — It is with very great doubt that I introduce this species. If it is
really a Productus, it is most certainly different from all the forms hitherto de-
scribed. It must then be placed in the vicinity of Productus pustulosus, Phill., on
account of the character and distribution of its tubercles, but is easily distinguish-
able from that species by its triangular shape and extremely short hingeline. I must,
however, doubt to a certain extent whether this shell is in reality a Productus.
The bending and twisting of its apex to one side gives a certain irregularity to
the form, which recalls somewhat the shape of Strophalosia, though I cannot detect
PRODTTCTTTS-LIMESTONE.^BRACHIOPODA. 705
a place of attachment nor an area in the ventral valve. But if this shell be really a
Strophalosia, a question which can only be solved when more extensive materials will
be procurable, then it is apparently very nearly related to Strop, horrescens, Vera.,
and might even prove identical with that species.
i.— ISOLATED SPECIES.
16. Productus purdoni, Davidson, PI. LXXIII, figs. 1-3.
1862. Productus purdoni, Davidson : Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. Lond., Vol. XVIII, p. 31, pi. II, fig. 5.
1863. Productus purdoni (Dav.) Koninek : Foss. paleoz. de l'lnde, p. 38, pi. XII, fig. 5.
This is one of the most beautiful species of the Salt-range, but at the same
time rather rare.
It is well characterised by the little-inflated ventral valve, its extremely short
hingeline, and its sculpture, which consists of extremely numerous fine spines.
The general outline is nearly always longer than broad, only in young specimens
the reverse is sometimes the case, and the greatest breadth of the shell is always
situated in the lower third on its length. The margins are always well rounded,
and the front-line is mostly, but not always, indented.
The ventral valve is moderately inflated, but its curve is not regular. In the
longitudinal direction the apex is strongly bent and even rolled in, but soon the
curve becomes less strong and towards the front the valve appears considerably
flattened. In the transverse direction the lateral parts of the valve ascend toler-
ably strongly, then the shell suddenly bends round to the flattened and slightly
impressed middle part. The apex is pointed, very little prominent, not at all over-
hanging the hingeline. This latter is very short, and in most specimens not quite
straight but arched. At both ends it projects a little and causes the formation of
very small slightly flattened wings. At a more or less small distance from the apex
a median sinus commences which is always broad and often very deep ; it extends
in all the specimens, with a single exception, to the front of the valve. The sculp-
ture consists of numerous fine elongated tubercles, which are finer and more numer-
ous towards the margins than on the visceral part of the valve. They are mostly
arranged very regularly in quincunx, so that the shell appears as if covered with a
cross-lineation. The tubercles have served for the support of very thin hair-like
tubular spines, which are, however, only very rarely preserved. If the shell is
somewhat deteriorated by weathering, chiefly in the vicinity of the margins or on
the small wings, the holes which pierce the tubercles are enlarged, and then the
shell surface resembles exactly that of Eichwaldia, a very fine reticulation being
produced. There are on the visceral part of the valve about 6 tubercles within the
space of 5 mm., but on the margins I count not less than 10 tubercles within the
same space. In one specimen an indistinct radial plication is added to this tuber-
culatum, commencing about midway of the valve and extending down to the mar-
gins, the different folds being of very unequal strength.
706 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
The dorsal valve is rather flat with a slightly vaulted apical region, which ia
separated from the wings by two diverging furrows. From this slightly raised
apical region a strong and broad median fold takes its origin, and reaches down
to the front. On both sides of this fold two excavated roundish parts of the valve
are situated. The margins of the valve are more or less strongly bent up, giving
to the whole valve a concave appearance. The sculpture consists of a great number
of small shallow grooves arranged in quincunx, between which a yet finer granula-
tion is observable, the bases of very fine hair-like spines.
The interior characters of the species are not known to me, except that a
comparatively small cardinal process and a very long and strong median septum has
been observed in the dorsal valve.
The dimensions of a rather large specimen from Chidru are as follow : —
Length of the shell in a straight line . ....... 73 mm.
„ „ „ along the curve ........ 114 „
„ „ dorsal valve . . . . . . . 62 ,,
Greatest hreadth of the shell ......... 60 „
Length of the hingeline .......... 35 „
Thickness of the ventral valve ......... 31 „
Distance of the two valves from each other . . . . . . . 30 „
Locality and geological position. — The species is not very common in the Salt-
range, and occurs chiefly in the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
The geologically oldest specimen was found by Mr. "Wynne at Kalabagh
in grey limestone together with several other fossils which indicate that the bed
from which this specimen came was on the limit between the middle and upper
divisions of the Productus-limestone.
In the upper division the species has been found by me in the section at Khura
(1 sp.), in the section near Kufri (1 sp.), and at Chidru (4 sp.) ; Dr. Oldham found
it at Musakheyl (not silicified, but in a yellowish-grey sandstone, characteristic of
the upper division (1 sp.), and Mr. Wynne found the species trans-Indus at Bilot.
The geologically youngest specimen I found myself at Virgal (bed No. I of
the section) in the grey sandstones forming the topmost bed of the upper division
of the Productus-limestone, immediately below the Ceratite beds. This is the only
species of Productus that has been found in these sandstones.
Remarks. — The present species is very peculiar in its sculpture and shape, and
though to a certain extent it recalls the forms more or less allied to Productus
humboldti, yet I should not like to directly affiliate it to that group of forms. The
hingeline is much shorter and mostly arched, the general outline much more
elongated, and the form and arrangement of the tubercles is so peculiar that I must
consider the species here under consideration as an isolated form, the relations of
which cannot exactly be made out for the present.
The species has not yet been detected in any other part of the world, except in
the Himalaya at the Niti Pass, whence it has been described by Salter. The
occurrence of this species at that locality indicates with great probability the exist-
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA.
707
ence there of beds of the age of the upper division of the Productus-limestone of
the Salt-range, while generally the carboniferous beds of the Himalaya appear to
be geologically older.
V.— Section: HORRIDI.
k.— Group or PRO DUCTUS GEINITZIANUS, Kon.
17. Prodtjctus opuntia, Waagen, n. sp., PL LXXIX, figs. 1 — 2.
This species shows always very small dimensions, and resembles in this respect
Productus spinulosus, Sow. Its general outline is somewhat squarish, the wings
very small, the apical part extremely strongly elevated, and the surface covered
with many little spines.
The ventral valve is very strongly inflated, and its curve is very regular in both
directions. The apex is well pointed, strongly enrolled, in its median part very
highly elevated over the hingeline and strongly overhanging it. The hingeline
is comparatively long and always occupies the greatest breadth of the shell. At
both ends of it small rectangular wings are developed which are but little flattened.
A median sinus is never present, only in some specimens a slight flattening of the
median part of the valve can be observed. The surface sculpture consists of not
very closely set, roundish, pointed tubercles, which are approximately arranged in
quincunx. I do not know whether these tubercles have served for the support of
spines or not, as in none of the specimens at hand are spines preserved. These
tubercles are sometimes in connection with longitudinal ribs, on which they are
placed. The latter are chiefly distinct towards the margins of the valve, whilst the
tubercles are all of about equal strength. Otherwise only fine cencentric striae of
growth can be observed on the valve.
Neither the dorsal valve nor the interior characters of this species are known
to me. Only so much can be stated, that the present species did not possess
the characters of the genus Marginifera, which will be described next.
The measurements of a very complete, middle-sized specimen from Chidru are
as follow : —
Length of the shell in a straight line
13 mm
„ „ „ along the curve ......
• 26 „
Greatest breadth of the shell at the hingeline ....
• 14 „
Thickness of the ventral valve ....•••
. 8 ,.
Distance of the apex from the frontal margin ....
. 9 „
The largest specimen known to me is 16 mm. in length and 17 mm. in breadth.
Locality and geological position— This species seems to be restricted to the
Cephalopoda-hed. of the upper division of the Productus-limestone, and is even there
very rare. I have found it myself at Jabi (3 sp.) as well as at Chidru (1 sp.).
Remarks. — For a long time I was inclined to affiliate the present species to
Prod, spinulosus, Sow., from the European mountain-limestone, as it agreed well with
708 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
that species in size. But at least specifically the Indian shell seemed to be different
from Sowerby's species by the very strongly elevated median and apical part of the
shell, the smaller and less flattened wings, and by the occasional combination of the
tubercles with longitudinal ribs. By all these characters, however, the present species
approches Prod, geinitzianus, Kon., from permian beds of Europe. Thus it seemed
on the whole safer to place the shell here under consideration among the allies of
Mons. de Koninck's species. It is distinct from that form by its smaller size and
constantly absent median sinus, but probably it is only a geographical variation or
vicarious species for that permian shell. Produetus wallacianus, Derby, might also
be compared, but the figures are too bad to allow of a closer comparison.
1. Group op PRODUCT [JS KIANGSIENSIS, Kays.
18. Productus TUMiDirs, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LXXX, figs. 1,2, 3.
The size of the present species is always moderate, it never attaining any
considerable dimensions. The general outline is transversely oval to squarish or
even nearly cubical. The dorsal valve is evenly concave, not geniculated. The
sculpture consists of a tolerably fine and not prominent radial plication, which
becomes indistinct and irregular towards the margins, and on which not very
numerous thin erect spines are irregularly distributed.
The ventral valve is moderately to very strongly inflated, and the curve is
always very regular in the logitudinal direction. Transversely the valve appears
flattened in the middle, and the lateral parts descend nearly vertically, so that very
strongly inflated specimens appear nearly cubical. The wings are generally small,
but sometimes bear an expansion which spreads out and descends vertically from
the hingeline (PI. LXXX, fig. lc & le). The beak is not much incurved, pointed,
and not or barely overhanging the hingeline. In strongly inflated specimens the
apical region is highly elevated above that line. The sculpture consists of numer-
ous low, broad, rounded radial ribs, which are tolerably regular on the visceral part
of the valve, but become irregular as soon as they have passed that region, bending
in various directions and splitting up into several finer ribs. A concentric sculpture
does not exist, except along the hingeline, where several short folds are observable.
There is a not very great number of erected spines irregularly distributed over the
surface of the valve. On the apical region they are more numerous than elsewhere,
and chiefly two diverging rows are always distinct, extending from the apex on
both sides of the visceral part.
The dorsal valve is deeply and regularly concave, and its visceral part is most
deeply excavated. The wings are concave and separated from the remainder of the
valve by an obtuse ridge. A trace of a median fold is sometimes developed in
this valve. The sculpture consists of fine and faint radiating ribs, which are in-
terrupted from time to time by shallow grooves that correspond to the spines of
the other valve. Two rows of such grooves are chiefly conspicuous extending
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BKACHIOPODA.
709
along the ridges that mark off the wings from the remainder of the valve. Of
spines not a trace is observable on this valve.
The interior characters of the species are absolutely unknown to me.
The measurements of the largest specimen are as follow : —
Length of the shell in a straight line .
„ „ along the curve
Greatest hreadth of the shell
Length of the hingeline
Thickness of the ventral valve .
30 mm.
48 „
30 „
25 „
23 „
Locality and geological position.* — The present species is to be met with
rather frequently in the middle division of the Productus-limestone, and it occurs
much more rarely in the upper division.
In the middle division it has been found on the road between Vurcha and
Uchali (1 sp.), at Morah (2 sp.), at Kalabagh hill (1 sp.), and at Kafirkot (3 sp.).
In the upper divison only the Cephalopoda-bed. at Jabi has furnished me two
specimens.
Remarks.— This species has been for long a great puzzle to me, and even now
it is only in a provisorial way that I place it in the section " Borridi" its
systematic position being still to a certain extent doubtful.
The species to which it is most nearly related is on the one hand Prod,
kiangsiensis, Kays., and Prod, chandlessi, Derby, on the other ; but also one
of the specimens figured by Koninck (Monogr. du Genre Productus, PI. X.
fig. 2, e. f.) under the name of Prod, longispinus, Sow., must be compared. The
difficulty of the classification appears already clearly from the systematic position
that has been assigned by different writers to these allied species. Prof. Kayser puts
his Prod, kiangsiensis into the " Caperati ;" Prof. Derby places his Prod, chand-
lessi on the contrary in Davidson's " Sublaeves ; " and Prod, longispinus, Sow., is
counted by Mons. de Koninck among the " Semireticulati." I have placed my
new species in the " Horridi" on account of the great resemblance certain
specimens, in which the longitudinal striation becomes indistinct, acquire to the true
Prod, horridus.
Among all species by far the most nearly related to the present form appears
to be Prod, kiangsiensis, Kays. This species has been described by Kayser from the
upper carboniferous beds of Lo-Ping in China, and is related to the present species
by the similarity of the plication of the wings and the arrangement of the spines ;
it differs from it on the contrary by its smooth ventral valve on which a radial
striation only exceptionally occurs, and by its smaller size. A small area occurs
occasionally also in the Indian shell.
Productus chandlessi, Derby, from the coal-measures of Itaituba in Brazil,
differs from the shell here under consideration by its generally more strongly deve-
loped wings, a faint reticulation in the apical region of the ventral valve, a smooth
frontal part and a more irregular distribution of the erect spines.
710 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
Similar characters distinguish also Mons. de Koninck's Prod, longispinus from
the present species.
VI.— Section : IRREGULARES.
m.— Group of PRODUCTUS STRIATUS, Eischer.
19. — Productus compressus, Waagen, n. sp., PL LXXXI, figs. 1, 2.
1862. Productus striatus, (Fisch.) Davidson : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., Vol. XVIII, p. 31, pi. I, fig. 18.
1863. Productus striatus (Fisch., Davids.) Koninck : Foss. paleoz de l'lnde, p. 37. pi. X, fia;. 18.
The general outline of this species is exceedingly variable, sometimes elon-
gated, sometimes roundish, hut always the shell is easily recognisable by the
many concentric wrinkles it bears and by the wings which are vertically bent down.
The ventral valve is very variable in its inflation, and no constant characters
can be indicated on this point. In the longitudinal direction the curve ascends
sometimes rather rapidly from the apex, and becomes then more and more flattened
towards the front ; in other cases it remains rather flat in the apical region and
then suddenly bends down to the front. Transversely the curve is somewhat
more regular, but also variable, inasmuch as it is more elevated in elongated than
in roundish specimens. A strange character consists in the circumstance that the
valve is always so strongly compressed in the apical region that in a view from
above the lateral margins are concealed below the overhanging lateral parts of
the valve. The apex is thin, pointed, and bent over only at its extremity. A
hingeline, properly speaking, does not exist. Immediately from the apex the wings,
which are rather large and flat, bend vertically down, leaving a comparatively
very small triangular space between them, and no room whatever for a straight
hingeline. The wings are marked off from the remainder of the shell in some
specimens by a flat impression, in others not, but the wings are always easily
distinguishable by the spines they bear. There is not a trace of a median
flattening or median sinus on this valve. The sculpture consists of very fine
radiating lines, which are of equal breadth over the whole extent of the valve,
augmenting frequently by intercalation, and bending well down on the lateral
portions of the valve so as to reach the margins always at right angles. This
longitudinal striation is crossed by numerous tolerably broad rather irregular
concentric wrinkles, which are narrowly rounded on top and separated from each
other by broad rounded valleys. These wrinkles are restricted to the median
part of the valve, and do not extend on the wings. On these latter parts a varying
number of irregularly bent long slender spines are situated, which are quite irregu-
larly distributed and extend only a short way along the lateral margins of the
valve. On the median part of the valve every trace of a spine is absent.
Of the dorsal valve only fragments are known to me. I only know that it
is strongly concave, leaving but very little room between it and the ventral valve,
and that it is also covered with a very fine longitudinal striation.
PRODUCTUS. LIMESTONE.— BEACHIOPOD A. 711
The interior characters of the species are also nearly quite unknown to me.
All that I know is, that the dorsal valve hears a very strong and high median
septum.
On account of the extreme variability of the outline of the species it appears
barely practicable to give exact measurements. All that can be said is, that the
species is always of a medium size, and that the dimensions may best be seen from
the drawings on PI. LXXXI.
Locality and geological position. — The species is not very rare in the middle
division of the Productus-limestone, where it has been found at Khund (1 sp.),
at Morah (3 sp.), at Vurcha (2 sp.), at Katwahi (1 sp.), in the Chittawan near
Ghari (1 sp.), and at Kafirkot (1 sp.).
West of Khura I collected a specimen of the species in the very lowest beds
of the upper division of the Productus-limestone.
In the lowest division no specimen has been detected up to the present.
Remarks. — By Mr. Davidson this species has been considered as identical with
Prod, striatus, Eisch., and I must here expose the reasons why I cannot concur
with that learned author on this point. If one compares the true Prod, striatus,
Eisch., with the present species, one soon finds that the wings, if they are not broken
away, are always horizontally spread out ; though they be very small, they are never
bent down vertically from the hingeline. The concentric wrinkles are few in num-
ber and chiefly developed on the wings and lateral parts, disappearing in most cases
on the median part of the shell : in Prod, compressus, on the contrary, the wrinkles are
very numerous and most strongly developed on the median part, whilst they disap-
pear entirely on the wings. These differences seemed to me sufficient to distinguish
specifically between Prod, striatus, Eisch., and the present species.
The vertically bent down wings, which are not owing to any peculiar preserva-
tion of some of these shells, but which regularly occur in all the specimens, produce
a very striking appearance in the species. In a lateral view the species thus resem-
bles very much Prod, ermineus, Kon., but can easily be distinguished by the ab-
sence of a hingeline and the spines on the wings.
A shell which perhaps might be identical with Prod, compressus is the one
figured by Kayser from upper carboniferous beds of Lo-Ping in China under the
name of Productus cora, Orb. I would have considered this form as undoubtedly
identical with mine, but that the concentric wrinkles appear to be somewhat
sharper.
20. Productus mttiloides, Waagen, n. sp., PI. LXXX, fig. 4.
The general outline of this species is triangular, mytiliform. The ventral valve
is but little inflated, the wings small, and the concentric wrinkles are rather faint ;
a hingeline does not exist.
The ventral valve is but very little arched in the longitudinal direction, but its
curve is very regular. Transversely the valve appears much more strongly vaulted,
712 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
and chiefly in the apical region its curve forms about a semi-circle ; towards the
front the valve is only flatly arched. The apex is very strongly pointed, prominent,
and but very little incurved. The wings are very small and vertically bent down ;
they bear a row of spines along their margins, and one or two scattered on their
surface. The valve is covered by an extremely fine radial striation, which appears
to be much finer than in Prod, compressus. While in the latter species there are
generally eight to nine striae within the space of 2 mm., there can generally be
counted 12 to 14 striae within the same space in the present one. The striae are
often very irregularly bent in various directions, and the shell appears often as if
injured and again mended. As in other allied species the striae are curved so as
always to meet the margins of the valve at right angles. The spines which have
been mentioned as occurring on the wings are the only ones that exist, the remain-
ing surface of the valve being entirely devoid of spines. The concentric wrinkles
are neither very numerous nor very distinct ; they are, however, strongest on the
median part of the valve.
The dorsal valve is very deeply concave from the apex, and this concavity is
very regular. It has no wings, and no hingeline, but is narrowly rounded at the
apex, the straight lateral margins reaching up to very near the apex. The front
is rounded as in the other valve. The sculpture consists of a fine radial striation as
in the other valve, and of indistinct irregular concentric wrinkles. Spines are
entirely absent on this valve.
As in all the species allied to Prod, striatus, Fisch., so in this one the sub-
stance of the valves is extremely thin. Of the interior characters of this species
nothing is known to me, except that the dorsal valve possessed no prominent median
septum.
The measurements of a specimen from Jabi are as follow : —
Length of the shell in a straight line
„ „ „ along the curve
„ „ dorsal valve .
Entire hreadth of the shell .
Thickness of the ventral valve
54 mm.
63 „
52 ,.
45 ,
19 „
Distance of the two valves from each other . . . - , . 5 ,,
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether only two specimens of
this species known to me, one entire and one fragmentary; they were both collected
by myself in the Cephalopoda-bed of the upper Productus-limestone at Jabi.
Remarks.— This species approaches in its general appearance even more than
the preceding one to Prod, striatus, Fisch., on account of its feeble concentric
wrinkles. Specimens of Fischer's species, in which the wings are broken away,
can only be distinguished by their coarser radial striation. In the specimens
of Prod, mytiloides, however, the wings are not broken ; they are well preserved,
but not spread out horizontally, on the contrary bent down vertically, and this is a
deciding character, which makes a distinction of the Indian shells from the mountain-
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.-BRACHIOPODA. 713
limestone species absolutely necessary; as a consequence of this character there
is the entire disappearance of a hingeline.
By these vertically bent down wings Prod, mytiloides very nearly approaches
the Prod, compressus, W., described before. It is, however, distinct from that
- species by its smaller wings, its less sharp and distinctly developed concentric wrinkles
and the much finer radial striation.
I have separated the two forms on these grounds in a somewhat provisional way,
as the materials which have served for the description of the present species are
rather scanty. Nevertheless, the shells from the Cephalopoda-bed. seemed different
from the others, and thus I have come to distinguish the new species; further
investigations only will show whether I have been right in doing so or not.
Genus : MARGINIEERA, Waagen, n. gen.
Though species belonging with great probability to the present genus have
been described already by several authors, yet no one has drawn particular atten-
tion to the rather strange characters by which it differs from Productus proper.
It must be admitted that these characters do not make their appearance sud-
denly, but that they are developed by degrees, so that in the Brachiopod fauna of
the mountain-limestone the genus appears to be indicated but not well developed, and
cnly in later geological periods its full development is attained. The observer who
has most attentively described the peculiarities in question, and has most conscien-
tiously figured them, is Geheimrath Abich, who has described several species in his
monograph of the fossils from Djoulfa on the Araxes. But he deemed these
peculiarities not sufficient for the establishment of a new genus.
According to my view, however, they are sufficient for such a purpose. If we
consider the family of the Productidcs altogether, we find that the generic distinc-
tions are rather difficult within the whole family, and that the limits of the differ-
ent genera are rather uncertain. Such is the case with Chonetes, Strophalosia,
Aulosteges, 8fC, which all have been considered by many writers only as sub-genera
of Productus. "While however in those cases the distinguishing characters are ex-
ternal as well as internal, in the shells here under consideration the peculiarities
are all internal and can be observed only when the shell is partly broken.
The shells which I consider as belonging to the present genus are always
rather small, and never attain any considerable dimensions. In their external
appearance they are absolutely like Productus, so long as the shell is not broken,
but as soon as the shell-margin is removed, which very easily happens, the differ-
ence comes to light. The cause why the shell-margin so very easily breaks off is
a thick prominent shelly ridge, placed vertically on the internal surface of the dor-
sal valve, and by which the visceral part of that valve is girt. In the ventral valve
a similar ridge is developed within the wings only. In this way the visceral part
of the shell is perfectly chambered off from the remainder of the shell. These pro-
minent concentric ridges are sometimes finely striated and crenulated, sometimes
smooth. The other internal characters are in all the specimens at my disposal
714 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
(except in Marg. typica, W., where the description will be found) very indistinct, but
on the whole they seem to be similar to those of Produetus.
This strange chambering off of the visceral part by means of proper projecting
ridges seems to me perfectly sufficient for the generic distinction of these forms,
certainly it is as well worthy of notice as the existence of an area in Aulosteges or
the like.
In the mountain-limestone this character is not yet well developed in any of
the Productus-like shells. I have observed indications of such ridges in some
specimens of Prod, longispinus, Sow. ; in which species something of this kind has
also been figured by Davidson (Mon. Brit. Carb. Brach., PL XXXV, fig. 9), and
in Prod, proboscidens, Vern., but the development of these ridges is never any-
thing like that occurring in the shells of the Salt-range. The geologically oldest
species that probably must be considered as a true Marginifera is Marg. splendens,
Norw. & Pratt., from the coal-measures of Illinois, Missouri and Indiana. I have
no specimens of this species for comparison, but as far as can be judged from
Norwood's drawings, fig. 5b seems to represent a true Marginifera. Among
Mr. Trautschold's figures of Producti from the upper carboniferous limestone of
Moscow,' I find no specimens of Marginifera. Most numerously the genus seems to
be represented in the permian beds of Djoulfa and the Araxes. Mr. Abich has dis-
tinguished two species : Marg. spinosocostata, Ab. sp. and Marg. helica, Ab. sp.,
which both have been united by Moller with Produetus horridus. The occurrence of
internal ridges, which have been very exactly described andfigured by Abich, forbids
such an identification.
On the whole it is probable that the genus has taken its origin from Produetus
longispinus, Sow., as all the forms of Marginifera appear to be more or less
nearly related to Sowerby's species, but that species itself seems to possess the dis-
tinguishing characters not yet in sufficiently strong development to be considered as
belonging already to the genus Marginifera. Only in somewhat more recent geologi-
cal times, in upper carboniferous beds, the characters of the genus seem to have
been quite well developed.
In the Salt- range the genus is rather largely represented, and extends through
the whole thickness of the Productus-limestone. Species of the genus are chiefly
numerous in the lower division of the formation, where not less than four species
occur. The middle division is not so rich in species, but so much the richer in in-
dividuals. The same can be said of the upper division where two species occur, one
of which is however rare and extends into the topmost beds of the whole formation.
Three of the species form together a well-marked developmental series ; these
are Marginifera excavata, ~W., a rather common species of the lower Productus-
limestone ; Marg. typica, W., the very common species of the middle and upper
divisions ; and Marg. ornata, W., a rare species of the Cephalopoda-heel and of the
topmost beds of the upper Productus-limestone. All three are related to a certain
extent to Marg. splendens, Norw. & Pratt. Two other species, both from the lower
Productus-limestone, can be brought into connection with Abich's species .of Mar-
ginifera. One of these is very nearly related to Marg. spinosocostata, Ab., and will
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRAC HIOPODA. 715
bear the name of Marg. ovalis, W. ; the other agrees to a certain extent with Marg.
heliea, Ab., and will be called Marg. transversa, W. At last there remains an iso-
lated species, the relations of which are rather uncertain. It occurs also in the
lower Productus-limestone and will receive the name of Marg. eohinata, W. The
species can thus be arranged in the following manner : —
a. — Group of Marginifera splendens, Norw. & Pratt, sp.
1. — Marginifera excavata, W.
%. — „ typiea, W.
3. — „ ornate, W.
b. — Group of Marginifera spinosocostata, Abich, sp.
4. — Marginifera ovalis, W.
c. — Group of Marginifera helica, Abich, sp.
5. — Marginifera transversa, W.
d. — Isolated species.
6. — Marginifera echinata, "W.
I cannot recognise any of the Salt-range forms in any other locality of the
world. Several species described by American authors might be compared to the
Salt-range shells, but none is, according to my opinion, identical. It is true
the establishing of identity depends to a great extent upon the extension one
wishes to give to a species, and if one draws the limits of the single species
rather wide, an identity will often be the consequence. Thus all the coal-measure
species of America, which probably are for the greater part Marginifera, have been
united by Mr. Davidson with Prod, longtspinus, Sow., and yet I must consider Marg.
splendens, Prod, wabashensis and Prod, capacii each as a different and well distin-
guishable species. Also the Indian Marginifera typiea has been considered by Mr.
Davidson as identical with Prod, longispinus, Sow. I however should not like to
adopt this view. The true Prod, longispinus, of which I have some ten speci-
mens for comparison, is different from the Indian form by the entire absence
or very insignificant development of internal ridges bordering the visceral por-
tions of the valves. This difference seems to me such an important one that I
must consider the Indian shell as belonging to a different genus, and thus this latter
cannot possibly be specifically indentical with Sowerby's species. The form with
which an identity might perhaps exist is Marg. splendens, Norw. and Pratt, and I
have in consequence made use of this name for the heading of the group to
which my Marg. typiea belongs.
a.— Gkoup of MAEGINIFEBA SPLENDENS, Norw. & Pratt, sp.
1. Marginifera excavata, Waagen n. gen. et sp., PI. LXXVIII, figs., 2, 3.
This species is always of rather small dimensions and of a somewhat trans-
versely oval or even almost transversely rectangular outline. The apical region is
716 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
tolerably prominent, the ventral valve inflated and covered by a radial striation
bearing a great many long slender spines, which are directed forward. The dorsal
valve is concave, devoid of spines, and bears many elongated grooves.
The ventral valve is very strongly inflated and enrolled, forming a not -very
regular open spiral. The umbonal part of the valve is very strongly prominent in
adult specimens, less so in young ones, and is highly elevated above the hingeline.
In the transverse direction the valve appears somewhat rectangular, the median
part being strongly flattened or even impressed, and the sides descending nearly
vertically to the lateral shell-margins. The wings are very small, pointed, and but
little arched ; if entirely preserved they mark the greatest breadth of the valve.
The apex is strongly incurved, pointed, and well overhanging the hingeline. A well-
developed sinus is not present on the valve. The sculpture consists of not very dis-
tinct radial ribs, which are not very numerous ; they are crossed on the visceral part
of the valve by indistinct irregularly wavering concentric wrinkles, which do not
descend to the hinge-margin. The longitudinal ribs are provided from distance to
distance with long slender spines, which are bent forward very near the root.
These spines are more numerous on the lateral than on the median parts of the valve,
and along the hingeline two tolerably distinct rows of them can be made out.
The remaining surface of the valve is covered by very fine concentric striae of
growth.
The dorsal valve is deeply and evenly convave, only the little wings being some-
what flattened. The whole valve is covered by irregular not very strong concentric
wrinkles, while a radial sculpture is entirely absent. Instead of it numerous
radially arranged elongated grooves can be observed, which give to this valve a very
characteristic appearance.
Of the interior cbaracters of this species but very little is known to me. Only
the existence of the internal ridge, characterstic of the genus Marginifera can be
stated with certainty.
As has been said before, the species never attain considerable dimensions ; the
largest specimen known to me shows the following measurements : —
Length of the shell in a straight line ........ 20 mm.
„ „ „ along the curve .... . 44 „
„ „ smaller valve in a straight line . , . . . . 10 „
Greatest breadth of the shell at the hingeline . . . . . . 20 „
Thickness of the shell .......... 13 „
Locality and geological position. — The species is not very rare at certain places
in the lower division of the Productus-limestone. It seems to have been a species
that lived in the immediate vicinity of the shore, as I have found it only in the
Nilawan at different places, associated everywhere with many fragments of wood,
&c, indicating a shore-deposit. The Nilawan is at the same time the first place
to the east, where in the Salt-range the fossiliferous beds of the lower Productus-
limestone make their appearance. The species is numerous there, but it is difficult
to obtain specimens, as they are all very brittle and fall to pieces when extracted
from the rock. I brought away only two well-preserved specimens.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 717
Remarks. — The present species appears to be very nearly related to Productus
longispinus, Sow., as defined by Davidson. Ihe ventral valve shows a difference
from the same valve in Sowerby's species by the more numerous spines which are
chiefly crowded together on the lateral parts of the valve and by a more prominent
visceral region. The dorsal valve of Marg. ecccavata is by its elongated grooves
so characteristic and peculiar that it needs no comparison with the same valve
of Productus longispinus.
Marg. splendens, Norw. and Pratt, has a distinct sinus in the ventral valve,
also less numerous spines and a quite different dorsal valve.
It seems thus that our species is a well distinguishable form, which still bears
a great resemblance to Marg. typica which will be described next. The differ-
ences consist in a less prominent visceral part, more numerous spines, more irre-
gular concentric wrinkles in the apical region and an entirely peculiar dorsal
valve in our Marg. excavata.
2. Marginifeea typica, Waagen, n. gen. et sp., PI. LXXVI, figs. 4 — 7 ;
PI. LXVIII, fig. 1.
1862. Productus longispinus, (Sow.) Davidson : Quart. Jouru. Geol. Soo. Lond., Vol. XVII, p. 31, pi. I,
fig. 19.
1863. Productus longispinus, (Sow., Dav.) Koninck : Foss. paleoz. de l'lnde, p. 37, pi. X, fig. 19.
Most specimens of this species have a very strongly inflated ventral valve with an
extremely prominent apical region, well- developed wings, which are, however, often
broken away, and a not very deeply concave dorsal valve which is excellently charac-
terised by a row of grooves placed on the limit between the wings and the remainder
of the valve. The species, however, never attained any considerable size, but
remained always rather small.
The ventral valve is very much inflated, nearly spirally enrolled, and the visceral
part is very strongly prominent above the hingeline; the curve is, however, not
equal in either direction. Longitudinally the apex appears well bent in, but very
near the apex already a considerable flattening of the valve takes place, which
continues to the point where the valve appears most highly elevated above the
hingline, then the flattening suddenly changes into the regular spiral curve. In
the transverse direction the median part of the valve appears distinctly flattened
and impressed, while the lateral parts are bent down nearly perpendicularly. The
wings are very large, not pointed at their extremities, more or less spirally enrolled,
and separated by a deep furrow from the remainder of the shell. When they are
preserved, as is comparatively rarely the case, the general shape of the valve
appears considerably broader than it is long, otherwise the breadth and length of the
valve are about equal, and then the general outline appears somewhat squarish.
Only young specimens have a more or less transversely oval outline. The apex
is not much bent over, strongly pointed, prominent and somewhat overhanging the
hingeline. At a short distance from the apex a well-developed, not very broad,
but rather deep sinus commences, which extends down to the front, though it often
718
SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
becomes somewhat more shallow in the frontal region. The sculpture of the valve
consists in a fine radial plication which is about parallel up to a certain somewhat
variable distance from the apex, and then begins to converge from both sides
towards the middle of the median sinus. This fine plication continues mostly
within the sinus down to the frontal margin, but on the elevated lateral portions
of the valve several of the fine ribs unite indistinctly into a few coarse ones, on
which then more or less numerous, irregularly placed, erect spines are situated (see
PL LXVIII, fig. 1). In the apical region the radial folds are crossed at a greater or
less distance by rather indistinct concentric ribs. On this indistinctly reticu-
lated part of the valve there are more or less numerous fine spines quite irregularly
distributed. Also, very regularly a distinct row of spines is to be observed along the
furrow which separates the wings from the remainder of the valve. The wings
are smooth or provided only with a faint concentric sculpture. Spines are always
wanting on them.
The dorsal valve is very deeply concave. The wings are flattened or slightly
concave, separated from the remainder of the valve by angular, strongly prominent
divering ridges. Towards the front a not very strong median fold is developed.
The concave part of the valve is rather distinctly reticulated in the apical region.
Lower down only a fine regular radial plication remains. The whole reticulated
part is irregularly strewn with little round shallow grooves, corresponding to the
spines on the other valve. Two rows of these grooves are, however, most conspicuous ;
they extend inside along the ridges which separate the wings from the remainder
of the shell. Prominent spines are absent on this valve.
I encountered great difficulties in making out the internal characters of this
species, and only quite recently I succeeded in making some preparations showing
these characters ; they are represented in the subjoined wood-cut.
Fig. 23. Maeginifeea ttpica, Waagen, n. gen. et sp. Dorsal and ventral valves of one and the same specimen
from the Cephalopoda-bed of Jahi : la, dorsal valve, internal view, strongly enlarged ; 2a, ventral valve, internal
view, enlarged ; 2b, front view of the saine, the wings broken off, also enlarged.
The ventral valve is very peculiar, and deviates very far from the corresponding
valve of Prod, longispinus, Sow. As regards the muscular impressions only the
PKODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BKACHIOPODA. 719
adductor impressions are quite distinctly ' visible. They are situated on both
sides of the middle line of the valve and are narrowly elongated in shape. The
divaricator impressions are not so distinct. They are certainly not striated longitu-
dinally, seem to be roundish in shape, rather large and situated outside and on a
level with the adductors. The ridges, characteristic of the genus, commence in-
side under the apex. They leave a narrow slit in the middle between them for the
passage of the cardinal process of the other valve. They are not very high in this
part of the valve, run down along the hingeline up to the commencement of the
wings, then suddenly become high and sharp and bend round in a broad curve to
join the lateral parts of the valve, leaving the wings free. In the frontal part the
ridge dwindles down to a mere prominent line. The ridges are all along more or
less strongly crenulated on top.
In the dorsal valve the internal characters are rather complicated. The car-
dinal process is short, quite sessile, not pediculated. It is somewhat belt-shaped ;
deeply hollowed out on its lower or external face and slightly vaulted on the upper
or internal face. Its margin is deeply slit open on the lower face and cut into
three lappets on its upper one. The cardinal process is continued on the inner
side of the valve as a long but not very high median septum. Where the process
is joined to the body of the valve there are on both sides a kind of dental grooves
for the reception of the commencement of the internal ridges of the other valve.
Outside and somewhat below these grooves the marginal ridges of this valve take
their origin. They are so disposed as to fit within the ridges of the other valve.
In the commencement they are sharp, but low and narrow, crenulated on their
outer side, and remain so down to nearly the end of the wings ; then they begin to
become broader, and to be bent at the same time outward. In this condition they
show a convex inner or upper face and a concave outer or lower one. The upper
face is very finely transversely striated, whereby the margin appears under the
lens to be very finely crenulated. This broad part of the ridge extends without
interruption over the lateral and frontal parts of the valve. In the apical region
outside of the ridge just described are rather deep and broad furrows, which serve
for the reception of the ridges of the other valve. After this a very strongly
thickened hinge-margin follows and extends to the end of the wings. In the
median part of the valve, rather more approached to the apical region, the muscular
impressions are placed on both sides of the median septum. The two pairs of
adductor impressions are very strongly distinct from each other. The inner pair is
large, somewhat reniform and very strongly raised above the surrounding parts of
the valve. The outer pair on the contrary is much smaller, elongated, oval and
situated in hollowed-out grooves. The brachial ridges are not well preserved in any
of the specimens at my disposal. They seem to be low, filiform and simply hook-
shaped. The internal surface of the valve is all over finely granulated. In the
frontal region, within the marginal ridge, some larger spines seem to have existed.
The substance of both valves is always very thin.
The measurements of two specimens — No. I, the largest one known to me,
720
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
from Jabij and No. II, a middle-sized specimen from the upper Productus-limestone
of Swas, are as follow : —
Length of the shell in a straight line .
„ „ „ along the curve
„ smaller valve in a straight line
Breadth of the shell with the wings
„ „ „ without the wings
Thickness of the ventral valve
Distance of the two valves in the visceral region
I.
II.
21 mm.
17 mm
• 42 „
33 „
• 12 „
10 „
. 31 „
24. „
• 17 „
17 „
• 14 „
10 „
. 10 „
7 „
Locality and geological position. — The present species is one of the more com-
mon ones of the Productus-limestone. It occurs chiefly in the middle and upper
divisions of the formation, while in the lower division no characteristic specimens
of the species have been found up to the present.
The geologically oldest specimen was collected by myself at Nursing Pohar,
in a black limestone of which the lowest beds of the middle Productus-limestone
are there composed. In the higher beds of the middle Productus-limestone the
species has been found at Vurcha (1 sp.), on the road between Vurcha and
TJchali (7 sp.), in the Chittawan (3 sp.), at Morah (1 sp.), in the Bazarwan (1
sp.), in the Bukh ravine (1 sp.), and at Swas (9 sp.). Trans-Indus the species has been
collected by myself and by Dr. Verchere at Kafirkot (8 sp.), and by Mr. Wynne,
north of that locality (8 sp., all on one piece of rock). In the section near Khura
I collected the species in the top beds of the middle division (1 sp.).
The upper division is not so rich in specimens of this species. I collected the
shell west of Khura in the lowest beds of the upper division (6 sp.), at Nanga
(1 sp.), in the Cephalopoda-bed. at Jabi (7 sp.), and in the same bed at Chidru
(3 sp.).
The species does not extend into the topmost beds of the upper division but
is replaced there by another form.
Remarks. — Mr. Davidson has identified the present species with Prod, longi-
spinus, and it cannot be denied that a great resemblance exists between the Indian
shell and Sowerby's species. This similarity is, however, more apparent than
real. Even in the external characters of the two species there are differences which
make a distinction possible. Before all there is the visceral part in the Indian shell
much more prominent and elevated above the hingeline. Then also the radial
striation is different ; while in Productus longispinus the ribs are fine and of about
equal width for the whole length, in Marg, typica several of these ribs unite as soon
as they have passed the visceral part, so that only a few strong folds remain on
which the spines are placed. The specimen figured by Davidson is in this respect
a somewhat exceptional one, as at this size the union of the ribs has generally
already taken place. But on the other hand Mr. Davidson figures so distinctly
the marginal ridge, which forms the distinguishing character of the genus that
I cannot but believe Mr. Davidson's specimen identical with my Marg. typica.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONR— BRACHIOPODA. 721
That this shell must be distinguished specifically and even genetically from Pro-
ductus longispinus is most clearly shown by the internal characters, which have
been described above, and which are very peculiar.
In India the Marg. excavata described previously is most nearly related to the
present species. The differences between the two consist in a finer radial sculpture,
the absence of a sinus in the ventral valve, spines that are directed forward, and
in an entirely different dorsal valve in Marg. excavata.
Of other species Marg. splendens, Norw. and Pratt, must chiefly be com-
pared. This American form agrees with the Indian shell in so far that the fine radial
striation appears also to be restricted to the visceral part, but it is already distinct
by its thick shell and the occurrence of spiny tubes on the wings, which are never
to be found on Marg. typica. Also Marg. spinosocostata, Ab., from permian beds of
Djoulfa is similar to our Indian species, but the concentric sculpture in the vicinity
of the apex is less strongly developed, a radial striation is wholly absent, the
radial sculpture being composed only of coarse ribs, and a median sinus is barely
indicated in the ventral valve of Abich's species, and thus it can well be distin-
guished from Marginifera typica..
3. Marginifera ornata, Waagen, n. gen. et sp., PI. LXXVII, figs. 5, 6.
This is a very rare species ; only two specimens of it have been detected up
to the present in the Salt-range. It is of rather small size and of a transverse
outline, but the exact shape of this outline I am not able to indicate, as in both
specimens the wings, which so easily fall off in the genus Marginifera, have been
broken away. Without the wings the outline is transversely oval or somewhat
trapezoidal, the greatest breadth being situated not far from the front. The radial
sculpture consists partly of a fine striation, partly of coarse ribs, but the most
characteristic feature of the species consists in a very strong and neat concentric
sculpture in the vicinity of the apex.
The ventral valve is very strongly curved, nearly spirally enrolled. In the
longitudinal direction this curve is, however, rather irregular, the visceral part being
considerably flattened. In the transverse direction the lateral parts appear strongly
depressed, the outline running down nearly vertically, and the median part is highly
elevated, flattened and impressed in the middle. The apex is pointed, strongly pro-
minent and incurved, and overhangs the hingeline very distinctly. At a very short
distance from the apex a very deep median sinus commences, which extends down
to the front. The sculpture of this valve is very similar to that of the preceding
species. It consists of a fine radial striation within the sinus and on the lateral
portions of the shell as far as the visceral part extends. Lower down this sculpture
changes on the two lateral lobes into coarse ribs, which bear many spines. On the
visceral part of the valve, however, in opposition to Marg. typica, is a very
strong and neat concentric sculpture, which is stronger than the radial one and
determines the character of the shell. This sculpture consists of fine concentric
722
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
folds, which start from the hingeline and extend up to a row of spines that
separates the wings from the remainder of the shell. At these spines each of the
folds bifurcates, and then runs in an elegant curve to the other side. Besides the two
regular rows of spines, which have j ust been mentioned, there are many other spines
irregularly distributed over the surface of the valve.
The dorsal valve is deeply concave, most so in the apical region. The wings
are flattened and highly elevated, separated from the remaiader of the valve by a
narrowly angular ridge. "Within these ridges on each side is a row of round shallow
grooves corresponding to the row of spines on the other valve. The median part
of the valve is covered with a fine radial plication, which is interrupted at intervals
by faint concentric folds and roundish shallow grooves. Spines are absolutely absent
on this valve.
Of the internal characters of this species nothing is known to me, except what
has been figured PI. LXXVII, fig. 6c : these are, the very distinctly developed
marginal ridges of both valves, which have come to light by the breaking off of
the wings, and of that part of the shell which has been called in other Producti
the " trail."
The measurements of a specimen from Amb, without the wings, are as
follow : —
Length of the shell in a straight line
15 mm
„ „ „ along the curve .
29 „
Length of the dorsal valve
10 „
Breadth of the shell without the wings
16 „
Thickness of the ventral valve .
10 „
Locality and geological position. — There have up to the present only two
specimens of this species been detected. Both were collected by myself, one in the
Cephalopoda-bed at Jabi, the other at Amb in the grey sandstones forming the
topmost beds of the Productus-limestone.
It thus appears that the species is restricted to the higher beds of the upper
division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This species appears to be very nearly related to the preceding one,
and it could also perhaps be compared to Prod, longispinus. It can, however,
be distinguished from that species by the same character as the preceding one, and
by the strong concentric plication of the apical part.
This latter character is also the one by which a distinction of the present
species from Marg. typica is possible, and to which the name ornata is intended to
allude. It might perhaps seem to be not quite correct to found a species on the
occurrence of this character alone ; but if one observes that the specimens bearing
this character are restricted only to the upper region of the upper Productus-lime-
stone, and that one of these specimens came from the top-beds where Brachiopoda
are altogether rare, it seems practical to distinguish these specimens from Marg.
typica under a proper specific designation, in order to mark the difference of °-eolo~
gical horizon of this special form.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 723
Marg. excavata, W., differs from the present species by the same characters
by which it differs from Marg. typica, W.
Abich's species of Marginifera cannot be compared in particular with the form
here under consideration, as they are both nearly devoid of a concentric sculpture.
b.— Group op MARGINIFERA SPINOSOCOSTATA, Abich, sp.
4. Marginipeba ovalis, Waagen, n. gen. et sp. PI. LXXVII, figs. 1 — 4.
The general outline of this species is somewhat squarish or transversely oval.
The visceral part of the ventral valve projects very far above the hingeline, and
the sculpture of the valve consists in coarse radial ribs bearing rather numer-
ous spines at irregular distances. A fine radial striation, as observed in the forms
belonging to the preceding group, is absolutely absent. A concentric sculpture is
indicated in the vicinity of the apex, but very little developed.
The ventral valve is very strongly inflated and nearly spirally enrolled. The
curve is very regular in the longitudinal direction, and also transversely it is not
much deformed. The sides descend rather abruptly, and the median part is flattened
and distinctly impressed in the middle. The wings are always small, not enrolled,
but also not much flattened, and of about rectangular outline. If they are
preserved, which is not often the case, the greatest breadth of the shell is indicated
by the termination of the wings. The apex is inflated, pointed, strongly incurved,
but very little overhanging the hingeline. Mostly rather far away from the apex
a distinct, sometimes even very deep, sinus commences, extending to the front.
The sculpture consists of thick irregularly interrupted radial ribs, which are rather
far distant from each other, and bear at irregular distances strong spines, which are
strewn over the whole shell surface and are to be found in the apical region as well
as on the wings, though they are rare on the latter. Sometimes a more distinct
row of spines can be distinguished on the limit between the wings and the body of
the valve. In the apical region also a concentric sculpture occurs, consisting of
slight folds, but only rarely so strong as in my fig. 2, PI. LXXVII.
The dorsal valve is deeply concave, with a more or less prominent broad
median fold in the middle. The small wings are nearly quite flat, sometimes
slightly reflected. They are separated from the remainder of the valve by a broad
rounded ridge, within which often a row of grooves can be observed, as in Marg.
typica, but this row is not constantly present. Otherwise the sculpture of the valve
consists in irregularly arranged shallow grooves, between which sometimes a faint
radial plication exists, but mostly this plication is absent ; only on the " trail,"
outside of the marginal ridge, it is of more general occurrence. A concentric plica-
tion is barely indicated in any of my specimens. Prominent spines are also alto-
gether absent on this valve.
Of the interior characters of this species, only the existence of the apparatus of
marginal ridges can be stated, as has been figured in PI. LXXVII, figs. 3 and 4.
724 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The measurements of the largest specimen known to me are as follow :—
Length of the shell in a straight line 16 mm.
„ „ „ along the curve . . . . . . . 32 „
Length of the dorsal valve ........ 12 „
Breadth of the shell with the wings . . . . . . . 17 „
„ „ „ without the wings . . . . . . . 16 „
Thickness of the ventral valve . . • . • • • . 11 „
Distance of the two valves from each other ... . . . 6 „
Locality and geological position. — The present species is entirely restricted to
the lower Productus-limestone, and is most numerously represented in the lowest
beds of that division. The number of localities where it occurs is, however, very
small. In really great numbers the species occurs at Amb, in the black coaly sand-
stones which form there the lowest fossiliferous bed above the " lavender-clays."
I brought away from there some twenty specimens. At the same locality the
species extends into somewhat higher beds, as I collected there a specimen in the
bed with Chonetes ambiensis, W., the Chonetes-loed as I have generally called it in
this work. The species is, however, very rare in this bed.
Besides at Amb I collected the species only at Katta in yellow sandstones, very
low down in the lower division of the Productus-limestone (bed No. 10 of the
section in my note-book).
Remarks. — The most striking character of the present species by which it can
be distinguished from the greater number of other forms is the entire absence of a
fine radial plication in the apical region, and thus the absence of the reticulation
which in many other species is so well developed round the apex. This character
is one which must be attributed to the whole group of forms to which the present
species belongs, and it has been very properly remarked by Abich that just this
character prevented his uniting the Marginifera spinosocostata, with Prod, longi-
spinus, with which species it otherwise seemed to be very nearly related. Prof-
Moller, on the contrary, has united Abich's Productus spinosocostatus with Produc-
tus horridus. A certain similarity of Abich's species, as well as of the form here
under consideration, to Prod, horridus cannot absolutely be denied, but this simi-
larity is certainly only an external one. The young specimens of Prod, horridus,
figured by Geinitz and King, to which Mr. Moller refers, have certainly got no
internal marginal ridges, and are therefore no Marginifera. If specimens with such
ridges should occur in the European Zechstein, which I cannot absolutely deny,
as I have not got efficient materials from that formation, they would have to be
distinguished from Prod, horridus as separate species as well as the Armenian and
Indian specimens of Marginifera.
The distinction between Marg. spinosocostata, Ab., and Marg. ovalis, W., is
not quite easy, and I was for long in much doubt whether I should not unite the
two. At last I have decided to the contrary. I found the specimens of Marg.
ovalis always to be broader than long, while the contrary is the case in Marg.
spinosocostata. Then the sinus is always strongly developed in my species, while
PEODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 725
it is entirely absent or barely distinguishable in the Armenian shell. Finally, the
young forms of the two species are entirely different ; to see this, one need only
compare fig. 8, PI. IX, of Abich's work with my figures. Thus I thought it best
to distinguish the two, all the more as their geological age is probably different.
The Armenian species has been stated by Moller to be of permian age ; the lowest
beds of the Salt-range Productus-limestone are probably somewhat older, so that
the Armenian species would probably be the descendant of the Indian shell.
c— Group of MARGINIFERA SELICA, Abich, sp.
5. Marginifera transversa, Waagen, n. gen. et sp., PL LXXVIII, figs. 4, 5.
The general outline of this species is very strongly transverse, oval or some-
what trapezoidal, its breadth being just twice the length. Nevertheless is the shell
very- strongly inflated, but nearly devoid of any sculpture, ornamented only by
numerous long thin spines directed forward.
The ventral valve is extremely strongly inflated, its thickness being nearly
equal to its length, but the curve is very irregular in the longitudinal direction.
The apex is distinctly bent in and rounded ; then follows a long flattened space
which terminates in a strong geniculation of the valve ; after which it descends
abruptly, but yet forming a well-rounded curve to the frontal margin. In the
transverse direction the valve appears broadly flattened on top, somewhat impressed
in the middle, while the lateral parts descend nearly vertically to the margin.
There are rather large wings on both sides of the apex ; they are flattened and
terminate in acute angles. A very long straight hingeline extends along these
wings, and occupies the greatest breadth of the valve. The wings fall off very
easily, as in all species of Marginifera, and then the greatest breadth of the valve
is situated lower down, not far from the front. The apex is small, pointed, barely
prominent, and not or barely overhanging the hingeline. A very shallow sinus
is developed either not far from the apex, or where the valve appears geniculated.
Though the shell seems on a first glance nearly quite smooth and shining, yet on a
a close inspection two systems of very faint sculpturing can be observed. The
radial system consists of not numerous fine narrow ribs, on which the spines are
placed, and of a concentric system extending as far from the apex as the flattened
space of the valve, and consisting of very irregular faint concentric wrinkles. The
radial ribs generally appear only where the concentric wrinkles can no longer be
observed. The spines, which are a very characteristic feature of this species, are
distributed on the radial ribs, and in consequence they are absent on the flattened
part of the valve, only exceptionally a sporadic spine occurring also on this part.
On the wings spines are rare. There is on the contrary very regularly a row
of spines at the limit between the wings and the remainder of the shell. On
the deflected part of the valve the spines are very numerous, but they are quite
irregularly arranged. The nearer the shell-margin the more numerous they
726 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
become. The spines themselves are very thin and very long. They have been
drawn much too thick and short in PL LXXVTII, figs. 4 e and /. The direction
has, however, been rightly represented there. The margin of many specimens is
girt by them as by a thickly set fringe.
The dorsal valve of this species is but very imperfectly known to me. It seems
to be rather deeply concave and nearly quite smooth, only showing' two diverging
rows of flat roundish grooves at the limit between the wings and the remainder of
the shell. Prominent spines seem to be entirely absent, at least as far as is
known to me.
Of the internal characters only the existence of marginal ridges, characteristic
of the genus Marginifera, can be stated ; they are well and strongly developed.
The measurements of a well-developed full-grown specimen from Amb are as
follow : —
Length of the shell in a straight line ....... 11*5 mm.
,. „ „ along the curve ....... 24
Distance of the front margin from the hingeline ..... 10
Greatest breadth with the wings (hingeline) ..... 22
„ „ without the wings ....... 18
Thickness of the ventral valve ........ 10
Locality and geological position. — Up to the present this species has been
detected only at a single locality of the Salt-range, this was at Amb in the lower
division of the Productus-limestone. I found it there not very rare (9 sp.) in
the Chonetes-bed.
Remarks. — It is of much geological interest that the present form also is
so very nearly related to one of Abich's permian species; and the affinity is
really a very close one. Marg. helica, Ab., agrees with our species in the
smooth shining shell with its strong silky lustre, as well as in the always transverse
general outline. The difference consists chiefly in the regular curve of the ventral
valve in Marg. helica, while the same valve is geniculated in Marg. transversa.
Also the regular row of spines on the limit between the wings and the remainder
of the ventral valve, which is very regularly present in the latter species, consti-
tutes a distinguishing character. These characters, of which chiefly the first
is very striking, are, I think, quite sufficient for the specific distinction of the
Indian shells from the Armenian ones.
There is here again the same circumstance to be taken into consideration,
to which we have drawn attention already with respect to the preceding
species. In this case also it is probable that the Indian shell is the geologically
older one, whilst the Armenian one belongs to a geologically somewhat younger
horizon. It is now a very strange fact that the two developmental series to which
Marg. ovalis, W., and Marg. transversa, W., belong have had no descendants in more
recent beds in India itself, as in the middle and upper divisions of the Pro-
ductus-limestone the genus Marginifera is only represented by the descendants
of Marg. excavata, W., while they have propagated well in far-distant countries, as
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 727
in Armenia, where their descendants are to be found in great numbers. This is a
fact not without interest, but to explain why it has been so is absolutely impossible
for the present.
Mr. Moller has united Marg. helica, Ab., with Productus horridus, Sow. I
have explained already above the reasons why this should not be done.
d.— ISOLATED species.
6. Marginifera echinata, Waagen, n. gen. et sp., PL LXXVIII, fig. 1 ;
PI. LXXV, figs. 7, 8.
The general outline of this very elegant little species is transversely oval, the
greatest breadth of the shell coinciding with the hingeline, if the wings are preserved,
if not, as is very often the case, then the greatest breadth is situated about in the
middle of the longitudinal diameter of the shell. The sculpture of the shell
consists of a great many radial rows of fine species, which latter are otherwise
arranged approximately in quincunx.
The ventral valve is very strongly inflated. The curve is, however, unequal
in the longitudinal direction; the apex is very little incurved, and from the
point of it to about the middle of the shell extends a flattened space, after which
the valve is rather suddenly curved, whereby a kind of geniculation is produced.
The frontal part is again rather flattened, not much curved. In the transverse
direction the outline ascends rather rapidly from the margins, and is flattened on
the median part of the valve, with a slight depression in the middle. The wings
are not preserved in any of the specimens of ventral valves I have for descrip-
tion. In all these specimens they are broken off along the internal marginal ridge.
The apex is pointed, prominent, but not bent over. At a rather considerable
distance from it a median sinus commences, which is mostly rather deep and
well developed, and which extends down to the front. The sculpture is very pecu-
liar and easily recognisable ; it is composed of two systems of very fine folds, of
which one bears a great number of thin spines : this latter is the radial system,
which is composed of 32 or 33 rather indistinct radial ribs, each of which bears
at least ten spines before it reaches the frontal margin. The spines are so arranged
as to alternate on two adjacent ribs where they appear placed in quincunx. The
concentric sculpture is developed chiefly only on the visceral part of the valve.
The wings, it seems, are quite smooth, bearing neither a radial nor a concentric
sculpture, but where the wings are united to the body of the valve, the concentric
sculpture commences. It consists of many fine wrinkles, which are chiefly distinct
on the lateral parts of the valve, and often disappear entirely on the median part,
but in other specimens they are also here quite distinct. Of other features of sculp-
ture there may yet be mentioned the existence of two distinct rows of spines where
the wings are united to the body of the shell.
728 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The dorsal valve is nearly always disunited from the ventral one, and I have
no specimen in which the two valves are in natural position. Isolated dorsal
valves might easily be taken for strange Producti with flat valves, of the group of
ProducCus latirostratus, Howse. This dorsal valve is very flatly concave with flatly
spread out wings. These latter are very rarely broken off, quite the opposite
of what is generally the case in the ventral valve ; they are entirely flat, quite
smooth without any sculpture, and separated from the remainder of the valve
by a low angular ridge. On the interior side of this ridge a row of shallow
round grooves is situated. The whole median part of the valve is covered down
to the frontal margin by distinct concentric wrinkles, between which many
shallow grooves, corresponding to the spines of the other valve, are disseminated.
Of the interior characters of this species but very little is known to me. In
the ventral valve the marginal ridges, characteristic of the genus Marginifera, are
very strongly developed, which is evidently the reason why the wings so very easily
fall off. In the dorsal valve on the contrary these ridges are very weak and little
developed. In the figure, PI. LXXV, fig. 7, the specimen is seen from the interior
side, but the shell is only preserved in the frontal region. As will be remarked
in the enlarged figure, the ridge is indicated, but very low and little prominent.
In this respect the present species most nearly approaches Prod, longispinus, Sow.
Of the other remaining interior characters nothing is known to me.
The substance of the shell is very thin in both valves.
The measurements of a ventral valve, devoid of its wings, are as follow : —
Length of the shell in a straight line
„ „ „ „ along the curve .
Distance of the frontal margin from the hingeline
Greatest hreadth of the shell ....
Thickness of the ventral valve ....
14 mm.
24 „
12 „
19 „
9 „
Locality and geological position. — The present species has as yet been found
•only at a single locality in the Salt-range. This is in the Nilawan below Bhal,
where the species occurs in a white sandstone representing the lowest fossilifer-
ous beds of the Productus-limestone series. The fossils are found there more or less
in nests clustered together, and some of these nests are entirely made up of the
shells of the present species. It thus happened that in a small rock specimen I
brought away, not less than ten specimens of the species were contained. The same
bed in which the present species occurs is also very rich in Fusulince.
Remarks. — The present species is very peculiar in its sculpture, and cannot well,
as far as I am aware, be compared to any other species of Marginifera or
Productus. The only species which might perhaps be adduced as bearing some
resemblance is Prod, spinulosus, Sow., or granulosus, Phill., but both these forms are
different by the absence of radial ribs on which the spines would be placed. The
same character distinguishes also the present species from my Prod, opuntia, previ-
ously described.
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 729
IV.— Sub-order : CORALLIOPSIDA.
Eamily: BICHTSOFUNID^.
I create this sub-order, as well as this family, to contain a single genus, Richt-
hofenia, Kays., a fossil which exhibits such strange and conflicting characters that
I am in doubt whether even the prominence I give to it, in creating a distinct sub-
order for it, will be sufficient to bring out the quite separate position it holds, not
only among the Brachiopoda, but also among the whole of the mollusca and mollus-
coids.
In the Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. XVI, part 1, 1883, 1
have given a preliminary description of these fossils, and in that paper I came to
the conclusion that we had to deal with a form of shells more or less related to the
Brachiopoda, but showing at the same time many characters which are generally
found in corals, and exhibiting, moreover, some peculiarities which recall to a cer-
tain extent the Rudista. Ever since the publication of that paper I have conti-
nued my studies on these fossils ; and though in the general structure of the shells
little that was new remained to be ascertained, there was the microscopic structure
of the shell-substance to be studied more in detail ; this has not, however, resulted
in a clearer elucidation of the systematic position of these animals.
After prolonged and very careful reconsideration of all the facts relating to
these fossils, I have come to the conclusion that the probability is strongest in favour
of their being Brachiopoda ; and that if this be the case, they have to be placed in
the vicinity of the Productidce, at the end of the Arthropomata. My reasons for
this course were the following : —
The question is reduced to a simple alternative, either these fossils are Brachio-
poda or they are corals ; the third position hinted at in my former paper, as to whe-
ther they might not belong to the Rudista, is no longer to be considered, as my
appeal to the scientific public on this account has met with no response. The point
should not, however, be wholly lost sight of.
Now, as regards placing these fossils among the corals, the reasons to be adduced
against such a decision are numerous : Eirst, there is the very vivid silky lustre of
the shell, a thing which but very rarely and never in this degree occurs in corals.
Then the three vertical septa of the larger valve have a rather median position, form-
ing a kind of columella, and have no connection whatever with the outer walls of
the shell, so that they can only be made visible by a section, and never by etching
away with acid the epitheka, or any such structure, as can generally be done with
corals ; and I have never seen a coral with the septa restricted exclusively to the
columella, and totally absent beyond it. A third point of discrepancy consists in
the hingeline, which is straight and smooth, without the slightest trace of denticula-
tion, — a hingeline which never occurs in this form in an operculated coral. A fourth
strange character is the existence of a distinct pallial impression along the upper
A
730 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
margin of the larger valve. But what overrules all the other points is the existence
of muscular impressions in both valves, as will be described further on. As against
these characters in which they deviate from corals, we find only the general conical
outline, the root-like hollow processes protruding from the surface of the larger
valve at irregular distances, and a cellular structure of the median shell-layer in
connection with numerous partitions or tabulae filling the lower part of the same
valve ; characters which occur also in the rugose corals. These are not, however, of
very material importance : the more or less regular conical form is only an appar-
ent one, as I shall have occasion to show presently ; the root-like appendages occur
as well in species of Productus ; and even the cellular structure and the partitions
occur in such strangely developed forms of Brachiopods as Prod, proboscidens, as has
been kindly communicated to me by Prof. Lindstrom, no sufficiently well-preserved
specimens of that species being at my disposal for dissection. Thus we see that the
peculiarities by which the Richthofenice seem to be linked more or less closely to the
corals, are not exclusively restricted to that latter class of animals, but occur also in
known aberrant forms of the Brachiopoda.
As regards the placing of the Richthofenice in the Brachiopoda, several
reasons can be adduced in favour of it. First of all the silky lustre of the shell
resembles exactly that occurring in Productus and allied genera ; then the fine punc-
tation of the shell is also exactly like that of Productus. For other similarities
we must examine each valve separately. The smaller valve is hemmed in at its
upper end by a not very long straight hingeline, which is interrupted in the middle
by a prominent knob composed of two short elevated ridges, which are either
parallel or converge somewhat in one or the other direction. The knob is limited
on both sides by somewhat sloping triangular shelly faces extending between the
knob and the lateral terminations of the hingeline. The median prominent knob
may well be taken as a kind of cardinal process, which fits into a semi-circular
emargination of the hingeline of the other valve. This emargination is bridged
over by a vaulted shelly piece corresponding exactly to the pseudodeltidium of
Strophalosia or Aulosteges. This pseudodeltidium does not, however, show exter-
nally on the larger valve, but appears only when the rather thick shell is broken
away, and a partial internal cast is produced. Then also a kind of area appears, in
the middle of which the pseudodeltidium is situated ; it begins at the apex of the
valve and extends down to the hingeline, corresponding in breadth to the length
of that line. The homology of these shell-parts with the corresponding parts of
the Brachiopoda was first pointed out to me by Prof. Lindstrom ; but there remains
the difficulty, that these parts do not show outside the larger valve, but only appear
when the greater part of the shell is broken away and only the innermost coating
remains. To understand this we must study the shell-structure in the larger valve.
When we examine that part where the margins of the two valves touch each other,
we find that the smaller valve is sunk into the large one, and that the margins of
the latter extend far above and beyond the smaller valve. These projecting parts
of the larger valve were secreted by a rather moveable fringe of the mantle of the
PKODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 731
animal, which did not deposit one shell layer above the other quite regularly, but
in the most irregular way became vaulted and wavy in all directions, so causing
the formation of innumerable more or less hemispherical cells in the median shell-
layer ; only in the outer wall of the shell did it form again a continuous shelly
deposit. This mantle-fringe was not restricted to the frontal and lateral parts of
the animal, but protruded also over the hingeline, forming outside of it the same
cellular layer as on the other parts of the shell, and thus the forms of the area
and pseudodeltidium were quite obliterated on the outer surface of the shell.
Erom these considerations it would appear that we must take the partial internal
cast (Plate LXXXIII, fig. 15) as representing the real shape of the shell, and
the outer form of the specimens as produced by an exuberant growth of the shell-
substance.
In intimate connection with the above peculiarity in the growth of the shell is
the existence of a chambered lower part in the larger valve. This valve seems to
grow in length more rapidly than the animal augments in size, and thus the animal
is forced to chamber off those parts of the valve which it cannot fill with its body.
The next point which requires consideration in connection with the Brachiopod
nature of these fossils is the muscular impressions. In the smaller valve we have
two large muscular impressions on both sides of the middle line, not far from the
hinge-margin and the cardinal process. These impressions, with their many roundish
emarginations along the upper and outer borders, have, it must be confessed, not
much similarity to the muscular impressions of other Brachiopoda. That they are,
however, really muscular impressions, appears highly probable from a consideration
of the other valve.
In my note on the genus Bichthofenia in the " Records," I described the
median septum of the larger valve, and added that from this septum on both
sides some low secondary septa originate, showing on the whole a pinnate arrange-
ment. Some preparations subsequently made have shown me that we have not to
deal here with secondary septa, but with deep emarginations of a muscular impression
of exactly the same pattern as the one on the smaller valve. But the impression
only just touches the bottom of the valve with its lower margin and extends for the
greater part up the lateral face of the septum, so that the septum itself with its two
lateral faces serves for the support of a pair of muscles, which must be taken as
adductors, according to the placement of the impressions of the same muscles in the
smaller valve.
Beyond and somewhat below these impressions, on the inner side of the two
lateral septa, the deep pocket-shaped grooves are situated, as described in my former
note. These deep grooves must probably also be taken as muscular impressions, and
they can only be the pair of (anterior) divaricators, extending from the grooves up
to what was described above as a sort of cardinal process.
The septa themselves have, so far as I am aware, no analogue whatever in other
Brachiopoda ; their presence also must probably be explained through the excessive
growth of the larger valve, to which cause all the other peculiarities have been
a 1
732 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
attributed. To make sure of all these points, it would be necessary to examine quite
young specimens of these fossils. I think it should not be difficult to find such; but
I regret to say that there are none among the materials at my disposal. Thus my
deductions must remain to a certain extent conjectural and uncertain.
To recapitulate what has been said on the relations between the Brachiopoda
and the Bichthofenice ; we have seen that in the smaller valve there exists a kind of
cardinal process, a straight not denticulated hingeline, and very large muscular
impressions on both sides of a well-developed, sometimes bipartite, median septum.
In the large valve we have also a straight hingeline, which is interrupted in the
middle by a kind of pseudodeltidium. This latter is situated in the middle of
something like an area, and extends to the apex of the valve. In the interior the
adductor impressions are situated on the lateral faces of a short median septum, and
the divaricators are inserted in deep pocket-shaped grooves situated outside and in
front of the adductors. If, then, all these interpretations of the different parts are
correct, there can be but little doubt that the fossils bearing these characters must
be considered as Brachiopoda ; and they must moreover, on account of the position
of the muscular impressions, be placed in the order Arthropomata.
. From the same considerations and interpretations, the degree of affinity of these
fossils to the different groups of the Brachiopoda, and to other classes of the
molluscs and molluscoids, may be judged. Though there cannot be any doubt that
the Bichthofenice form part of the Jrthropomata, yet the difference from other
forms of this order is very great indeed. Already the external shape is very extra-
ordinary, and not like that of any other Brachiopod. There is, as far as I am aware,
no case known up to the present in which the area and pseudodeltidium is entirely
covered up by an excessive growth of the shell, or in which the smaller valve is
sunk in so deeply into the larger one. The shell-structure of the larger valve seems
also very unusual, though, by Dr. Lindstrom's discovery of a similar structure in
Prod, proboscidens, this feature is no longer so peculiar. The muscular apparatus
of the Richthofenioe is far more abnormal. In the smaller valve only one pair of
very large impressions with a strangely indented outline is observable, while in the
other valve there exist two pairs of impressions, one pair for the adductors, another
for the divaricators, as in other Brachiopoda. The position of these impressions is,
however, very peculiar. The adductor impressions are situated on the lateral faoes
of a prominent median septum, and the divaricator impressions are sunk in deep
narrow pocket-shaped grooves, having their faces probably turned laterally and not
horizontally. Of a brachial apparatus, properly speaking, nothing exists in these
shells, unless the three upright septa in the middle of the larger valve should possibly
be compared to the median prominence in Crania and allied genera, which latter
organ also serves for the support of the brachial apparatus.
If all these peculiarities indicate already a very great difference between the
Bichthofenice and the other Brachiopoda, there are some other characters which
make this difference far more apparent. In speaking of the characters of the
smaller valve, I mentioned that on both sides of the cardinal process between it and
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 733
the hingeline there extended sloping, triangular, smooth, faces. These faces might
very well have served for the insertion of a ligament ; hut after all that has heen
said on this point in the description of the genera Aulosteges and Productus, it
would not be very perplexing if a ligament had existed in the Richthofenice. By
far more strange is the existence of a pallial impression in the Richthofenice, — a
character which has, as far as I am aware, not yet heen described in any Brachiopod,
except, perhaps, in Thecidea and Crania. This pallial impression is to be found
immediately below the prominent margin on which the smaller valve rests. It is
composed of a series of furrows, all parallel to the margin, and occupying together
a breadth of about 5 mm. These furrows are, however, absent below the hingeline.
It is hardly possible to suppress the opinion that we have here really to deal with a
pallial impression. There is further another very perplexing fact in the emarginated
condition of the adductor impressions in both valves. I know of no Brachiopod in
which such impressions occur; but in JPelecypoda, they may exceptionally be
observed. If, for instance, we examine attentively old specimens of living species of
Spondylm, we find very distinctly emarginated muscular impressions not dissimilar
to the impressions of Richthqfenia ; the muscular impressions of the true Rudista
are also not quite dissimilar.
To sum up all that has been said on the affinities of the Richthofenice, we have
found that these shells most probably belong to the JBrachiopoda, but that they
constitute so strange a group within this class, that though they may be assignable
to the Arthropomata, yet they cannot be placed immediately in the vicinity of any
known group. They show on the one hand external affinites to the corals, and on
the other structural affinities to the Pelecypoda. This conflicting evidence alone
will justify my considering them at least as a proper sub-order, for which I intro-
duce the name of " Coralliopsida."
Prof. Kayser, in his description of these fossils in Bichthofen's " China," thinks
it most probable that they should be brought into connection with the Craniadce.
Though this cannot be done on account of the position of the muscular impressions
as described above, yet I must confess that I am myself also much inclined to
consider these forms as to a certain extent transitional between the Arthropomata
as a whole and the Craniadce.
We shall see in the description of the Craniadce occurring in the Salt-range,
that there existed forms which make such a transition yet more probable.
Genus: RICHTHOEENIA, Kayser.
After a careful study of all the available materials of these fossils, it is consi-
derably more easy to give a characteristic of them ; the characters of the genus may
now be framed in the following manner :
The shell is composed of two valves, one smaller and one larger. The smaller
valve is entirely flat or even concave ; the larger valve is elevated, conical, and very
734 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
irregular in its outline. Thus the general shape of the shell is irregularly conical,
showing at the same time a more or less circular transverse section.
This general shape is, however, only a distorted one, caused by an excessive
growth of the large valve, by which certain characters of the outline are covered up,
and are not observable in the intact shell.
The two valves articulate in a straight hingeline, sometimes very short, some-
times somewhat longer, interrupted in the middle by a prominent cardinal process in
the smaller, and by a small semi-circular emargination, covered by a kind of pseudo-
deltidium in the larger valve.
The circumferential outline in the two valves is thus very different. The
smaller valve is limited on the one side by the straight hingeline, which is followed
laterally by rather deep emarginations, while the lateral and frontal margins are
well rounded, forming together a transversely oval outline. In the larger valve, on
the contrary, though the straight hingeline exists, and also laterally two thickened
parts fitting into the emarginations of the other valve, yet the circumferential outline
is circular or transversely oval, and none of these parts show externally on the valve,
but appear only when the large part due to the exuberant growth of the shell-sub-
stance is removed. Then one can observe that the straight hingeline corresponds to
a flattened area extending to the apex of the conical valve, and in the middle of
which a vaulted pseudodeltidium is placed. In the Indian species of Richthofenia
this pseudodeltidium is narrow in comparison to the breadth of the area, while it is
very broad in the Chinese species. On both sides of the area there extend deep
impressions, which are filled with the thickened shell when complete. The
remainder of the valve shows a more or less circular or transversely oval outline,
often with a low indentation opposite the hingeline.
The external appearance of the two valves is also very different. In the smaller
valve the external surface shows a fine granulation, between which can be observed
very fine concentric striae of growth. In the surface of the larger valve two regions
are distinguishable. The first region is that turned to the outside of the valve. It is
covered by a great many irregular concentric wrinkles, which are from distance to
distance drawn out into prominent points, through which hollow, root-like, tortuous
spines proceed. Sometimes a very fine longitudinal striation can also be observed
on this surface. The cause of this striation can be seen when the outermost layer
of the shell is removed. Then a very fine punctation appears, which is sometimes
arranged in approximately vertical rows, by which arrangement the striation is
produced. The second region of the surface of the larger valve is that at the upper
end. This valve does not terminate where it is met by the other valve, but extends
often considerably in advance of it, either vertically or laterally. The internal
surface of this extended part of the valve shows the same fine granulation as that
covering the external surface of the smaller valve. The valve is fastened by the
apex as well as by the root-like spines to foreign bodies.
The substance of the shell in both valves has a dull silky lustre when entirely
preserved ; and this lustre is very vivid when the outermost layer of the shell is
PEODUCTUS -LIMESTONE.— B RACHIOPODA. 735
removed. Then, also, a fine punctation appears, in which, among the numerous
very fine punctures, some larger ones are disseminated.
Such are the external characters of the genus. The internal characters are
only very imperfectly known in the Chinese species, and I shall only introduce into
the characteristic of the genus those features which are known to exist in the
Chinese as well as in the Indian shells.
In the smaller valve the cardinal process bears a pair of short, prominent ridges
which fit into the cavity of the pseudodeltidium. In front of these a low but
distinct median septum extends nearly to the front of the valve ; it is sometimes bifid
towards the hingeline. On each side of this septum in the Indian species, there is
a large muscular impression.
In the larger valve the median part is occupied by three short, upright septa,
which may perhaps correspond to the nose-like process in the middle of the valve
of Crania ; in the vicinity of it two pairs of muscular impressions are situated.
The lower part of the valve is chambered off by many partitions, through which the
septa extend vertically. The bottom of the uppermost chamber in which the
animal lived is very uneven. The lateral parts form deeply hollowed grooves,
whilst from the hingeline to the septa there extends a sloping plane, and from the
septa to the front a more or less broad, rounded, elevated saddle is observable. The
whole internal surface of this valve is covered with small, prominent, roundish
tubercles and some granulations. From the outer walls of theanimal chamber short
vertically -placed ribs project towards the interior at irregular distances, bearing at
their upper termination the entrances to the hollow, tortuous, root-like spines, which
have been described above.
These characters will suffice to recognise the genus under all circumstances.
The affinities of the genus have been discussed in the introduction to the family,
and thus there remain only some words to be said about the species contained in
the genus.
The genus was founded by Prof. Dr. E. Kayser, on two specimens collected
by Baron von Bichthofen at Lo-Ping in China, and which were identified by Prof.
Kayser with the fossil that had been formerly described by Mons. de Koninck from
the Salt-range under the name of Anomia lawrenciana. Owing to the great liber-
ality of Greheimrath Beyrich at Berlin, I am in a position to make a close comparison
of the Chinese fossils with the Indian ones, as he with great kindness sent me these
two very precious specimens for further study.
Erom this comparison it now appears with certainty that the Chinese fossils,
though beyond doubt generically identical with Anomia lawrenciana, belong to a
different species, for which I wish to introduce the name of Bichthqfenia sinensis,
Waagen. It differs from the true Richth. lawrenciana by the very short hingeline,
and the larger cardinal process in the smaller valve. The median cystoid shell-layer
is also much less strongly developed, and the partitions in the apical part of the
larger valve have a different shape in the Chinese fossils, so that it cannot be subject
to any doubt that Bicht. sinensis is a species different from Bicht. lawrenciana.
736 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
As regards the geological and geographical distribution of the genus, it has up
to the present been detected only in upper palaeozoic beds of China and India. In
the former country it occurs in undoubtedly upper carboniferous deposits, whilst in
India it extends through the whole Productus-limestone, thus probably reaching the
permean age.
1. Richthofenia lawrenciana, Koninck, sp., PI. LXXXII, fig. 1,
LXXXIIA andLXXXIII.
1863. Anomia lawrenciana., Koninck : Quart. Journ., Geol. Soc, Lond. vol. XIX, p. 6, pi. IV, figs. 7, 8, 9.
1863. Anomia lawrenciana, Koninck : Foss. paleoz. de l'lnde, p. 18, pi. Ill, figs. 7, 8, 9.
1881. Sichthofenia lawrenciana (Koninck, sp.), Kayser : Zeitschr. d. Dentsch. Geolog. Ges., vol. XXXIII,
p. 351, (pars).
1882. Anomia (Sichthofenia) lawrenciana (Kon. sp.), Waagen : Nen. Jahrb. f. Min., 1882, vol. I, p. 115.
1883. Sichthofenia lawrenciana (Kon.), Waagen : Records, Geol. Surv. of India, vol. XVI, part I, p. 12>
pis. I. II.
1883. Sichthofenia lawrenciana (Kon.), Lindstrom : Bichthofen's China, vol. IV, p. 74.
1883. Sichthofenia lawrenciana (Kon.), Kayser: Richthofen's China, vol. IV, p. 195 (pars. ; quotations from
India), pi. XXIV, figs. 6, 7, 8 (non 4, 5).
Already Mons. de Koninck, in describing this very strange fossil in 1863, re-
marked that it was among the most interesting that were brought by Dr. Fleming
from India, and that though in its general appearance more similar to an Anomia,
yet by the occurrence of spines on the larger valve it to a certain extent resembled
Productus, and thus in these few sentences the whole difficulty encountered in the
classification of this fossil was already foreshadowed.
Though I have described this fossil already somewhat in detail in the Records,
yet I must here in great part repeat that description ; on the one hand, because this
monograph should be complete ; on the other, because I have since then learned to
understand more clearly several points in the structure of the fossil, and thus the
description will have to be completed and corrected in several points.
The fossil consists of two valves, one larger and one smaller. The larger is of
an elevated conical shape, with the apex fastened to some foreign body. The
smaller valve is flat, more or less sunk into the larger one. The two valves articulate
by a not very short hingeline, which, however, does not appear in the outer aspect
the conical valve ; it is only marked inside it. At both ends of the hingeline the
smaller valve is cut out in a semicircle to receive thickened parts of the shell of the
larger valve. The outer side of the larger valve is rugose, provided with many con-
centric wrinkles and bears a variable number of hollow, depressed, diverging, tortu-
ous tubes, which, on the one hand, resemble the root-like appendages of some rugose
corals, and on the other, can be compared to the hollow spines of some Producti ;
the resemblance to the latter is chiefly striking because of the silky lustre of the
shell substance of which they are composed. On the whole, the shell of the fossil is
rather dull when intact, and of a vivid silky lustre when the outermost layer
of the shell is worn off. There also appears a very close punctation, similar to that
occurring in the shell of Productus ; it is barely visible to the naked eye.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 737
The punctures are not all equal ; some larger ones of two sizes are disseminated
irregularly between great numbers of smaller ones. These punctures are some-
times arranged in tolerably regular vertical rows, and then even the outer shell-
layer on which the punctures are not visible appears as if very finely striated longi-
tudinally.
On the smaller (flat) valve the hollow tubes, which are so very characteristic of
the larger valve, are altogether absent. "When the shell substance of this valve is
perfectly preserved, it is strewn over with very numerous small papillse that
project slightly from the surface of the shell. The same papillae are to be found
on the upper and inner face of that part of the large valve which projects beyond
the smaller valve. We shall see in the description of the microscopical structure
of the shell that these papillse form the entrances to the little canals which pierce
the shell substance of the large valve. It has not been possible to make micro-
scopical sections of the smaller valve, but the presence of the same papillae suggests
the presence of the same canals in this valve also. On its interior side this smaller
valve bears a distinct, but not very high, median septum, extending from near the
margin opposite the hingeline nearly to the middle of the valve. Here it is often
replaced by two parallel ridges, which in other specimens, however, are combined in
one broader septum. On both sides of this septum large muscular impressions, more
or less rounded, are very strongly marked and distinctly indented on the side near-
est the hingeline ; on the side opposite to it they are less strongly marked, but seem
to be also indented. In the middle of the hingeline there are, vertical to it, two short
and thick prominent more or less parallel ridges, not dissimilar to hingeteeth ; they
are, however, about equally high throughout. They are not in connection with the
median septum, but are separated from it by a smooth space. They do not protrude
much above the hingeline, but yet sufficiently so to be considered as forming together
a kind of cardinal process. On the sides of these ridges no trace of dental grooves
can be seen. Along the frontal or outer margin itself, not far distant from it,
more or less numerous curved thorns occur, directed towards the interior of the
shell, similar to those in some Producti.
The structure of the larger valve is far more complicated. It consists of two
distinct parts ; the lower, from the apex of the valve to about the middle of its
height, being composed of very numerous narrow water-chambers divided off by
very thin shelly partitions ; and the upper, forming a large hollow for the reception
of the animal. The partitions in the lower part of the shell are very irregular, on
the whole convex below and concave above ; not so, however, for their whole extent,
as about in the middle they are bent upwards, forming something like a columella,
as it is called in corals. This bending up is caused by three vertical septa, which
extend from the apex of the shell through all the partitions up to the animal-cham-
ber. These septa are narrow, upright, shelly lamellae, of which the middle one com-
mences not very far from the hingeline and is in direction perpendicular to that line,
whilst the two lateral ones converge from both sides towards the frontal termination
B
738
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
of the median one. In transverse sections of the valve it often appears as if a
triangular space was entirely partitioned off from the remainder of the shell by
these lateral septa in connection with the hingeline. This is, however, in reality not
the case. The septa are in no connection whatever either with the hingeline, or with
any other part of the outer wall of the shell ; they are narrow, upright, shelly
lamellae, resembling somewhat the blade of a knife. The appearance as if they were
in connection with the 'hingeline is only brought about by the partitions of the
water- chambers, which in this region often ascend quite vertically, and can then only
' with difficulty be distinguished from the septa. The partitions extend between and
around the septa, bent in various directions, up to the hingeline.
The animal-chamber is tolerably large ; the bottom of it is, however, situated
at very different levels. The space between the septa and the hingeline is much
more shallow than the remainder of the chamber ; but the latter also is not even,
as from the centre of the shell a rounded crest extends to the wall opposite to the
hingeline, forming a shallow saddle. On each side of this crest is a deep hollow,
which occupies the whole lateral parts of the animal -chamber. The whole bottom
is covered by an irregular, tolerably minute grooving.
The three vertical septa project into the animal-chamber as three high, upright
plates, which converge towards the centre of the shell and are highest near this
centre. The median one is highest and never curved in any way, but the lateral
ones are often, or nearly always, concave on their inner and convex on their outer
side. The upper margin of all three is crenulated. They never unite but remain
always apart, though they approach each other very nearly in the centre. Prom
their highest point they descend vertically to the bottom of the animal-chamber ;
on the other side, however, between them and the hingeline, there is an ascending
plane, none of the septa reaching the hingeline. These septa seem to have served,
to a certain extent at least, for the insertion of the muscles.
Fig. 24. Richthofenia lawkenciana, Kon.
Somewhat schematic section through the
ventral valve from the hingeline to the front,
showing the animal-chamber and the partitions
below. In the former, the upright median
septum is observable, with the emarginated
muscular impression on its lateral face. The
pocket-shaped groove for the reception of the
divaricator is cut open. The lateral septum,
with its vertical striation, is exposed below it.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BEACHIOPODA. 739
On both sides of the median septum, and extending up the lateral planes of this
septum, there are large muscular impressions exactly of the pattern of the impres-
sions of the other valve ; these are deeply indented on their lower side, and have on
the whole a somewhat roundish triangular shape. The indentations reach often far
up the lateral faces of the septum. The two lateral septa are limited on their inner
side by deep pocket-shaped grooves, in which probably also the insertion of muscles
took place. The place of insertion was probably the septum itself, as, in several
specimens, I found that the inner side of these septa showed irregular thickenings,
probably produced by muscular insertions. The outer sides of the lateral septa are
provided with a very fine longitudinal striation.
The hingeline is quite straight and smooth, and shows only in the middle
a slight rounded sinuation for the reception of the cardinal process of the other
valve.
The inner side of the outer walls of the animal-chamber, as well as the inside of
the outer walls of the larger valve in general, is provided at very irregular and
unequal distances with tolerably broad and sharp, but not very prominent, vertical
ridges, some of which begin a short distance below the upper border of the animal-
chamber, and disappear before reaching the bottom ; while others begin lower down,
and then reach to the bottom and extend even below it. The upper termination of
each of these ridges bears a rounded foramen, which forms the entrance to the hollow
root-like tubes which can be observed on the outer side of the shell, as has been
described above. This foramen, however, does not pierce the wall directly, but the
tube descends nearly vertically and appears at the outer side of the shell only in
the vicinity of the apex.
All round the upper border of the animal-chamber, but a good distance .below
the margin of the valve, a thickened prominent ledge occurs, below which again a
number of impressions parallel to the margins can be observed. The whole seems
to be exactly comparable to a pallial impression.
The substance of the shell is of a very singular structure. It is composed in
the larger conical valve of the three layers. The outer one is very thin, dull, and
compact outside, and of a silky lustre inside, provided with the characteristic punc-
tation and striation mentioned above. The median layer, the thickest of all, though
very irregular in its thickness, is composed of approximately hemispherical cysts,
arranged very irregularly and interrupted at intervals by perfectly straight, radial,
very pointedly conical, thin shelly tubes, which apparently are most numerous in the
thickened shelly parts at both ends of the hingeline, and which require further explan-
ation. They begin at the outer shell-layer with a slightly broader base, and extend
in a more or less ascending direction towards the inner portions of the shell. They
appear more or less polygonal in the transverse section. All do not with their sharply
pointed ends reach the innermost shell-layers ; indeed most of them stop about half
way. Nor do all of them originate from the outer shell-layer, for some start from
the wall of some cyst in the median layer of the shell. They form, as has been said
B 1
740 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
above, very thin tubes, which apparently communicate with the larger pores
disseminated between the more minute punctation of the shell as described above.
The much larger hollow tubes terminating in the root-like processes, penetrate this
median part of the shell substance in a nearly vertical direction. The innermost
layer of the shell is somewhat thicker than the outer one, but otherwise similar to
it. The median and outer layers of the shell fall off easily, and then internal casts
of strange description are produced, which preserve the inner shell-layer. It has
been said in the discussion of the systematic position of these fossils, that of all the
teguments which can be distinguished in this larger valve, probably this inner shell-
layer is the essential part, from which the real shape of the valve must be judged,
and that the other layers, the median as well the outer one, are probably due only
to an exuberant growth of the shell.
In the flat smaller valve the median shell-layer is absent.
Under the microscope many other features of the shell-structure can be ob-
served. It then appears very clearly that the shell of the larger valve is composed
of a great number of very thin lamellae, closely packed together in the inner-
most and in the outer shell-layers. These lamellae disunite on the one hand
towards the interior of the shell to form the partitions with which the lower part
of the valve is filled, and on the other hand for the formation of the cysts of the
median shell-layer. The lamellae are mostly more or less vertical in the inner shell-
layer, then bend outward in a somewhat horizontal direction, but very irregularly,
disuniting and again re-uniting and thus forming the cysts, and at last in bending
up again vertically they unite to form the outer shell-layer. Each lamella is of a
very singular structure. It is finely papillate on the inner or upper side, and in
consequence grooved on the outer side when the lamellae touch each other, but
nearly smooth on the outer side when they are disunited. To this character may be
traced the punctation of the shell when the outermost shell-layer is removed, as
this layer leaves on the underlying shell-lamella the impression of the papillae of its
inner side, and these appear as punctation. The real punctation is in connection
with the papillae, not with the grooving ; as apparently on the smooth outer or
lower faces of the lamellae the punctation consists only of very fine pores which are
not situated in grooves.
In the Records of the Survey (I. c), in describing the microscopical structure of
the shell, I stated that all the lamellae show a fine striation, vertical to their plane, and
that this striation is very likely owing to each being formed of vertical prisms. Eresh
preparations, admitting of the application of a more strongly magnifying power, have
now shown me that this striation is not caused by prisms, but by a very densely set
perforation of the shell. Each papilla on the upper or inner side of the lamellae
forms the entrance to a very fine narrow canal, which mostly penetrates one or
more of the lamellae and then splits up into two or three branches, terminating
either at one of the cysts or below the outermost layer of the shell. I was so
fortunate as to secure the aid of one of the most celebrated microscopists now
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BEACHIOPODA. 741
living on the Continent, Dr. Conrad Schwager of Munich, for the execution of
Plate LXXXII, on which are represented microscopical sections of the substance of
the shell of several molluscs, molluscoids and corals, and with them a longitudinal
section through the shell of Bichthofenia. Por the correctness of the drawings the
name of Dr. C. Schwager is an absolute guarantee, and from this drawing it most
clearly appears that these canals split up into several branches. This plate may
serve at the same time as a standard to judge the correctness of the drawings on
Plate LXXXIIA, executed by Mr. A. Swoboda.
On this latter plate there is a figure representing a section through the shell of
Bichthofenia parallel to the surface. The papillation and the canals which pierce
the lamellse in connection with it can be distinctly seen, and owing to the uneven-
ness of the shell, the cysts also are partly uncovered. Another feature, however, the
meaning of which I was quite unabl eto make out, is the radially-striated organs
which appear in this section. They certainly do not belong to the root-like tubes
with which the larger valve is provided ; they might perhaps be attributed to the
polygonal straight shell-tubes, which have been described above. Another figure
on the same plate represents a vertical section through that thickened part of the
shell which fits into the emarginations of the smaller valve at both ends of the hinge-
line. What is chiefly remarkable in this section is the great frequency of thin,
straight tubes ascending nearly vertically.
If we compare all these sections with those of Prodnctus, Derby ia, Qalceola,
and Badiolites, represented on Plate LXXXII for comparison, we find that the
greatest similarity exists between Producttis, Derbyia, and Bichthofenia, whilst the
shells of Qalceola and Badiolites are not at all comparable. This result is perfectly
in accordance with the opinion already given by Kayser from a simple inspection
of the shell with a lens, that the structure of the shell of Bichthofenia had the
greatest similarity to that of Strophomena or Prodnctus.
To give measurements of these fossils is barely possible, as their external shape
is so extremely variable that two specimens never entirely resemble each other.
Prom the numerous figures of this species it will not, however, be difficult to get an
idea of the range of variation in size and shape these fossils are subject to.
The species is gregareous in its occurrence in nature, and the individuals are often
so closely packed together, that the root-like appendages of one individual are fastened
to the individuals around ; but I never found two individuals entirely grown together.
Locality and geological position. — The species is very common at certain locali-
ties in the Salt-range ; most so in the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
In the lower division it is also not rare at some places, but on the whole much rarer
than in the middle division. In the upper division it has also been found at many
localities, but is everywhere rare, and in the topmost beds of the formation it is
entirely absent.
It has been collected by myself at Amb in the lowest fossiliferous beds of the
whole formation, just above the lavender-clays (11 specimens).
742 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
At Katta I collected a specimen in the lowest beds of the compact limestones
which compose the middle division (bed No. 12 of the section in my note-book).
In the middle region of the middle division I collected the species at Virgal in
the coral beds (11 specimens), as well as in the crinoid beds (1 specimen), in the
Chittawan (19 specimens), at Katta (1 specimen), and Trans-Indus at Kafirkot
(2 specimens). Mr. Wynne collected the species in the same beds at Morah
(1 specimen), and Trans-Indus at Bilot in the crinoidal cliffs (1 specimen), as well
as on the top of those cliffs (2 specimens), and at Omarkheyl (1 specimen).
In the upper region of the middle division the species has been found by Dr.
Warth and Mr. Wynne at Musakheyl (5 specimens), and by myself in the section
at Khurain the uppermost beds of the division (1 specimen).
In the upper division the species has been collected by myself, west of Khura,
at the very base of the division (1 specimen), as well as somewhat higher up (1 speci-
men). Also, Mr. Wynne found a specimen in this division at Jabi. The geologically
youngest specimens were detected by myself in the Cephalopoda bed of Jabi
(4 specimens), as well as in that of Chidru (1 specimen). Higher up the species
does not extend.
Remarks. — There are not many remarks to be made about this species, as
everything regarding its systematic position has been stated already in the introduc-
tion to the family.
As regards the geographical distribution of the species, it is restricted to the
Salt-range, and has not yet been described from any other country The shells
which have been figured by Kayser from China under the name of Riehthofenia
lawrenciana, Kon., do not belong to this species, but are distinct from it by a shorter
hingeline and an altogether thinner shell-substance.
2. Richthofenia sinensis, Waagen ; PL LXXXII A, fig. 4.
1883. Riehthofenia lawrtmciana (Kon. sp.), Kayser: Richthofen's China, vol. IV, p. 195, pi. XXIV
figs. 4-5 (non Koninck).
I have created this name for the species of Riehthofenia that has been described
by Kayser from the upper-carboniferous beds of Lo-Ping in China.
This species is characteristically distinguished by a very insignificantly developed
hingeline, which is often so short as to be barely perceptible, as for instance in the
specimen figured by Kayser, fig. 4 b. A hingeline is, however, present in this case
also. Though this character is the most striking one, yet there exist also others by
which the species may be recognised.
The thickened parts of the larger valve which fit into emarginations of the
smaller valve at both ends of the hingeline in the Indian Riehthofenia lawrenciana
are absent in the Chinese shell. Then there is something like a median sinus
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 743
observable in tbe smaller valve ; and tbe larger valve bears more prominent and
sharper wrinkles on its surface.
Of tbe interior characters of tbe Chinese shell little is known ; it can be stated
that on one of the specimens at least the general internal arrangement is similar to,
but not identical with, that of Richthofenia lawrenciana. The shape of the parti-
tions in the large valve is well observable on the smaller of the Chinese specimens.
One of the partitions has been exposed by the breaking off of the apex of the larger
valve. The tolerably smooth surface exhibited by this fracture was taken by
Kayser to be the impression of a foreign body to which the shell had adhered ; but
an inspection of the specimen immediately convinced me that it was one of the par-
titions that was here exposed. The surface of these partitions is finely granulated ;
the form, however, is considerably different from those of Richthofenia law-
renciana. The rounded saddle which extends from the vertical septa to the wall of
the shell opposite the hingeline occupies nearly the entire breadth of the shell, and
the broad hollows on both sides of the saddle in the Indian species are here reduced
to mere narrow fissures along the lateral walls of the shell. Not far from the
frontal wall of the shell, opposite the hingeline, the partition bears a very character-
istic little groove, which appears as a small knob on the lower face of the partition
as exposed in the specimen serving for description. In the vicinity of the hingeline
a triangular space is marked off, owing to the bending up of the partitions on the
three vertical septa ; the triangle is limited on one side by the hingeline, and towards
the apex by the area. All this is exactly as in Richthofenia lawrenciana. The
area, however, owing to the insignificant development of the hingeline, is very
narrow, but yet very distinctly limited on both sides by sharp edges. It bears in
the middle a broad flatly-arched pseudodeltidium. All these parts are covered up
and concealed as in the Indian species by an exuberant growth of the shell, but
they can be distinctly seen in fractured places of the Chinese specimens.
The Richthofenia sinensis is, moreover, distinct from Richthofenia lawrenciana
by the very small development of the cystiferous part of the shell-substance in the
larger valve.
Locality and geological position. — The species was originally described from
China, as has been remarked above ; but it seems to occur also in the Salt-range.
At least I should be inclined to associate with this species a specimen collected by
myself at Nursingpohar in the black beds forming there the lowest part of the
middle division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — The specimen from Nursingpohar that I assign to this species is
not sufficiently well preserved to allow of a quite exact determination, but the con-
figuration of its partitions, the only character which can be exactly observed, is so
absolutely identical with Richthofenia sinensis, that I cannot avoid comparing this
shell with the Chinese species.
The occurrence of this Chinese form in the Salt-range would be of much geo.
logical interest.
Order: LYOPOMATA.
Sub-Order: GASTEBOPEGMATA sive GBANIACEA.
Family: CBANIAD^E.
It is with some hesitation that I undertake the description of the Lyopomata,
as the materials on which this description must be founded, though partly very
numerous, are yet somewhat incomplete owing to the great difficulties that have to
be surmounted in exposing the inside of these shells, which are mostly of an ex-
treme thinness and fragility.
Though the Craniadse make an exception to this general rule, yet in this family
also I cannot present a full description of the several forms ; it remains even doubt-
ful whether the shells which I place in this family do really belong to it. This un-
certainty is caused by the circumstance that of the Crania-\ike shells occurring in
the Salt-range, only the lower and adhering valve is known to me, while the upper or
free one has not yet been found. If, therefore, the description of the Lyopomata
should be found rather unsatisfactory, the reason is to be sought for in the incom-
pleteness of the materials, whereby the control of observation by the preparation
of several specimens is nearly impossible. The forms of this order occuring in
the Salt-range are, however, of too much interest to be overlooked ; so I give what
I can, looking forward to fuller information from new studies undertaken under
more favourable circumstances.
The Craniadce form a very compact little group of shells, which even may
attain the rank of a sub-order ; the generic distinctions are, however, rather difficult,
and founded on not very prominent characters. Zittel, in his Handbook of Palaeon-
tology, considers the family to contain only the single genus Crania, which is divided
again into a number of sub-genera. Dall, on the contrary, distinguishes the follow-
ing genera within the family : —
Crania, Retzins, 1781 (Sehrift. Berlin. Ges. naturf. Freund., II, p. 72).
Craniscus, Dall, 1871 (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Ill, pt. I, p. 26).
Ancistrocrania, Dall, 1877 (Bull. Unit. States Nat. Mus. No. 8, p. 13).
Pseudocrania, M'Coy, 1851 (Ann. & Mag., Nat. Hist., vol. VIII, p. 388).
Choniopora, Schauroth 1854 (Zeitschr. Deutsch. Geol. Ges.j vol. VI, p. 546).
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 745
If we now compare with these genera the shells figured on Plate LXXXIV
of this work and supposed to belong to the Craniadce, we find that they deviate
totally, and indeed appear so very dissimilar to all the shells comprised within the
family, that it might even be questioned whether they should be placed at all with
Craniadce.
The only characters which induce me to place the specimens in that family are
the calcareous composition of the shell, the peculiarity that one of the valves is
fixed by its entire surface to foreign bodies, and finally the absence of any trace of
hingeteeth.
Though these characters combined make it highly probable that these shells
belong to the Craniadce, yet the decisive characters based upon the arrangement of
the muscular impressions cannot be observed in the Indian fossils, and thus their
systematic position must remain to a certain extent doubtful.
Por these Indian forms, of which the lower valve only is known up to the
present, I introduce the generic name of Cardinocrania.
The genus has only been observed in the Salt-range, and is not very common
there.
Genus : CARDINOCRANIA, "Waagen, n.'gen.
" This genus is founded on lower valves only, the upper valves not being known to
me.
The lower valves are of small dimensions, fixed by the entire surface to foreign
bodies. Their general outline is more or less transversely oval, with a short straight
hingeline on one side, and a more or less strong indentation on the opposite or
frontal side.
The existence of such a hingeline is very peculiar, and ought to be indicated
in the name.
The valve all round spreads out with a thin and flattened margin, which also
is fixed to the supporting body.
In the interior of the valve the most conspicuous part is a thin; triangular,
shelly plate, fixed by its broad base to the cardinal region of the valve, and extend-
ing with its narrow and indented extremity to not far from the front. It is sup-
ported in the middle by a short low septum. This plate probably served for the
support of the different muscles, but of the impressions nothing can be distin-
guished in any of the specimens at my disposal. This is all I can say of the
structure of the genus.
There cannot be the slightest doubt that the shells bearing these characters are
generically different from all the other groups of the Craniadce. Though the smooth,
not granulated, shell-margin to a certain extent recalls Pseudocrania, yet the very
distinct hingeline, strongly marked off by emarginations from the remainder of the
valve, is a character by which the Indian shells deviate not only from all the genera
of the Craniadce, but from all the Lyopomata together.
c
746 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
In the Salt-range the genus is only represented hy a single species, which has,
however, a very extensive range. It commences already in the lower division of the
Productus-limestone and extends through the whole formation. The species never
occurs in great numbers.
The genus has not yet been observed in any part of the world except the Salt-
range ; and even from there it is very incompletely known, as only lower valves have
been found up to the present.
Cakdinocbania indica, Waagen, n. gen. et sp.; PI. LXXXIV, figs. 1, 2.
The species is of a rather small size, barely exceeding a breadth of 8 mm., and
still smaller in length.
The lower valve, which alone is known, is always of a more or less transversely
oval shape, and very little elevated in thickness. It is fixed by its entire under-
surface to foreign bodies, and when well preserved shows always more or less largely
spread-out margins, which creep along over the body to which the valve is fixed
The outline of the valve is thus not very well defined, and its contour is chiefly
determined by the figure assumed by a highly elevated ridge, which on all sides
surrounded the animal and on which the other valve must have rested. Within
this ridge the excavated part of the valve is situated.
The figure described by this ridge is transversely oval on the whole. The lateral
parts are well rounded, and in the middle of the frontal region there exists a more or
less deep emargination. Opposite the front line the lateral parts ascend in a gentle
curve towards the middle line, then suddenly bend out again and join a tolerably
long well-developed straight hingeline under acute angles. The hingeline itself
forms a narrow sharp edge, limited on its outer side by a steeply descending smooth
plane, and overhangs slightly on its inner side. In the acute angles on both sides,
where the lateral shell- walls join the hingeline, there terminate deep furrows, which
commence in the middle under the hingeline. Prom the spot where these furrows
unite, a flat triangular space extends, occupied by a thin, somewhat lozenge-shaped,
shelly plate, which probably served for the support of the muscles. This plate is
fixed for a certain extent to the upper part of the lateral walls of the valve, whilst
its median part hangs far down, nearly to the frontal region. Its lateral outline is
deeply cut out in a rounded line, and the median part is slightly bi-lobed, the lobes
being a little bent up so as to produce a short furrow in the middle. If the plate is
broken, one sees that it is supported from the bottom of the valve by a short, rather
thick septum. The lateral parts of the valve are much more deeply sunk in than
the plate which has just been described.
The expanded margins of the valve seem to be extremely finely granulated, but the
space occupied by the animal appears to be quite smooth. On the elevated ridge which
surrounds the excavated part of the valve, a slight impression can be observed at
certain places, chiefly in the vicinity of the hingeline, evidently caused by the other
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 747
valve. From this it appears probable that the upper valve partly fitted into the
lower one.
Neither muscular nor vascular impressions can be distinguished.
The dimensions of three specimens, Nos. I and II from Morah and No. Ill from
Jabi, are, as far as they can be taken, as follow : —
I. II. in.
Length of the shell ....... 7 mm. 4 mm. 5'5 mm.
Breadth of the shell 85 ,, 7 „ 9
Length of the hingeline . . . . . . 4 „ 3"5 „ 4 „
Thickness of the lower valve 1 „ 05 „ 1:5 „
Locality and geological position. — It is very difficult to indicate exactly the
geological range of the present species, as the specimens must be well preserved to
allow of an exact determination. This arises from the circumstance that the young
specimens of Strophalosia, adhering to foreign bodies, if not very well preserved, look
exactly like the present species when not well preserved, and it is impossible in such
cases to say which is which. Thus it is very difficult to say in what special beds
the present species occurs and where it is more abundant, as though I am convinced
that many of the badly preserved specimens adhering to other shells belong to the
present species, yet I cannot be certain of it. Thus, for instance, I cannot say for
certain whether the little things found occasionally in the lower Productus-lime-
stone adhering to the shells of Spirifer, &c, belong to the present species or not,
though it seems probable that they do. The occurrence of the species in the middle
Productus-limestone, however, is beyond any doubt, as the well-preserved specimens
from Morah, represented on Plate LXXXIV, fig. 1, are from that division. It is
equally certain that the species occurs in the upper Productus-limestone, as the
excellently preserved specimen represented in fig. 2 of the same plate was found
by myself in that division in the Cephalopoda bed at Jabi.
Remarks. — There is no need, as far as I am aware, to indicate for the present
species any characters distinguishing it from other forms, as the species is so isolated
that it cannot easily be mistaken for any other. Even generically it is but very
little related to other groups. Among the Craniadce, Pseudocrania might perhaps
in a general way be compared. If in Pseudocrania we take as a whole all the space
on which the muscular impressions are distributed, it somewhat resembles in shape
the triangular muscular plate in our species ; but there is no hingeline in Pseudo-
crania, and thus the similarity ceases. As regards the hingeline, slight traces of
such have been figured in Jurassic species of Craniscus, but that part is not at all so
strikingly developed in these forms as in our Cardinocrania.
This hingeline puzzled me a good deal, and at last I came to compare it with
the same part of two other fossils from the Salt-range, Lyttonia and Bichthqfenia.
The similarity of the hingeline and surrounding parts with Lyttonia is chiefly strik-
ing, and perhaps I should better have placed the Cardinocranice altogether in the
Thecideidce, sub-family Lyttoniince, instead of in the Crainadce, but the complete
absence of any trace of hingeteeth in Cardinocrania, which are present, though
c 1
748 SALT-BANGE EOSSILS.
rudimentary, in Lyttonia, prevented me from doing so. Otherwise there is little
similarity between Cardinocrania and Lyttonia ; so the former may as well be
placed among the Craniadce until fuller information about it will be available.
A similar configuration of the hingeline is also observable in Hichthofenia, and
for a time I was even doubtful whether Cardinocrania was not the juvenile state of
Hichthofenia ; but after a lengthened consideration I came to the conclusion that
this was very improbable, at least traces of the vertical septa and of the pseudo-
deltidium ought to be observable in the quite young state. That Hichthofenia
shows otherwise a certain affinity to the Craniadce has been stated above. On the
whole, the obscure relations that may perhaps exist between these three genera are
very remarkable, and some questions may yet have to be solved in this direction.
There may really exist a transition between Cardinocrania and Hichthofenia on the
one hand, and between the former and the Thecideidce on the other ; so that the limit
between the Arthropomata and the Lyopomata would no longer have to be consi-
dered so strictly drawn as has been done up to the present.
Sub-order : DAIKAULIA sive DISCINACEA.
Family: DISCINIDJE.
This small family is, like the Lingulidce, of very ancient date. The forms
belonging to it all possess a very thin, horny, calcareous shell, and are characterised
by the position of the peduncle ; it is not marginal, but approaches more or less
the centre of the lower or ventral valve, which is either slightly open from the margin
to near the centre, or bears a slit-like foramen extending from the centre to near the
margin, or finally a small foramen pierces the shell somewhere within this distance.
This position of the peduncle seems to me the essential point in assigning a
genus to this family or not, the punctation of the shell, which is also present in most
genera, being only of minor importance. Thus I am not quite inclined to follow
Zittel's Handbook, which puts Trematis and Schizomania in the Obolidcs, retaining
only Discina and Paterula in the present family. Dall, on the contrary, seems rather
to share my view in the matter ; thus he places the following genera in the
family : —
1. Discina : Lamk., 1819 (Hist. an. s. vert., vol. VI, p. 236). Silurian to recent.
2. Discinisca : Dall, 1871 (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambr., vol. Ill, p. 37). Silurian to recent.
3. Tuematis : Sharpe, 1847 (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., vol. IV, p. 66). Silurian.
4. Okbiculoidea : Orbigny (1847 ?), 1849 (Comptes Rendus XXV, p. 269, Prodr. Pal. Strat.
Sil.j p. 21). Silurian to cretaceous.
5. Schizoceania : Hall and Whitfield, 1875 (Palseont. of Ohio, vol. II, p. 71, pi. 1, figs. 12-15).
Lower-silurian.
6. Ackothelb : Linnarsson, 1876 (Bihang till k. Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handling., vol. Ill,
No. 12, p. 20).
PPODUCTUS- LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 749
The genus Paterula, Barrande, which has also been placed by Zittel in the family
Discinidce is but very imperfectly known ; but from the general configuration of its
little valves, I should rather be inclined to place it in the family Lingulidce than in
the Discinidce. Mr. Davidson, however, whose admirable last part of the British
Brachiopoda has just reached me, places the genus definitively in the latter family.
With regard to Schizocrania, he expresses some doubt whether it is not a Discino-
caris.
In the Salt-range the family Discinidce is but doubtfully represented by a
single (or perhaps two) species of rather uncertain general affinities. I place the
fossil in this family on account of a rather broad and deep incision on the margin of
the ventral valve, for the passage of the peduncle. The external appearance of the
shell recalls to a certain extent that of Trematis, which also seems sometimes to bear
such a slit-like incision on its lower valve, but in the Indian shell the apex is more
eccentric and the sculpture entirely different from Trematis.
Erom this it appears rather probable that we have to deal here with a new
genus, for which I introduce the name of Discinolepis. In introducing this new
name, I feel very keenly how desirable it would have been to ascertain also the
internal characters of the shells ; but on the one hand specimens of this form are
very scarce, and on the other it is extremely difficult to clean the inside from the
adhering rock ; and as it was very uncertain whether I should be successful in making
a preparation, I did not venture to destroy one of the few specimens.
If the genus I thus introduce is not founded on very firm ground, the new name
at least avoids the union of this form with another group of shells, with which it
does not well agree, and the name of which would perhaps be suggestive of geological
conclusions.
Genus : DISCINOLEPIS, Waagen, n. gen.
The shell is of very small size with two unequal valves, which are very flat,
leaving scarcely any room for the animal between them.
The lower or ventral valve is hardly at all vaulted in any direction, and app?ars
flatly spread out like a small fish scale. Only the apex is a little elevated. It is
removed from the margin towards the median part of the valve. The margin of the
valve nearest the apex is broadly cut out by a deep incision reaching to the top of
the apex.
The upper or dorsal valve is in shape similar to the other one, with a slightly
elevated eccentric apex, but without an incision.
The surface in both valves is either smooth or covered with a fine granulation.
From this description it appears that the present genus is different from all the
other genera of the Discinidce hitherto described. Erom Discina, Discinisca, and
Orbiculoidea, it differs in having an incision and not a slit-like foramen in its lower
valve for the passage of a peduncle. In Trematis a similar incision or emargination
seems sometimes to occur, but the sculpture of the valves is quite different from \ hat
750 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
occurring in Discinolepis. Schizomania has an incision, but it is much larger than
in the Indian form.
The genus is represented perhaps by two species in the Salt-range, but only one
of them is sufficiently well preserved to be described.
Discinolepis granulata, Waagen, n. gen. et sp.; PI. LXXXVI, figs. 5, 6, 7.
The general outline of this species is more or less transversely oval to nearly
circular. The two valves are of equal size and shape ; both very small, not exceeding
a diameter of 5 mm.
The upper or dorsal valve is not well accessible to my observation, as no entire
specimen of it is preserved in the Salt-range collection. There is only the somewhat
elevated and obtusely pointed apical part preserved, while the flatly expanded larger
part of the valve is always broken. These fragments show the margin of the valve
preserved on one side in the vicinity of the apex. This margin is entire, and nowhere
cut out. The apex is but very little removed from the margin, and forms the
culminating point of a narrow and but slight elevation, overhanging very little
towards the centre of the valve. The surface of the fragments accessible to my
observation is shining smooth without granulation.
The lower or ventral valve can be more completely described, as far better
specimens are preserved. This valve is nearly quite flat, only a little space in the
vicinity of the apex being slightly elevated. The margins are well rounded, and
only on one side is there a broad slit or incision reaching to the top of the apex,
but without the slightest indication of an area. The apex is not situated far inside
the valve, but approaches the margin rather nearly on the side on which the incision
is situated. It is but slightly elevated, obtusely pointed, and has a rather flatly
sloping face towards the margin and a rather steep one towards the centre of the
valve. The whole surface of the valve is covered with fine papillae, between which
can be observed faint strise of growth, all starting from the margin on which the
incision is situated.
The dimensions of two ventral valves are as follow : —
I. II.
Entire length ......... 4 5 mm. 4"5 mm.
„ breadth 6 „ 5 „
Elevation of the apex ....... 0"5 „ 0*5 „
, Extent o£ incision ........ 1 „ 0'5 „
Locality and geological position. — The species is restricted to the so-called Obolus
beds of Wynne's description, and seems to be not scarce in these beds, but well-
preserved specimens are only rarely met with. The species has been found up to the
present at Khewra in the valley above the salt-mines, and at Jutana. From the for-
mer locality there is a slab of black micaceous shale, on which dozens of fragment-
ary specimens of the species are observable. In other beds it seems, however, to
PEODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BBACHIOPODA. 751
occur only sporadically, as the two well-preserved specimens figured on PI. LXXXVI
are solitary.
Remarks.— The little species here described is very isolated in all its characters,
and cannot be in particular compared to any shell hitherto made known, as far as I
am aware of.
Family: SIDKONOTRETIDM.
This family, which was proposed by Kutorga in 1848, seems to be in a rather
unsettled state as regards its systematic affinities, and thus it happens that nearly
every observer gives it a different place in the system.
By Dall, in his index, the family is placed at the head of the Lyopomata,
next to the Produetidce ; whilst Zittel in his Handbook distributes in the family
Obolidce all the genera classed by Dall as Siphonotretidce ; and Davidson, in the
last part of his great work, again places the family between the Craniadce and the
Trimerellidce. In the Lyopomata, where a shelly brachial apparatus is either en-
tirely absent or only rudimentary, the mode of insertion of the peduncle seems to
me the best principle of classification, and thus all the Lyopomata can very con-
veniently be brought into several sub-divisions, according to the mode in which the
peduncle either protrudes between the valves, or pierces one of the valves, or is even
altogether wanting.
The Craniadce have a kind of shelly support for the brachial apparatus, but
no peduncle at all. These characters widely separate them from the remainder of
the Lyopomata, and thus a sub-order for that family as I have above established,
can well be justified. Another type is represented by the Discinidce. They
possess a peduncle, and any trace of a shelly support for the brachial apparatus is
wanting. The peduncle passes through a slit or a foramen in the ventral valve, and
is thin and comparatively short. Prom the Discinidce to the Siphonotretidce there
exists, however, a nearly perfectt ransition, as the genus Mesotreta, Kut., is different
from Discina in its external appearance chiefly by the circumstance that the slit-
bearing valve is more elevated than the other one, and the foramen just pierces the
apex, whilst in Discina or Orbieuloidea the slit-bearing valve is the flatter one, and
the slit-like foramen is shifted towards the margin. From Mesotreta to Acrotreta
and Siphonotreta, there are but small steps, and thus it can barely be denied that
the Siphonotretidce as a whole are rather nearly related to the Discinidce, and can
very well be considered to form together with these a sub-order, for which I have
introduced the name " Discinacea" or " Diakaulia."
The Obolidce, though also rather nearly related to the Discinidce, very pro-
bably had a large peduncle protruded between the valves, as in the Lingulidce ;
and thus I am rather inclined to bring them into closer relation to the latter, and to
consider them as a connecting link between the Discinacea and a sub-order for which
I shall introduce the name of " Lingulacea " or " Mesokaulia."
752 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The Siphonotretidce comprise quite a number of genera, of which the following
may be recorded : —
Mesotreta, Kutorga, 1847 : Verb. Kais. Russ. Mineralog. Ges., St. Petersburg, 1847, p. 271,
pi. VII, fig. 4.
Acrotreta, Kutorga, 1847 : I. c, pp. 260-275, pi. VII, fig. 7.
Siphonotreta, De Vemeuil, 1845 : Geol. of Russ. and the Ural Mount., vol. II, p. 286.
Volbarthia, Moller, 1873 : Verb.. Kais. Russ. Mineralog. Ges., St. Petersburg, 1873, pp. 1-7,
1. I, figs. 1-6 ; Neu. Jabrb. f. Min., 1874, p. 449.
Mr. Davidson in the last part of his grand work quotes also Kutorgina, Billings,
as belonging to the family. I cannot judge of the genus, as I have never seen speci-
mens of it. From the figures I should be rather inclined to place it in the family
Obolidce.
A genus that might perhaps be considered as a connecting link between the
Siphonotretidce and the Obolidce is SLelmersenia, Pander, though the existence of a
foramen may bring it nearer the former.
In the Salt-range there occur some shells that I should rather be inclined to
place in the family Siphonotretidce, though the forms are but very imperfectly
known to me, and the materials very scanty. I am, however, quite at a loss as to
what genus these shells ought to be placed in. The chief character consists in an
area in one of the valves which is slit open in the middle, and seems to be widened on
the top into a foramen. Thus these shells hold about a middle position between
Distinct, Siphonotreta, and Lingula, and it seems to me not advisible to place them
in any of the hitherto described genera. To avoid then a misleading position of these
shells in a genus to which they very probably do not belong, I rather prefer to make
a new genus, though the foundation of it may be rather imperfect ; I shall thus in-
troduce the name of Schizopholis for these specimens.
Genus : SCHIZOPHOLIS, Waagen, n. gen.
The shells belonging to tbis genus are all of very small size. They consist of
two valves, of which one is imperforated and rather flat, the other is slightly elevated
with a somewhat prominent marginal apex, below which is a small triangular area
slit open in the middle by a triangular fissure, which seems to be sometimes a little
widened at the top, forming a kind of foramen, placed just at the extremity of the
apex.
The shell surface is very finely granular, and it seems as if it had borne spine-
like appendages as in Siphonotreta, but these are not preserved in any of the speci-
mens at my disposal.
Of the internal characters of the genus nothing is known to me, as there are
only three specimens available ; and as the rock, a black micaceous shale, adhered
very firmly to the internal side of these shells, it appeared impossible to make a
preparation of the inside.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 753
There has been found up to the present only one species of the genus in the
Salt-range.
Schizopholis rtjgosa, Waagen, n. gen. et sp. ; PI. LXXXVI, figs. 2, 3, 4
1862. Siphonotreta, sp. (Waagen) Wynne : Geology of the Salt-range ; Mem. Geol. Surv. of India, vol. XIV,
p. 87, et passim.
This is a very small species of elongately oval or somewhat trapezoidal outline,
with one nearly flat and one slightly elevated valve. The latter is provided with a
small area, which is apparently cut open in the middle by a broad slit ending at
the top in a small foramen. The surface of both valves is rugose with numerous
radially arranged wrinkles.
The dorsal valve is nearly quite flat, the apex being only very little elevated.
The outline is well rounded, but not quite regularly, the valve being somewhat
narrowed in the vicinity of the apex and spread out on the opposite side. The apex
is pointed, not quite but very nearly marginal, and but very little prominent. The
surface of this valve is much less strongly rugose than that of the other. The radial
wrinkles are less prominent and less numerous. They are often slightly swollen
where the striae of growth cross over them, and there is some appearance as if spines
had been placed on them. The space between the wrinkles, and apparently the whole
surface of the valve, are very finely granular; the character can, however, be
detected only with a powerful lens.
The ventral valve is slightly vaulted in the transverse direction and appears
very flatly and eccentrically conical longitudinally. Its outline differs somewhat
from that of the other valve, as only the part opposite the apex is well rounded.
Laterally the outline is rather straight, and in the apical region the median part is
prominent, with sloping sides, which join the lateral outline under an obtuse angle.
The apex is pointed and prominent, somewhat overhanging and slightly cut out on
one side for the passage of a small foramen, the form of which cannot well be seen
on account of the deformation of the apex by pressure. Below the apex there is a
vertically descending area, smooth, triangular in shape, and marked off on both sides
by not very distinct edges. It is apparently cut open in the middle by a broad tri-
angular slit, which seems to extend up to the foramen of the apex, but this cannot
be well seen on account of the deformation of the single specimen.
The surface of the valve is very rugose, due to numerous strongly prominent,
irregular radial wrinkles crossed by numerous concentric striae of growth, produc-
ing generally a swelling where the two systems of wrinkles meet. On these points
there is some appearance as if spiny processes had been broken off. "Under a
strongly magnifying lens the whole surface of the valve appears finely granular.
Of the interior characters of this species nothing is known to me.
The dimensions of two dorsal valves are as follow : —
I. n.
Entire breadth of the shell 5 mm. 4 mm.
„ length „ „ 5 „ 4 „
Thickness of the shell O'S „ 0-5,,
D
754 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
An isolated ventral valve shows somewhat different dimensions, which are as
follow : —
Entire length . . 6 mm.
„ breadth ..... .... 5 „
Breadth of the area ...... . . 2 „
Height of the area ........... 1 „
Locality and geological position. — There are not more than three specimens of
this species known to me, which were all collected in Wynne's so-called "Obolus
beds." All three were collected by Mr. Wynne and myself in the gorge behind
the salt-mines of Khewra.
Remarks. — I regret very much that I cannot give a better description of this
interesting little shell. It is very easily distinguishable from all the other forms
that occur with it by its rugose surface, which is not exhibited by any other similar
shell except by Siphonotreta. I have placed this genus and species in the family
Siphonotretidce only in a provisional way. That the genus cannot be identified
with Siphonotreta is evident ; but its position in the family may also appear doubt-
ful. On the whole, the genus is rather nearly related to Discinolepis, described
before, and is distinct from it chiefly by the existence of an area. At all events its
position in the sub-order Discinacea cannot be wrong.
Sub-Order: MESOKAULIA sive LINGULACEA.
Eamily: OB OLID M.
This family was long ago established by King, but it has not been adopted
except by Dall, Zittel, and Davidson. The range given to it by the different authors
differs greatly, and it is rather difficult to point out the genera which might really
belong to it.
On the whole, the characters of the family are rather simple, and not very
difficult to recognise. They consist in a horny calcareous shell with somewhat
unequal valves, between which in the apical region the peduncle protruded. The
margins of both valves are generally thickened in this region, and the ventral valve
bears a furrow in the middle below the apex. Each valve exhibits generally large
muscular impressions in the vicinity of its lateral margins.
Zittel in his Handbook has framed the family characters in a very similar
manner, nevertheless he has placed all the Siphonotretidce in the family Obolidce,
though they have a perforated ventral valve. Dall, however, and Davidson have very
properly separated the Obolidce from the Siphonotretidce.
According to the authors quoted, the family would contain the following
genera : —
1. Obolus, Eichwald, 1829 : Zoolog. Special. I, p. 274. Silurian.
2. Obolblla, Billings, 1861 : New Spec, of Silur. Foss. I, p. 6-7, fig. 7. Cambrian, silurian.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BEACHIOPODA. 755
3. Monobolina, Salter, 1865 : Mem. Geol. Surv. Great Brit., vol. Ill, p. 334. Cambrian,
silurian.
4. Schmidtia, Volborth, 1869 : Verhaudl. TCais. russ. Mineralog. Ges. St. Petersburg, 2 ser.,
vol. IV, p. 208. Silurian, devonian.
5. Keyserlingia, Pander, 1861 : Bull. Imp. Acad. Sci., St. Petersburg, vol. Ill, p. 46, pi. II,
fig. 1. Silurian.
6. Aceitis, Volborth, 1869 : Verh. Kais. russ. Mineralog. Ges., St. Petersburg, 2 ser., vol. IV,
p. 212. Silurian.
7. Leptoboltjs, Hall, 1872 : 24th Regent's Rep. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 226
(Perhaps identical with Acritis.)
8. Spondylobolus, M'Coy, 1852 : Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. VIII, p. 407. Cambrian,
silurian.
All these numerous genera are of almost exclusively silurian distribution, and it
must appear somewhat strange that this family should be rather largely represented
in the Salt-range in beds that cannot be very far distant in age from the true
Productus-limestone, which is according to the most probable deductions that can
now be drawn, in its upper part at least not older than the magnesian-limestone or
the permian of Europe, and in its lower division does not exceed in age the upper-
most coal-measures of North America. According to what has been said on pages
6-8 of this volume, the age of these " Obolus " bearing beds can then barely be
more than that of the lower-carboniferous. A circumstance which makes these
deductions probable also from a palseontological point of view is, that although
forms agreeing in family characters with silurian shells are numerous, yet these
deviate so far from the hitherto described silurian species, that not only they cannot
be specifically identified with the latter, but all are even generically most decidedly
distinct. And this is not only true within the family Obolidoe, but also in all the
other families of the Lyopomata. Thus a considerable lapse of time must have
occurred before all the forms could have been changed into differing generic groups ;
and the view that the beds in which these forms are found belong to the carbonifer-
ous period gains much in probability.
There are no obvious reasons why the Obolidce and similar families should have
become extinct after the silurian period, and nobody can deny the possibility of their
having lived on somewhere on the globe after those times. So much the more must
it be interesting to see them re-appear in the Salt-range in beds that are in more
or less close connection with permian and upper-carboniferous strata, from which
circumstance they may with much probability be taken as lower-carboniferous.
The Obolidce of the Salt-range were detected about contemporaneously by Dr. H.
Warth and Mr. Wynne, who both sent specimens for determination to Dr. Stoliczka
at Calcutta. None of these specimens exhibited the inner surface, but as the out-
ward appearance was very similar to that of Obolus, it was only natural that Dr.
Stoliczka should have determined them to be Oboli, and the beds in which they occur
to be silurian ; an opinion in which I fully concurred at the time with my distinguished
friend. On my return after a season's work in the Salt-range, I was no longer so firm
in this opinion as before, as I had observed the close connection of the so-called
Dl
756 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Obolns-beds with carboniferous strata, but the riddle of Oboli occurring apparently
n more recent strata than silurian remained unsolved. Only after having received
the Salt-range materials in Europe, and after having compared the Indian specimens
with Russian shells, was the riddle resolved, as I observed that the Oboli were
no Oboli, the Siphonotretce no Siphonotretce, and so on; so that an entirely new
fauna of Lyopomata slowly developed itself before me.
This result was, however, obtained only after much labour. The specimens
always occur with their shells adhering firmly to a strongly micaceous rather hard
slaty shale, and an internal cast is never to be found. At last I fastened the shells
by their outerside with Canada balsam to glass slides, and was then able with chisels to
clear the inner side from the adhering rock. Owing to the extreme thinness of the
shells it may be imagined that the operation was most difficult and tedious, and it
may be excused that the results are not so complete as could be desired. The
muscular impressions were for the most part obliterated, and my indications in this
direction must be rather uncertain. But the forms have been found to contain
features of a firmer structure, as septa, etc., so that a generic determination
could well be made without an intimate knowledge of the muscular impressions.
Better results may be obtained when specimens freshly taken from the rock in
situ can be operated upon, as then the rock is much less hard, and less firmly
adhering.
I thus came at last to learn that the so-called Oboli of the Salt-range belonged
chiefly to two different forms, one rather nearly related to the genus Obolus, but
yet easily distinguishable, the other very widely deviating, and probably not belong-
ing even to the family, but rather to the Trimerellidcs, in which it might be placed
near the Dinobolus.
The form which I shall retain in the family ObolidcB is characterised by a large
septum in the dorsal valve ; it will bear the name of Neobolus, Waagen.
Genus : NEOBOLUS, Waagen, n. gen.
This genus consists of rather small shells, with a roundish outline, and not
quite equal valves, the ventral one being generally protracted into a little beakwith
a furrow on its underside, while the other has only a somewhat thickened cardinal
margin. Both are equally arched, but very slightly. The substance of the valves is
very thin, horny, calcareous.
The interior of both valves is tolerably well known to me ; only the muscular
impressions are somewhat doubtful, as in chipping out the stony matter the inner-
most coating layer of the shell substance also very often splits off, and then the
muscular impressions, which are always rather faint, are more or less obliterated.
In the ventral valve the cardinal margin is not much thickened, and is inter-
rupted in the middle by a rather broad, transversely striated furrow, which served
for the insertion of the peduncle. Inside this furrow in the depth of the valve,
laterally from the middle line, there are apparently two small muscular impressions,
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 757
probably of one pair of adductors. The other pair of adductors seems to have left
its impressions about in the middle of the valve, just above a short thickened ridge
or knob which occurs there ; but the two impressions that exist in Obolus are
here apparently combined into one. On the lateral parts of the valve there are two
pairs of very large impressions, of which one partly covers the other ; which, if
any, of these are muscular impressions, cannot be decided ; they must in such case
be the impressions of the divaricators.
In the dorsal valve the cardinal margin is arched and very little thickened,
except in the middle, where a strong, thick callosity of a somewhat triangular
shape is situated, bearing on top a somewhat uneven platform, which apparently
served for the insertion of the muscle of the peduncle (umbonal muscle?).
This callosity is prolonged towards the interior of the valve into a strong median
septum, which sometimes takes its origin immediately at the callosity, sometimes at
a little distance from it, and extends to not far from the front of the valve. Of
muscular impressions but very little can be seen in this valve. Along the lateral
margins a pair of large elongated impressions extend ; they may perhaps be taken
as the impressions of the divaricators. In the corner between these and the cardinal
margin another pair of impressions seems to occur, but very indistinctly. Of the
median pair of adductors nothing can be distinguished. Besides the muscular
impressions and the septum, there are in both valves some more or less strongly
developed radiating lines, slightly raised, the meaning of which I do not apprehend.
These are the characters of the genus ; and it appears obvious that shells bear-
ing these characters cannot belong to the genus Obolus. The characters of the
genus Obolus have been admirably illustrated by Davidson, Quenstedt, Zittel,1 etc.
"We can now compare the Indian shells with Obolus. As regards the larger or
ventral valve, we find that the cardinal margin is considerably thickened; the
furrow for the passage of the peduncle is not very broad, and from the inner side of
it a strong median septum projects and reaches down to about the middle of the
valve. Of the adductor impressions one pair is situated in the corners between the
septum and the cardinal margin, and the other on both sides of the median termi-
nation of the septum. All these are characters in which the Russian shells deviate
from our Neobolus. The latter has a very little thickened cardinal margin and not a
trace of a septum, and also the muscular impressions seem to be differently arranged.
In the dorsal valve also, Obolus presents a very strongly thickened semi-lunar
cardinal margin, which sometimes bears a slight indication of a furrow in the middle.
One pair of the adductor impressions is situated immediately below this margin,
laterally from the middle line ; the other pair is to be found about in the middle
1 In Zittel's Handbook an error occurs, which might be misleading. On p. 604 of vol. I there is a woodcut of
Obolus, which is said to represent the interiors of both valves and an exterior view of the smaller one. Now, fig. d,
which is stated to be the interior view of the smaller or dorsal valve, is in fact a representation of the interior of the
larger or ventral valve, copied from Quenstedt's Petrefactenkunde Deutschland's vol. II, pi. 61, fig. 12. There has
evidently been a mistake by tine artist, who copied this figure instead the one immediately at the side of it (fig. 13)
representing the interior of the smaller or dorsal valve.
758 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
of the valve, but rather distant from the middle line, leaving a broad smooth space
between them. There is not a trace of a septum in this valve. In Neobolus the
dorsal valve has a thin cardinal margin, provided in the middle with a thick trian-
gular callosity, from which starts a strong septum reaching to near the front.
The differences thus indicated are quite sufficient to distinguish between the
two genera.
Of other genera of the Obolidcs only Schmidtia, Volborth, might perhaps be
compared, as in this genus also there is in the dorsal valve a slightly raised middle
line, perhaps comparable to a septum. This genus, however, presents in the ventral
valve a large area with a deep furrow on it, which is totally wanting in Neobolm.
The genus is entirely restricted to the Salt-range, and occurs there exclusively
in those beds which received from Wynne the name of Obolus beds. I can dis-
tinguish among the materials at my disposal two different species of the genus,
which will receive the names of Neob. warthi and Neob. wynnei, in honour of the two
first discoverers of these shells.
1. Neobolus Warthi, Waagen, n. gen. et sp.; PI. LXXXIV, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
1878. Obolus, sp. (Stoliczka) Wynne : Geology of the Salt-range : Mem. Geol. Surv. of India, vol. XIV,
pp. 68, 87, et passim.
The general outline of this species is rather difficult to determine, as most of the
specimens are greatly deformed by pressure. On the whole, however, the outline
seems to have been about transversely oval, the ventral valve with a slightly promi-
nent beak, and the dorsal one with a rounded cardinal margin. Both valves are
very flat, but the actual form of their curvature is barely possible to determine on
account of the deformation the specimens have undergone. The surface of the
valves is perfectly smooth.
The ventral valve seems to vary somewhat in outline, which is sometimes well
and equally rounded on all sides, only the apex being slightly prominent ; sometimes,
however, there is a distinct cardinal margin developed, which joins the lateral mar-
gins of the valve under obtuse angles, and ascends from both sides towards the
apex. In the former variety the greatest breadth of the valve occurs mostly in the
middle, in the other variety it is to be found more towards the front. As regards
the curvature of this valve, it seems to be generally even flatter than the other,
having barely any depth at all.
The dorsal valve shows quite the same variations in outline as the other one ;
but in this valve the form with a well-marked cardinal margin is more frequent than
in the other. In this variety the cardinal margin forms an arched line, which joins
the lateral margins under obtuse angles ; the lateral margins are rather straight
and then curve somewhat abruptly round to the well-arched front margin. In the
other variety the cardinal margin is also slightly marked off, but the angles under
which it joins the lateral margins are so very obtuse as to be almost imperceptible.
PRODTTCTITS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 759
The lateral margins are well rounded, and unite imperceptibly with the frontal one.
This valve is generally about twice as deep as the other one, and its curvature seems,
as far as can be observed, very regular in every direction. The apex is barely percep-
tible, not prominent, and chiefly marked only by the arrangement of the striae of
growth.
The surface in both valves is smooth and shining, covered with very numerous
faint strise of growth parallel to the frontal and lateral margins and curved round the
apex.
The substance of the valves is very thin and often has the ashy-biue colour of
vivianite, a circumstance indicating the presence of phosphorus in their compo-
sition.
The interior characters of both valves have been represented in detail in the
description of the genus.
In the much-deformed state of these shells it is rather difficult to make exact
measurements, yet I shall give some indications at least as to the largest ventral (No.
I) and the largest dorsal valve (No. II) known to me. The measurements are as
follow : —
I. II.
Entire length . . ... . . . . .10 mm. 9 mm.
„ breadth 11 „ 10 „
Thickness ......... I „ 2 „
No specimen has been found with both valves adhering.
Locality and geological position. — This is the most common species of the so-
called Oholus beds of the Salt-range. It occurs in these beds by hundreds, but the
localities where it has been found are not numerous. At Khewra it is very abundant,
in the gorge above the salt-mines, not far from the place where the fresh-water
springs are situated. A small slab of shale, figured on Plate LXXXIV, contains not
less than five complete specimens with fragments of several others. Another local-
ity where the species also occurs, but less numerously, is Jutana. Chel hill has
also yielded some fragments which perhaps belong to this species.
Remarks. — The present species is, in its outward appearance, chiefly compar-
able to Obolus apollinis, Eichw. Not to speak, however, of the internal differences,
it is easily distinguishable from the Russian species by its smaller size and much
thinner shell-substance.
Another shell, which is in fact very nearly related to the present one, is Neob.
wynnei, Waagen, to be described next, from which the species under description is
distinguishable by its smooth outer shell-surface, which is concentrically ribbed in
Neob. wynnei.
2. Neoboltjs wynnei, Waagen, n. gen. et sp. ; PI. LXXXV, figs. 1, 2.
This is an extremely pretty little shell, but rather rare. Its general outline is
very strongly oval transversely. The two valves are not very different, flat, extremely
thin, and having a very fine concentric sculpture on the outer surface.
760 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
The ventral valve is slightly larger than the dorsal one, nearly quite flat, only
slightly elevated in the apical region. The apex is pointed and well prominent, hut
not bent over. From the apex the cardinal margin, which is very distinctly marked
off, slopes towards both sides, and meets the lateral margins under obtuse angles.
The greatest breadth of the shell is situated not far from the front, and as the
cardinal border is much shorter, the lateral margins must strongly diverge, but other-
wise they are nearly straight, not much curved ; not far from the front they bend
suddenly round and unite with the flatly arched frontal margin. The surface of
this valve is covered with numerous well-marked striae of growth, between which an
extremely fine concentric sculpturing may be seen, but only with a strong lens and
under favourable conditions. This sculpturing consists of very closely arranged, fine,
erect lamellse extending parallel to the frontal and lateral margins.
The dorsal valve is somewhat smaller than the ventral one. It is slightly arched
in the longitudinal as well as in the transverse direction, and is most elevated about
the middle. The cardinal margin is distinctly marked off and nearly straight. The
apex is depressed, not prominent, and on {he whole barely at all developed. The
greatest breadth of the valve is placed far down towards the front, and thus the lateral
margins are rather strongly diverging. They unite with the cardinal border under an
obtuse angle and are not much curved ; after a rather sudden bend they join the
frontal margin, which is very flatly arched. The sculpturing of this valve is very
similar to that of the other one, only that the striae of growth are much less strongly
marked. Of the interior characters of this species little is known. In the dorsal
valve a callosity below the apex and traces of a median septum can apparently be
observed shining through the very thin semi-transparent shell, but of the interior of
the ventral valve nothing at all is known to me.
The dimensions of two specimens, No. I, a ventral valve from Jutana, and
No. II, a dorsal valve from Khewra, are as follow : —
i. II.
Entire length . 6'5 mm. 6 mm.
„ breadth 9 „ 10 „
Length of the cardinal margin . . . . . . 7'5 „ 7 „
Entire thickness ........ 1 „ 1/5 „
Locality and geological position. — This species is much rarer than the preced-
ing one ; this may, however, to a great extent be due to the state of preservation.
The very fine sculpturing which distinguishes this species from the other is easily
destroyed, and then it is very difficult to recognise the present form. It has been
found at Khewra as well as at Jutana, but at both places only sporadic specimens
occur, and there are barely any that I could with certainty assign to the present
species except the two figured specimens.
Remarks. — It has already been mentioned that the present speeies is distin-
guishable from Neobolus warthi, W., by its surface sculpturing. That this is in
reality absent in the last- mentioned species, is shown by several specimens, in which,
PBODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BItACHIOPODA. , 761
even under a very strong magnifying power, the shell-surface appears shining
smooth, with occasional very fine striae of growth, whilst in Neobolits wynnei this
surface is quite different.
Family: TRIMERELLID^}.
This is one of the hest described families existing, and the admirable paper by
Davidson and King on these fossils will always be considered a standard work.
It seems unnecessary to repeat here the very complicated family characters,
the most striking of which is the existence of a platform in both valves, mostly
vaulted and hollowed below, on which the muscular impressions are in part situated.
The genera belonging to the family are not very numerous ; and there is con-
siderable agreement between different authors as to the genera which ought to be
considered as belonging to the family.
Davidson in the last part of his British Fossil Brachiopoda quotes the following
genera : —
1. Trimerella, Billings, 1862: Geol. Surv. of Canada, Palaeontology, p. 166, vol. I, fig. 151,
a. b.
2. Monomerella, Billings, 1871 : Canadian Naturalist, new ser., vol. VI, p. 220.
3. Rhynoboltjs, Hall, 1871 : 23rd Regent's Rep. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 247, pi.
13, fig. 10. This genus has by most authors been considered identical with Trimerella ;
and also Davidson and King in their paper on the family place the type-species Rhyn.
galtensis, though with a query, in the genus Trimerella. Recently Mr. Davidson seems
to have given up this view, in which I perfectly concur with bim. Rhynobolus seems to
me a well distinguishable genus, holding about the middle between Trimerella and
Monomerella, with some characters reminding also of Dinobolus.
4. Dinobolus, Hall, 1871 : 23rd Regent's Rep. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 247.
All these genera are of an exclusively silurian distribution.
To these has to be added yet one more genus from the Salt-range, for which I
shall introduce the name of Davidsonella. This genus appears to be somewhat re-
lated to Dinobolus, yet deviating from it very much. That it belongs to the family,
there can be, it seems to me, but very little doubt, though the shell-substance is
very thin. The. platform in the middle of both valves is so distinct, and in the
ventral valve at least so similar to that of Dinobolus, that the family cannot be mis-
taken.
There arises, however, the same difficulty with regard to this genus that has
been discussed already with regard to Neobolus. The beds in which the Davicl-
sonellce occur in the Salt-range can barely be older than lower-carboniferous, and
we have again a most remarkable re-apparition of the family. The long interval of
time from the silurian up to the lower-carboniferous would find an adequate expres-
sion in the far deviating generic characters of the Indian shells.
B
762 SALT-BANGE FOSSILS.
Genus : DAVIDSONELLA, Waagen, n. gen.
I create this name in honour of Mr. Davidson, the greatest living authority on
Brachiopoda, in order to express once more the great admiration I feel for his un-
rivalled works. Though his name has been already once connected with a genus
of Brachiopod, yet it is appropriate that it should also he perpetuated within the
family of Trimerellidce as being one of the most interesting groups of Brachiopoda.
This genus, in comparison with the other genera contained in the family, is
composed of shells of a very small size, and the substance of these shells is extremely
thin and fragile, in which respect also it differs from other genera of the Trimer-
ellidce.
The general outline of these fossils is more or less linguloid, longer than wide,
or to a certain extent transversely trapezoidal. Both valves are slightly vaulted,
but the ventral one generally more so than the dorsal. At the same time the ven-
tral valve is also larger, and possesses a prominent apex, which is provided on its
lower surface with a deep furrow for the insertion of the peduncle.
Of the internal characters of the genus the general features are well known to
me, but the details.are yet far from being completely ascertained.
In the ventral valve the cardinal margin is somewhat thickened, but not suffi-
ciently so to distinguish an area or a pseudodeitidium. The furrow in the middle is
very deep. Below there extends a not very large triangular platform, hollowed out
underneath, and supported in the middle by a low partition ; this does not, however,
extend beyond the platform, so that no septum is visible. This platform is shut in
on both sides by low but distinct rounded ridges. These ridges originate below the
cardinal margin on both sides of the peduncular furrow, and diverge thence under an
acute angle. They descend in a nearly straight line, as far as the platform extends,
and then proceeding further in the direction of the frontal margin bend slowly round
towards the middle line of the valve. The platform itself is not quite intactly
preserved, as its frontal edge is broken, and thus the exact shape of this organ can-
not be ascertained. In the middle of it, from near the peduncular furrow to the
lower margin, a narrow flat space extends, hemmed in on both sides by narrow fur-
rows. This space probably served, in part at least, for the insertion of muscles.
The lateral parts of the platform are concave, instead of being vaulted as in Trim'er-
ella ; yet they are not fastened to the body of the valve, an excavated space remains
beneath them.
Of muscular impressions nothing can be observed. Two large deepened spaces
along the lateral margins of the valve certainly cannot be taken as such. They have
been drawn somewhat too distinctly by the draftsman, the general outline especially
being too sharply marked. It seems to me that these deepened places are rather to be
taken as the room outside the crescent, so that the somewhat raised inner margin of
these impressions would represent a part of the crescent itself. From beneath the
platform some fine, diverging, radiating raised lines proceed, the meaning of which
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTOXE.— BRACHIOPODA. 763
is unknown to me. The space outside the semi-circular ridges described above is very
finely striated radially.
I am sorry that I am not in a position to describe the interior characters of this
valve more accurately or to give a more exact figure of them, but in chipping off the
stony matter from the inside minute particles of the valve are always removed at the
same time, and thus the inner surface of the valve is at least so far deteriorated that
while the general features can be well recognised the details are uncertain and un-
satisfactory. This it is impossible to avoid ; so that to arrive at any determination
regarding these fossils, one must only make the most of the means available.
The internal characters of the dorsal valve are yet more strange than those of
the other one. The cardinal margin is but little thickened and slightly curved. In
the middle it bears a thickened shelly process very much resembling the prominent
tooth in Trimerella lindstromi. This prominence is directed somewhat upward
and inward, and must have extended partly into the apical cavity of the other
valve. From beneath this process a short thickened platform takes its origin ; it is
not even on top, but to all appearance spirally enrolled. It is concave in the
middle and bears on both sides elevated crests with sloping lateral faces. The
frontal margin of it is curved inwards, but the whole platform seems to be exca-
vated below, not solid. From its lateral faces there start strongly diverging elevated
ridges which divide into two a very short way from their origin. A median septum,
which is low at the beginning and highest at its termination not far from the frontal
margin, proceeds from under the platform. From both ends of the cardinal margin
elevated ridges take their origin ; starting at right angles from that margin, they
bend again out towards the lateral margins of the valve. Outside of these ridges
deepened spaces are to be observed, which probably correspond to the similarly
placed deepened spaces of the other valve.
In this valve also muscular impressions are not observable, unless the median im-
pressions on the tooth -like process are to be taken as the scars of the cardinal muscles.
Such are the characters observed in the two valves. If we make allowance
for any error due to the bad preservation of the shells, there would still remain the
undoubted facts that there is a platform in both valves, and a cardinal tooth and a
median septum in the dorsal one, and that the shape of these organs in both valves
is quite certain.
But if these points can be taken as well ascertained, the systematic position
of the genus can no longer be doubtful. The platform of the ventral valve very
much resembles in shape the corresponding part of Dinobolus, and the median tooth-
like process in the dorsal valve may be exactly compared to the same organ of
Trimerella lindstromi. If these parts are exactly similar, the remaining organs may
at least be typically compared with similar parts in the Trimerellida ; thus there
remains for me not the slightest doubt that the genus must be placed in that family.
From the other genera of the family the present one is, however, rather diver-
gent. Already the very thin shell-substance is a character which does not generally
occur in the Trimerellidce, except perhaps in Dinobolus. The interior characters of
El
764 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
the ventral valve can. also be best compared with those of Dinobolus, though only
in a general way and not in detail. The internal features of the dorsal valve are
quite peculiar, and, with the exception of the tooth-like process below the cardinal
margin, not like anything hitherto described in the Trimerellidee, though on the
whole comparable in type to Trimerella lindstromi ; it thus appears that the genus
Davidsonella unites characters which are in other cases distributed between Dinobo-
lus and Trimerella.
Thus the observation recorded above, that the great difference of genera in the
" Obolus bed" of the Salt-range from those contained in the silurian Obolus-heaving
strata, indicates the very long time that must have elapsed between the formation
of the two deposits, is true also in this case. The difference of Davidsonella from the
remainder of the genera of the Trimerellidee appears even greater than the differ-
ences of these from each other ; so that in this case also it is clearly indicated that
the Salt-range Obolus bed is much more recent than silurian, — a fact that is also
borne out by the geological data, as described above (p. 8).
The genus is represented in the Salt-range by two species, which will bear the
respective names of Davidsonella Unguloides, W., and Davids, squama, W. Of
these the first is not very rare, but the second has been detected up to the present
only in one or two specimens.
1. Davidsonella linguloides, Waagen, n. gen. et sp. ; PI. LXXXV, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6.
The general outline of this species is mostly linguloid, somewhat longer than
wide, the greatest breadth being situated about in the middle of the valves. The two
valves are different in size, the ventral one longer with a pointed apex, and the dorsal
shorter. Both are about equally vaulted, but never very strongly. The external
surface is smooth, with the exception of very fine and very closely set strise of growth.
The ventral valve is flatly but very regularly vaulted. The margins are rather
flatly spread out; thence the valve rises gradually towards the apical region,
which is the most elevated part of the valve. This elevation, however, does not
exceed 1 millimeter. The outline of the valve is elongately oval, with a distinctly
defined cardinal border. The apex is marginal, and the cardinal margin forms a broken
line, the most prominent point coinciding with the apex; it unites with the lateral
margins under distinctly obtuse angles. The latter present regular flat curves, and
unite gradually with the equally well rounded frontal margin. The apex is pro-
minent, and provided on its lower side with a narrow, no very distinct area, which
bears in the middle a very deep but not broad furrow for the insertion of the
peduncle. Of the internal features the most conspicuous are the curved ribs which
start from below the apex, and apparently surround the visceral part of the valve.
That the lateral impressions have been incorrectly represented in fig. 6, on pi.
LXXXV, has been noticed already in the description of the genus. The represent-
ation in the enlarged figure (fig. 36) is more correct.
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRACHIOPODA. 765
The dorsal valve is a little less strongly vaulted than the ventral one, but its
curve is also very regular. In this valve, however, the apex is not the most
, elevated part ; the greatest elevation is situated at a certain distance from the apex,
more near the middle of the valve. The outline of the valve is very regularly
rounded with the exception of the cardinal border, which is nearly quite straight,
only very slightly arched, and much shorter than the greatest breadth of the valve ;
it joins the lateral margins under obtuse angles. All the remainder of the outline
forms a regularly curved line, there being no demarcation between the lateral and
frontal margins. The apex is only marked by the arrangement of the very numer-
ous fine striae of growth ; it is not prominent in any way. It is quite marginal,
situated immediately at the cardinal border.
The interior characters of this valve have been discussed iD detail in the de-
scription of the genus.
The substance of the shell is very thin. With the exception of the numerous
striae of growth the shell seems to be quite smooth, and I cannot detect either punc-
tures or granulations.
As to size, the present species is one of the most conspicuous shells contained in
the so-called " Obolus beds," though the form shows very moderate dimensions in
comparison with other Trimerellidce. The measurements of two specimens from
Jutana (No. I, a ventral and No. II, a dorsal valve) are as follow : —
I. II.
Entire length of the shell . . 12 mm. 8'5 mm.
„ breadth of the shell 11 „ 9 „
Length of the cardinal border ....... 7 „ 6 „
Thickness of the valve 1'25 „ 075 „
The dimensions are, however, very variable, as these shells are, like all the others
occurring in the same beds, subject very much to deformations by pressure.
Locality and geological position. — There are several reasons why it appears
very difficult to give numerical indications as to the frequency of this species. As
has just been stated, these shells are very much subject to deformations by pressure,
and then the general outline cannot be made use of for the determination of speci-
mens in which the interior characters are not visible. These latter are, however,
extremely rare, and thus the evidence of the occurrence of the species at different
localities is very scanty. It would seem that the species was not rare in the "Obolus
beds " at Jutana ; but, as the determinations were mostly taken only from the out-
ward appearance of the fossils, they cannot be entirely relied upon. So much, how-
ever, is certain, that the species is apparently much more rare or even nearly absent
at Khewra, above the salt-mines.
Remarks. — There is no species to which the present one could be more particu-
larly compared. That the species belongs to the Trimerellidce is, I think, not very
doubtful. The deviation from other forms of the same family is, however, very
complete, and indicates again the very long space of time which must have elapsed
since the existence of the silurian Trimerellids. Already in Neobolus we had only
766 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
dwarfed forms of the silurian types. This pygmean condition is still more conspicu-
ous in the species of Davidsonella. It is not only that the size, which is very con-
spicuous in the silurian Trimerellidce, has dwindled down to an absolute insignificance
but also the solid, or even ponderous, shell of the silurian species has been changed
into one of the thinness of paper. The shell thus becomes in outward appearance
very similar to Lingula — a fact which recalls very much certain cases of atavism ;
the Trimerellidce beyond doubt took their origin from Lingula, and here we see
them return again in their outward appearance to that genus during the last stages
of their existence.
2. Davidsonella squama, Waagen, n. gen. et sp. ; PI. LXXXVI, fig. 1.
This is a very rare species. Its general outline is somewhat trapezoidal, with a
broadly rounded front and a very short indistinctly defined cardinal border. The
shell surface is smooth, with a slightly indicated radial folding.
The ventral valve, the only one that is known to me, is nearly quite flat, but
very little vaulted, though this flatness may partly be due also to a compression the
shell has sustained. The cardinal border is very short and arched, passing gradually
into the straight lateral margins. These diverge very strongly and, after a certain
distance, bend round to join the rather flatly and broadly curved frontal margin.
The apex is but little prominent, pointed, and overhangs slightly the cardinal border.
The surface of the shell is ornamented with many not very sharply developed
striae of growth, crossed by a very faint radial plication, which is chiefly observable
at the lateral parts of the valve, being entirely absent in the middle. It consists of
broad flattened folds, separated by narrow furrows. With a powerful lens an
extremely fine concentric striation can be observed.
Of the interior characters of the shell very little is known to me, as it seemed
impossible to expose the inner surface. In the specimen at my disposal there can,
however, be seen through the thin shell the two curved ribs which enclose between
them the visceral part of the shell, and which are characteristic of the ventral
valve of Davidsonella.
Other parts, which also are slightly indicated on the outside of the shell by a
difference of shading, cannot be made out as to shape, etc., and therefore cannot be
identified.
The species is one of the largest occurring in the " Obolits beds" of the Salt-range,
and the measurements of the single existing specimen, a ventral valve, are as follow : —
Entire length of the valve .... .... 13 mm.
„ breadth „ „ . 145 „
Approximate length of the cardinal border . . . . . . 5'5 „
Thickness of the valve .......... 1 „
Locality and geological position. — This species was originally represented by
two specimens in the Salt- range collection, both ventral valves only, but unfortu-
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BKACHIOPODA. -767
nately one of them was broken in trying to expose the inner surface. Both
specimens were found by Mr. Wynne in the so-called Obolus beds at Jutana.
Remarks. — The present species is very nearly related to the preceding one, but
can easily be distinguished by its very short and indistinct cardinal border, and
little prominent apex.
That the species belongs to the genus Davidsonella cannot be subject to any
doubt; though I have not succeeded in cleaning the interior surface of one of
the specimens, yet what can be seen shining through the shell-substance is suffi-
cient for the determination of the genus.
Family: LINGTJLIDjE.
This is the most long-lived family among all the molluscs and molluscoids, as
the well-known oldest forms of organised beings belong to this family, and from
the very dawn of organic life it extends through all the periods up to recent times.
Though it is to be supposed that in this extremely extended period of existence
the family must have been exposed to the most varied outward conditions ever
experienced by single forms of organic life, yet the range of variability within the
family is smaller than in most other families, and in Lingula itself even the generic
characters have been retained through all the stretch of time from the silurian to
the present period. This is one of the strongest facts that have been brought to the
notice of biologists, and one which evolutionists are absolutely at a loss to explain.
It very strongly suggests the notion that the real reasons for the variation and evo-
lution of organisms are yet far from being known to us, and that, though the out-
ward conditions may have a great influence, yet they are certainly not the sole
reason and cause for the variation of animals, as certainly as the " survival of the
fittest" is not the sole reason for the persistency of certain variations. Else we
must be prepared to admit that Lingula is one of the " fittest " animals that ever
was produced, as under all the changes of conditions that it had to endure, it sur-
vived thousands and millions of other beings which had apparently a far greater
ability to adapt themselves to changed circumstances.
Howsoever this may be, the family comprises a very compact little group of forms,
which are rather with difficulty distinguishable from each other. Davidson, in the last
part of the British Eossil Brachiopoda, admits the following genera in the family: —
1. Lingula, Bruguiere, 1792: Encycl. Method. I, pi. 250. Silurian to recent.
2. Lingulella, Salter, 1866 : Mem. Geol. Surv. Great Brit., vol. Ill, p. 333. Cambrian.
3. Lingulepis, Hall, 1863 : 16th Rep. Regent's State Cab. Nat. Hist. New York, p. 129,
pi. VI, figs. 15-16. Cambrian.
4. Glottidia, Dall, 1870 : Amer. Journ. of Conchol., vol. VI, p. 157, pi. VIII, figs. 1-6. Recent.
5. Glossina, Phillips, 1848 : Mem. Geol. Surv. Great Brit., vol. II, p. 370. Cambrian, silurian.
6. Dignomia, Hall, 1871 : 23rd Rep. Regent's State Cab. Nat. Hist. New York, p. 245, pi. XIII,
fig. 3. Silurian.
7. Lingulops, Hall, 1871 : 23rd Rep. Regent's State Cab. Nat. Hist. New York, p. 245,
pi. XIII, figs. 1-2. Silurian.
768" SALT-BANGE EOSSILS.
One sees from this list that by far the greater part of the genera lived during
Cambrian and silurian times, whilst in the mesozoic and cainozoic formations only
the genus Lingula existed, and to that genus only the genus Qlottidia is added in
the present period. Erom this it appears that the variability of the shells belong-
ing to the genus was by far greater in the most remote periods than later.
I regret to say that I am not in a position to add much to the knowledge of
this family from observations made on the materials from the Salt-range. There are
amongst them some shells which possibly might belong to the genus Lingula, but
they are extremely rare, and this scarcity prevented me from studying the inside of
these shells, so that their determination as Lingulce must be accepted with great
caution. But as there is as little to suggest that they might belong to any other
genus, I place them provisionally with Lingula.
There are two different forms which I associate with Lingula, but each of them
might belong even to a different genus, as one possesses a kind of cardinal border,
while the other has none ; but, as I know notbing of the interior, they may as well
both stand in the genus Lingula.
Genus: LINGULA, Bruguiere.
The outward appearance of this genus is very characteristic. The shells are
nearly always smooth, elongately oval, with not quite equal valves, the ventral one
somewhat larger, with a small area, and the dorsal one smaller, but also pro-
vided with a kind of very small area, for the insertion of the peduncle. Both
valves are rather flat, but very little vaulted.
These outer characters, are very characteristically exhibited by two shells occur-
ring in the " Obolus beds " of the Salt-range ; and chiefly their very elongated oval
shape causes me to consider them as Lingulce.
Of the interior characters of these shells nothing is known to me ; so the deter-
mination must remain doubtful.
Though only two specimens are available, yet they must be attributed to two
different species, as one has an entirely smooth shell, and the other slight indications of
a radial folding. Both are very small, and in this respect they both recall rather the
carboniferous and permian species than the large Lingulse of more ancient formations.
1. Lingula. kitjrensis, Waagen, n. sp. ; PL LXXXVI, fig. 8.
The general outline of this species is strongly elongately oval, with a rather
distinctly defined cardinal border, which is considerably shorter than the greatest
breadth of the shell.
The ventral valve, the only one known to me, is very flatly but very equally
vaulted. The most elevated part is, however, not at the apex, but a little removed
from it, somewhat more towards the middle of the valve. The apex is entirely
marginal, prominent, pointed, and overhanging the cardinal border. The cardinal
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE—BRACHIOPODA. 769
margin forms sloping straight lines on both sides of the apex, which join the
lateral margins under not very sharply defined obtuse angles. The lateral margins
are rather strongly diverging, and but very little curved, nearly straight. After
a certain distance they bend slowly round and join the semi-circular frontal margin.
The surface of the shell is quite smooth, only provided with tolerably numer-
ous obtuse striae of growth.
Of the interior characters of the dorsal valve as little is known to me as of its
shape and characters.
The dimensions of the single existing specimen are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell ......... 9*5 mm.
„ hreadth ........... 7 „
Length of the cardinal border ......... 4 „
Thickness of the shell .......... T5 „
Locality and geological position. — The only existing specimen of this species
was collected by myself -at Khewra above the salt-mines, not far from the fresh-
water springs, in the so-called Obolus bed.
'Remarks. — In size the present species appears to be rather nearly related to
Lingula mytiloides, Sow., from the carboniferous-limestone, or Lingula credneri,
Gein., from the permian. formation. The former especially has in its general outline a
certain similarity, in as much as the greatest breadth of the shell is shifted from the
middle more towards the front, but the Indian form is altogether broader, and not
so much elongated as the English species.
There is no other species with which the present one could be more particularly
compared.
2. Lingula wabthi, Waagen, n. sp. ; PI. LXXXVI, fig. 9.
This species is rather regularly elongate- oval, without a demarcated cardinal
border. Besides this, it is characterised by a not very distinct radial plication.
I cannot decide whether' the specimen from which this description is drawn
up is a ventral or a dorsal valve.
The specimen is elongately oval, somewhat narrower in the apical than in
the frontal region. The cardinal border is rather narrowly rounded, imperceptibly
joining the lateral margins, which are diverging and nearly quite straight, only very
little arched. The frontal margin is very flatly arched, but joins the lateral margins
with a rather sudden bend. The whole valve is nearly quite flat, only very little
vaulted. It is highest in the apical region. Not far from the apex a broad shallow
sinus commences, and augmenting in breadth extends to not far from the frontal
margin, but then disappears. The apex is rather obtuse, not prominent. On
both sides of it thickened processes seem to extend interiorly, as can be seen through
the transparent shell.
p
770 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The surface of the shell is provided with few distant striae of growth, which
are crossed on the lateral parts of the shell hy an irregular indistinct radial folding,
producing an irregular reticulation of the shell surface.
Of the internal characters of this shell nothing is known to me.
The measurements of the only existing specimen are as follow : —
Entire length of the shell ......... 8 mm.
Greatest breadth of the shell (not far from the front) . . . . . 6'5 „
Breadth in the cardinal region ......... 4 „
Entire thickness of the shell 1 „
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species that has
been found up to the present was collected by myself at Khewra above the salt-
mines in the so-called " Obolus beds."
Remarks. — For a long time I was very much inclined to take this shell as the
dorsal valve of the preceding species, but after a lengthened consideration I decided
to consider it as a separate species. The chief reason which caused me to do so was
the existence of a reticulation on the lateral parts of the present shell, a character
which does not exist in Ling, hiurensis. It is not quite probable that the two
valves of one and the same species should so far deviate from each other in the
sculpturing, and, as the two specimens were not found in close proximity, to suggest
their belonging to the same individual, I preferred to consider the two as different
species.
I know of no European species with which the present one could be more closely
compared.
Class : BRYOZOA sive CILIOPODA.
(By William Waagen and Joseph Pichl, Assistant.)
Order : GYMNOL^MATA.
Sub-order : CYCLOSTOMATA.
Family: FENESTFLLIB^!.
It has been an exceedingly difficult task to decide what should be considered
as belonging to the Bryozoa and what not. With one group this decision has been
comparatively easy, and this is the family Fenestellidce, but with others it has not
been so. It is well known that the Chaetetidce and many other forms in connec-
tion with them have been considered by several authors, chiefly by Lindstrom and
Zittel, as Bryozoa ; and if these authors were right, a great many fossils occurring
in the Salt-range would have had to be placed in this class. Already however Zit-
tel was very doubtful as to the position of certain forms, as for instance of Steno-
pora, Lonsd., which also occurs plentifully in the Salt-range, but as these very
forms are again most intimately connected with Monticulipora and allied genera,
the position of these also must be questioned. It has now been possible to distin-
guish among the materials from the Salt-range a genus that will bear the name of
Dybowskia, in which rudiments of two vertical radial septa exist, but which in all
other respects agrees with Monticulipora and its congeners. There can be but
little doubt that this new genus belongs to the corals, and from its intimate con-
nection with other genera of tabulate corals, it appears highly probable that all
the rest should be similarly placed. After this deduction there remained only two
families of Bryozoa to be described here — the Fenestellidce and the Thamniscidee.
There is no doubt that after careful search for the more minute creeping forms
the number of families could be augmented, but for the present we must be con-
tented to describe the larger most common and characteristic species.
It more especially regards the generic groupings of the family Fenestellidce to
remark, that most of the forms can easily be classed as soon as the two faces of the
colony are known — the poriferous and the non-poriferous. This can however only
rarely be achieved without much labour, as generally only one of the faces is
naturally exposed, while the other adheres firmly to the supporting rock. It is
usually the poriferous side which is thus concealed, as through the openings of the
pores the rock-matter enters the interior of the colony, which thus becomes on that
side most firmly attached to the rock. This circumstance is of not very material
A
772 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
importance when collections can be made at leisure ; for, with time and patient
search, the poriferous side of every species will be found incidentally exposed. But
in a collection made in travelling, as was that of the Salt-range, such careful selec-
tion of specimens cannot be made, and thus in very many cases all the specimens
of a species show only one side. It has now been the task of one of us to make up
this defect of the materials at hand, and to prepare them so as to expose if possible
in every specimen the two faces of the colony. This has entailed fully two years of
labour, and only after this was it possible to attempt a full description of the
Bryozoa.
It is well known that in the family Fenestellidce the two sides of the colony
are very different, on one side are the pores, that is to say, the entrances to the dwell-
ings of the animals while the other side is devoid of pores, being occupied by
the so-called basal-plate, on which the cells severally take their origin. The cells are
mostly pyriform, which results from their commencing in a long thin point, widen-
ing slowly, and again contracting to form the pore or entrance. In this family they
are arranged in three different ways : either they form two series, each turned
laterally, the entrances thus forming pores opening on the two sides of the branches ;
or they originate in the middle and turn to all sides, except towards the basal-plate,
pores being irregularly distributed over the whole obverse side of the branches ;
or lastly, the basal-plate sends a vertically protruding plate into the interior of the
branches, and the cells originate on both sides of this plate, thus occupying two
triangular spaces. The basal-plate requires some words of explanation : it is not,
as would appear from some descriptions, the basal part or root of the whole colony ;
nor is it a separate shelly plate dividing the poriferous from the non-poriferous
side of the colony ; it is simply the shelly substance of which the non-poriferous
side is made up. It is often very thin, so much so even that the cells can be seen
through it, as on Plate LXXXVII, figs. 25, 46 ; or it may be much thicker, as in
Plate XO, fig. lc. In all cases the basal-plate is composed of very numerous
longitudinally extended fine capillary tubes, and appears either as a sort of incrustation
or as a thin shelly layer ; it is mostly provided with very fine pores. Its surface
is either finely striated longitudinally, or smooth, or provided with little tubercles.
Such is the finer or more intimate structure of the branches of the colonies as
occurring in this family.
In close connection with this structure is the outward appearance of the
branches, which is chiefly influenced by the arrangement of the cells, producing
typical differences between the several forms. The first mode of arrangement
indicated causes a median keel to be formed on the poriferous side of the branches,
on each side of which the pores are situated. By the second mode, the poriferous
side of the branches is strewn all over with pores, mostly arranged in quincunx,
and a median keel never occurs. The third mode of growth appears only in few
forms ; they have a median keel on the poriferous side, as well as on the non-poriferous
one, and are thus very characteristically distinct from the rest.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRYOZOA. 773
These typical differences between the several forms belonging to the family
Fenestellidce have apparently been already recognised, in part at least, by Claypole,
who in a recent paper read before the Geological Society of London brings certain
forms of the Fenestellidce into a more intimate connection, while excluding others
from consideration. At the same time however he neglects a character which is of
equal or even greater importance than the intimate structure of the branches ; this
is the existence of fenestrules. This character is the distinguishing one between the
families Fenestellidce and Thamniscidce. Thus we cannot agree with Claypole in
bringing the genera Qlauconome and Ichthyorhachis into more close connection
with Fenestella and the rest ; we shall in accordance with Zittel's Hand-book place
these genera in the family Thamniscidce, but for the rest of the genera adduced by
Mr. Claypole, we perfectly agree with that author in bringing them more closely to-
gether. This can however be done most simply, as in other parts of this work, by
creating sub-families for the group of forms pointed out by Claypole as well as for
the other typically deviating groups pointed out above. We thus come to create
three sub-families — the Fenestellince, the FolyporincB, and the Goniocladince.
Sub-family : FENESTELLINJE.
All the genera belonging to this sub-family show colonies which form leaf-
shaped reticulated expansions, either with a median axis and lateral branches, or
with two lateral axes, or with one lateral axis, round which the expansion is
spirally rolled up, or at last without axis at all, only fastened to the ground
by a kind of root or thickened part. In all these differently shaped colonies the
branches on the cell- or pore-bearing surface are provided in the middle with a pro-
minent keel, on each side of which the cells are arranged in regular rows. The
dissepiments by which the branches are connected are mostly without cells.
The genera belonging to this sub-family are the following : —
1. Fenestella, Lonsdale, 1839 : Murch. Sil. Syst., pi. 15. The colony is fan-shaped or infun-
dibulif orm, without a marked axis ; the pores are generally on the upper or interior side
of the funnel ; there is one row of pores on each side of the median keel on the branches.
Silurian to permian.
2. Fenestralia, Prout, 1858 : Transact. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Vol. I, p. 235, pi. 15, fig. 1.
Colony similar in shape to the preceding, but two rows of cells or pores on each side of
the median keel on the branches; the keel extending to the dissepiments, but not the
pores. Carboniferous.
3. Septopora, Prout, 1859 : Transact. Acad. Sci. St. Louis., Vol. I, p. 448, pi. 18, fig. 2.
Colony similar in shape to the preceding and agreeing with Fenestella with the sole
distinction that the dissepiments also are poriferous. Carboniferous to ? permian [Syno-
cladia biserialis, Swallow).
4. Lyropora, Hall, 1857 : Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. of Sci., Vol. 10. Colony supported on both
sides by strong stony axes diverging from the base between which the reticulated part is
spread out ; the arrangement of the pores as in Fenestella. Carboniferous.
A 1
774 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
5. Ptilopora, M'Coy, 1844 : Synops. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 199-200, pi. 28. Colony flabelli-
f orm, with a strong median axis, from which rise on both sides branches that are connected
by dissepiments ; arrangement of the pores as in Fenestella. Carboniferous.
6. Helicopoea, Claypole, 1883 : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., Vol. XXXIX, p. 32, pi. IV.
Colony flabelliform, turned spirally round an imaginary axis ; the arrangement of the
cells as in Fenestella. Silurian.
7. Archimedes, Lesueur, 1842: American Journ. of Sci. & Arts; Hall 1858, Palseont. of
Iowa, p. 651. Colony flabelliform, turned spirally round a thick strong axis; the
arrangement of the cells as in Fenestella. Carboniferous.
Other genera like Disticheia, Sharpe, Carinopora, Nicholson, Cryptopora,
Nicholson, &c, might also belong- to the present sub-family, but we are not sure
on this point.
As will be seen from this list, the sub-family Fenestellince is of a chiefly car-
boniferous distribution, though the genus Fenestella begins in the silurian and extends
to the permian period, and the genus Helicopora is exclusively upper-silurian.
In the Salt-range only the genus Fenestella occurs, and is represented there by
two (perhaps three) species.
Sub-family: POLTPOBINM
The shape of the colonies occurring in the genera belonging to this sub-family
is much less varied than in the preceding sub-family. Most of the genera have
fan-shaped or infundibuliform colonies while only in exceptional cases a median
axis occurs. The number of genera is also much less, whereby the smaller range of
variation may be explained. The chief character of the family consists in the cir-
cumstance that the branches are covered all over with pores on one side, an arrange-
ment depending, as has been explained above, on the internal structure of these
parts. The genera belonging to this sub-family are the following : —
1. Polypoea, M'Coy, 1844 : Synops. Carb. Foss. Ireland, p. 206. Colony fan- or funnel-
shaped ; the pores restricted to the branches and absent on the dissepiments. Silurian to
permian.
2. Phyilopoea, King, 1849 : Monogr. Brit. Perm. Foss., p. 40. Colony fan- or funnel-shaped ;
the branches as well as the dissepiments covered with pores ; dissepiments and branches
of equal thickness. Silurian to permian.
3. Synocladia, King, 1849 : Monogr. Brit. Perm. Foss., p. 38. Colony fan- or funnel-
shaped ; the branches and dissepiments covered with pores ; dissepiments angularly bent,
Permian.
4. Dendeicopoea, Koninck, 1876-77 : Rech. sur les Foss. paldoz. de la Nouv. Galles du Sud,
3me partie, p. 169, pi. VIII, fig. 4. Colony dendritic with a strong median and several
lateral axes, dissepiments very thin ; obverse of the branches with three rows of pores.
Carboniferous.
To these should be added the genus Frotoretepora, Kon. ; but it seems that
this name should be better considered as only a synonym of Folypora ; the sole
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRYOZOA. 775
difference between the two consisting in the circumstance, that in the one the pores
are said to be placed on the inner, in the other on the outer side of the funnel-
shaped colony. Such a position of the pores is evidently only accidental, depend-
ing upon the mode in which the quite young and still fan-shaped colony first became
twisted; if towards the poriferous side, the pores remained on the inner side; if in
the reverse direction the pores remained outside. It needs only to observe the
irregular manner in which all these colonies bend in and out in every direction
to become convinced that the same was the case also in the young stage, so that the
position of the pores must be more or less accidental, and cannot be used for the
distinction of genera.
The general geological distribution of this sub-family is similar to that of the
preceding, but in the present one on the whole the several genera show a larger geo-
logical range.
In the Salt-range the present sub-family is more largely represented than the
preceding one, three genera— Polypora, Phyllopora, and Synocladia — being each
represented there by several species.
Sub-family : GOMOCLAVWjE.
The most striking character of this sub-family consists in the circumstance that
the branches of the colonies are compressed, not from front to back as in the other
sub-families, but laterally, so that on the obverse as well as on the reverse side of
the branches a highly projecting keel is produced.
The colonies themselves are fan-shaped or arborescent, and are above all
characteristically distinguished by the circumstance that the branches and inter-
stices are not well distinguishable, the whole forming a rather irregular net-
work.
The genera belonging to this sub-family are :—
1. Goniocladia, Etheridge, 1876: Geol. Mag., dec. II, vol. Ill, p. 522. (= Carinella
Etheridge) . The colony is fan-shaped and forms an irregular net-work of tortuous anas-
tomosing branches, producing generally hexagonal fenestrules. Both the poriferous and
the reverse sides of the branches are strongly keeled. There are several rows of pores on
both sides of the keel. Carboniferous to permian.
2. Ramipora, Toula, 1875 : Neu. Jahrb. fur Min. u. Geol., p. 230, pi. X, fig. 1. Colony ar-
borescent, with a median axis bearing opposite branches, which again are provided with
opposite branchlets ; these latter anastomose and thus form an irregular net-work. Both
faces of all these parts bear a strong keel, and on the poriferous side there are
several rows of pores on each side of the keel. The genus occurs in the permo-carboni-
ferous beds of Spitzbergen.
Of these two genera only the first occurs in the Salt-range, and has furnished
there one species.
776 SALT-BANGE EOSSILS.
Sub-family : FENESTELLINjE.
Genus: EENESTELLA, Lonsdale.
The colony, if perfectly preserved, is infundibuliform or fan-shaped, often of
a very considerable size. It is composed of numerous thin dichotomous branches
which originate at the root-like base and extend in a somewhat radial direction
towards the periphery ; they are connected together by thin straight dissepiments,
giving a finely reticulated appearance to the whole colony. The round entrances to
the cells or pores are distributed in two rows on the obverse side of the branches.
Between these two rows of pores a high keel runs along, on the top of which smaller
accessory pores- are sometimes situated. These need not always be open ; sometimes
they are shut and replaced by little nodules, sometimes the openings are only slit-
like. The dissepiments are devoid of pores, and form together with the intertices
of the branches adjoining them more or less regular quadrangular or somewhat
roundish fenestrules.
The basal-plate, which covers the non-poriferous side, is longitudinally striated.
The genus is well distinguishable from all the others of the family by the
absence of any axis ; by the two rows of cells on the branches separated from each
other by a high keel ; and by the dissepiments being devoid of pores.
The distinction of species within this genus is beset with great difficulties. It
needs only a glance into Shrubsole's review of the British carboniferous Fenestellidce
to become convinced of this. Though we agree perfectly with that author as to the
effects of age and preservation on< colonies of this genus, yet we cannot detect in the
Indian specimens differences due to those influences comparable in extent to those
stated by him to occur in English species.
With progressing age the basal-plate especially increases considerably in thick-
ness, and on the obverse side the pores seem sometimes to be closed, but the arrange-
ment of the pores is never altered. In the peripheral parts of the colonies, differences
due to preservation are caused to the extent that the accessory pores on the median
keel are sometimes closed, sometimes open, and thus produce a rather different
appearance of the branches, the arrangement of the primary pores or cell-openings
is however invariable. Thus it appears to us that the chief characters for the dis-
tinction of species within this genus must be taken from the size of the branches
and of the fenestrules, and from the arrangement of the cell-openings.
According to these views we can distinguish two species of Eenestella among
the Indian materials. One of these is identical with an American species and will
thus bear the name of Fen. perelegans, Meek ; the other cannot well be identified
with any species already described, and we therefore are obliged to introduce a new
name for it : Fen. jabiensis, W. and P. The first of these occurs in the middle
Productus-limestone, while the second is geologically somewhat younger, and
extends from the top beds of the middle into the upper division of the Productus-
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BEYOZOA. 777
limestone. A third species seems to occur in the Salt-range, but it has been found
only in such an incomplete state of preservation that it is impossible to say anything
positive of it. This form occurs in the Neobolus-bedis and will be quoted as Fenes-
tella (?) sp. indet.
1. Penestella pepelegans, Meek, PI. LXXXVII. fig. 1-3.
1871. Fenestella shumardi, Prout ? : Meek : in Hayden's final report on Nebraska, p. 153, pi. VII, fig. 3.
„ Fenestella, perelegans, Meek : ibid, p. 153, line 4 from below.
The colony is fan- or funnel-shaped, forming on the whole an exceedingly fine
net- work.
The branches are straight, of equal thickness for their whole extent, and
rather coarsely striated longitudinally on the non-poriferous side. They divide
frequently and at rather regular distances into two, and are a little swollen at the
point of division. Otherwise they extend tolerably parallel to each other.
The dissepiments bear a fine striation parallel with their longer extension.
They are always thinner than the branches, and somewhat thickened at each end
where united with the branches.
The fenestrules are oval or rectangular with rounded corners. They are always
longer than broad, the length being about once and a half the breadth. The breadth
of the fenestrules on the contrary is again only about one half the breadth of the
branches. There are about 10 fenestrules within the space of 5mm. in the direction
of the extension of the branches as well as in the transverse direction.
The comparatively large round cell-openings are in the specimens at our
disposal on the inner side of the funnel formed by the whole colony. They form
on each branch two alternating rows between which a very distinct keel ex-
tends. Their arrangement is with very remarkable constancy such that a pore is
always situated at each end of the dissepiments and one on the interstices between,
that is on the longer sides of each fenestrule. This is all that can be seen with an
ordinary pocket lens. With a lens of stronger magnifying power one can however
observe that the keel bears small accessory pores, which are sometimes closed, some-
times open ; when they are closed, the keel forms a distinctly waved line, on which
from distance to distance little swellings are observable ; when the pores are open
the waved line is resolved into a number of these very fine pores placed alternately
along the top of the median keel.
The non-poriferous side of the branches is evenly vaulted and occupied by the
so-called basal-plate. This bears generally a rather coarse longitudinal striation,
and is often so thin that the cells can be seen through it. Towards the root of the
colony the basal-plate becomes generally considerably thicker.
Prom this description it will already appear that all the parts of this species
are of exceeding smallness. The whole colony however can attain the height of 50
to 60mm. and even more.
778 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
In one of the specimens (from Gulami) the natural colouring of the species, a
dark coral-red, seems to have been preserved.
Locality and geological position. — This is a rather rare species ; there are
only three specimens of it in the Salt-range collection. All three were collected in
the middle Productus-limestone. One of them was found at Khura in the upper
region of the middle division, another at Musakheyl, and the third at Gulami, both
the latter in the middle region of the same division.
Remarks. — There cannot, it seems, be much doubt that the Indian fossils are
identical with the American species, to which they have been assigned by us, all
the chief characters agreeing exactly in both forms. It must however be remarked
that it is only the name of Fen. perelegans that can be applied and not that of Fen.
shumardi, Prout, which has been also adduced by Meek. The true Fen. shumardi
though it has never been figured, can even from the description be stated to be alto-
gether different from the form here under consideration. The number, as well as
the arrangement of the cells adjoining each of the fenestrules, is quite peculiar in
the Indian specimens, and Mr. Meek was thus very right in introducing a new
name for the present form.
The species was originally described by Meek from division C of the Nebrasca
section.
Of European species Fen. nodulosa, Phill., with which a number of other forms
have been united by Shrubsole, can be compared. It is distinct from the Indian
and American form by the less regular arrangement of the cells, two of which often
occur along the margin of one fenestrule, a case which has never been observed in
Fen. perelegans. Also the fenestrules themselves are of different dimensions.
Whether the specimens that have been described by Toula from Barentz Land
near Novaia Zemlia, under the name of Fen. cf. shumardi, belong really to Prout's
species, or should be united with the present one cannot be decided, because only
the non-poriferous side is known, and even of this the indications are rather incom-
plete.
2. Fenestella jabiensis, Waagen & Pichl, n. sp., PI. LXXXVII, fig. 4, PI.
LXXXVIII, fig. 1-2.
The colony very probably was infundibuliform, and increased very rapidly in
size by the progressive augmentation of the branches.
The comparatively thick branches bifurcate frequently and within short dis-
tances. On the non-poriferous side they appear somewhat crooked. The dissepi-
ments are on the same level as the branches, and form together with the interstices
fenestrules of a roundish or oval shape. On the poriferous side, on the contrary, the
branches appear almost quite straight and the dissepiments are deeply sunk between
them, the fenestrules becoming more rectangular, with rounded corners. The dis-
sepiments are generally but little narrower than the branches, and are somewhat
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRYOZOA. 779
broader at the place where they unite with the branches than in the middle. The
fenestrates are narrower than the branches, and generally about twice as long as they
are broad. Within the distance of 5mm. there can generally be counted 4 to 5 fene-
strules in the direction of the extension of the branches and 6 in the transverse
direction.
The small round cell-openings are equidistant from each other on the poriferous
side, and are placed in two alternating rows on each side of the high median roof -
shaped keel, and very near the margins of the fenestrules, whereby the latter often
have an indented appearance. There are generally three to four pores within the
space of one fenestrule, and so arranged that the first and the last occur just in the
lower and upper corners of the fenestrule, or stand opposite the broadened termina-
tion of the dissepiment.
Along the top of the median keel a great number of very small accessory pores
are somewhat alternately placed, but they can only be observed with a very strongly
magnifying lens.
On the non-poriferous side the branches are flatly vaulted and indistinctly
striated longitudinally. When the very thin basal-plate is removed by weathering or
detrition, the cells can be seen as little tubes directed obliquely upward and outward.
There were three specimens of this species in the Salt-range collection, but only
exposed to view on the non-poriferous side. In one of the specimens it was found
possible to clear the opposite side from the adhering rock ; but though this prepar-
ation answered all purposes of description, its characters could only be seen with
difficulty and under favourable circumstances. Thus it has happened that the artist
has not quite correctly represented the species in the drawings on PI. LXXXVIII ;
it may then be pointed out that the pores adjoining the dissepiments are not in
reality more distant from each other than the others along the margins of the fene-
strules, the distribution being much more regular than is represented in the drawing.
In the outermost branches on the right and on the left of the figure the drawing
most nearly approaches the reality.
As to the size of this species, nothing can be indicated from the few fragments
that have been found in the Salt-range.
Locality and geological position. — The species is represented in the Salt-range
collection by three fragments. Two of these were found at Jabi in the Cephalo-
poda-bed of the upper division, and the third at Khura in the upper beds of the
middle division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — The present species belongs to a very remarkable group of forms
within the genus Fenestella ; it is distinct from all the rest of the same genus by the
circumstance that the two faces of the colony have very different aspects, on the
poriferous side the fenestrules appearing more or less rectangular, while on the
other side they appear oval or nearly circular. This peculiarity is caused by the
position of the comparatively very broad dissepiments in the plane of the non-
poriferous side.
780 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
This group of forms is composed, as far as we are aware, of Fen. veneris,
Fischer v. Waldheim, Fen. fossula, Lonsd., and the Indian species here under descrip-
tion. Of these three the Fen. veneris, Fisch., is geologically the oldest, having "been
described originally from the upper -carboniferous-limestone of Moscow. The
Australian Fen. fossula may be about of the age of the coalTmeasures, and our
Indian Fen. jabiensis belongs probahly to the permian formation.
In the mountain-limestone proper this group of forms seems to be entirely
absent.
As regards the specific distinction of the Indian form from other allied species,
we must confess that it is very nearly related to the other species of the same group ;
nevertheless there are some differences which forbid a specific identification. The
most nearly allied form is Fen. veneris, Fisch. As far as this species has been made
known by Trautschold's description, which is however, we are sorry to say, rather
defective, it seems that it is chiefly distinct from the Indian form by its smaller
size. Trautschold counts 16 fenestrules in the longitudinal and 20 in the transverse
direction within the space of 10mm. which indicates considerably smaller dimensions
than in Fen. jabiensis. Fen. fossula, Lonsd. seems to agree nearly in size with our
Indian form, but the indications given in the description are still more rudimentary
than in the preceding case. Nevertheless according to the drawings given by
Lonsdale, this Australian form also seems to be different from the Indian one, the
difference being chiefly apparent in the condition of the keel on the poriferous side.
In the Indian form the keel is furnished with a great number of very small accessory
pores, which alternate and thus form a waving line ; in the Australian form, on the
contrary, there are few accessory pores of comparatively large size and so placed on
the top of the keel that one accessory pore is always situated between two of the
large cell openings. This difference seems sufficient to distinguish specifically
between the Indian and the Australian forms.
Of other species Fen. Fopeana, Prout, might perhaps be compared ; but there
is no drawing of this American form, and thus a comparison becomes very difficult.
But from the description it seems that the American species can well be distin-
guished from the Indian one by the insignificant development of the keel on the
poriferous side of the former.
Among the mountain-limestone species of Europe, Fen. tenuifila, Phill. resembles
Fen. jabiensis by the similar distribution of the cell-openings. It belongs however
to a quite different division of the genus, as it exhibits very thin dissepiments and
rectangular fenestrules on both faces of the colony.
3. (?) Fenestella sp. indet., PL XCI. fig. 6.
In the grey slaty micaceous shales which form the Neobolus-heds in the gorge
above the salt-mines of Khewra an impression which resembles a Fenestella has
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BEYOZOA.
781
been found. So much can be stated that the branches are of a calcareous sub-
stance, but beyond this it was found impossible to make out anything.
Bad as this specimen is we thought it worth a short notice, as the bed in which
it occurred has furnished up to the present only those remarkable Brachiopods of
the order Lyopomata that haye been described above. The occurrence of something
like a Fenestella in these beds gives at least some hope that other fossils may yet
be found in time. l
Sub-family: P0LYP0R1NM.
Genus : POLYPOEA, M'Ooy.
The colonies of this genus are fan-, funnel-, or cup-shaped. They are composed
of dichotomous branches rising from a common root. They are comparatively very
thick, and already this gives to this genus a very characteristic appearance,
1 In the course of preparing the Brachiopoda I have detected another fossil. It was contained in a specimen
labelled " Chel-hill " by Mr. Wynne, without indication of any horizon. The rock is exactly similar to the Neoholus-
beds of other localities, but Neobolus itself and the other Lyopomata that generally are found with it are altogether
wanting. The fossils in this rock-specimen are small Hyolithes, of which several specimens could be extracted, Mr.
Wynne mentions in his report several bands of rocks at Chel-hill very similar in appearance to the Neo bolus-heis, but
far above these, in the Magnesian-sandstone, and the rock-specimen may have come from one of these bands. The
species may best bear the name of —
Htolithes wtnnei, Waagen, n. sp.
The subjoined woodcut represents the species in natural size and enlarged : —
Pig. 25.— Htolithes vronrai, Waagen, n. sp. 1, fragmentary specimen with upper end partly preserved; 1 a, natural size ; 1 t, view from the
front; 1 c, view from the back; 1 d, lateral view; 1 e, section, the latter four figures enlarged; 2, small specimen with the apex preserved; 2 a,
natural size ; 2 b, c, d, e, different views enlarged (legend as in 1).
The whole fossil forms a small obtusely triangular pyramid, of which the larger face is concave near the apex and
flatly vaulted near the aperture. The smaller faces are transversely vaulted for their whole extent, and are separated
in the middle by a shallow longitudinal furrow. There are only internal casts known to me.
It seems that these little things do not agree with any species hitherto described. They seem to be most nearly
related to Hyolithes lanceolata, Moris, from Australia, but deviate also from this form by the longitudinal furrow on
the cast. '
From Hyolithes orientalis W., described above, page 177, they are distinct by their larger size and quite smooth
surface.
B 1
782 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
altogether deviating from Fenestella. The branches are connected together by
numerous dissepiments, forming a net-work, showing either quadrangular or poly-
gonal, or round f enestrules arranged radially in regular rows, which can be distinctly
discerned extending from the root to the margin of the colony.
The branches are provided on one side (mostly the inner one) with numerous,
3 to 6 or 10, alternating longitudinal rows of pores. These latter are generally
arranged distinctly in quincunx ; they are round and their margin is often somewhat
projecting from the surface of the branches. The cells in which the animals lived
take their origin at the axis of the branches and rise from there in an oblique direc-
tion upward and outward. The dissepiments are without cells, though sometimes
the cells extend on to them laterally from the branches so far that the space
devoid of cells becomes very narrow. There is no keel on either side of the branches.
The non-poriferous side is occupied by the basal-plate, composed of one or more
layers of capillary fibres, and is thus for the most part distinctly striated longitudi-
nally. This basal-plate is usually of considerable thickness.
The specific distinctions within this genus are again very difficult, as there are
no striking characters upon which they could be founded. All the species belong-
ing to the genus seem at a first glance very much alike, and only after a more care-
ful comparison are differences observed in the number of rows of pores on the pori-
ferous side, in the size and arrangement of the fenestrules, and so on ; but the entire
absence of striking characters makes a grouping of the species extremely difficult.
There might perhaps, as in Fenestella, be distinguished two groups, one which has
still somewhat of a Fenestella in its habitus, and in which the poriferous and the
non-poriferous sides are nearly identical in general appearance, and another group in
which the poriferous side seems to bear much smaller fenestrules than the non-pori-
ferous one. These two groups are however not very strictly distinct from each
other, and it seems of not much practical value to make such a distinction.
The genus Folypora is extremely rich in species, but a great many of them
have been described only from the non-poriferous side. Species begin to appear
already in silurian strata, but the chief development of the genus seems to be attained
in carboniferous times. In the permian formation it is still represented.
In the Salt-range we count eight species of Folypora which range through the
whole extent of the Productus-limestone. In the lower division only a single
species, Polyp, vermicularis, W. and P., has been found up to the present; it is
restricted to that division. In the middle division the following six species occur,
of which four are restricted to that division and two extend also into the upper
division : —
Polypora Tconinckiana, W. and P.— middle and upper.
„ megastoma, Kon. — middle.
„ gigardea, W. and P. — middle.
„ ornata, W. and P. — middle and upper,
„ si/kesi, Kon. — middle.
„ transiens, W. and P — middle.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRYOZOA. 783
In the upper division there is only a single species, which is restricted to that
division : Polyp, biarmica, Keys.
It thus appears that in the Salt-range the genus has its chief development in
the middle division of the Productus-limestone. This may however he partly due
to the local facies of these heds, as coral limestones.
1. Polypoea koninckiana, Waagen and Pichl, n. sp., PI. LXXXVII, fig. 5,
PI. LXXXVIII, fig. 4, PL XC, fig. 1.
1863. Polypora fastuosa, Koninok : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., vol. XIX, p. 5, pi. X, fig. 4, (non
Gorgonia fastuosa, Kon., 1844, Polypora fastuosa, Orb. 1847.)
1863. Polypora fastuosa, Koninck : Foss. Paleoz. de l'Inde, p. 20, pi. I, fig. 4.
This is one of the commonest species of Bryozoa in the Salt-range. There are
numerous good-sized fragments in the Salt-range collection which all are flabellif orm ;
it seems however that when complete the colony had an infundihuliform shape
of considerable size. The branches composing the colony very often bifurcate at
distances of from 6 to 12mm., whereby the whole net-work rapidly augments in
lateral extension. The breadth of the branches is generally 2mm. ; it must however
be remarked that this breadth is not uniform ; it is a little larger just before the
branches divide into two, and a little smaller immediately after this division has
taken place. On the non-poriferous side the branches appear much narrower, where-
by a very different appearance of the two faces is produced.
On the poriferous side the surface of the branches is well rounded transversely.
The dissepiments appear about one-half as broad as the branches, very short, and a
little broadened- at both ends. They bear a distinct striation parallel to their length.
Owing to their small diameter they are sunk in between the branches, which
project considerably above them chiefly on the poriferous side, so that on this side
they nearly disappear between the branches and are situated in deep furrows.
The fenestrules, which are hemmed in by the branches and dissepiments, are of
an elongately oval shape, about twice as long as they are broad. Their lateral-
margins sometimes appear indented, when the fenestrules are filled with stony
matter in such a manner as to reach the first lateral row of cell-openings. There are
about 4 fenestrules in a longitudinal, and 5 to 6 in a transverse, direction within
the space of 10mm.
The large round cell-apertures have raised margins when the surface of the
branches is quite well preserved; when this is not the case, these margins first
disappear; and if the deterioration progresses further the cell-openings assume a
rhombic aspect. These pores are regularly arranged in 5 to 7 alternating longitu-
dinal rows, so that on the whole they are placed very regularly in quincunx. Accord-
ing to this arrangement, obliquely ascending rows of pores can be distinguished,each
of which is generally composed of 5 to 7 pores, only just before the bifurcation of
the branches 8 pores can sometimes be counted in the oblique row. Six of these
rows terminate along the side of a fenestrate,
784 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
If the surface of the branches is perfectly preserved between the cell-openings
fine longitudinal waving lines can be observed, by which these pores are partly sur-
rounded.
The non-poriferous side of the colony is provided in the vicinity of the base
with long root-like processes, devoid of cells and longitudinally striated. It is pro-
bable that these organs served as supports for the increasing colony. Also in other
respects this side presents an aspect differing much from that of the poriferous side.
The branches appear much narrowed, about of an equal breadth with the dissepi-
ments and sometimes angularly bent. They cannot always be easily followed, on
account of the small difference between them and the dissepiments. The fenes-
trules appear on this side much larger, somewhat rectangular, not much longer than
broad, or even roundish.
The colony does not seem to have attained very large dimensions ; the utmost
size it ever reached may have been 50 to 80mm.
Locality and geological distribution. — The species seems to occur most nu-
merously in the middle division of the Productus -limestone. It has been found in
these beds in the middle zone (Virgal, I sp. and Vurcha, 1 sp.), and in the uppermost
strata (Musakheyl, 2 sp.). The species extends however also into the upper division
of the Productus-limestone, where it has been found in the Cephalopoda-bei at
Jabi and at Chidru.
Remarks. — This species was originally identified by Mons. de Koninck with his
Gorgonia fastuosa from the mountain-limestone of Belgium. It would therefore
have been of much interest to compare original specimens of the two species, but
this has, we regret to say, been impossible ; Mons. de Koninck himself, in his great
kindness, took much trouble to procure us a specimen of Pol. fastuosa from Bel-
gium for comparison, but he did not succeed, as the species is so very rare. But in
a letter addressed to one of us, he stated that he now thought his species was very
materially different from the Indian fossil which he had formerly united with it, and
that we ought to give a new name to the Indian form. We thus have decided to
give the name of Pol. honinchiana to this fossil in order to express our gratitude to
Mons. de Koninck for his kind and liberal endeavour to help us in our studies.
Mons. de Koninck expressed the opinion that the Indian form was distinct from
the original Pol. fastuosa by broader branches and more numerous pores, an
opinion that is perfectly borne out by the drawings in his " Description des Animaux
Possiles " PI. A, fig. 5. Prom these drawings it appears that Pol. fastuosa has larger
and more rectangular fenestrules, narrower branches and generally only five alter-
nating rows of pores. Nevertheless Pol. fastuosa seems to be a very near relation of
our Pol. honinchiana, and it is not improbable that the two stand in a developmental
connection.
Other forms that have been described under the name of Polypora fastuosa,
Kon., such as those mentioned by Toula from Barentz Land and Spitzbergen, are
perhaps identical with the true Pol. fastuosa, but from Pol. honinchiana, here de-
scribed, they deviate by different dimensions and a different number of pores.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRYOZOA. 785
Most nearly allied to the species here under description seems to be Polypora
marginata, M'Coy, on account of its large cell- apertures and the presence of waving
lines between them. The singular configuration of the branches, which is consider-
ed by M'Ooy as the chief character of the 'Species is probably only caused by a pe-
culiar condition of preservation, Prom Pol. TcontncMana it can be distinguished by
its less numerous longitudinal rows of pores.
Polypora ampla, Lonsdale, might also be compared, but its preservation is
generally so unsatisfactory that nothing definite can be made out. De Koninck,
who makes it a distinct genus, P rotor etepora, mentions only three rows of pores.
This would remove it far from our Pol. koninckiana, though the dimensions and the
shape of the fenestrules are similar. That it is very doubtful whether the genus
Protoretepora should be retained has been mentioned already in the introduction to
the genus Polypora.
2. Polypora megastoma, Koninck, sp. ; PI. LXXXVIII, figs. 3, 5, 6, 7 ;
PI. LXXXIX, fig. 3.
1863. Fenestella megastoma, Koninck : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Loud., Vol. XIX, p. 5, pi. II, fig. 3.
1863. Fenestella megastoma, Koninck: Foss. pale"ozoiques del'Inde.
1878? Polypora megastoma (Kon.) Etheridge: Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., vol. XXXIV, p. 621.
The colonies of this species are on the whole fan-shaped, with a certain propen-
sity towards the formation of irregular net-work of various shapes. In the parts of
the colony adjacent to the root, the branches forming the net- work bifurcate much
more frequently than further on.
The branches are on the poriferous side about 2mm. broad, and bifurcate generally
within distances of from 5 to 15 or 20mm. Before the bifurcation takes place they
are very little thickened, and the angle of bifurcation is flatly rounded off. In
the peripheral parts of the colony the branches appear more or less parallel to each
other, while in old specimens and in the parts neighbouring the root, the bifurcation
occurs so often that no parallelism can be observed.
The short horizontal dissepiments are either alternating or nearly opposite to
each other. Their breadth is about half that of the branches, but they are somewhat
broadened at both ends. They are distinctly striated longitudinally, and their sur-
face is on the whole on a much lower level than that of the branches.
The fenestrules are more or less rectangular, with rounded corners. They are
always longer than broad (about 2£ to 3mm. long and l^mm. broad), and three of
them measured in the longitudinal direction occupy the space of about 12mm.
Within the same space there can be counted 4 to 5 rows in the transverse direction.
The round cell-openings, which however appear in weathered surfaces more or
less rhombic, are very numerous, arranged very regularly in quincunx, forming
7 to 10 alternating longitudinal rows. In this arrangement also oblique rows can
be distinguished, ascending from both sides and intersecting. The number of pores
786 SALT-RANGE EQSSILS.
in these rows is seven to ten. Of these obliquely ascending rows there can be counted
about eight along the lateral margins of one fenestrule. Sometimes the pores
extend rather far on to the dissepiments, so that the poreless space on these latter
becomes very narrow.
On the non-poriferous side the branches appear much thinner and angularly
bent, following more or less a zig-zag line. Sometimes they bear root-like longitudi-
nally striated prominences without pores. The dissepiments are on the same level
as the branches, are nearly as broad as the latter, and somewhat broader at both ends.
The whole surface of the non-poriferous side is covered with very dense, waving, fine
longitudinal striations.
The present species can attain very considerable dimensions. There are badly
preserved fan-shaped expansions in the Salt-range collection probably belonging to
the present species, with a diameter of about 150mm., although the root and the
margin have been broken off. Thus we may take the size of complete specimens to
be at least 200mm.
Locality and geological position. — This is again a rather common species in the
Salt-range, but seems to be restricted to the middle division of the Productus-lime-
stone. There are seven specimens, of which three come from Morah, one from
Ramkhund, and two from Kafirk6t from the middle region of the division ; while two
others have been found at Khura in the uppermost beds of the same division.
Remarks. — This species is very well characterised by the large rectangular
fenestrules, by the numerous rows of pores, and by the circumstance that the bifur-
cation of the branches is also easily discernable on the non-poriferous side. By all
these characters it is also distinct from the preceding Pol. koninckiana, W. and P.
It must however be noticed, that when the preservation is exceptionally good, similar
waving lines extending between the pores can sometimes be distinguished in Pol.
megastoma as well as in Pol. koninckiana.
Mons. de Koninck originally described this species under the name of Fenestella
megastoma. Already the size of this form and the thickness of the branches
suggested to us that it was a Polypora, and the preparations made quite confirmed
this supposition. That the forms we comprise under the name are really identical
with those so described by Mons. de Koninck, is clearly shown by the non-poriferous
side of our specimens, which are absolutely identical with Koninck's drawing.
The species has been also quoted by Mr. Etheridge from Eeilden Isthmus in
the arctic regions. It is highly probable that Etheridge's determination is right, but
the indication cannot be controlled, as no figure is given.
As far as we are aware of, there is no other species with which Pol. megastoma
could be more particularly compared.
3. Polypora gigantea, Waagen and Pichl., n. sp., PL LXXXIX, figs. 1, 2.
The colony forms very large fan-shaped expansions, consisting of a net- work of
very large meshes.
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— BEYOZOA. 787
The branches are round, comparatively thin, not broader than l'omm. They
divide frequently, not always only dichotomously, but sometimes three or even more
branches originate at the same spot. The splitting of the branches generally takes
place at distances of from 10 to 20mm., corresponding to a distance of from one to
three fenestrules, whereby the colony very quickly attains considerable dimensions
in breadth. Before the division of a branch takes place, it is a little swollen, and
the new branches diverge in such a manner as to leave a f enestrule of normal size
between them. Otherwise the branches extend tolerably parallel to each other
keeping a distance of about two millimetres. In some silicified specimens the non-
poriferous side of the branches is weathered in such a manner as to present the
appearance of a median longitudinal keel with the cells arranged in oblique lines on
each side of it. A superficial observer would easily take such specimens as belong-
ing to the genus Fenestella.
The dissepiments are short and thin, barely showing more than one-third of the
thickness of the branches. On the poriferous side their surface is on a lower level
than the surface of the branches. They are finely striated longitudinally, and
slightly thickened where they unite with the branches.
The fenestrules are somewhat unequal in size, very elongately rectangular, with
rounded corners, varying from 5 to 9mm. in length and 2mm. in breadth. Two fenes-
trules occupy about the length, of 13mm. At the points where the branches divide
the fenestrules are sometimes much smaller and round.
The cell-openings are round and very numerous, and are arranged pretty regu-
larly in quincunx. They form 7 to 9 alternating longitudinal rows, which extend
on the lateral parts of the branches, rather low down towards the non-poriferous
side, in such a manner that their full number can only be counted, when the
branches have been cleared all round from the adhering rock. Between the pores
extend waving longitudinal lines, which are bent in such a manner that the single
pores appear as if situated in the middle of a hexagonal space.
The non-poriferous surface does not deviate in its general aspect from the pori-
ferous one. It is covered all over with a fine longitudinal striation.
This species seems to have attained a very considerable size. Specimens of
150mm. in diameter are mere fragments without the upper or lower parts ; it seems
probable that the entire colony may have attained at least 500mm. in height. This
seems to be the largest species existing within the genus.
Locality and geological position, — Specimens of this species are rather rare.
They are restricted to the middle region of the middle division of the Productus-
limestone and have been found up to the present at three localities : at Vurcha
(1 sp.), at Mora (1 sp.) and Trans-Indus at Bamkhund (1 sp.).
Remarks. — This beautiful species is distinguished from all others known to us
by its great size, by the extremely large elongately rectangular fenestrules, and by
the great number of longitudinal rows of pores. Pol. gracilis, Prout, which
may perhaps be more particularly compared, has thinner branches, less regular
c
788 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
fenestrates and only four to five rows of cells. By similar characters can be distin-
guished Pol. laxa, Phill., sp. ; Pol. macropora, Eichw. or Pol. concatenate/,, Eichw.
4. Polypora ornata, Waagen and Pichl., n. sp. ; PI. LXXXIX, figs. 4, 5, 6 ;
PI. XC, figs. 2, 3, 4.
The colony is largely infundibuliform and irregularly folded.
The branches are about 1mm. broad. They are flatly vaulted on the poriferous,
as well as on the other side, and bifurcate very frequently in the vicinity of the root
of the colony, while such bifurcation more rarely takes place in the peripheral
parts. Just before the bifurcation the branches are generally somewhat broadened,
and after it somewhat thinner. They extend generally parallel to each other, only
in the folded peripheral parts of the colony the bifurcation as well as the exten-
sion of the branches is more irregular. The branches are commonly much altered
by weathering, and then occasionally exhibit a rather strange appearance, being
either quite flattened or bearing a sharp edge in the middle.
The dissepiments are short, about one-half as broad as the branches, and their
surface is on a level only very little lower than that of the branches. They are
somewhat broadened at both ends, indistinctly striated longitudinally, and the space
devoid of pores is very narrow.
The fenestrules are about 1mm. in diameter. On the poriferous side they are
somewhat smaller, oval in shape and longer than wide. On the non-poriferous side
on the contrary they appear larger, mostly circular or also sometimes a very Little
longitudinally oval, but rarely somewhat broader than long. In much weathered
specimens they often form deep funnels of a somewhat hexagonal circumference,
and are separated from each other by high sharp crests (PI. XC, fig. 2).
They are arranged in such a manner, that not only longitudinal rows, but also
obliquely ascending transverse rows can be distinguished. Within a length of 10mm.
five to six fenestrules can be counted in the longitudinal direction, while there are
always six within the same length in the tranverse direction.
The cell-openings are round, numerous, and are situated on the internal side of
the infundibuliform colony. The pores are generally arranged regularly in quin-
cunx and forming six alternating longitudinal rows on each branch. Just before
the branches bifurcate they become broader, and at the same time also the number
of pores is augmented, so that in this position eight rows can often be distinguished,
but then also the arrangement is irregular and not in quincunx. The oblique rows
of pores, ascending from both sides and intersecting each other, comprise generally
from six to eight pores. Three to four of such rows terminate generally along the
lateral margins of each fenestrule. Between the pores there extend fine waving
longitudinal lines, causing the whole surface of the branches to be covered by
a somewhat rhombic sculpturing. About where the corners of four of these rhombs
approach each other minute adventitious pores occur (PI. LXXXIX, fig. 6b.).
PRODUCTUS LIMESTONE.— BEYOZOA. 789
The non-poriferous side has an aspect somewhat different from that of the
other side on account of the circumstance that the branches appear narrower, the
fenestrates large and more roundish, and very often assuming an infundibuliform
shape. The surface of the non-poriferous side bears a coarse longitudinal striation,
covered by a not very fine granulation.
This is again a form which grew to very large dimensions. In specimens
attaining a diameter of 200mm. the infundibuliform shape of the colony is no longer
well marked, because in large specimens the colony spreads out almost horizontally,
and often stops growth at one side much earlier than on the other, so that rather
fan-shaped specimens are then produced. In specimens of this description the
substance is so much thickened and incrusted that one cannot be sure which of
the two sides is the poriferous one.
Locality and geological position. — The present species is not a common one,
though it extends through the middle and upper divisions of the Productus-limestone.
In the middle division it has been chiefly met with in the hard limestones of the
middle region, and has been collected in these beds at Morah (1 sp.) and at Omar-
kheyl (1 sp.). In the upper division specimens have been collected in the lower .
and middle regions at Bilot (1 sp.) and at Khura (2 sp.).
Remarks. — In respect of the size and shape of the fenestrules, the present
species shows a certain similarity to Pol. orbicrebrata, Kays., of the carboniferous
limestone of Petschora Land. There exists however a striking difference between
the two in the smaller number of longitudinal rows of pores in the Russian species.
Another species that might be compared is Pol. subquadrata, Toula, from carboni-
ferous beds of Barentz Land. In this, as in the preceding species, a small number
of alternating longitudinal rows of pores can be distinguished, in this case only
four rows.
Pol. cyclopora, Eichw., shows a similar number of rows of pores as our Pol.
ornata (7 — 8 rows), but the bifurcation of the branches has a different character,
and the fenestrules are more angular. As however there exists no figure of the
poriferous side a more close comparison is difficult.
On the whole the present one seems to be a well characterised and easily dis-
tinguishable species, which can chiefly be recognised by a poriferous side showing
broad branches and dissepiments and small round or oval fenestrules, while the
latter appear larger and often infundibuliform on the non-poriferous side.
5. Poltpora stkbsi, Koninck, sp. ; PI. XCI, figs. 1, 2.
1863. Fenestella syhesi, Koninck : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soo. Lond., Vol. XIX, p. 5, PI. I, fig. 1.
1863. Fenestella syhesi, Koninck : Fossiles pateoz. de l'lnde.
The colony was very probably infundibuliform, with irregular folds towards the
periphery, some lobes of which were entirely rolled in.
c 1
790 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
According to different modes of growth and preservation the rather thin branches
appear sometimes tolerably straight, sometimes angularly bent, following a zig-zag
line, in which latter case their non-poriferous side is often weathered so as to appear
carinated ; they bifurcate frequently, within distances of from 8 to 16mm. and their
breadth augments very considerably before the division takes place. In folded spe-
cimens the ramification is much more irregular, and on the enrolled peripheral lobes
the branches appear thicker and the fenestrules larger on the convex than on the
concave side.
The generally alternating dissepiments are short, but little narrower than the
branches, and somewhat broadened at both ends.
The fenestrules are nearly circular on the non-poriferous side, and longitudinally
oval on the poriferous one. They form generally very distinct longitudinal rows,
which more or less alternate so that the fenestrules on the whole appear very regu-
larly arranged in quincunx as in Phyllopora. There are generally 6 to 7 fenestrules
within the distance of one centimetre in the longitudinal direction. Transversely
it is very difficult to take measurements, on account of the alternating arrangement
of the fenestrules.
It has been found impossible to clear the poriferous side of the present species
from the adhering rock, as all the specimens in the collection were preserved in
such a hard siliceous or sacharoid limestone that the substance of the specimens was
found to be less hard than the matrix in which they were contained. Consequently
nothing could be done, but to make the pores visible by grinding down the non-
poriferous side to near the poriferous surface. By such means it was ascertained
that there were five alternating longitudinal rows of pores, and that the pores were
very regularly arranged in quincunx. By this arrangement oblique rows are pro-
duced ascending from both sides and intersecting each other. There are four to five
pores contained in each oblique row, and about four of such rows terminate along
the lateral margins of one fenestrule. On the dissepiments there is but a narrow
space free of pores.
The surface of the non-poriferous side is finely striated longitudinally.
The present species seems to have attained no considerable dimensions, as all
the specimens at our disposal are of a very moderate size ; it is not probable that the
species ever exceeded 100mm. in height.
Locality and geological position : — Pol. sykesi is a rather rare species. It is
entirely restricted to the massive limestones in the middle region of the middle divi-
sion of the Productus-limestone, and has been found at Katta (2 sp.), at Morah
(1 sp.) and at Musakheyl (1 sp.).
Bemarks : — There has been figured by Mons. de Koninck, in his description of
the fossils collected by Dr. Fleming in the Salt-range, a Fenestella sykesi, which is
represented from the non-poriferous side ; the original has been lost. Under such
circumstances we could only select among our materials specimens in which the non-
poriferous side most nearly agreed with that of Fen. sykesi as represented in the
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRYOZOA. 791
drawing, and then attempt an identification. Of the original specimen of Fenest.
sykesi, the poriferous side was not known at'all, and thus that specimen may as well
have been a Polypora as a true Fenestella, and the comparative thickness of the
branches suggests its Folypora nature. In specimens which we thought proper after
most careful comparison to unite with Koninck's species, we soon detected numerous
rows of cells and thus had to place them in the genus Folypora.
The present species varies very much according to its different states of preserva-
tion. Specimens in which the non-poriferous side is well preserved have the aspect
represented in Mons. de Koninck's figure, and which is also exhibited in our figure
PL XCI, fig 1. If however the specimens are more strongly weather-worn, then
the fenestrules appear funnel-shaped, the branches narrower, and crested. Such a
specimen is represented in PI. XCI, fig. 2.
To this latter form the European species, Folypora papillata, M'Coy, can be
compared. It is however distinct from the Indian species by narrower branches and
less numerous rows of pores.
6. Polypora. biarmica, Keyserling, PI. XC, figs. 5, 6, 7.
1846. Folypora hiarmica, Keyserling: Reise in das Petschora-Land, p. 191, pi. Ill, fig. 10.
1859. Polypora hiarmica, (Keys.) Prout: Transact. St. Louis Acad, of Sci., I, p. 450.
1861. Polypora hiarmica, (Keys.) Geinitz : Dyas, II, p. 117.
1866. Polypora hiarmica, (Keys.) Geinitz : Carbon & Dyas in Nebrasca, p. 68, pi. V, fig. 13.
1872. Polypora sp. indet. Meek and Hayden : Pinal Rep. Geol. Surv. Nebrasca, p. 155, pi. VII, fie. 6.
1877. Polypora hiarmica, (Keys.) Miller : Amer. Palseoz. Poss., p. 99.
The colony is apparently spread out in a flat funnel, the margins of which are
sometimes irregularly folded.
The branches are straight, always broader than the fenestrules, and their
appearance is rather different, according to the different sides of the colony. On the
poriferous side they appear rather stout, frequently and regularly bifurcated, and
considerably broadened just before the bifurcation takes place. Their surface is
flatly vaulted. On the non-poriferous side, on the Contrary, they appear thinner and
not quite so straight. In specimens in which the curvature is stronger, the bifurca-
tion of the branches becomes more irregular, and these are themselves very closely
approximated to each other.
The dissepiments are very short on the poriferous side, or even barely distin-
guishable, in cases when the branches are very closely approximated. They are about
half as broad as the branches, and situated at a somewhat lower level than the sur-
face of the latter. On the non-poriferous side they appear somewhat longer and are
situated about in the same level as the surface of the branches.
The fenestrules again appear very different according to the different sides of
the colony. On the poriferous side they are very small, elongately oval, generally
about f as broad as they are long, sometimes however much narrower and slit-like.
They are often arranged in quincunx and seem to form obliquely ascending rows.
792 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The sides of them appear sometimes indented by the somewhat projecting cell-
openings. On the non-poriferous side the fenestrules appear nearly circular, only
rarely oval.
There are four to five fenestrules within a length of 5mm. in the longitudinal
direction, and in the transverse direction there are generally five to six within the
same distance.
The large round cell-apertures have slightly projecting margins. They gene-
rally are arranged in three to four alternating longitudinal rows. Mostly one finds
only three rows immediately after a bifurcation has taken place, higher up four
rows may be distinguished, while on the broadened part of the branch just below the
bifurcation up to six rows may be distinguished. In the obliquely ascending rows,
formed by the alternating position of the pores, generally three pores can be counted
composing one row, while more rarely four such pores occur. Along the lateral
margins of one fenestrule generally two such oblique rows terminate, more rarely
one or three. The pores often extend laterally so far on to the dissepiments that
only a very narrow space remains free of pores, which is sometimes barely recog-
nisable. In the only specimen at our disposal showing the non-poriferous side,
this surface is not longitudinally striated, but covered with comparatively large round
pores or holes, which are quite irregularly distributed, and might be mistaken
for real cell-openings.
The size of this species seems to have been very moderate, but there is no entire
specimen known to us, and thus we cannot give any positive indications.
Locality and geological position. — There are only two specimens of this species
in the Salt-range collection, so it would appear that the form was very rare. It is
moreover entirely restricted to the upper division of the Productus-limestone, in
which it has been found up to the present only in the Cephalopoda-bed at Jabi
(1 sp.) and at Ohidru (1 sp.).
Remarks. — It is of much geological interest to find this permian species re-
presented in the Salt-range, and on this account the identification calls for some
further remarks. It would have been very desirable to compare the Indian
specimens with authentic specimens of Pol. biarmica, but it seems that Count
Keyserling's species is also a very rare one, as in none of the large museums which
I had occasion to study more in detail, were specimens of the species to be found,
and all endeavours to procure specimens for comparison failed. We thus were
compelled to content ourselves with the comparison of our Indian materials with
Keyserling's drawings, and this comparison was entirely in favour of an identi-
fication, as the Indian specimens seemed to be in every respect identical with
Keyserling's description and figures, with the sole exception that the net- work of the
Indian forms is perhaps a very little finer than in the Russian specimen from which
the species was originally described. The difference is however a very small one,
such as can be often observed in fragments from different parts of one and the same
colony, and cannot prevent our placing the Indian specimens in Keyserling's species.
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRYOZOA. 793
The specimen from division C of the Nebrasca city section, and identified by
Geinitz with Pol. biarmica, seems to us quite correctly identified, though Meek, in his
endeavour to dispute the permian age of these beds, has doubted that determination.
The species is however of a type which is not exclusively permian, but com-
mences already in the upper carboniferous-limestone of Russia, where Polypora
martis, Eisch, is a very characteristic representative of it. It is very much to be
regretted that Trautschold's enlarged figure of this species is so very defective, and
that no representation of the species in natural size was given. As far as can be
made out from Trautschold's description and figure, this species of Eischer's can at
all events be distinguished from our Indian specimens of Pol. biarmica, as these
have a finer net- work. Whether such is the case with European specimens of
Pol. biarmica, I cannot positively assert, but it is highly probable. If it be so, the
Pol. martis must be considered beyond doubt as the ancestor of Pol. biarmica, and
thus the two must be brought into developmental connection.
The existence of this very nearly allied form in geologically older beds makes
other quotations of Pol. biarmica appear a little doubtful. Thus the form that
has been described by Toula from Barentz Land may well belong to Pol. martis.
The same is the case with the Pol. biarmica quoted by Etheridge from Eielden
Isthmus.
In the older beds of the carboniferous formation, in the mountain-limestone, so
far as we are aware of, there is no species closely related to Polyp, biarmica. The
only form which might be compared is Pol. papillata, M'Coy, which is very similar
to the species here under consideration in the size of the fenestrules and in the
number and general arrangement of the pores. It can however be well distin-
guished from Pol. biarmica by the more zig-zag bending of the branches, the longer
and thinner dissepiments, which are entirely free of pores, and by the position of the
pores regularly in quincunx. The American species Polypora varsoviensis, Prout,
is very similar to Pol. biarmica ; it may even be the same as Keyserling's species,
or perhaps it should be identified with Pol. martis, Eisch.
7. Polypora vermictjlaris, Waagen and Pichl., n. sp., PI. XCIV, fig. 7.
The colony is irregularly infundibuliform, with thick worm-like branches ex-
tending from the root upward between the more regular net-work.
The two sides of the colony are very different in aspect. The poriferous side
shows the thick branches much less prominent, the fenestrules appear much
narrower, and the branches of the net-work in consequence much broader than on
the non-poriferous side, whereby a very different aspect is produced. The porifer-
ous side is however known to us only from a comparatively small preparation ; so
we shall first describe the non-poriferous side.
The branches appear on this side of very unequal thickness and very different
in aspect. The greater part of the colony is composed of comparatively thin
794 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
branches having a very uniform breadth of about 1 to l|mm, They are angularly
bent, following a more or less irregular zig-zag line, producing a tolerably regular
net-work with the fenestrules sometimes approximately rectangular, sometimes
polygonal.
Among these there extend thick round branches, which attain in the vicinity
of the root a thickness of 3mm. decreasing and increasing again in thickness at
irregular intervals. They bend deviously in all directions, sometimes bifurcating,
sometimes remaining undivided for long distances. Their highly vaulted surface
projects far above the level of the surrounding net-work.
The ramification of all the branches is extremely irregular and can be followed
only with difficulty.
The dissepiments are very short, and either alternate or occur opposite each other
along the branches. They are of about the same thickness as the branches, and be
on the same level with them on the non-poriferous side which is that immediately
under description.
The fenestrules are of rather unequal size, and very variable in shape. Where
the net-work is a little more regular and where the thicker sporadic branches do not
interfere, the fenestrules are generally about twice as long as they are broad, that is
to say, 2 to 2|mm. long and 1mm. broad. There are about three fenestrules within a
length of 10mm. in the longitudinal direction, while in the transverse direction five
longitudinal rows of fenestrules can be counted within the same distance.
The surface of the non-poriferous side is occupied in this case by an enor-
mously thick basal-plate, which is composed of extremely numerous thin capillary
tubes, producing a very fine longitudinal striation of the whole surface between
which numerous small pores are visible.
The poriferous side, as far as it is known to us, is different from non-porifer-
ous side chiefly by the greater breadth the branches seem to possess and the longer
and narrower fenestrules. The pores with which the branches are covered, are very
numerous, closely packed together and very regulary arranged in quincunx. There
can be distinguished seven to nine alternating longitudinal rows of pores, and
also, from the arrangement in quincunx, obliquely ascending rows, intersecting each
other from both sides, each consisting of eight to ten pores. Along the lateral
margins of each fenestrule seven to eight such oblique rows terminate. Between
the pores fine waving longitudinal lines are distinguishable. On this side of the
colony the fenestrules appear long and very narrow, generally three times as long as
they are broad.
The dissepiments are placed at a much lower level than the surface of the
branches.
As to the size the colony may have attained we are unable to decide as only a
single specimen is at our disposal. It is however probable that it formed part of a
rather large infundibuliform net- work.
A point yet to be noticed with regard to this fossil is its dark coral-red colour,
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRYOZOA. 795
in striking contrast with the black rock in which it is contained ; it may perhaps be
the original colouring.
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species in the
Salt-range collection was found by Mr. "Wynne in the Bukh Ravine, preserved in a
black sandy limestone which there forms part of the lower division of the Pro-
ductus-limestone.
JRemarJcs. — The present species is very characteristically distinguished from all
other species of the genus by the very irregular construction of the net-work, the
very numerous and closely arranged cell-openings and the size and shape of the
fenestrules. There is no described species known to us with which it could be more
closely compared.
8. Polipora transiens, Waagen and Pichl., n. sp., PI. XCI, figs. 3, 4, 5.
The colony was probably largely inf undibuliform, in its outward appearance
much resembling Phyllopora.
The branches are about 1mm. thick, angularly bent, following very distinctly a
zig-zag line. In the lower regions of the colony they bifurcate rather frequently
and regularly ; in the upper parts on the contrary such a bifurcation takes place only
very rarely, and the branches extend tolerably parallel to each other.
The dissepiments are short and on the non-poriferous side are of the same
breadth as the branches. On this side they are also not depressed, but on the same
level as the surface of the branches. On the poriferous side on the contrary they
are depressed below the level of the surface of the branches, are narrower, and
broadened at both ends.
The fenestrules are mostly arranged in alternating rows, so that distinct oblique
intersecting rows can also be made out. In well preserved specimens they appear on
the non-poriferous side hexagonal with rounded corners. Those however which do
not alternate have a more rectangular shape. In specimens which are much worn
by weathering, the fenestrules appear regularly oval. They are generally 2mm. long
and l|mm. broad. Within a length of 10mm. there are generally three fenestrules
in one longitudinal row. Measured along one of the oblique rows there are about
four within the same distance.
On the poriferous side the fenestrules appear considerably smaller and regularly
oval.
The cell-openings are regularly arranged in quincunx and form six to eight
alternating longitudinal rows. They extend very far on to the dissepiments, so
that generally only a very small space remains free of pores, in some cases this
space becomes even so small that it appears quite obliterated. Along the lateral
margins of each fenestrule there terminate about six oblique rows of pores.
The surface of the non-poriferous side is very finely striated longitudinallv,
often so finely that the striation even with a lens can barely be distinguished. 'From
796 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
distance to distance little calcareous protuberances, which prohably served for the
partial support of the colony and must be considered as root-like organs, are ob-
servable. They are probably identical with similar organs which have been de-
scribed by us in Poly por a koninckiana.
The species has apparently attained very considerable dimensions; from the
fragments in the collection it can be judged that the colony, if entire, had a height
of at least 150 to 200mm.
Locality and geological position. — The present species is entirely restricted to
the middle division of the Productus-limestone, and has been found in several
tolerably large fragments at Morah in the hard limestones which compose there the
middle zone of that division.
Remarks — -If one takes only the non-poriferous side into consideration, then the
Pol. transiens forms a member of a series of forms which commences with Pol.
sykesi, ~K.gr., proceeds by Pol. ornata, ~W. & P. and Pol. koninckiana, W. & P. and
terminates with Pol. megastoma, Kon., in which series the Pol. sykesi is the form
which possesses the smallest fenestrules and Pol. megastoma the one with the largest
fenestrates. Pol. transiens, W. & P. would then hold a place between Pol. koninc-
kiana and Pol. megastoma. It cannot be subject to much doubt, that all these forms
are more or less related to each other; they are however not only different from each
other in size, but when the poriferous side is also taken into consideration, one
finds that the number of longitudinal rows of pores is different in the different spe-
cies, and that also the arrangement of the pores is subject to great variation. The
species here under consideration is distinct from all the rest by dissepiments, which
are of the same breadth as the branches and bear pores nearly for their whole extent.
At the same time the fenestrules are arranged more or less distinctly in quincunx,
which causes a general appearance very much like that of Phyllopora. All these
circumstances exhibit the present species as a sort of transitional form between the
genera Polypora and Phyllopora.
What caused us rather to describe it as belonging to the former genus than to
the latter was the distinct bifurcation of the branches, which is apparent at least in
the lower parts of the colony, and the general occurrence of a space free from pores
on the dissepiments.
Of non-Indian species there is none to which the present one could be more
particularly compared.
Genus : PHYLLOPORA, King.
The materials of this genus preserved in the Salt-range collection are, we regret
to say, very scanty, and it is with difficulty that we are able to distinguish the species
which have been already described by Mons. de Koninck from the same ground.
As regards the forms which we believe should be ranked in this genus, we think
they ought to exhibit the following characters.
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BKYOZOA. 797
The colony infundibuliform, with folded expansions at the margin composed
of anastomosing tortuous branches joined together from distance to distance in such
a manner that a compact shelly plate is formed, pierced by round or oval openings,
and in which the branches can be traced only with great difficulty. The cells are in
their position very characteristic : they ascend only for a very short distance along
the basal-plate and then bend directly outward, thus becoming nearly vertical to it.
The basal-plate, which occupies the non-poriferous side of the colony, is mostly
thick and composed of numerous fine capillary tubes. Its surface is either longi-
tudinally striated or granulated.
The genus is distinct from Fenestella and its allies as well as from Polypora by
the absence of dissepiments devoid of pores.
According to this diagnosis several specimens in the collection must be consi-
dered as belonging to the genus ; they are however mostly only small fragments.
Two of these forms can be united with species that have been already described by
Mons. de Koninck, and a third one indicates the existence of a new species. The
greater number and the best preserved specimens can be easily identified with
Phyllopora cribellum, Kon. The identification of another small fragment with Phyll.
haimecma, Kon. is not so certain. The third species is also represented only by a
small fragment and will bear the name of Phyllop. jabiensis, W. & P.
Of these the two first named occur in the middle division of the Productus-lime-
stone, whilst the third was found in the Cephalopoda-bed of the upper division.
None of these species has been found up to the present anywhere else in the
world except in the Productus-limestone of the Salt-range.
1. PHYiiiOPORA jabiensis, Waagen & Pichl., n. sp., PI. XCII, fig. 1.
The shape of the colony cannot be made out, as only small fragments of the
species exist.
These fragments consist of a tolerably coarse net-work composed of narrow
branches which have the breadth of about 1 to l^mm. They follow distinctly a
zig-zag line, thus meeting each other and diverging again from distance to distance.
They augment more or less rapidly in number by the intercalation of new branches,
not by the bifurcation of the old ones. The new branches are in the beginning
thinner than the old ones. At the junctions of the branches they are quite blended
together. These connecting portions are broader than long and as broad or broader
than the single branches ; they form a kind of indistinct dissepiments. They are
situated on the same level as the surface of the branches, and are, like the latter,
entirely covered with pores.
The fenestrules are about 1^ to 2mm. long, oval, and always considerably
longer than broad. They are very regularly arranged in quincunx, and there are
generally four fenestrules in the longitudinal direction within the distance of 10mm.
In the obliquely ascending rows, five fenestrules can be counted within the same
distance.
Dl
798 SALT- RANGE FOSSILS.
On the poriferous side there are irregular tuhercles distributed along the
branches ; they do not however interfere with the distribution of the pores. These
pores are arranged in five to six longitudinal alternating rows, and thus are distributed
regularly in quincunx. The obliquely ascending rows are also mostly composed of
five to six pores.
The non-poriferous side is covered with very numerous and very fine longitudinal
striae which only with difficulty can be distinguished. From distance to distance
little root-like prominences occur, which probably have served as a partial support
to the colony.
Locality and geological position. — There is a single specimen of this species
preserved in the collection. It was found in the Cephalopoda-bed of the upper
division of. the Productus-limestone of Jabi.
Remarks. — The present species has a rather near ally in the permo-carboni-
ferous beds of Spitzbergen. This is Phyllop. laubei, Toula. The dimensions of
the fenestrules as well as those of the branches are very similar in both forms ; but
Toula mentions only three rows of pores on the branches, whilst there are five to six
such rows in Phyllop. jabiensis, and the tubercles with which the poriferous side is
ornamented are irregularly distributed in the Indian species, whilst they form a
regular row on the middle-line of the branches in Phyllop. laubei.
It is however on the whole not improbable that the Phyllop. laubei may have
been the ancestor of our Phyllop. jabiensis, though the geographical occurrence of
the two is so very different.
2. Phtllopora cribellum, Koninck, PI. XCII, figs. 2, 3.
1863. Phyllopora cribellum, Koninck : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., vol. XIX, p. 6, pi. I, fig. 2.
1863. Phyllopora ? cribellum, Koninck : Foss. PaWoz. de l'lnde, p. 19, pi. I, fig. 2.
The colony consists of a thin calcareous plate, having on the whole an infundi-
buliform shape, with somewhat waving peripheral parts. At its lower extremity
the colony terminates in a thick short calcareous stem which is very compact and on
which even the fenestrules are partly obliterated.
The remaining part of the colony is pierced by numerous round holes, and neither
branches nor dissepiments can be distinguished on the non-poriferous side. This
latter is the outer one, whilst the pores are distributed on the inner side of the
funnel. The round holes or fenestrules are arranged very distinctly in quincunx,
whereby obliquely ascending intersecting rows are formed. "Within these oblique
rows eight such fenestrules can be counted, in a length of 10mm.
On the poriferous side, on the contrary, the branches can very distinctly be
made out. They are about 1mm. broad, anastomosing from distance to distance, but
as they are joined together only by their lateral portions, they can be followed out
forming waving lines, bending to and fro. The fenestrules, which are produced in
this way, are elongately oval or lozenge-shaped and appear rather smaller than on
the other side. The branches can also be distinctly seen here to augment by bifur-
PEODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRYOZOA. 799
cation and not by intercalation. On this side longitudinal as well as oblique rows
of fenestrules can be made out. In the longitudinal rows only six fenestrules can
be counted within the distance of 10mm., while in the oblique rows, as on the other
side, eight fenestrules occur within the same distance. The cause is, that the parts
connecting the branches are broader than the branches themselves and at the same
time distinctly excavated, whereby it happens that the branches appear so well
separated from each other.
The comparatively large cell-openings are of an oval-shape and do not project
above the surface of the branches. The cells themselves are vertical to this same
surface. There can be counted four to five longitudinal alternating rows of pores ;
they cover all the internal face of the funnel-shaped colony without leaving any space
free of pores where the branches are joined laterally together.
On the non-poriferous side the fenestrules appear, as has been stated above, as
nearly circular holes. The surface of this side is composed of very numerous and
exceedingly fine capillary tubes. If the outer coating is entirely well preserved, the
whole surface is covered by a fine but very distinct granulation.
The species seems to have attained only a very moderate size. There is one nearly
entire specimen preserved in the collection, and its height is not more than about
30mm., while the breadth at the upper end of the funnel can barely have ever
been more than 50mm.
Locality and geological position. — There are only two specimens of this species
preserved, one of which was found in the Cephalopoda-bed of the upper Productus-
limestone at Jabi, while the other comes from the middle region of the middle Pro-
ductus-limestone of Morah.
Remarks. — The present species was originally described by Koninck only from
the non-poriferous side, and thus in looking through the Salt-range materials it was
necessary first to find out specimens which would on their non-poriferous side be
identical with Mons. de Koninok's drawings and description. This has been secured
with the specimens figured by us on PL XCII ; and it needs only a comparison of
these figures with Koninck's drawing to become convinced of the matter. Only
afterwards was the poriferous side made visible, and it was found that this side was
very unexpectedly similar to a species figured by M'Coy from the carboniferous-
limestone of Ireland. This is Metepora undata, M'Coy, which in its general
appearance and the arrangement of the fenestrules and pores appears very nearly
related to Phyllopora cribellum, but is distinct from it by its much larger size and
less numerous pores.
3. Phyllopora haimeana, Koninck, PI. XCV, fig. 1, ? PI. XCI, fig. 7.
1863. Phyllopora ? haimeana, Koninck : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., vol. XIX, p. 6, pi. I, fig. 3.
1863. Phyllopora jonesiana, Koninck : Foss. Paleoz. de l'lnde, p. 19, pi. I, fig. 3.
There are apparently no materials at all in the Salt-range collection which can
without hesitation be assigned to this species of Mons. de Koninck's. Perhaps the
800 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
specimen figured by us, PI. XCT, fig. 7, might be placed in the species, but as the
specimen is such a very small fragment and of such a singular hemispherical shape,
we could not be sure of the matter.
We shall thus restrict ourselves to reproduce Mons. de Koninck's description
of the original specimen and then add a description of the doubtful specimen "which
may perhaps represent the species in the Salt-range collection.
Mons. de Koninck describes his Phyllop. haimecma in the following manner :
" The calcareous plate of this species is rather thicker than that of Phyllop. cribelhm,
but its shape is almost the same. The openings, with which it is covered, are much
larger ; they are circular, and also somewhat funnel-shaped. Their disposition is
much less regularly quincuncial ; one can count but four or five every centimetre.
Only a single specimen is known." To complete this description we have given a
copy of Mons. de Koninck's original drawing on PL XOV, fig. 1.
It is evident that in the specimen which served for description, the non-pori-
ferous side only was exposed to view. If we compare now our specimen from the
Salt-range with Mons. de Koninck's description and figure, we find that though
the dimensions are not exactly the same, yet they are very nearly so, and as also
the other characters are very similar, we thought it most probable that this small
specimen might belong to Koninck's species.
The whole specimen forms a tolerably thick shelly plate which is bent in such
a way as to present a hemispherical outline. This plate is pierced by rather numer-
ous circular or slightly oval holes, which are distinctly funnel-shaped on the non-
poriferous side. These holes on the non-poriferous side have on an average a
diameter of about 1 to l-|mm. while the spaces between are always at least l|mm.
broad. No branches or dissepiments can be distinguished. Of the holes or fenes-
trules at least five can be counted within a length of 10mm. They are arranged
somewhat irregularly in quincunx, and obliquely ascending rows can be made out
only with difficulty.
The shelly spaces between the fenestrules are well vaulted and their surface, if
looked at with a lens, seems to be provided with many irregular shallow pores or
something like pores, probably an effect of weathering.
The poriferous side, which it was very difficult to expose to view, is in its-
general appearance very similar to the non-poriferous one. The branches are
perhaps a little more distinguishable than on the other side. They appear rather
broad and bending laterally to and fio, uniting and disuniting again, and thus
forming fenestrules of an elongately oval shape, which however appear not much
smaller than on the non-poriferous side. Their arrangement is on both sides iden-
tical. The branches are covered with numerous cell-openings which are distinctly
arranged in quincunx and form about four to five longitudinal alternating rows. On
the whole poriferous side there is not the smallest space free from pores. The pores-
themselves are round and tolerably large j their margins are not raised above the
surface of the branches.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRYOZOA. 801
As to the size of this species, nothing can be indicated, as only small fragments
of the colony have been found up to the present.
Locality and geological position. — The only small fragment that might be
assigned to this species was found in the middle division of tbe Productus-limestone
at Morah. Erom what special locality the specimen described by Mons. de Koninck
was procured is not known.
^Remarks. — If one takes only Mons. de Koninck's drawing into consideration,
then the species has a very peculiar appearance and can be easily distinguished
from the other species occurring in the Salt-range. If, however, our fragment may
be taken as belonging to Phyllop. haimeana, then the species no longer appears
to hold such a separate position, but can well be compared to other species chiefly
to the Phyllop. jabiensis described above.
Erom this last-named species the present one can be distinguished by fenestrules
which appear much rounder, not so oval on the non-poriferous side, and arranged at
the same time much less regularly in quincunx. On the poriferous side the
branches are devoid of the tubercles which constitute such a characteristic ornamen-
tation of Phyllop. jabiensis, and bear also a somewhat smaller number of pores.
These characters seem sufficient for the distinction of the two species.
Erom Phyllop. laubei, Toula, which is also related to Phyllop. jabiensis, and
which thus might also be compared to the present species, the latter can be dis-
tinguished by the absence of an ornamentation on the poriferous side of the
branches and by more numerous pores, as in the species from Spitzbergen only three
longitudinal rows exist.
Phyllop. cribellum, Kon., can easily be distinguished by the much smaller fenes-
trules and the entirely different poriferous side, in which the branches can easily be
made out.
Genus: SYNOCLADIA, King.
This genus is represented in the Salt-range by very numerous individuals,
which belong however all to one and the same species.
The genus is always very easily recognisable. It forms generally infundibuli-
form colonies composed of numerous branches, which take their origin at a small
root-like organ, extend nearly parallel to each other and bifurcate at intervals. On
both sides of the branches, numerous small branchlets originate, extending obliquely
upward and uniting from both sides under an obtuse angle. These angles of the
dissepiments are often connected by vertically ascending pieces, forming narrow
secondary branches.
The pores are distributed on the internal side of the funnel-shaped colony, and
the dissepiments as well as the branches are covered with them. They are arranged
in an imbricating manner, and are separated from each other in the longitudinal
direction by prominent ridges which sometimes bear secondary pores (the gemmu-
liferous vesicles of King).
802 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Though this genus is very easily distinguishable from all the other genera of
the Fenestellidce yet it has not always been rightly interpreted. Thus, for instance,
the form described by Meek under the name of Synocladia biserialis seems not to
belong to the genus, but must rather be united with the genus Septopora of Prout.
On account of the genus having sometimes been mistaken, it is difficult to indicate
its geographical distribution and geological range.
In America the genus seems, so far as we are aware, not to occur at all. In the
eastern hemisphere, on the contrary, it is very plentifully represented, but seems to
be restricted to the permian formation, and seems never to have been correctly quoted
from carboniferous strata.
As regards species, it must be confessed, that the genus is very poor. Also we
are not in a position to add a new species to the one already known, as in the Salt-
range only the characteristic permian species Synocladia virgulacea occurs.
It has been found not rarely in the middle as well as in the upper division of
the Productus-limestone.
1. Synocladia virgulacea, Phill. sp., PI. XOII, fig. 4; PI. XCIII, figs. 1, 2,
? PI. XC, fig. 8.
1829. Retepora virgulacea, Phillips : Trans. Geol. Soc. Lond., 2nd ser., vol III, p. 120, pi. XII, fig. 6.
1834. Retepora virgulacea, Phillips : Encycl. Met., vol. VI, p. 615, pi. Ill, fig. 2.
1845. Fenestella virgulacea, (Phill.) Verneuil : Murch. Vern. Kays., Geol. of Russia, p. 221.
1850. Synocladia virgulacea, (Phill.) King : Monogr. Brit. Perm. Foss., p. 39, pi. Ill, fig, 14, pi. IV, figs.
1-8.
1855. Synocladia virgulacea, (Phill.) M'Coy : Brit. Palseoz. Foss., 115.
1861. Synocladia virgulacea, (Phill.) Geinitz: Dyas, p. 118, pi. XXII, figs. 3, 4.
1863. Retepora? lepida, Koninck: Quart. Journ. Geol. Soo. Lond., Vol. XIX, p. 6, pi. I, fig. 5.
1863. Retepora ? lepida, Koninck : Foss. Paleoz. de l'lnde, p. 19, pi. I, fig. 5.
The colony is infundibuliform, often irregularly folded and very variable in
respect of the strength of the branches and the shape and size of the fenestrules.
The branches in different specimens, and even in one and the same specimen,
are sometimes thicker sometimes thinner, but the difference is not very great'.
They originate from a thin root, bifurcate frequently, augmenting somewhat in thick-
ness just before the bifurcation takes place, and extend either quite straight and
parallel to each other to the periphery of the colony or, in folded specimens, they
are slightly curved. They sometimes approach very close to each other, sometimes
there is a greater space between them.
The dissepiments are sometimes very short, sometimes rather long, according to
the distance between the branches. They are united to the branches under a more
or less acute angle, and form in the middle either an obtuse angle or a broad arch.
When the distance between the branches is very small, the dissepiments are quite
straight. They are always much thinner than the branches, and on both sides
of the colony they lie at a lower level than the surface of the branches. In the
middle, where the angle is formed, a process often arises and sometimes unites with
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRYOZOA. 803
the next dissepiment, and so on, so that a kind of secondary branches are thus
formed. These are always much thinner and situated on a lower level than the
main branches, and disappear again after a short distance.
The f enestrules occurring between the branches and the dissepiments are corre-
spondingly variable ; sometimes they are large or small; sometimes long and more
or less trapezoidal, or short and very broad, or in other cases the shape may
be oval or nearly circular, or quite irregularly polygonal. Their margins sometimes
appear denticulated. There are in the longitudinal direction nine to eleven fenes-
trates within a length of 10mm. while in the transverse direction five to seven rows
can be counted within the same distance.
The cells are more or less tubular or pyriform, placed obliquely to the axis of
the branches, and arranged in an imbricating manner. The cell-openings are round
with slightly raised margin. They form three or five alternating longitudinal
rows on the branches, separated from each other by slightly raised undulating keels,
on the top of which, under favourable circumstances, very small accessory pores,
placed alternately with the larger cell-openings, can be distinguished. The cells
extend also upon the dissepiments in two to three irregular rows of pores, so that no
space remains free of pores.
The non-poriferous side is in general appearance not much different from the
poriferous one. Its surface is finely striated longitudinally.
Erom King's drawings it is known that the species attained rather considerable
dimensions. The Indian materials consist of mere fragments of the colonies and do
not allow of any conclusion as to the size the entire colonies once attained.
Locality and geological position. — The present species is one of those Bryozoa
which occur most commonly in the Salt-range ; in fact it may be termed the com-
monest species. It occurs in the middle division as well as in the upper division
of the Productus-limestone, and is in both divisions about equally common.
In the middle division it has been found at Morah (2 sp.) at Kafirkot (1 sp.)
and at the Paranga Kass (1 sp.).
In the upper division it has been met with in the lowest beds at Khura (2 sp.)
and in the Cephalopoda- bed at Jabi (2 sp.) and at Chidru (2 sp).
Remarks. — It is well known that the present species is one of the most
characteristic and most widely spread species of the permian formation. It has been
found in the Zechstein of Germany and in the magnesian-limestone of England as
well as in the permian beds of Russia.
As regards the determination of our Indian specimens, it seems to us that it
needs only a comparison of the figures given by King or Geinitz with those on our
plates XCII and XCIII to become convinced of the specific identity. The very
slight discrepancies which might perhaps be detected arise certainly only from the
mode of preservation of the Indian specimens, which are either in great part silicified,
or entirely calcareous, and then often so much weather-worn that the thickness of
the branches dwindles down to mere threads.
E
804 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
A specimen preserved in such, fashion is that figured by Mons. de Koninck under
the name of Betepora ? lepida. "We are 'perfectly convinced that the figure given
by Mons. de Koninck represents a° weather- worn specimen of Synocladia virgulacea,
and we have accordingly placed Mons. de Koninck's name Betepora lepida in the
synonymy of the species. As the original of Mons. de Koninck's species has been
lost, one can only judge by the figure.
The specimen, figured on pi. XO, fig. 8, is preserved in a rock fragment from
Jabi, but we do not exactly know how to determine it. It seems probable that it
belongs to the genus Synocladia, and it might be considered as a very young colony
of Synocladia virgulacea, but we are not certain of it. The fragment is too small to
express any more definite opinion on it.
The occurrence of this well-known and very characteristic permian species in
the Productus-limestone of the Salt-range confirms once more our opinion already
expressed, that the middle and upper divisions of the Productus-limestone must
be considered as most probably equivalent of the permian formation of Europe.
Sub-family: GONIOCLADINj®.
Genus: GONIOCLADIA, E. Etheridge, jun.
This genus was originally (1873) described by Etheridge under the name of
Carinella, a name that has been accepted in Zittel's Hand-book. Afterwards
however, in the year 1876, Mr. Etheridge found that the name Carinella had been
previously used for a genus of Annelids, and accordingly he changed it into Gonio-
cladia.
The colonies belonging to this genus consist of irregularly bending, anastomos-
ing branches, which form thus a confused net-work. The branches are provided
on the poriferous as well as on the non-poriferous side with a strongly prominent
median keel, on both sides of which, or the poriferous side, the cell-openings are
distributed. The branches seem all to rise from a common root, and augment by
indistinct bifurcation. The whole colony seems to have been leaf- or fan-shaped.
By the anastomosis of the branches rather large meshes are produced, which are
either of pentagonal or hexagonal or of an irregularly polygonal outline. The keel
on both sides of the branches, following every bend of the latter, surrounds the
meshes on all sides, and as also the pores are everywhere present on the poriferous
side, it becomes impossible to distinguish between branches and dissepiments.
Erom all these characters it results that the general appearance of the genus
becomes most striking, and one which can be distinguished at a first glance
from all the rest of the Fenestellidce. It unites, if we may say so, the characters
of the Fenestellince and the Polyporince, and is distinct from both by the very loose
net- work, and the strongly carinated non-poriferous side.
Most nearly related to the present genus seems to be the genus Bamipora of
Toula, in which the branches are also carinated on both sides. The ramification of
PRODUCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— BRYOZOA. 805
Hamipora is however entirely different from that of Goniocladia, and thus the two
genera can easily be distinguished.
Of the genus Goniocladia, only a single species has up to the present been
described, it was found in the carboniferous beds of Carluke. We are able to add
another species, which will bear the name of Goniocladia indica, "W- and P.,
from the middle division of the Productus-limestone. It thus appears probable
that it is of permian age.
1. Goniocladia indica, Waagen and Pichl, PI. XCIII, fig. 3.
The colony forms fan- or leaf -shaped, flatly folded expansions, composed of
an irregular loose net-work.
The branches forming the net-work are frequently and angularly bent, but
the way in which they divide and again re-unite is so irregular that it is quite
impossible to follow one branch for any distance. Por the same reason it is also
impossible to distinguish between branches and dissepiments. Sometimes it ap-
pears as if a rather irregular dichotomous branching could be made out, but soon
the branches are lost again in the general net-work. Sometimes a single branch
originates on the broader of one of the meshes and forms a little prominence not again
connected with the net-work. The breadth of the branches is about l|mm. They
are strongly compressed laterally, and provided on the poriferous as well as on
the non-poriferous side with a high keel, from which on both sides the surface
descends rapidly, giving to it a roof- shaped appearance. This keel takes part in all
the branchings of the net-work, and appears generally somewhat stronger on the non-
poriferous than on the poriferous side. On the former it appears in well preserved
specimens as a high edge, which is supported interiorly, as can be seen in weathered
places, by a vertical lamella, on both sides of which the cells take their origin. On
the poriferous side on the contrary it is mostly more rounded and less prominent, but
here also generally a lamella runs along it.
The fenestrules or meshes of the net- work are comparatively large and of very
irregular outline, mostly longer than wide. Their length varies from three to seven
millimetres while their breadth is from 1 to 4mm. They are either lozenge-shaped
or pentagonal, hexagonal or else irregularly polygonal. Their margins are some-
times slightly indented by the projecting cell-apertures ; sometimes however they
are quite smooth.
The pores or cell-apertures are distributed on the poriferous side on both sides
of the median keel. They are round with slightly projecting margins and form on
each side of the keel three alternating rows, the lowest of which is placed very far
towards the non-poriferous side. The whole obverse side of the colony is occupied
by these pores, and they are to be found on the branches as well as on the places
where the branches unite.
The non-poriferous side is occupied by a very thin basal-plate, which, if well
preserved, shows a fine longitudinal striation. This is however very easily lost, and
e 1
806 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
even the basal-plate itself, on account of its thinness, is easily destroyed, and then
the origin of the cells on both sides of a median lamella can be well observed (PI.
X0III,fig. 3e.).
The single specimen preserved in the Salt-range collection does not allow any
conclusion as to the size the entire colony may have attained.
Locality and geological position. — There is a single specimen of this species
preserved in the Salt-range collection. It was found at Kafirkot in the middle
region of the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — As only a single species of Ooniocladia has up to the present been
described, it needs but a comparison of the Indian fossil with this species to judge of
its specific affinities. It cannot be denied that the Indian specimen shows great simi-
larity to Ooniocl. cellulifera, Eth., and for a long time we were very much in doubt
whether the two forms should not be united, but after a lengthened consideration we
came to the conclusion that the Indian fossil belonged probably to a different species.
The chief difference seems to consist in the mode of ramification ; in the European
species the branches can be followed to some extent while this is quite impossible in
the species here under description. Also the branches are somewhat thicker and the
fenestrules larger, and the keel on the non-poriferous side stronger in our Goniocla-
dia indica. Since these differences occur in fossils so very far removed from each
other, geographically as well as geologically, it seemed to us highly probable that the
Indian fossil belonged to a different species from the European one, and we accord-
ingly have introduced a new name for it.
Family: THAMNISCID^.
This family was created by Mr. King to receive certain arborescent colonies of
Bryozoa, the branches of which are all about in one plane, and the cell-openings
occur only on one side of the branches. The genus Thamniscus, King, had been
taken as the type of the family.
Though Mr. Zittel in his Hand-book accepts nearly the same groupment of the
genera as proposed by King, yet he could not retain the name Thamniscidce, as he
considered Thamniscus identical with Acanthocladia, and therefore changed the name
into Acanthocladidce.
"We cannot agree in this respect with Prof. Zittel, not only because the name
Thamniscidce is the older one, but also because it seems to us that the genus Tham-
niscus can very well be kept separate from Acanthocladia, and thus entirely dis-
appears the reason on account of which the name was changed by Zittel. "We
therefore accept King's name for the family.
There is barely anything to be added to King's excellent characteristic of the
family. The Bryozoa belonging to it form arborescent colonies, which consist of
one or several primary branches, from which on both sides secondary branches take
their origin ; these however always remain free and are never connected by dissepi-
PBODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRYOZOA. 807
ments or otherwise as is the case in the family Fenestellidce. All these hranch.es
are situated in one plane.
The internal structure is similar to that of the Fenestellidm. The cells take
their origin at the hasal-plate, which occupies the non-poriferous side of the colony ;
thence they ascend, arranged in an imbricating manner, and their openings are to he
found on the poriferous side, where they form two or more longitudinal rows of pores.
The number of genera belonging to this family is not very large, nevertheless it
might be possible to distinguish sub-families, as has been done in the family Fenes-
tellidce. The materials in our hands are however too scanty to express a definite
opinion in this respect, and we must leave the solution of this question to later
observers.
Zittel in his Hand-book quotes in the present family the genera Accmthocladia,
King, Fseudohomera, E. Hoem, Fenniretepor a, Orb. (=Glauconome, Lonsd.) and Ich-
thyorhachis, M. Coy. To these must be added Thamniscus, King, which has been united
by Zittel with Accmthocladia.
In the Salt-range the two genera Thamniscus and Acanthocladia are represent-
ed, the former by two and the latter by one species.
Genus: THAMNISCUS, King.
The genus was founded upon the comparatively large and robust Thamn.
dubms from the permian beds of Europe, and only such forms as agree in all res-
pects with this permian fossil should be united with the genus.
A characteristic of the genus from this typical permian species is as follows :
The colony is composed of numerous comparatively stout branches, which frequent-
ly bifurcate, the bifurcation being always terminal and mostly unilateral, so that
only one of the newly-formed branches (nearly always directed towards the same
side) goes on augmenting in size and again bifurcating. All the branches are
approximately in one plane, and all are of about equal strength. The branches are
covered with cell-openings only on one side, the other side is non-poriferous. The
cell-openings are arranged more or less regularly in quincunx, and between them
sometimes so called gemmuliferous vesicles are distributed.
According to King and Geinitz an anastomosis of the branchlets may some-
times occur, so as to form fenestrules similar to those occurring in Synocladia. The
occurrence of such fenestrules has however been doubted recently by Shrubsole,
and we must confess that we also have not been able to observe such an anastomosis
in the specimens at our disposal.
The character which distinguishes the present genus from the other allied ones
consists then in the quite peculiar ramification, which is irregularly terminal, dicho-
tomous, and mostly one-sided.
The distinctness of the genus has however not been always recognised. Zittel
in his Hand-book unites it with Acanthocladia. This is evidently a mistake caused
808 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
by the misapprehension that the distinction of Thamniscus and Accmthocladia was
founded upon the arrangement of the pores, which is said to he quincuncial in the
one case and in rows in the other. From what has been said above however, it
appears that the distinction of the two genera rests chiefly in the ramification of
the whole colony, which is so very different in the two cases that a distinction be-
comes most easy.
The genus has its geological distribution chiefly in the permian formation,
where the typical species was found. More recently species have also been quoted
from carboniferous as well as from silurian formations. For the Silurian forms
however, which were originally quoted by Lonsdale under the generic designation
of Sornera, the name of Pseudohomera has been introduced by F. Roemer. This
Tseudohomera is distinct from Thamniscus by the much thinner branches, which
bifurcate less frequently and more regularly than in Thamniscus, and show
rather a bilateral than a unilateral branching. If then the silurian species must be
considered as belonging very probably to a different genus, it is so also with the
carboniferous Thamniscus rankini, Young, which differs by the same characters
from Thamniscus as the silurian Pseudohomera crassa, Lonsd. Thus only the per-
mian Thamniscus dubius would remain in the genus, and the genus would be res-
tricted to the permian formation, unless Thamniscus bifidus, Eichw. makes an
exception, as it is said to be from the silurian Orthoceras-limestone. It is however
well known how little the stratigraphical indications in Eichwald's work can be
trusted.
In the Salt-range the genus is represented by two highly interesting species.
One of them can be directly identified with the permian Thamniscus dubius and
is thus of much geological interest ; the other is a large species with regularly
arranged cell-apertures; it augments by one the number of permian species of
Thamniscus.
Both these Salt-range species occur in the middle division of the Productus-
limestone, the latter however extends also into the upper division.
Thamniscus dubius, Schloth, sp., PI. XCIII. fig, 4.
1820, Keratophytes dubius, Schlotheim .- Petrefaktenkunde, p. 340.
1826. Oorgonia dubia (Schloth. sp.) Goldfuss: Petref. Germ., Vol. T, p. 18, pi. 7, fig. 1.
1844. Fenestella ramosa et dubia, King : Bull. Soc. Geol. de France, I, p. 24, 25.
1850, Thamniscus dubius (Schloth. sp.) King : Monogr. Brit. Perm. Foss., p. 44, pi. 5, fig. 7—12.
1850. Penniretepora dubia (Schloth. sp.) d'Orbigny : Prodr. de Pal. strat., I, p. 169 (pars).
1853. Thamniscus dubius (Schloth.) Schauroth : Sitzgsber. Acad. d. W. Wien, Vol. XI, p. 184, fig. 23.
1858. Thamniscus dubius (Schloth.) Swallow and Hawn : The rocks of Kansas ; Trans. St. Louis Acad, of
Sci., Vol. I, Nr. 2, p. 179.
1861. Acanthocladia dubia (Schloth.) Geinitz : Dyas, p. 119, pi. XXII, fig. 5, 6.
1882. Thamniscus dubius (Schloth.) Shrubsole : Quart. Jouin. Geol. Soc. Lond., Vol. XXXVIII, p. 343.
We have given in the above list only some of the quotations which seemed
to us of importance for the right understanding of the specific characters. The full
list of synonyms is to be found in Geinitz's Dyas.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRYOZOA. 809
The colony forms arborescent expansions made up of numerous branches having
an average thickness of 1 to l^mm. These branches bifurcate frequently and irre-
gularly in such a manner that the lateral branches are of the same strength as
the primary ones, and are directed almost all to one and the same side. Both sur-
faces of the branches are flatly vaulted.
The cell- openings are all to be found on one side only of the branches. They
form little round pores, the margins of which are somewhat raised, and rather far
distant from each other, leaving a distance between them which is often nearly
twice as large as the pores themselves. When the surface of the branches is more
or less weathered, the pores appear much larger, much closer together, and more
or less lozenge-shaped.
The arrangement of the pores is generally more or less regularly in quincunx, in
three to six alternating longitudinal rows. Gemmuliferous vesicles, as they have
been called by King, have not been observed in the Indian specimens.
The non-poriferous side is apparently smooth.
Prom the somewhat fragmentary specimens of the Salt-range, nothing can be
judged as to the size the species may have attained, and it would seem from
European specimens that the size was never very considerable.
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether only two not very
extensive fragments of this species preserved in the Salt-range collection, which are
both contained in a slab of rusty-coloured limestone, collected by Mr. "Wynne at
Morah in the middle region of the middle Productus-limestone. On the same slab
specimens of Phyllopora cribellum Kon. and Acanthocladia anceps Schl. are to
be observed.
Remarks. — The specimens from the Salt-range that have served us for
description of the species are on the whole not very well preserved, as the greater
part of the surface is much deteriorated by weathering. Yet there is sufficient to
allow of an exact determination, whereby we can safely identify the Indian speci-
mens with Thamniscus dubius, Schloth.
The ramification of the branches is about the same, though in these not very
extensive fragments this can only be judged on a small scale. The thickness of the
branches and the distribution of the pores on the well preserved parts of the surface
are absolutely identical, and on the whole it seems to us impossible to determine
these fragments otherwise than as Thamniscus dubius, Schloth. Large specimens
however will have to be discovered before every doubt with regard to this species
can be removed.
Nevertheless the correctness of our determination is highly probable, and the
geological importance of the occurrence of a species not distinguishable from
Thamniscus dubius in the Productus-limestone of the Salt-range is not much altered
by the fact that only comparatively small fragments have been found up to the
present, as it is highly probable that large specimens will also agree with the
European permian species.
810 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
The occurrence of this species on the same slab with Acanthocladia anceps,
Schloth., another permian species that will be described in the following pages, gives
so much the more value to the determination of Thamniscus dubius. The list of
permian fossils occurring in the Salt-range, which is already rather considerable, is
thus augmented by one.
Thamniscus dubius is one of the most characteristic and most wide-spread
species of the permian formation. It has not only been found in the " Zechstien "
of Central Europe, but also most commonly in the permian beds of the British Isles,
and in the same beds at Cotton- wood Creek in Kansas. Since the detection of the
Indian localities it would seem that the species spread over the whole world.
2. Thamniscus semalis, Waagen and Pichl, n. sp., PL XCIV, fig. 4, 5, 6.
The colony forms arborescent flattened expansions composed of numerous
ramifying branches. These are generally about 2mm. in width, with the surface
flatly vaulted ; they bifurcate frequently, at intervals of about 5 to 10mm. The
lateral branches thus formed are about of the same strength as the principal stems ;
they are mostly all directed towards the same side, and bend quickly upward,
following about the same direction as the principal stems. Just before the bifurca-
tion takes place the stems are generally somewhat thickened.
The numerous tubular cells, occupying nearly the whole breadth of the branches,
ascend obliquely and are arranged in an imbricating manner. The openings have
strongly raised margins, especially those having more a lateral direction project far
above the surface of the branches. Several of these cell-openings are joined together
laterally and thus form ridges starting from the median parts of the branches and
extending in an oblique direction towards the margins ; the pores are situated along
the top of these ridges. The very characteristic sculpturing thus produced is not
however connected with any structural peculiarity as can be seen in weathered speci-
mens in which those oblique ridges disappear. In such specimens the pores form
seven alternating longitudinal rows, whereby a distinct quincuncial arrangement is
produced, so that oblique intersecting rows of pores are as easily distinguishable
as in any Polypora. On unweathered parts of the branches, only the three median
longitudinal rows of pores can distinctly and easily be made out as in a quincuncial
position.
The non-poriferous side is occupied by a very thick stony basal-plate. It is
very indistinctly striated longitudinally, almost smooth, and pierced at intervals by
very small pores.
The species seems to have attained rather considerable dimensions, and to have
varied slightly according to age ; at least we notice that some of the specimens at our
disposal branch more frequently than others. It is probable that the former
represent the lower or older parts of the colony.
Locality and geological position.— There are altogether three specimens of this
species in the Salt-range collection. The one most beautifully preserved was found
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRYOZOA. 811
by Mr. Wynne, at Morah, in the middle region of the middle Productus-limestone.
It forms a rather large arborescent expansion, in which the singular ramification
of the species can be well studied. The other two specimens are smaller fragments
-and were both collected at Khura in the lower beds of the upper Productus-
limestone.
Remarks. — The present species has in its outward appearance a certain similari-
ty to Idmonea, and we for a time thought that it should perhaps be placed in that
genus ; but after a careful examination of our specimens, we found that they had in
reality much more affinity to Thamniscus than to Idmonea as the bilateral sculptur-
ing of the branches is only an external feature and not caused by a peculiar arrange-
ment of the cells, and as the median dividing edge characteristic of Idmonea is alto-
gether wanting. After having thus settled the generic relations there remained no
doubt that the specific characters were very peculiar, making a distinction from all
the other species of Thamniscus hitherto described most easy. There is a single
species with a similar number of longitudinal rows of pores and similarly robust
branches, and this is Thamniscus bifidus, Eichw. This species is quoted by Eichwald
as coming from the silurian Orthoceras-limestone of Russia, but it seems to repre-
sent a true Thamniscus. Prom what has been said in the introduction to the genus
it might perhaps be doubted whether this species really came from those beds, as in
silurian strata the genus Thamniscus seems to be generally absent and to be replaced
by the genus Pseudohomera, Roem. However this may be, the species Thamn.
bifidus can only with difficulty be compared to our Thamniscus serialis, as of the
former only the non-poriferous side is figured, and of the poriferous side nothing is
stated but that about seven longitudinal rows of pores can be counted.
The evidence before us is much against the probability of the two species being
identical, and thus we have ventured to introduce a new name for the Indian form.
Genus : ACANTHOCLADIA, King.
The genus Acanthocladia is made up of a very small number of species, of
which the permian Acanthocladia anceps is the most common and at the same time
the best known.
It has already been stated that this genus has sometimes been united with
Thamniscus, King. As this proceeding is however entirely erroneous, it may not be
superfluous here again to repeat the generic diagnosis of Acanthocladia.
The colony is arborescent, composed of a few not frequently dividing branches,
which all extend in about one and the same plane. The principal branches of the
colony are mostly rather straight, and show from distance to distance a usually ter-
minal bifurcation in which the two newly formed branches deviate equally from the
original direction of the branch, or the priucipal branch remains in its original
direction and a lateral branch sets off from it.
All the principal stems of which the colony is thus composed are furnished on
both sides with little branchlets which are much narrower than the principal stems,
p
812 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
and never attain a very considerable length. They are about parallel with each
other, always quite free, never joined together, and give to the principal stems a
pinnate appearance. Their position is mostly alternating on the two sides, and they
are generally of about equal thickness for their whole length and truncated at the
extremity.
One side only of the colony is poriferous, and on this side the pores cover the
lateral branchlets as well as the principal stems. The pores form mostly alternat-
ing longitudinal rows, which are more or less distinct. Often, it seems, the rows
are separated from each other by longitudinal ridges on which very small pores (the
gemmuliferous vesicles of King) are situated.
The non-poriferous side is for the most part finely striated longitudinally.
Erom this description it already most clearly appears that the chief difference
between Acanthocladia and Thamniscus consists in the modes of ramification. In
Thamniscus there is no distinction between stems and branchlets, as all the branches
are of about equal thickness and are produced by bifurcation. In Acanthocladia,
on the contrary, only the principal stems can be compared to the branches of Tham-
niscus, while the branchlets are organs which are restricted to the genus Acantho-
cladia and do not occur in Thamniscus. This occurrence of branchlets by which
the stems acquire a pinnate appearance is a very peculiar character and makes the
distinction of the two genera not only easy but absolutely necessary.
In the Salt-range we have found only a single species of Acanthocladia, which
is however so much the mo re interesting as it can be identified with the permian
Acanthocladia anceps, Schloth.
It was found in the middle region of the middle Productus-limestone.
Acanthocladia anceps, Schloth., sp., PL XOIV, figs. 1, 2, 3.
1820. Keratophytes anceps, Schlotheim : Petrefaktenkunde, p. 341.
1826. Gorgonia anceps (Schloth.) Goldfuss : Petref . germ., I, p. 98, pi. 36, fig. 1.
1842. Eschara philippii, Althaus : Miinster's Beitr., V, p. 52.
1848. Fenestella anceps (Schloth.) Geinitz: Deutsch. Zechst, p. 18, pi. 7, figs. 19-23.
1850. Acanthocladia anceps (Schloth.) King : Monogr. Brit. Perm. Foss-, p. 48, pi. 5, figs. 13-18.
1850. Penniretepora geinitzi, Ichthyorachis anceps and Ichthyorachis Geinitzi, D'Orbigny : Prodrome, I,
p. 169.
1851. Acanthocladia anceps (Schloth.) Griinewaldt : De petref. form. calc. cupr., pp. 36, 45.
1861. Acanthocladia anceps (Schloth.) Geinitz : Dyas, p. 119, pi. XXII, figs. 7-8.
1881. Acanthocladia anceps (Schloth.) Quenstedt : Petrefaktenk. Deutschlands, vol. IV, p. 163, pi. 149'
figs. 26-27.
The colony is composed of several slender erect branches, which rise from a
common root and bifurcate frequently in the vicinity of this root, while further on
the bifurcation takes place only rarely and at great distances. The branches are
considerably thicker near the base than further on ; at the root the thickness can
be estimated at a little less than two millimetres while further on it is on an
average 1 to l|mm.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BllYOZOA. 813
These principal branches or stems send off on both sides little branchlets, which
are only about half the thickness of the stems,, remain generally short, are but
little tapering, and truncated at their extremity. They are situated either opposite
or alternating along the sides of the stems and remain nearly always simple, only
in rare cases sending off lateral branchlets. Their number and distance from each
other is rather variable ; there can be counted from five to ten within a length of
10mm. Generally they are directed somewhat towards the front, forming more or
less acute angles with the principal stem. Sometimes however they are placed
nearly at right angles with the principal stems. These branchlets give a distinctly
pinnate aspect to the whole colony.
The surface of the stems is flatly vaulted on both sides, and bears on one side
the comparatively small cell-openings. These form round pores with slightly project-
ing margins ; they are arranged generally in three alternating longitudinal rows, but
in exceptional cases up to six such rows may occur. As the rows alternate, the pores
show also a more or less regular quincuncial arrangement. In well preserved speci-
mens there extend between the longitudinal rows low strips on which very small pores
are distributed. These must very likely be taken to represent the gemmuliferous
vesicles of King.
The non-poriferous side is either smooth or shows a very fine longitudinal
striation.
The species seems to have attained rather considerable dimensions, as branches
of about 30mm. length are not rare. The maximum size may have been about
100mm.
Locality and geological position. — There are several more or less extensive
fragments of this species in the Salt-range collection, all occurring on one slab of
rusty brown limestone, which contains also the specimens of Thamniscus dubius,
Schl, and Phyllopora cribellum, Kon., described above. The slab was collected by
Mr. "Wynne at Morah in the middle region of the middle Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — Though the fragments of this species are not very extensive and
their preservation is not excellent, yet it seems to us that they can safely be identi-
fied with Schlotheim's species. The fragments are all from rather low down in
the colony, especially the fragment represented in fig. 2 PI. XCIV, which is broken
just above the root. This may quite suffice to explain the slightly more robust
condition of the Indian specimens and the somewhat more irregular ramification
than is generally observed in European specimens of the species. That the species
is rather variable in Europe also is sufficiently shown by King's drawings. The
Indian specimens hold about a medium between figs. 13 and 14 on King's pi. V.
On the whole, we think, the determination of these fossils as Acanthocladia anceps,
Schl., cannot be subject to much doubt.
The species is one of the most characteristic and most wide-spread of the permian
formation. In Central Europe it occurs sparingly already in the " Kupferschiefer,"
and is very common in the Zechstein, quite as common is it too in the Magnesian-
p 1
814 SALT-HANGE EOSSILS.
limestone of England. Erom the permian beds of Russia it has also been quoted,
and in America either the same species occurs in the permian strata of Kansas, or
it is represented there by a very nearly related form which has received from Swallow
the name of Acanthocladia americana. It is very difficult to judge of this latter
form, as neither a figure nor an exact description exists. Erom the few remarks
made by Swallow, it seems to us very doubtful whether Acanth. americana can
be distinguished from Acanth. anceps.
The occurrence of the permian form in the Salt-range is again of much geological
importance, and confirms once more the opinion expressed already that the middle
and upper divisions of the Productus-limestone must be placed in the permian
formation.
Sub-Kingdom: VERMES.
Class: ANNELIDA.
Order: CH^TOPODA.
Sub-Order: TUBICOLA.
Eamily : ?
Genus : SPIRORBIS, Daudin.
Though the Annelida in general present not much interest to the palaeonto-
logist, yet they cannot be altogether neglected ; they sometimes contribute evidence
towards the solution of geological questions.
The genus Spirorbis is one of those which have to a certain extent a geological
value, as its distribution is very peculiar. Species belonging to the genus are
remarkably numerous in palaeozoic formations, while they are nearly entirely absent
in mesozoic ones, though the genus appears in great numbers again in the recent
period. So far the appearance of the genus in great numbers can be considered as
of a certain geological value. On the other hand however it must not be forgotten
that the determination of worm-like animals from their shells alone is rather pre-
carious ; it might very well' be the case that the Spirorbis-\\k& shells of the palaeo-
zoic epoch were inhabited by animals deviating very much from those which now-a-
days dwell in such shells. As however the animals of the palaeozoic era will never
be known to us, we must make the best of it, and must distinguish the shells
as far as they are distinguishable.
Thus taking the characters of the shell only, we can describe the genus Spirorbis
as consisting of small calcareous worm-tubes, spirally coiled, and fixed by the entire
under-surface to foreign bodies, only the last whorl becomes sometimes slightly
elevated. The spiral is indiscriminately coiled to the right or to the left, and on
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— ANNELIDA. 815
the upper side usually provided with a more or less wide umbilicus. The surface of
the shell is often more or less richly ornamented, hut mostly entirely smooth.
The genus is numerously represented throughout the palaeozoic formations, but
the distinction of species is not easy, as all the forms not provided with a character-
istic ornamentation are more or less alike.
In the Salt-range small specimens of Spirorbis occur occasionally fixed to the
shells of Brachiopods, Corals, or the like, but they are not very numerous. I can
distinguish only one species which shows a close resemblance to a form described
by King, from the permian beds of the Humbleton Hill under the name of Spiror-
bis helix, and I think I am not mistaken in identifying the Indian specimens with
that species.
1. Spirorbis helix, King, PL XCV, figs. 2, 3.
1848. Spirorbis helix, King : Catalog., p. 6.
1848. Spirorbis globosus, (M'Coy) Howse : T. N. F. C, Vol. I., p. 258.
1850. Spirorbis helix, King : Monogr. Brit. Perm. Foss., p. 54, pi. vi, fig. 8.
1861. Serpula planorbites (Miinst.) Geinitz : Dyas, p. 40 (quotation from King).
These very small shells are of an elevated obtusely conical general shape, with
a very small slightly impressed umbilicus on top, and a not very broad base, by
which they are fixed to foreign bodies.
The whorls are rounded, somewhat crescent-shaped in their transverse section,
almost entirely overlapping each other, so that within the very small point-like um-
bilicus nothing of the inner volutions can be seen.
The surface of the volutions is smooth and even striae of growth can be dis-
tinguished with difficulty.
The aperture is crescent-shaped, with. a well-rounded outer margin or lip, a
flat straight lower margin, corresponding to the base, and a concave inner margin, as
determined by contact with the preceding whorl.
The substance of the shell is tolerably solid.
The dimensions of these fossils are so very small, that it is barely possible to give
measurements. They may best be seen from the drawings on PI. XCV.
Locality and geological position.— It is not possible for me to give exact nu-
merical indications as to the occurrence of this species in the different divisions of
the Productus-limestone, as specimens of it adhere to the most various bodies, and
it is impossible to look through all these in search of such minute objects. About
half a dozen of them have come to my notice, chiefly adhering to Brachiopods and
Corals. They occur in the middle division of the Productus-limestone as well as in
the upper division, but have not yet been observed by me in the lower division.
In the middle division I have observed specimens adhering to specimens of Spiri-
gerella grandis, W., from Musakheyl and to Spirigerella derbyi, W., from Kalabagh.
In the upper division the species has been observed by me adhering to specimens of
816 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
Streptorhynchus pectiniformis, Dav., and Derbyia grandis, W., in the Cephalopoda-
bed of Jabi.
Remarks, — This species is very nearly related to Spirorbis globosus of the
mountain-limestone which has a similarly elevated conical form, but they are dis-
tinguishable by the much smaller umbilicus of the Indian fossil.
By Geinitz the present species has been united to Serpula planorbites, but I
think King's species should be kept separate, as Serp. planorbites is a flat widely
umbilicated shell, much larger than Spirorb. helix and in every respect quite
different.
Spirorbis helix is a species of the European permian formation and its occur-
rence in the Salt-range is thus not without interest.
Genus : SERPULITES, Murchison.
This genus is very easily recognisable on account of its smooth shell, which has
a very singular appearance, and in fragments can only with difficulty be distin-
guished from fish bones or scales.
The shell forms a very long and comparatively thick tube presenting on the
whole a rather equal gentle curve, and it may attain the length of a foot and more,
so that only more or less extensive fragments of these tubes are commonly found,
it being very rare to get a tolerably complete specimen. The shell itself seems to
have been somewhat flexible ; it is generally compressed without being quite broken.
The surface of the shell was apparently shining, either entirely smooth, or provided
with wrinkles, tubercles, or the like. The shell-substance is very distinctly composed
of several layers, which seem however not to possess very different structures. The
shell is always, for the most part, of a dark brown colour, but at the same time there
are also many places on which the ashy blue colour of vivianite can be observed. On
the whole, in appearance the shell-substance of Serpulites very nearly approaches
that of the shells of Lingula, Obolus, and similar Brachiopoda which possess a shell
composed partly of a horny substance and partly of phosphate of lime, and it seems
to me highly probable that the shell of Serpulites was of a similar composition.
The partial flexibility of this shell makes the presence of a horny substance in it
highly probable, as the formation of vivianite in the shell substance proves the
presence of phosphorus.
The systematic position of the genus is very doubtful. That this singular shell
formed the abode of some worm-like animal cannot be questioned, but beyond
this it is very difficult to make any guess. As far as I am aware of, there is no
living worm that secretes phosphate of lime in its shell, though there are several
that form horny tubes. But all this is of no avail, as among the worms but very,
little can be inferred as to the nature of the animal from that of the tube which it
inhabits. The position of the genus in the class of the Annelida must thus be
considered as rather arbitrary.
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— ANNELIDA. 817
The genus Serpulites has chiefly a palaeozoic distribution, and apparently its
chief development was in the silurian period. In the carboniferous period there
were still several species, but in the overlying permian formation the existence of
the genus has not as yet been recorded.
In the Salt-range a single species occurs which is restricted to the lower division
of the Productus-limestone.
1. Serpulites indicus, Waagen, n. sp. ; PI. XCV, fig. 4.
This is a very large species, and when complete, it must have been of great
length. As however only a fragment of it is known, it is impossible for me to indi-
cate to what size the species may have grown.
The fragment that serves for description is entirely compressed, and shows at
the same time a flat very equal curve. Its original transverse section must have
been circular, but in its present state of preservation the two lateral parts are almost
in contact.
The substance of the shell is thin, more or less membranaceous or horny, and
must have been soft and flexible, as notwithstanding the great compression it has
undergone, it is nowhere distinctly broken, but bent in and out in narrow curves,
which can only be explained by supposing that the shell was originally flexible.
The surface of the shell is entirely smooth ; even with a powerful lens no striae
of growth can be observed. Owing however to the great compression the shell has
undergone, it is covered everywhere with irregular transverse wrinkles.
The shell is shining, of a dark brown colour, changing in places into the ashy
blue tint of vivianite ; it is composed of many thin lamellae which easily separate
from each other.
The fragment has a length of about 115mm. with a breadth of 20mm. at one end,
and 18mm. at the other. There is no aperture at either end of this fragment, so that
it must belong to some middle part of the shell. According to these data the entire
shell must have attained a length of nearly one metre.
Locality and geological position. — The only fragment of this species that
exists in the Salt-range collection was found by Mr. Wynne at Ohidru, in the dark
sandy limestones, weathering of a rusty brown, composing there the lower division
of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — It is chiefly to Serpulites membranaceus, M'Coy, that the present
species may be compared, as the substance of the shell in the two seems rather
similar. The Indian species can however be distinguished from the European one
by the absence of the thickened parts on both sides of the shell, and by the much
larger size. The Indian shell seems indeed to be the largest hitherto made known
within the genus.
Of the group of forms without lateral thickenings, to which the present species
belongs, none is known above the silurian period. It is therefore of some interest
818 SALT-RANGE EOSSILS.
to see this division of the genus re-appear in strata so comparatively new as the
lower division of the Productus-limestone.
Suh-Kingdom : ECHINODERMATA.
Class : ECHINOIDEA.
Sub-class : PALECHINOIDEA.
Order : PERISCHOECHINID^J.
Eamily: ARCHjEOCIDARIDjE.
Genus : EOCLDAPIS, Desor.
The only remains of this genus in the Salt-range collection are some interam-
bulacral plates and a number of spines.
Though these materials are very scanty, they might still possibly serve to eluci-
date the systematic position of the genus, which has been made somewhat doubtful
by Quenstedt.
Quenstedt in his " Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands" admits only the carboni-
ferous species in the genus Eocidaris, while he brings the permian forms into closer
connection with Cidaris grandmva, Gdf., of the Muschelkalk, and with Cidaris
proper. When however Geinitz in the "Dyas" expressly writes : — "The form of
the interambuiacral plates is distinctly hexagonal," I cannot see any reason why
the permian form should be excluded from the genus. I even think that Quenstedt
himself figures quite distinctly hexagonal interambuiacral plates even of Cidaris
grandceva (Petrefk. DeutschL, Vol. Ill, PL LXVII, fig. 3), and thus perhaps
this species also had better be transferred to Eocidaris.
The forms that have been mentioned are all very small. Eocidaris rossica,
Buch, which occurs plentifully in the upper carboniferous limestone of Mjatshkowa
is much larger. The plates of this species seem however to be nearly always much
deteriorated, so that even the crenulated margin round the tubercle is mostly obli-
terated, and the exact outline and nature of the margins of the plates can rarely
be well observed.
This latter point can be well seen in the specimens from the Salt-range, which
however belong to a different species. The margins of the plates are vertically cut
only on two sides, while the remaining margins are obliquely beveled, thus indicating
that the plates were only partially joined together firmly, while in other directions
they were probably partly overlapping, and moveable to a certain extent. ■ The shape
of the plates cannot be very exactly determined, as one half of them are always broken.
The sculpturing however exactly corresponds to that generally occurring in Eocidaris.
PRODTTCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— ECHINODERMATA. 819
Now though these plates are gigantic in comparison with their congeners in the per-
mian formation of Europe, yet their position in the genus cannot well he doubted.
In this case however the genus Eocidaris cannot possibly be placed otherwise than
in the family Archceocidaridce, as in this family only do moveable interambulacral
plates occur.
In the Salt-range, fragments of the test as well as spines of this genus are not
rare, but they are always in such a disunited state, that it is often difficult to decide
what may belong to one and the same individual or species. The spines chiefly
show very varying forms. Sometimes they are rather large, thickly fusiform and
bear very coarse regularly arranged granulations, sometimes they are much smaller
and provided with a very fine irregular granulation. But these different shapes are
always found together, and I do not think that different species are indicated by
them. Thus there would be only one species of the genus in the Salt-range, and
this has already long since received the name of Cidaris forbesiana from Mons. de
Koninck.
1. Eocidakis torbesiana, Koninck., sp. PI. XCV, fig. 5-16.
1863. Cidaris forbesiana, Koninck : Quart. Journ. G-eol. Soc. Lond., Vol. XIX, p. 4, pi. IV, figs. 1-2.
1863. Cidaris forbesiana, Koninck : Fossiles pateozoiques de 1' Inde, p. 22, pi. Ill, figs. 1-2.
The species was founded by Mons. de Koninck on a number of isolated spines
brought from India by Dr. Eleming.
The spines are not rare in the Salt-range ; isolated plates of the body are how-
ever much rarer. Nevertheless, wherever I found plates the spines were not far off,
and thus it becomes highly probable that spines as well as plates belong to one and
the same species.
To begin with the plates, they are large, nearly quite flat, showing only a slight
curvature in either direction. Their general shape is very irregular, but the greater
number of them have a more or less octagonal outline, while only rarely a plate is
found with a hexagonal or pentagonal contour. In the octagonal plates, the upper
and lower margins are mostly the longest, and next in length come the margins to
the right and left, while the corners of the somewhat irregular quadrangle thus
formed are irregularly cut off, whereby the remaining four sides of the octagon are
supplied. In the hexagonal or pentagonal plates one of the lateral margins is long-
est, and joined to the upper and lower margins under approximately right angles ;
the other margins are formed either by a very short lateral margin and corre-
spondingly long edges cutting off the angles, or these oblique edges may extend so
far that the lateral margin entirely disappears, and then a pentagonal plate is pro-
duced.
Of all these margins mostly only those directed towards the upper (?) and
lateral sides are cut vertically, while the others are obliquely beveled, so that the
outer contour of the plate remains untouched. Thus probably the plates rested
partly on each other like scales.
G
820 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The surface of the plates is very characteristically ornamented. Each plate
bears in the middle a very large primary tubercle, supported by a high elevated
neck, furnished on its upper edge with a deeply crenulated collar. The tubercle
itself is nearly always broken away, but the crenulated collar is so much the better
exposed. In the depth of the cavity which had been occupied by the tubercle, a
rather large foramen is observable, pointing to the perforated nature of the tubercles.
Round this very thick and large central primary tubercle a rather large smooth
scrobicule of a somewhat transversely oval general outline is developed. This is
again surrounded by a very narrow scrobicular margin, which is however nowhere
interrupted and bears a single row of not numerous, rather large, distant secondary
tubercles.
The radiols have been described already by Mons. de Koninck, and are that
part of the animal upon which the species has been founded. They are however
apparently very variable in shape and ornamentation, and I must describe the differ-
ent shapes separately.
The shape originally described by Mons. de Koninck, and which must be consi-
dered as the typical one, occurring at the same time most frequently, is thickly fusi-
form, not quite distinctly pointed, but mostly with a somewhat blunt or more or less
truncated extremity. The spines are generally rather flattened on one side and
thus acquire a more or less triangular transverse section. Towards the articulating
extremity the spines are distinctly tapering, whereby a tolerably long distinct
but never very thin neck is produced. The head is thick, provided with a strongly
prominent ring. The articulating facet is comparatively small, rather deeply sunk
in, perforated in the middle, and surrounded by a prominent strongly crenulated
margin.
Another shape that is to be found often on the same slab as the preceding one,
is long and bacillary. These spines are thin, not more than 2 to 3 millimetres in
thickness, and comparatively very long. They are but very little or not at all
tapering towards the head, and thus the neck is only distinguishable by the smooth-
ness of its surface. The stalk is also of a somewhat triangular section, a little
flattened on one side, and is provided with a fine longitudinal ribbing, on which
fine granules are placed. The head is not very thick, is provided with a but very
slightly prominent ring, and bears at its extremity a small articulating facet sur-
rounded by a crenulated circle.
The third shape comprises spines of a much smaller size, which were probably
attached to secondary tubercles. They are fusiform, tapering at both ends and not
very thick. The surface of these spines is almost smooth, only provided with a
very slight irregular granulation exhibiting somewhat the appearance of chagrin
leather. The section is circular or somewhat elliptical but not triangular. At one
end of the spine the surface becomes entirely smooth whereby a sort of neck is
produced. Any head is however entirely absent, as well as the ring which would
surround it. The spine is simply terminated at one end by a small hollowed-out
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— ECHINODERMATA. 821
articulating facet. It cannot be exactly determined whether this facet was granulated
or not.
The materials of this species at hand are not sufficiently well preserved to give
any measurements. The dimensions of the single parts can best be seen from the
drawings on PL XOV.
Locality and geological position. — The present species is entirely restricted to
the solid limestones, impregnated with silica, composing the middle region of the
middle division of the Productus-limestone. Thus the spines as well as the inter-
ambulacral plates are nearly always silicified, and this circumstance makes it so
extremely difficult to obtain tolerably well preserved specimens. The specimens
are always exposed on weathered surfaces of huge limestone blocks, and generally
there is no means of separating them from the matrix. Thus, though the species is
not very rare, only very few specimens have been brought away by Mr. Wynne
or by myself. Specimens of spines as well as of interambulacral plates have been
found at Katta, at Golawali, at Ohidru and in the Bazarwan.
Remarks. — It must be very much regretted that no better materials are avail-
able of this species, as beyond doubt it is one of the most interesting in the Salt-
range. The small fragments available point already to very peculiar characters in
the species. If we pass in review all the forms of Eocidaris described up to the
present, we find that there is only one which on the whole rather nearly approaches
the present species, and that is Eocidaris rossica, Bach. This species also has inter-
ambulacral plates, of a very irregular shape, and apparently very loosely joined to-
gether. It is true that Trautschold described this species as an Archceocidaris ; but
its characters, as pointed out by Quenstedt, are those of Eocidaris and not of Archce-
ocidaris. The absence of a crenulation on the collar round the tubercles must be
attributed only to the mode of preservation of the specimens, as Mr. Trautschold
himself remarks that on the radials at least, the articulating facet when perfectly
well preserved bears such a crenulation that can hardly be absent on the tubercles
under like conditions. Erom our Eocidaris forbesiana the Russian species can very
easily be distinguished by the much smaller size of the interambulacral plates and
their very different outline ; also, the radials are much less massive.
Of other forms, chiefly Lepidocidaris must be compared. The general charac-
ters of the interambulacral plates are very similar in both fossils, but in Lepido-
cidaris the plates are on an average smaller, the tubercles almost minute and devoid
of a crenulated collar, and the spines are entirely different.
.AH the species of true Archcsocidaris can be easily distinguished from the form
here under consideration, by different sculpturing of the interambulacral plates,
characteristic of the genus.
G 1
822 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Class: CRINOLDEA.
Order: EUCEJNOIDEA.
Sub-order: TESSELATA.
Family: CYATHOCBINIB^!.
Genus: CYATHOCRINUS, Mill.
The distinction of this genus from Poteriocrinus is very difficult if one has to
deal with specimens in which the upper vaulted covering of the body and the arms
are not preserved, and the determination of such specimens must always remain
somewhat arbitrary.
In general, at least as regards carboniferous and permian forms, one is wont to
consider as belonging to the genus Cyathocrinus those forms only in which one nearly
symmetrical interradiale anale is inserted in the cycle of the first radials, so that,
though the body is in fact not symmetrical, yet a certain symmetry is attained. On
the contrary, the forms generally placed in the genus Poteriocrinus, are those in which
there occur two or three anal interradials, of which the first is inserted obliquely
between one of the parabasalia and one of the radialia, while only the second is dis-
tinctly a member of the cycle of the radials.
Both these genera are richly represented in the carboniferous formation of
Europe, and extend with a few species up into permian beds. The first of them
contains the wide-spread permian species Cyathocrinus ramosus, Schloth., while the
second has up to the present furnished a representative, Poteriocrinus quenstedti,
Golovk. only in the Russian permian formation.
In the Salt-range several species occur ; they all however seem to correspond
more closely with Cyathocrinus than with Poteriocrinus, though no sufficiently well
preserved specimens have been found to allow of a perfectly safe determination.
Two groups of forms can be distinguished among the Salt-range specimens ; one
group with a small body and a very small lancet-shaped anal interradial piece, and
another group with a large body and a squarish anal interradial piece. For both
these groups representatives can be found among the species already described from
other countries.
The first group has its representative in the well-known Cyathocrinus ramosus,
Schloth., of the permian formation of Europe, though the specimens from the Salt-
range are at least twice as large as those from Europe. The second group is typified
by the gigantic species Cyathocrinus konincki from upper-carboniferous beds of
Australia. Each of these groups is represented in the Salt-range by two species,
all of which occur in the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— ECHINODERMATA. 823
"We have thus within the genus Cyathocrinus to distinguish in the Salt-range
the following species : —
I. — Group of Cyathocrinus konincki, Clarke.
1. — Cyathocrinus goliathus, WaageD, n. sp.
1. — „ virgalensis, Waagen, n. sp.
II. — Group of Cyathocrinus ramosus, Schloth.
3. — Cyathocrinus indieus, Waagen, n. sp.
4. — „ Tcattaensis, Waagen, n. sp.
As will be seen from the names here introduced, none of these four species can
he identified with any hitherto described form.
I.— Group op CYATHOCRINTJS KONINCKI, Clarke.
1. Cyathocrinus goliathus, Waagen, n. sp., PL XOVI, figs. 6 — 12.
The body of this very large species is known 'to me only from isolated plates,
but as nearly every one of the cycles composing the body is represented, the species
can be fairly reconstructed.
The body seems to have been somewhat inflated, cup- or balloon-shaped, and
was composed of three cycles of plates, viz., the infrabasalia, the parabasalia, and
the radialia. Of the interradialia analia only one is known to me.
Of the infrabasalia none is preserved in the Salt-range collection, but from the
impressions left on the parabasalia, it appears that this first cycle was composed of
five plates, the upper margins of which formed a pentagon with nearly straight
sides ; but already in this first cycle the interradius analis seems to have been
marked by a certain irregularity in the plates, as the lower margin of the lateral
parabasalia is developed unsymmetrically. The parabasalia are of a more or less
regularly pentagonal outline, the height being equal to the breadth, while the para-
basal which was in contact with the interradiale anale, was probably hexagonal,
but no specimen of this plate is preserved in the Salt-range collection. The paraba-
salia are all well vaulted, but otherwise they are smooth, without any sculpturing.
Of the radialia, probably only three were of a quite regular shape, while the two
adjoining the interradiale anale were probably more or less irregular. As it is, only
a few radial pieces of a quite regular shape have been found. They are depressed,
pentagonal, much broader than high, the entire upper breadth being occupied by a
large articulating facet. ' At its upper extremity the plate extends internally in a
somewhat swallow- tailed process. The outer surface of these radial pieces is strongly
vaulted and smooth. The greatest breadth of these radialia is at their lower extre-
mity, so that the whole body must have been contracted at its upper margin, as we
see to be the case in Cyathocr. konincki.
On Plate XCVI, fig. 9, I have figured a plate which I take to be an interradiale
anale. The piece is irregularly four-sided and of an unequal thickness, being thicker
to the right than to the left — a condition which might however have been produced
by abrasion before the piece had been imbedded, and the strata in which these
crinoids are found do show signs of strong wave-action at the time of their deposition.
,v
824 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
The piece is vaulted outside and smooth. The irregularity of the general outline
of this piece suggests the probable existence of some other interradiale cmale.
The stems with much probability belonging to this species are thick, round, com-
posed of numerous low entrochi (joints), four to five times as broad as they are high.
They are often thickly and irregularly set with cirrhi, but they just as often quite
smooth. The articulating facets of the joints show a large round median canaj^
surrounded by a narrow belt of fine granulation, after which a rather broad smooth
zone follows, while along the margin a rather coarse radial notching occurs.
It is not possible to give any measurements, as only fragments of the species
are known, and the dimensions of these may best be seen from the drawings. 04
the whole, it is very probable that the form of the body was to a certain extend
balloon-shaped, as is the case in Cyathocr. konincki, the greatest breadth not being
situated at the upper margin, but about in the middle height of the body.
Locality and geological position. — This is one of the commonest species of the
Salt-range, as fragments of it fill all the beds of crinoidal limestone in the middle
division of the Productus-limestone, which attain locally a thickness of more than a
hundred feet. But though the fragments are thus heaped together by millions, yet
I never found a complete body. Mostly the fragments are strongly rolled and
broken, indicating a strong wave-action during the formation of these crinoid-lime-
stones ; only very rarely are well preserved single plates of the body found, when the
limestones become more marly in certain beds. Such is the case at Virgal, where
marly beds of a red colour are intercalated between the compact limestones, and in
these marls some better specimens can be obtained. Other such localities were west
of Khura, at the base of the upper Productus-limestone, and at the village of Khura
itself, in the top beds of the middle division, also in the Chittawan and at Bilot.
Remarks. — The species which seems to be most nearly related to the. one
under description is Cyathocrinus konincki, Clarke, which has been described by
Mons. de Koninck from carboniferous beds of Osterley on the Hunters Biver of
Australia. The diagram given of this species by Mons. de Koninck is however not
in accordance with the other figures, as in this diagram the infrabasaUa are trian-
gular in shape, and correspond by one of their sides with the basal side of the
parabasalia, while in the other figures the infrabasaUa are quadrangular and alter-
nate with the parabasalia. I think the diagram must be erroneous, and the other
figures correct. If we now take these representations for comparison with the
Indian specimens, we find that there exists a strong typical resemblance between
the two, and it appears highly probable that the body of Cyath. goliathus, W., had
the same general globular shape as Cyathocr. konincki. But other well-marked
differences exist. The Indian species is much smaller, and its parabasalia are with-
out radiating ridges. Thus it is evident that they form two distinct species, but
it is interesting to observe here a form so nearly related to an Australian species, as
such an occurrence is rare in the Salt-range fossils.
Of other species none is known to me which could be more particularly com-
pared to Cyathocr. goliathus, W.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— ECHINODEBMATA. 825
2. Otathoceintjs virgalensis, Waagen, n. sp., PI. XCVI, figs. 13-15.
Another but a much smaller form seems to he indicated by some parabasalia
and several fragments of stems collected by me at Virgal, but the materials are very
scanty.
The parabasalia are irregularly five-sided, or somewhat six-sided, as the basal
faces of the plates are made up of two rather indistinct facets. They are flatly
vaulted in every direction and quite smooth. Their chief character however con-
sists in the circumstance that they are somewhat broader than high.
Of the remaining plates of the body, nothing is known to me.
To the same species belong with great probability some fragments of stems that
are not very thick and decidedly beaded, each joint being somewhat swollen in the
middle. The joints are irregular in thickness, but generally they are comparatively
higher (thicker) than in Cyathocr. goliathus. The articulating facet is pierced in the
middle by a large canal and bears a rather coarse notching along its circum-
ference.
Locality and geological position. — The species seems on the whole not rare,
though it is certainly rarer than the preceding one. It has however no doubt fur-
nished a large contingent of the fragments with which the crinoid beds of the middle
Productus-limestone are filled. The parabasal plates, described above, were found
by myself in the same red marl-beds at Virgal which furnished the pieces of
Cyathocr. goliathus. Pragments of stems probably belonging to the species were
collected by me at Virgal in the Coral and Crinoid-beds, and in the Chittawan (mid-
dle Productus-limestone).
Remarks. — It might appear somewhat doubtful whether the present species
should be separated under a distinct name from the preceding one, as in general
appearance the parabasalia, the only parts that are known to me, very much resemble
the same parts of Cyathocr. goliathus, and are chiefly distinct only by their smaller
size, so that it appears very possible that they only represent the young state of the
larger species. I held this opinion myself for some time, but after careful con-
sideration I came to distinguish the forms, as very probably indicating the existence
of two different species. The smaller plates presented a very constant size, and
always deviated from the larger ones by the circumstance that the transverse
diameter was greater than the height, while in the larger plates both dimensions are
always exactly identical, also the shape of the smaller specimens was always more
strongly unsymmetrical than was observed in the majority of specimens of Cyatho-
crinus goliathus.
Thus it appeared to me highly probable that the smaller plates belonged to a
species different from Cyathocr. goliathus, and accordingly I introduced a new name
for this species.
Prom Cyathocr. Jconincki, Clarke, the present species is easily distinguishable by
its much smaller size, and by the smooth parabasal plates. It is however probable
that also Cyathocr. virgalensis bore a certain affinity to that Australian species.
826 SALT-KANGE FOSSILS.
II.— Group o* CYATSOQBINUS RAMOSTJS, Schloth.
3. Cyathocrinus indicus, Waagen, n. sp., PL XCVI, fig. 1.
The materials of this species, though not very complete, are yet sufficient to
give a tolerahly full description of it, the complete body, without the arms, and the
stem being known to me.
The species is of rather small dimensions, although nearly twice as large as the
true Cyathocrinus ramosus.
The body is of an elevated conical outline with entirely straight or but very
little vaulted sides. It is composed of three cycles of plates, viz., the infrabasalia,
the parabasalia and the radialia. The infrabasalia are five in number, and of an
approximately quadrangular outline. In general configuration however they
appear geniculated, the truly basal part being turned inside and forming a little
triangle, all five triangles together composing a round, articulating, facet for the
insertion of the stem. That part however which belongs to the outer wall of the
body is turned up, and shows on the whole a pentagonal outline. It is somewhat
vaulted transversely, according to the curvature of the outline of the articulating
facet below. This pentagonal upright part of the infrabasal plates is about as high
as it is broad. The angle by which it is marked off from the basal part is obtuse
and rather sharply marked.
The parabasalia are also five in number, alternating with the infrabasalia.
They are much larger than the latter and a little vaulted in every direction.
Four of them are pentagonal, the lower side often forming a broken line; the
pentagons are somewhat higher than broad. In the fifth plate the upper corner of
the pentagon is cut off, and thus this plate becomes hexagonal, though the sixth side
is very short. To this short sixth side the very small interradiale anale is joined.
The five radialia alternate again with the parabasalia. They are all of an
about equal shape, short and broad, and on the whole smaller, but more massive than
the latter. Their general outline is short, reversed, pentagonal, the longest side
being above and nearly for its entire length occupied by an articulating facet. The
surface of the radialia is vaulted longitudinally as well as transversely. Two of the
radialia are very slightly irregular in their outline, being a little shortened on one
side, to give room for the very small interradiale anale which is inserted between them.
The single interradiale anale in hand is very narrow, lancet-shaped, and of
a somewhat hexagonal outline. It projects rather far above the radialia by
which it is hemmed in on both sides. Its outer surface however is sunk in between
the radialia, and marks a rather deep impression on the body. On its lower side it
is joined to that one of the parabasalia which is hexagonal by its upper corner
being cut off in a straight line.
The stem of this species is very distinctly beaded. Each joint is inflated in the
middle and bears on its upper and lower sides somewhat raised articulating facets.
As these facets have a smaller diameter than the body of the joints, it comes that
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— ECHINODERMATA. 827
each joint bears at its lower and upper end a smooth ring, caused by the raised
position of the articulating facets. The beads of the stem, which are made up of
the swollen bodies of the joints are thus separated from each other, by smooth
deepened spaces. The articulating facets themselves bear a ring of short notches all
round the periphery. The median part is smooth and pierced in the middle by a
not very large round nutrition-canal.
The dimensions of the body are as follows : —
Entire height of the body ......... 1T5 mm.
Greatest diameter at the upper end ....... 14 „
Diameter of the articulating facet at the lower extremity ... 5 „
Greatest height of the infrabasalia ....... 3 „
breadth „ „ 35 „
height „ parabasalia ....... 7 „
breadth „ „ ....... 6 „
height „ radialia ........ 45 „
breadth „ „ ........ 9 „
Height of the interradiale anale ....... 4 „
Breadth „ „ „ ........ 1*5 „
Angle formed by the lateral walls of the body ..... 60°
Locality and geological position. — Up to the present there has been found only
one entire body of this species. This was collected by myself at Nursingpohar in
the black sandy-limestones, forming there the base of the middle division of the
Productus-limestone. Fragments of the stem were found in the immediate vicinity
of the body, so that it appears highly probable that both belonged to one and the
same species. Very similar stem fragments, which with great probability can be
assigned to this species, were collected by me also at Amb in the lower division of the
Productus-limestone, in the very lowest f ossilif erous beds above the lavender-clays.
Remarks. — The present species seems to be very nearly related to Cyathocrinus
ramosus, Schloth, the widely spread permian species of Europe. It is very much to
be regretted that the body of Cyathocrinus ramosus is so very rare that up to the
present the exact characters of the species have remained somewhat doubtful. The
specimen described by King was damaged at its base, and thus the shape of the
infrabasalia could not be made out ; the parabasalia and radialia were well preserved
and it could be stated, that in the anal interradius three interradialia analia were
present ; the general shape of this specimen is flatly conical. Oh the specimen
described by Geinitz in his memoir on the Nebrasca fossils, the infrabasalia are on the
contrary well preserved but small. Of interradialia analia there is only one
present, and the whole shape of the body is more elevated conical. Erom this it
becomes highly probable, that in the European permian beds two different species of
Cyathocrinus exist, of which the German specimen would represent the true
Cyathocrinus ramosus, Schloth, while the English specimen would probably have to
receive a new name. As it is, the Indian specimens show a more close affinity to
the typical German form than to the English one.
They are nevertheless easily distinguishable from the German typical Cyatho-
crinus ramosus. Already the much larger size of the Indian species is an acceptable
H
828 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
distinguishing character. To this can he added the different shape of the interra-
diale anale, which is much hroader and shorter in Cyathocr. ramosus than in the
Indian species. Otherwise the two forms are very similar and can perhaps be con-
sidered as vicarious species of an approximately equal geological age.
4. Cyathockinus kattaensis, Waagen, n. sp., PL XCVI, fig. 2.
Also of this species there exists only a single body, which was collected by my-
self. But though the material thus seems to be rather scanty, yet this body deviates
so considerably from the one described before that I cannot unite both under one,
name, but have to consider the present one as belonging to a different species.
The body is small and flatly conical or cup-shaped. The sides are tolerably flat,
the single plates however being somewhat vaulted. The whole body is composed of
three cycles of plates, the infrabasalia, the parabasalia and the radialia. Of each
of them five are present.
The infrabasalia have on the whole a geniculated shape, as one part of them is
bent inside to form the articulating facet, at the insertion of the stem, while the
remaining part is bent up and forms part of the lateral walls of the body. This
bent-up part, which alone is visible in a lateral view of the body, is very narrow and
of an approximately quadrangular outline. It is flat, not inflated, and is bent only
in the general curve of the body. The upper margins of two adjacent infrabasal
plates fall into one line, the five plates thus forming together a regular pentagon.
The parabasalia are all regularly pentagonal, with the exception of one. In
each single plate the basal side is longest, and the two lateral sides shortest. It
thus happens that the pentagons become considerably broader than long. While
this is the shape of four of the parabasalia, the fifth is hexagonal, with its upper
corner cut off and replaced by a short sixth-side, for the reception of the base of the
very small interradiale anale. All the parabasalia are slightly inflated and present
a surface vaulted in every direction.
The radialia are all tolerably equal in size and shape, only two of them are
slightly shortened laterally to make room for the small interradiale anale mentioned
above. Their shape is very strongly pentagonal transversely, the longest side be-
ing above, bearing an articulating facet nearly as long as the whole plate. The
shortest sides of the pentagon are the two lateral ones, while the two remaining are
of a medium size. These radial pieces are rather thickly swollen in the middle of the
upper margin while they are somewhat attenuated towards the lateral extremities,
whereby little grooves are formed where two of the radialia meet.
The single interradiale anale has been lost in the specimen that serves for
description. From the place it once occupied, it can however be judged that it was
very small and narrow, probably in shape similar to that of the preceding species.
The stem of this species is well known, and there can be no mistake about it,
as portions of it were found by me in connection with the body, though in detach-
ing the specimen the stem was broken to pieces. The stem is remarkably thin, and
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— ECHINODERMATA. 829
composed of rather high smooth cylindrical joints, which are as high as they are
broad. The articulating facets are smooth in the middle, with a row of small notches
all round, and pierced in the centre by a very small canal. On the whole the stem
is very similar to that of JEncrinus.
The measurements of the body here described are as follow : —
Entire height of the body ......... 10 mm.
Greatest diameter at the upper end . . . . . . . . 18 „
Diameter of the articulating facet af the lower extremity . . . . 4 „
Greatest height of the infrabasalia ........ 2 „
„ breadth „ „ 45 „
„ height of the parabasalia ........ 6 „
„ breadth „ „ . 7'5 „
„ height of the radialia ........ 5 „
„ breadth . . . . . . . . . . . 11*5 „
Breadth of the interradiale anale ........ 1 „
Angle made by the lateral walls of the body ...... 82°
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species known to
me was collected by myself at Katta in yellow limestones forming the base of the
middle division of the Productus-limestone (bed No. 12 of my note book). The
stem was still attached to the body, but the arms were wanting.
Remarks. — The species here under consideration is very nearly related to the
preceding one, but is easily distinguishable by the different shape exhibited by the
whole body, and the different development of each of the three cycles of plates
composing the body. It needs only a comparison of the measurements given of the
two species to become aware of these differences. The exceptional thinness of the
stem is also a character worthy of notice. All these differences are not very much
it is true, but they seemed to me quite too considerable to admit of uniting under
one specific name the two forms here described.
To the true Cyathocr. ramosus, Schloth, the present species is perhaps still more
nearly related than the preceding one, but also in this case the size of the Indian
species is about twice that of the European permian form, and also the shape of the
single plates is somewhat different. The genus Phialocrinus of Trautschold might
also be compared.
Family -.—POTERIOCRINID^.
Genus ? HYDRIOCRINUS, Trautschold.
It is in an absolutely provisional way that I quote here this genus of Traut-
schold's. There is nothing from which I could with any certainty deduce the pre-
sence of the genus in the Salt-range. The sole reason which induces me to allude
to it is the occurrence in the Salt-range of five-sided stem fragments which might
possibly, as Hydriocrinus is said to have a pentagonal stem, have pertained to an
animal belonging to the genus. It is quite true that Hydriocrmus is not the only
genus in which a pentagonal stem occurs, but it is a genus of the upper carboni-
ferous limestone of Russia, and the same genus might perhaps also have extended
Hi
830 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
into the Productus-limestone, as the latter is not so very far different in age from
the former.
Phialocrinus also, a genus which occurs together with Hydriocrinus, is said to
have a pentagonal stem ; hut as no figure of the stem has been given by Traut-
schold, a comparison is impossible.
1. ? Hydriocrinus, sp. indet ; PI. XCVI, figs. 3, 4, 5.
All that has been found of this species up to the present in the Salt-range
are some joints of the stem, which show a decidedly pentagonal outline.
These joints are generally very flat, their height being not more than one-
fourth of the diameter. The sides of the pentagon are mostly impressed, so that
the corners project considerably; sometimes however the sides are straight. Verti-
cally the sides of the joints are always rounded, so that the stems must have shown
a transversely ridged appearance, as in Pentacrinus cingulatus. Some of the joints
bear articulating facets on every one of the five sides, for the reception of lateral
cirrhi. The articulating facets, by which each joint is terminated above and below,
are hollowed out, and bear in the middle a smooth pentagonal face which is
again pierced in its centre by a rather large round canal. Along the margins of
the facets rows of notches of unequal size are observable, the longest being in
the middle, while towards the corners they become very small.
It seems unnecessary to give any measurements of these small objects, as their
dimensions can be sufficiently seen from the figures given on Plate XCVI.
Locality and geological position. — Fragments of stems of pentagonal outline
are rather rare in the Salt-range, and are restricted apparently to the upper division
of the Productus-limestone. Some specimens were found by myself in the hills
east of Katwahi in the lower beds of the upper division, and another specimen I
detected in the light-coloured sandstones forming the topmost beds of the same
division at Virgal.
Remarks. — Though these pentagonal joints of crinoid stems seem to be very
insignificant, yet it is remarkable that very similar things have also been found else-
where in beds of a similar geological horizon. There has been described by Golov-
kinsky something very similar from permian beds of the Kama-Wolgaie basin of Russia
under the name of Pentacrinus, sp. Now it seems to me that neither the permian
specimen nor the specimens from the Salt-range can rightly be placed in the genus
Pentacrinus, as none of them has the characteristic leaflets of notches with which
the articulating facets of Pentacrinus are provided, the notches form simple rows
along the margins of the pentagonal articulating facets. Prom this it appears that
these fossils can with some probability be placed in some palaeozoic genus of cri-
noids but not in Pentacrinus.
Genus : POTERIOCRINUS, Mill.
The indication of the existence of this genus cannot be founded on any firmer
ground than has been offered for the preceding genus. There are merely some frag-
PRODI JCTUS-LIMESTONE.— ECHIN ODERMAT A. 831
ments of stems in the collection that I attribute in a somewhat arbitrary manner to
the genus Poteriocrinus. As due excuse for this proceeding it might perhaps suffice
that I consider the beds in which these fossils occur as of probably permian age, and
that in the permian formation besides the genus Cyathocrinus only the genus
Poteriocrinus has been found up to the present. The stems now under consideration
belong to none of the species of Cyathocrinus described above, and there may perhaps
be indicated by them the existence of species of Poteriocrinus. This is all I can say
in favour of my determination.
There are two different shapes of stems, which might perhaps belong to the
present genus, but none of which can receive a specific designation. By figuring
and describing them I may perhaps draw to this point the attention of some later
visitor to the Salt-range, to search for the bodies of these forms.
1. ? Poteriocrinus sp., ind., PL XCVI, figs. 16, 17, 18.
The stem- fragments here under consideration are rather thick, and belong to a
large species. They are composed of low joints which are either all of an equal
thickness or alternately thicker and thinner. Their height is very often not more
than a tenth of their diameter, while in other specimens it increases to a sixth of
the same. These thicker joints mostly bear laterally small articulating facets for
the insertion of cirrhi. The lateral walls of the joints are always quite smooth, never
swollen or vaulted. The articulating facets, limiting the joints above and below, are
pierced in the middle by a not very large round canal, and their whole surface is
provided with a fine radial striation, which begins at the centre and extends to the
margin. It is composed of fine elevated ridges, which augment towards the margin
either by being dichotomous or by the insertion of new ridges between the old ones.
A piece of the root figured in Plate XCVI, figure 18, shows very irregular
joints.
Locality and geological position. — Fragments of stems of this description are not
very numerous in the Salt-range, but occur off and on in the middle as well as in the
upper division of Productus-limestone. The species has been found somewhat more
numerously by Mr. Wynne at Morah in the middle division, and by myself in the
Cephalopoda-bed of the upper division at Jabi.
Remarks. — Stem-fragments of a similar description to those described here are
found throughout the palaeozoic formations, and there would be no apparent use
in entering here upon comparisons. All that is needed is to register tho occur-
rence of such stems in the Salt-range.
2. ? Poteriocrinus, sp. ind., PL XCVI, figs. 19, 20.
The fragments of stems that I consider as having belonged to a species dif-
ferent from the preceding are much less considerable in thickness, and indicate an
altogether smaller species.
832 ' SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The stems are of a moderate thickness, with rather high joints, and perfectly
smooth and cylindrical, apparently without lateral cirrhi. The height of the joints
is about one-third to one-half of their diameter, and in this respect and in their
smooth surface they resemble exceedingly the entrochi of Encrinus liliformis. They
differ however considerably from that species by the characters of the articulating
facets. These are smooth for the greater extent, and pierced in the middle by a
large pentagonal canal. Round the margin there are short coarse notches as in
Encrinus.
Locality and geological position. — Of all the crinoid stems occurring in the Salt-
range, the ones here under consideration are the rarest. They are restricted to the
middle Productus-limestone, and have been found in single fragments by myself and
Mr. "Wynne at Katta, at Khura and at Bilot.
Remarks. — The stem-fragments here under consideration are distinct from all
the others, occurring in the Salt-range by their pentagonal canal. Joints of a similar
description occur however in several palEeozoic formations and their occurrence in
the Salt-range is of no geological value.
Family: HETEROCRINID^.
Genus: PHLLOCRINUS, Koninck.
This genus was created by Mons. de Koninck for a fossil coming from the Salt-
range ; but though this is the case I can give but little new information on it,
as tolerably well preserved specimens are very rare, and there is none in the collec-
tion to show all the characters necessary for the proper definition of the genus.
The genus was originally characterised by Koninck in the following manner : —
" The characters consist chiefly in the existence-of five basal-plates of a quadrangular
form, alternating with five rows of radial plates, to the number of two for each ray.
The second plate is cuneate, and supports two series of brachial plates, also two in
number; each of these, finally, giving support to two series composed of a great
number of brachial plates, thus producing about twenty free arms. All the other
plates are soldered one to the other, and form the calyx." The genus is then com-
pared to Encrinus and Miller icrinus, and is said to differ from them in having only
two radial pieces whereas they have three.
This description was drawn up from a specimen that is now lost, and in the
Salt-range collection there is not one so complete. Nevertheless on one of the
specimens at my disposal something can be observed that was not visible on Mons.
de Koninck's specimen, and this is a small interradiale anale. Thus the diagnosis
of the genus can now be drawn up somewhat more completely than heretofore.
The diagnosis may be framed in the following manner, according to the nomen-
clature introduced in Zittel's Hand-book. It remains doubtful whether there were
infrabasalia or not ; on the whole however it seems rather probable that small
infrabasalia were present. The parabasalia are comparatively large, much higher
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— ECHINODERMATA. 833
than broad, of an elongated pentagonal shape. They are all five absolutely identical
in outline, and the anal interradius cannot be distinguished in this cycle by any
deviating shape of one of the plates. The radialia alternate with the parabasalia,
and three of them are of a broadly pentagonal outline. The remaining two are
hexagonal, as a small interradiale anale is partly sunk in between them. The
upper margin of the radialia is entirely taken up by a large articulating facet to
which the first brachiale is joined. The small interradiale anale is of an irregular
pentagonal shape. It is only partly inserted between two of the radialia, not
reaching down to one of the parabasalia but stopping half-way. One of the sides
is joined laterally to one of the brachialia, whilst the last remaining side seems to
have been in connection with a second interradiale anale, which was inserted
between the brachiale on the other side and the first interradiale.
The first brachialia are axillary, and in shape similar to the radialia, only
reversed, the longest side being below, articulating with the upper facet of the
radialia. All five have about the same shape, only the two adjoining the inter ra-
dialia analia are somewhat narrower.
After the first brachialia follow two more, of which the second is again axillary,
so that altogether twenty arms are formed.
The arms do not divide again. They are made up of alternating pieces.
These are the characters of the genus. It has till now been supposed that the
genus had no interradiale anale ; but a specimen from Bilot shows most clearly the
existence of such.
The genus was for a time considered to be identical with Erisocrinm, Meek and
Worthen, but this opinion was soon given up again by this author himself. Now,
after the existence of an interradiale anale has been demonstrated in Philocrinus
the affinity is still far more remote. The systematic position of the genns^ Philo-
crinus cannot however be altered by this discovery. The interradiale anale is not
in connection with one of the basalia, but is in its position very similar to the small
interradiale anale of Graphiocrinus, Kon., and this position, I think, is essential for
the retention of the genus in the Heterocrinidce of Zittel. Erom Graphiocrinus
the genus is easily distinguishable by an entirely different shape of the body and the
existence of twenty instead of ten arms.
There exists only one species of the genus in the Salt-range.
1. Philocrinus cometa, Koninck., PI. XCV, figs. 17 — 20.
1863. Philocrinus cometa, De Koninck : Quart. Journ. Geol Soc. Lond., Vol. XIX, p. 4, PI. II, fig. 5.
1863. Philocrinus cometa, De Koninck : Fossiles paleozoiques de l'lnde, p. 21, PI. II, fig. 5.
The body is of moderate size and of a thick obtusely conical outline. There
ha& no specimen been found up to the present with the base of the body perfectly
preserved, and therefore it is not known whether there existed infrabasal plates or
not. The parabasalia, the radialia, and the different brachial plates are of the
834 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
description indicated in the characteristic of the genus. All these plates are
perfectly smooth and not vaulted, except according to the general curvature of the
surface of the hody. The arms are long, simple, and for their whole extent of
about equal thickness. They are made up of rather thick alternating joints, and
there have not been observed up to the present any traces of pinnulse. The arm&
adjoining the anal interradius seem not to differ from the remainder.
The stem of the species is not known with certainty, but very probably the
fragments figured by me, PL XC V, fig. 20 belong to it. They are made up of rather
thin joints in which the height is about one-third of the diameter. Their general
form is round with slightly vaulted sides, so that the whole stem appears very
slightly beaded. Cirrhi have not been observed by me. The articulating facets are
smooth for the greater extent, and are pierced in the middle by a rather large eanaU
All round the periphery the facet bears a tolerably fine notching.
The measurements are approximately the following : —
Entire height of the body, up to the last splitting of the arms . . .28 mm.
Height of the body up to the first brachiale . . . . . . . 16 „
Greatest transverse diameter of the body . . . . . . . 25 „
„ height of the parabasalia ? . . . . . . . . 9 „
„ breadth of the ,, ........ 8 „
„ height of the radialia . . . . . . . . 5 „
„ breadth of the „ ........ 9 „
„ height of the first brachiale . . . . . . . . 6 „
„ breadth „ 11 „
Height of the interradiale anale . . . . . . . . 4 „
Breadth of the „ „ ........ 5 „
Angle made by the lateral walls of the body ..... 35° to 55°
Length of the arms, about . . . . . . . . . . 60 „
Locality and geological position. — Well determinable bodies of this species are
very rare. One was collected by Mr. Wynne at Bilot. Where the specimen
described by Mons. de Koninck came from is not known. As far as my experience
goes, the species is restricted to the compact limestones of the middle Productus-
limestone, in which beds Mr. Wynne's specimen also was collected. The fragments
of stems which I assign to this species are much more common. I collected such
specimens at Katta in the compact limestones, in the hilJs east of Katwahi and in
the Bazawan.
Remarks. — The genus Thilocrinus has for a time been identified by Meek with
Erisocrinns, and thus it might be useful to compare the species of that genus with
Thilocrinus cometa. It has already been shown in the description of the genus that
this identification of the two genera was erroneous, and that in fact they deviate
widely from each other ; as of course do also the species. The same is the case with
the genus Graphiocrinus, Kon. and also in this case a close comparison of the species
is out of the question. It thus appears, that Thilocrinus cometa is a ^strongly
isolated form in the generic as well as in the specific characters.
As far as is now known, the genus as well as the species seems to be restricted
to the Salt-range and has been found nowhere else.
Sub -Kingdom : CCELENTERATA.
(By William Waagen and Joseph Wentzel, Assisant.)
Class: ANTHOZOA.
Order: ZOANTHARIA.
Sub-order : HEXACORALLA.
Family: POBITID^, Dana.
In commencing the description of the Goelenterata it must be remarked that
the greater and most troublesome part of the work, the preparation of the materials
for microscopical inspection and the arrangement of the plates have been done by
Mr. Wentzel, whilst the part taken by Dr. Waagen in the work was restricted
chiefly to superintending Mr. Wentzel's labours, and writing the whole work.
Mr. Wentzel took the utmost pains to arrive at fair results, and the microscope
slides he prepared for the purpose amount to several hundreds. It is obvious that
for such preparations a very long time was needed, and thus there have elapsed
nearly three years since the work was begun. A very great advantage of this was,
that it was thus possible to select out of the hundreds of slides the specimens suited
for representation on the plates, and to get thus really instructive figures.
It must be stated also with thankfulness that Mr. Swoboda spared, no pains in
representing the often very complicated microscopic objects as correctly and dis-
tinctly as possible.
Among the Goelenterata the class of the Anthozoa most needs to be considered
in detail, and it is largely represented among the palaeozoic fossils of the Salt-range.
Two orders are present, the Zoantharia and the Alcyonaria, though the forms we
place in the latter have not generally been considered as such.
The Zoantharia, so far as they are provided with a solid skeleton, which alone
furnishes materials for the palaeontologist, can very conveniently be brought into
two sub-orders : the Mexaeoralla and the Tetracoralla or Rugosa, the other sub-
divisions as proposed by Edwards and Haime being no longer tenable.
Up to very recent times the Mexaeoralla have been considered as restricted to
the mesozoic formations ; only recently, after the affinity of the Favositidce and the
Foritidce had been proved beyond doubt, it has been shown that the Mexaeoralla
also reach down far into the palaeozoic era.
The Poritidce form as yet a rather large assemblage of forms, having but few
characters in common. Zittel in his handbook includes even the whole of the
B
836 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Favositidce in the family, but in this respect we prefer to follow the indications
given by Nicholson, according to which the Favositidce form a family by themselves.
But even after the separation of the Favositidce, the Poritidce still contain so many
forms that it is difficult to give a general characteristic of the family.
The most widespread character seems to be the perforated condition of the walls
of the corallites. These walls are not perfectly compact, but to a certain extent
spongy, and pierced by a more or less large number of mural pores. In the speci-
mens accessible to our observation the primary mural plate cannot be distinguished,
the whole wall from one side to the other forming one spongy mass. The septa are
generally well developed, but not numerous, partly more or less trabecular. Some-
times large masses of coenenchyma are intercalated between the corallites. Tabulae
are only exceptionally present. The corallum always forms a massive compact body.
After the Favositidce have been separated from the family, there still remain
three sub-families within it, according to Zittel's handbook. All three are very
easily distinguishable. The first is the —
Sub-family : TUbjBINARIINjE, E. & H.
which is characterized by a spongy coenenchyma, intercalated between the single
polypites. The family is chiefly composed of tertiary and recent genera, only some
of them are palaeozoic, like Prisciturben, Kunth, Falceacis, E. H., &c. The second
is the —
Sub-family : PORITINJE, E. & H.
Also in this sub-family mostly recent and tertiary forms are comprised; but a
greater number of mesozoic and palaeozoic genera occur in it than in the preceding
sub-family. Its chief characteristic consists in the almost entire absence of a
ccenenchyma. In this respect it agrees with the next following sub-family, the
Alveoporince, but is distinct from it by the absence of tabulae.
As regards the genera quoted by Zittel in this sub-family, we must remark,
that Pleurodictyum, Gdf., is certainly wrongly placed, as it is a genus most nearly
related to, if not identical with, Michelinia, Kon., and so must be removed to the
family Favositidce. The third, the —
Sub-family : ALVEOP OBlN^l,
is of special interest to us, as it is represented in the Salt- range. The characters of
the sub-family are very easily framed. The most characteristic feature consists in
the existence of more or less completely developed tabulae, which, together with the
spongy condition of the walls and the presence of trabecular septa, makes a recog-
nition of the genera belonging to it not very difficult. To these characters can be
added the inter-mural gemmation of the corallites, that is to say, the propagation
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.- CCELENTER ATA. 837
takes place by the wall between two adjoining polypites splitting into two parts,
between wbich a new young polypite is formed. The full definition of this mode
of propagation will be given in the introduction to the Monticuliporidce. This
mode of augmentation has been figured very clearly by Quenstedt in A Iveopora
(Petrefact. Deutschl. : Koraller, pi. 184, fig. 69 L).
The genera quoted by Zittel as belonging to the sub-family are —
Goniopora, Quoy and Gaimard (recent).
Koninckia, Edwards and Haime (cretaceous).
Favositipora, Kent (recent).
Alveopora, Quoy and Gaimard (recent and tertiary).
To these must be added, according to our view, Arceopora, Nicholson, though it has
not been so placed by this author. We shall treat more in detail of the systematic
position of the genus in the following description.
It is the only genus representing the sub-family in the Salt-range ; there are
two species.
Sub-family: A LVEOPORIN '/®, Verrill.
Genus: ARiEOPORA, Nicholson.
The genus was defined by Nicholson in 1879 in his work on the " Tabulate
Corals." The characteristic given is as follows : —
" Corallum massive, Eavositiform, of polygonal corallites, which radiate out-
wards from an imaginary axis to open upon the free surface of the colony. Under-
surface covered by an epitheca (?). The corallites are firmly united by their walls,
which are extensively perforated by apertures, which place the visceral chambers of
contiguous tubes in direct communication. Septa trabecular, often irregularly
divided, or anastomosing at their free ends. Tabulae rudimentary, represented only
by occasional horizontal trabecular. No columella, nor coenenchyma."
"We have made several microscopical preparations of one of the species occurring
in the Salt-range, the preservation of which was such as to promise fair results, and
from these sections it appears that the characteristic of the genus must be changed
to a certain extent in some points to fit the Salt-range species.
No mention is made by Nicholson of the spongy condition of the walls of the
corallites, which is a very peculiar character. Generally the walls of the corallites
consist of the so-called "primary mural plate," the dark or light coloured line
(according to preservation) that in tangential sections forms the middle-line of the
walls, and which is followed on both sides by secondary thickening, whereby the
wall properly speaking is produced. This primary mural plate is absent in Arceo-
pora, at least we could not detect it in any of the sections we made, the whole
thickness of the walls of the corallites being made up of a spongy mass, which is
often of very considerable thickness, but varies to a great extent in this respect.
The mural pores pierce this spongy mass at very irregular distances, but seem
to be on the whole rarer in the Indian than in the Australian species. They bend
b 2
838 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
most irregularly in all directions, thus forming tortuous canals, which often assume
the appearance of intermural canals, as they have been defined by Nicholson. In
fact these latter organs are probably in all cases nothing else but the canals of ir-
regularly bending mural pores, as we shall have occasion to show later on in this
work.
Another point which has to be rectified is the condition of the tabulae. They
are well developed and quite distinct, not rudimentary, in the Indian species.
A point which has been rightly divined by Nicholson is the existence of an
epitheca, which is clearly exhibited by our specimen figured on pi. XCVIII.
The propagation, or gemmation, is an intermural one, as may be seen from figs.
3a and 6 on PL XCVIII.
The genus has been compared by Nicholson to the more massive species of
Favosites, like Fav. hemisphcerica, Yand. and Shum., or more particularly to Colum-
nopora, Nich., which is said to possess similarly porous walls of the single eorallites.
On p. 32 of Nicholson's Tabulate Corals, however, the genus is also compared
to Alveopora, which seems to us to express more appropriately the real affinities of
the genus than the comparison with Favosites and the like.
If we consider the figures given by Nicholson on PI. VII of his work, we see
immediately that the walls of the eorallites in Columnopora are entirely different in
their structure from Arceopora, though they may be similarly perforated. But in
the tangential sections, figs. 2a and c, we see very distinctly a primary mural plate
and the otherwise compact condition of the wall. There is not a trace of the spongy
matter, nor the absence of the primary mural plate, as in Arceopora.
In this respect Arceopora deviates from all the rest of the Favositidce, and
therefore we have thought it proper to remove it altogether from that family. The
spongy condition of the walls of the eorallites seems to approach Arceopora more
nearly to the family Foritidce than to any other group of corals, whilst the exist-
ence of distinct tabulae and the trabecular development of the septa indicate a cer-
tain affinity of the genus to Alveopora, an affinity that has also been recognised by
Nicholson. Thus, it cannot be very wrong if we place the genus in the sub-family
Alveoporince. The only doubt that might remain is, whether the genus should not
perhaps be better considered as forming a sub-family by itself.
The genus has up to the present only been found in Australia (Queensland), in
beds of a doubtfully devonian age. The Indian specimens are met with in much
more recent strata, but though two species can be distinguished, yet both are very
characteristically different from the Arceopora australis as described by Nicholson,
as might indeed be supposed from their different geological position.
1. Ar^opora tuberosa, Waagen & "Wentzel, PL XCVIII.
The species forms massive corals of moderately large dimensions, which, on the
whole, have a more or less roundish tuberous appearance. They may have been
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 839
fixed to some foreign body by part of tbe under-surface, but tbe specimens at our
disposal do not show this clearly. The whole upper surface and part of the lower
one are covered with the closely arranged calices, whilst in places along the margins
of the colony a thin concentrically plicated epitheca is developed, which is, however,
much worn by weathering. The single corallites all radiate from an imaginary
short axis or centre of the colony, but are otherwise rather irregularly arranged,
bending in various directions. The calices are on an average about 2mm. in diameter,
but on the whole very irregular in size and shape. There are always small calices
of young animals disseminated between larger ones. The irregular trabecular septa
can be well seen within the calices. The calices are separated from each other by
rather thick walls, on which little pores are irregularly disseminated.
As regards the internal structure, the most strange and characteristic feature,
the spongy condition of the walls, has been mentioned already in the description of
the genus. The mural pores are not very numerous, are very irregularly arranged,
and form, according to the thickness of the walls, narrow canals, which generally
bend in various directions, and are thus more often cat transversely by thin sections,
forming round holes somewhere within the substance of the walls, than longitud-
inally piercing the wall from one end to the other. The trabecular septa are of such
. an excessive irregularity that, in thin sections, they sometimes appear quite sepa-
rated from the wall, which is caused by their bending upward and extending to
near the middle of the tube of the corallite as tooth- or thorn-like projections. The
tabulse are complete, not very numerous, much more regular than the walls, and
mostly bending upward.
Locality and geological position. — This is a very rare species ; there is only a
single specimen of it preserved among the Salt-range materials. It comes from
Dr. Verchere's collection, and was certainly found somewhere in the Rotta Roh
range, though the exact locality is not known. The specimen is entirely calcareous,
and comes beyond doubt from the middle division of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — In general appearance the species seems to be rather nearly related
to Arceopora australis, Nich., as the latter has likewise a tuberous or pyriform
shape. On a close examination the distinction of the two forms is, however, very
easy. The Indian species appears to be much clumsier in its general appearance, the
walls of the corallites are thicker, and if thin slides are examined with the microscope
it is found to possess perfect tabulse, whilst these are imperfect in Arceop. australis.
These characters suffice to distinguish between the two species. There is no
other form to which the present one could be compared, except the following : —
2. Aiusopora ramosa, Waagen & Wentzel, PL OVI, figs. 8-9.
Corallum massive, arborescent, probably attached with its base to foreign
bodies. The branches are thick, up to a diameter of 50 to 70mm., but generally
840 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
much thinner (about 30-40mm). The branching is regularly dichotomous. The
branches are generally not round but laterally compressed, so as to have an oval sec-
tion ; they are also not quite straight, but variously bent and twisted, The coral-
lum seems to have grown to a .large size ; but there are only fragments preserved in
the Salt-range collection, so it is impossible to say what dimensions it really attained.
It seems not improbable that the entire arborescent colonies may have attained a
height of half a metre. There is not a trace of an epitheca on any of the specimens
at disposal. The entire branches are composed of very numerous approximately
cylindrical or polygonal corallites, which radiate from an imaginary axis, ascending
and diverging by degrees. The whole surface of the branches is covered by not
very large calices. They are irregularly polygonal or roundish, and of rather unequal
size, on an average, however, about 3mm. in diameter, separated from each other
by rather thick porous walls. The smaller calices disseminated between the larger
ones indicate probably the existence of young corallites. The septa are rudimentary,
very irregular, and represented only by thorny processes, extending into the visceral
chamber of the corallites.
Of the internal structure of this species we know but very little. All the speci-
mens are preserved in such a manner that it was found impossible to make micro-
scopic preparations. Either the whole specimen is impregnated with silica so that it .
forms one siliceous mass and nothing can be distinguished, or the visceral chambers
of the corallites are filled with sandy matter, and their walls are then brittle to
such a degree that it is impossible to make a thin section.
Locality and geological position. — This species is much more common than
the preceding one, but it is at the same time restricted to the upper division of the
Productus-limestone. It has been found in this geological position by myself west
of Khura (4 sp.), at Jabi (1 sp.), and at Chidru (1 sp.), in the Cephalopoda-bed;
Mr. Wynne brought the species from Vurcha (1 sp.), from the Bazarwan (1 sp.),
from Jabi (1 sp.), and from Chidru (1 sp.).
Remarks. — Though the microscopical inspection of this species has failed, yet
there cannot be any doubt that the form here under consideration is congeneric with
the preceding one ; the. spongy condition of the walls of the corallites can be seen
in it, even on weathered surfaces.
Also specifically the present species seems to be very nearly related to the
preceding one. It differs, however, from the latter by the arborescent shape of
the corallum, and also apparently by, on an average, somewhat larger calices,
though it is rather difficult to decide on this point, as the size of the calices is so very
variable.
On the whole, it is highly probable that we have to deal here with a separate
species, as not only there exist differences between the two forms, but also the
geological positions of the two are different, Arceop. tuberosa being restricted
to the middle, and Arceop. ramosa to the upper division of the Productus-lime-
stone.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 841
Family: FdVOSITIDJE, Nicholson.
The family has been characterised by Nicholson in the following manner : —
"The corallum in this family is of very variable form, but is composed of
polygonal or sub-cylindrical corallites, which are usually inclose contact throughout
their entire extent, and are furnished with well-developed walls. The walls are,
however, perforated by a greater or smaller number of rounded apertures — the
mural pores — by which the visceral chambers of contiguous polypites are placed in
direct communication. There is no true eoenenchyma; and the condition of the
septa is extremely variable, these structures being sometimes obsolete (some forms of
Trachypora, &c), sometimes in the form of marginal lamellae or ridges {Nyctopora,
Nich.), and most commonly represented by vertically disposed rows of spinules (most
species of Favosites). The tabulse are usually well developed and complete, but
they are sometimes imperfect {Favosites hemisphcerica, Yand & Shum.)"
To this admirably clear characteristic of the family nothing has to be added.
The distinction of the family from the Poritidce appears on a first glance to consist
in the perfect walls of the single corallites in the Favositidce, where each single
individual has its proper, perfectly developed wall, whilst the line of junction, where
the walls of two adjoining corallites are united, forms what is generally called " the
primary mural plate," or " primordial wall." This plate appears rather differently
in different specimens, according to preservation, and even in one and the same
specimen its appearance is often very different. Mostly it can be seen under the
microscope as a dark or even black line, separating the walls of adjoining corallites,
but often this dark line is replaced by a light- coloured one, and then its distinction
is often so vague that it appears as if the two adjoining walls were perfectly united
and grown together without distinction. This latter appearance depends, however,
solely upon the preservation. Lastly, a third mode of appearance is brought about
by the primordial wall being preserved partly as dark, partly as light- coloured sub-
stance, whereby it then appears as a series of black points.
The secondary thickenings of the walls of the corallites in the Favositidce are
built up of transversely arranged fibres.
The propagation, or gemmation, of the Favositidce is an intermural one ; that is
to say, in that part of the soft animal matter covering the outside of the whole
corallum, and, corresponding to the primary mural plate of the calcareous parts, a
new individual takes its origin. It is formed by gemmation on the outskirts of one
of the adjoining individuals, and when the calcareous wall begins to be formed, the
primary mural plate, extending between the two old individuals, is caused by this new
one to split in two and thus to make room for the new intruder. As the whole
process of gemmation is thus restricted to the soft parts of the colony, and the
calcareous parts only take part in the process after the new individual has already
been separated from the old one, it is very natural that it afterwards becomes
impossible to say from microscopical inspection of the calcareous corallum alone
842 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
from which of the two adjoining old* individuals the new one took its origin. All
that has been said of the soft parts is, as may be supposed, purely hypothetical, but
it is the only way of explaining the fact that it is never possible to say from which
individual a new one may have taken its origin. In the description of the Monticu-
liporidce we shall have occasion to recur to this subject.
Another mode of propagation that also occurs in the Favositidce is that of
simple fission of an old individual by splitting in two (fissiparity). A vertical wall
begins to be formed on one side of an individual, stretching forth into the visceral
cavity and by and by dividing it into two. This mode of propagation is, however,
rather rare ; only in the genus Ccenites, Eichw. it seems to be the rule.
The number of forms belonging to the family Favositidce is rather large. In
Zittel's handbook, we find not more than eight genera enumerated within the
family, other genera which must now be included in the family being put into the
family Pocilloporidce, or partly even among the Bryozoa.
The knowledge of the family has been enormously extended by the investiga-
tions of Prof. Nicholson. He enumerates not less than 24 genera within the
family of which, however, not all can be retained in it. According to what has
been said with regard to the preceding family (the Poritidce) the genera Favositi-
pora, Kent., and Arceopora, Nich., must be the first excluded. Then also Stenopora,
Lonsd., cannot, according to our investigations, be retained in the family Favositidce,
but must be removed to the Monticuhporidce.
There will still remain not less than about nineteen genera, which with more
or less certainty belong to the family.
Nicholson himself has already given some hints as to a grouping of the genera,
and chiefly one group of forms he circumscribes more in detail; this is the one
composed of the genera Pachypora, Lindst., Striatopora, Hall, Trachypora, E. & H.
Dendropora, Mich., and Ccenites, Eichw. Another group seems, according to him, to
be constituted by Syringolites, Hinde, and yet another one by Nyctopora, Nich.
We cannot in all these respects agree with Mr. Nicholson. The genus Nyctopora
is separated from the remainder of the Favositidce by the circumstance that in this
genus the primary mural plate, generally so conspicuous in the genus Favosites, is
not distinguishable. If one considers, however, in what large degree the distinct-
ness of this primary mural plate depends upon the mode of preservation of the speci-
mens, it may perhaps be prudent to separate the genus Nyctopora for the moment,
yet not entirely, from Favosites by putting it in a quite different division of the
family. The propriety of separating Pachypora and allied genera from Favosites
may also be questioned, as recently Mr. Erech has even opposed the idea of consider-
ing the two as different genera ; but that this can be done quite safely we shall
have occasion to show presently. Mr. Nicholson's grouping of Pachypora and allied
genera in opposition to Favosites, etc., may however be accepted for the present,
though it cannot be denied that Pachypora and Favosites are very near relations.
On the whole, it appears to us that very conveniently five sub-families may be
distinguished within the family Favositidce.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 843
I. Sub-Family: FAVOSITINM.
In the genera belonging to this sub-family the corallites mostly have thin walls,
and (mostly) complete, straight, not cystoid tabulae. We consider the following
genera as belonging to it.
1. Favositis, Lam., 1816 : Hist, des Anim. sans Vert., vol. II, p. 204. Silurian to carboni-
ferous. As a sub-genus there might, perhaps, be retained Emmonsia, E. & H. 1851 :
Pol. Foss. des Terr, paleoz.
2. Romingeria, Nichols., 1879 : Tabulate Corals, p. 114. Devonian.
3. Vermipora, Hall, 1874 : Twenty-sixth Ann. Rep. State Cab. of New- York, p. 109. Silurian
and devonian.
4. Nyctopora, Nichols., 1879 : Tabulate Corals, p. 182. Lower silurian.
5. (?) Nodulipora, Lindstrom, 1873 : Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forhandlingar,
No. 4, p. 14, note. Upper silurian. (The position of this genus is uncertain.)
6. (?) Billingsia, Koninck, 1876 : Rech. Foss. Paleoz. de la Nouv. Galles du Sud, I. p. 75,
PI. II, fig. 4. Devonian (position uncertain).
II. Sub-Eamily: TRACHYPORINdl.
This sub-family is characterised by having the walls of the corallites very
much thickened on the inside. The tabulae are complete, straight, not very nume-
rous. The following genera may be considered as belonging to it.
1. Pachypora, Lindstrom, 1873 : Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forhandlingar, p. 14.
Silurian to permian.
2. Striatopora, Hall, 1882 : Palseont. of New- York, vol. II, p. 156. Upper silurian and devo-
nian.
3. Trachypora, E.& H., 1851 : Polyp. Foss. des Terr. Paleoz, p. 305. Devonian.
4. (?) Laceripora, Eichwald, 1860 : Leth. Rossica, p. 490. Silurian (?) and carboniferous (?)
(position uncertain) .
III. Sub-Family: MICHEL1NIINM
In the genera belonging to this sub-family the walls of the single corallites are
thin, and often much perforated. The tabulae are numerous and strongly cystoid.
Calices generally large. The genera belonging to it are the following : —
1. Coltjmnopora, Nichols., 1874: Geolog. Mag., new ser., Vol. I, p. 253, fig. 1. Silurian.
2. Michelinia, Koninck, 1842 : Anim. Foss. des Terr. Carb. de la Belgique, p. 29. Silurian (?)
and carboniferous.
3. Pleurodictytjm, Goldf., 1829: Petrefaet. Germ., I, p. 113. Silurian (?) and devonian.
(Perhaps identical with the preceding.)
4. Chonostegites, E. & H., 1851 : Polyp. Foss. des Terr. Paleoz., p. 299. Devonian. The
position of this genus is very doubtful. It possesses a stolonal gemmation, and thus
should perhaps be considered as belonging to the Alcyonaria.
5. (?) Beaumontia, E. & H, 1851 : Polyp. Foss. des Terr. Paleoz., p. 276. Devonian and
carboniferous (position uncertain).
844 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
IV. Sub-Family: SYRWGOLITINM
The few genera that compose this sub-family are characterised by the thin
walls of the corallites and funnel-shaped tabulse, which touch each other in the
middle and thus form a central tube.
There are only two genera which possibly might be placed in this sub-family :
1. Sykingolites, Hinde, 1879 : Geolog. Mag., Dee. II, vol. VI, p. 244. Silurian.
2. (?) Roemeeia, E. & H., 1851 : Polyp. Foss. des Terr. PaMoz., p. 253. Devonian (position
very uncertain) .
V- Sub-Family: ALVEOLITINM.
The forms belonging to this sub-family are characterised by corallites which
are not strictly cylindrical or polygonal, but more or less compressed, triangular, or
semilunar in the transverse section. The walls of the corallites are sometimes
thickened, sometimes not. Septa mostly rudimentary, sometimes one or two slightly
indicated.
There are, as it seems to us, only two genera belonging to this sub-family :
1. Alveolites, Lam., 1801 : Syst. des Anim. sans Vert. p. 375. Silurian and devonian.
2. Ccenites, Eiehw., 1829 : Zool. special, t. I. p. 179. Silurian and devonian.
The family Favositidce is but sparingly represented in the Salt-range. Only
two genera belonging to it are in the collection, and even these are not very
common.
The genus Pachypora is represented by two species, whilst the genus Michelima
appears with more massive forms, taking part in the composition of the coral-reefs
which occur off and on in the middle region of the Productus-limestone. This
latter genus has furnished four species.
Sub-Family : TRACHYPORINjE.
Genus : PAGHYPOEA, Lindstrom.
The available materials of this genus from the Salt-range were very scanty,
and only of one species a sufficiently large piece was at our disposal for micro-
scopical sections. These, however, prove to be very instructive, and elucidate many
points, the discussion of which is of interest.
Regarding the generic position of these specimens, there seems to us even
some slight preliminary doubt as to whether we have to deal here with a true
Pachypora. The distinction of Pachypora from Favosites seems to be not in all
cases easy, and it has been advocated by Freeh that the two genera should be
considered entirely identical. The reasons brought forward by Dr. Freeh are beyond
doubt well founded for the case he treats of, but w« should not like to generalise
the question so far as he does. Before all it seems to us that the genus Pachypora
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 845
is not founded solely on the thickening of the walls of the single corallites, though
this is the most striking character, but the distinction rests also in the larger and
more irregularly distributed mural pores in Fachypora than is generally to be
observed in Favosites. Thus, in some species of Favosites, although the walls of the
corallites may sometimes become thickened, this does not seem to us a sufficient
reason for uniting all species of Fachypora with Favosites.
These special characters of Fachypora are very well exhibited by the micro-
scopical sections we have represented on PI. XCVII : that not only the thickened
walls of the corallites are most distinctly developed, but also the characters of the
mural pores can be very well distinguished. The large size of them is on a first
glance very remarkable, and as regards their distribution, we see in all the figures
that this is very irregular, and in figure 35 that some corallites show a biserial,
others a uniserial, arrangement of these pores. From this it appears that we have
certainly to deal in this case with a true Fachypora.
All the sections are, however, taken from one species. With regard to the other
species occurring in the Salt-range, we cannot say anything definite. We place it in
the genus Fachypora only on account of its outward appearance.
Of other interesting points observable in the sections the condition of the
primary mural plates may be particularly mentioned. We see in the figures on
PL XCVII that the appearance of these organs is very different according to
different modes of preservation. In the Pigs, lc, 3a, and 36 the primary mural
plates separating the single corallites and forming the middle line of the thickened
walls, appear as dark lines, mostly distinctly defined, sometimes however rather
diffuse. In fig. Be, on the contrary, the primary mural plates appear as white lines
with darker margins. These margins are absent in the lower part of the same
figure, and the primary mural plate is represented only by a light-coloured zone.
We must lay some stress on these different modes of preservation of the primary
mural plates, as in the Monticuliporce similar phenomena are very often to be observ-
ed, and it is of importance to find the same facts in Fachypora, an undoubted coral.
Another fact which requires some words of explanation is the mode of appear-
ance of the mural pores in the different preparations represented on PL XCVII.
In this respect chiefly fig. 3« is very instructive. We see that the mural pores are
the entrances to long tortuous canals, one or the other of which often bends in such
a way that it terminates suddenly with a round pore, as always happens when the
canal is cut by the thin microscopical slide transversely, instead of longitudinally.
Quite the same can occur also in tangential sections; then we have round pores
within the substance of the wall, assuming the appearance as if a vertical canal
extended within the wall, an appearance which perfectly agrees with what has
been called by Nicholson "intramural canals." It appears to us highly probable
that Mr. Nicholson s intramural canals are nothingelse than such tortuous mural
pores which happened to be cut transversely, instead of longitudinally, in some of
his microscopical sections.
c 2
846 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The intermural gemmation, or propagation, of these forms can also be well
observed in the thin sections represented on PL XOVII, figs. 3«, b, c, and lc.
As has been stated above, the genus is represented in the Salt-range by two
species, which are both new to science. They were found in one and the same bed,
in the Cephalopoda-bed of the upper Productus-limestone at Jabi.
1. Pachypoea ctjrvata, Waagen & Wentzel, n. sp., PL XCVII, figs. 1 & 3.
The corallum is massive, forming apparently simple, undivided stems, more or
less round in section. These stems do not become very thick, their maximum
diameter is about 10mm. The corallites are numerous, of very unequal size, their
orifices forming round pores of never more than one millimetre in diameter on the
surface of the stems, and covering this surface entirely. The walls of the corallites
are quite enormously thickened, and this nearly for their entire extent. This
thickness of the walls causes the calices to be rather far apart from each other.
The space between is carinated in the middle. The corallites take their origin in
the middle of the stems, and radiate in ascending, slowly at first and then rather
suddenly bending round towards the surface of the stems. Of septa properly
speaking nothing can be observed; they are apparently replaced by the so-called
septal spines, which are exceedingly strongly developed in the present species, but
can be observed only on thin sections. Tabulae are of extremely rare occurrence.
Locality and geological position. — There is a single specimen of this species
contained among the materials from the Salt-range. This was collected at Jabi in
the Cephalopoda-bed of the upper Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — This is one of the most typically developed species of Pachypora
imaginable. It is distinct from all the species hitherto described, by the extreme
scarcity of tabulae. So much the more are the so-called septal spines developed, and
it might even be questioned whether in this case these spines ought not rather to
be considered partly as incomplete tabulae. They are extremely irregular, bending
in every direction and often uniting from opposite sides of the corallite.
Of previously described species chiefly Pachypora nicholsoni, ~Erech.(=Pachyp.
cervicomis (Blainv.) Nichols.), from the devonian of the Eifel, may be compared ;
it needs only a look at Nicholson's excellent figures to see how closely the two forms
are related to each other. Of identity there can, however, be no question, as the
Indian species has very considerably larger calices than the devonian one.
Another species which perhaps might be compared is Calamopora tnackrothi,
(Gein.) King. If Mr. King's indications with regard to this form are right, and we
have not any reason to doubt them, then the above name cannot stand, as Stenopora
mackrothi, Geinitz, is something quite different from what has been described by
King under the name. Then the species will have to be called Pachypora ? inde-
pendens, King (1848, Catalogue, p. 6) . It is probably a Pachypora, though we
cannot be sure on the matter, as we have no materials of the species ; but if so, it
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 847
seems to be rather nearly related to our Pack, curvata. It is a ramose species, like
the Indian one, but the corallites seem also to be on an average smaller, and thus
the similarity is only a rather distant one.
2. Pachypoba jabibnsis, Waagen & Wentzel, n. sp., PI. XCVII. fig. 2.
Our only specimen, and that a small one, of this species is very perfectly
preserved; and though, owing to the scantiness of the material, we were not in
a position to make thin sections, yet most of the characters of the species can be
made out.
The corallum is massive, not very large, of an irregularly tuberous shape, taking
rise from the edge and both faces of a small shell fragment. The whole surface is
covered with the calices of the single corallites, which are very irregular in size,
more or less polygonal in shape, and never possessing a diameter of more than l*5mm.
These calices are separated from each other by rather thick walls, with high sharp
crests in the middle.
The interior of the corallites is partly exposed for a certain distance, the strong
matrix having been removed out of them by weathering. It can thus be seen that
the walls have extremely large, irregularly arranged, mural pores, and that the inside
of the walls is ornamented at irregular distances by rounded protuberances, which
assume somewhat the appearance as if the corallites were provided with irregular
septa.
The mode of augmentation of the corallites can also be well observed. Both
the modes of propagation described in the introduction to the family as occurring in
the Favositidce are represented on our specimen. Generally the mode of gemmation
is the intermural one, but in one or two cases very distinctly fissiparism can be made
out,
Locality and geological position. — The single specimen of this species existing
in the Salt-range collection was found in the Cephalopoda-bed of the upper Pro-
ductus-limestone of Jabi.
Remarks. — The position of this species in the genus Pachypora cannot be con-
sidered as above every doubt, until the microscopical inspection of it can be execu-
ted. For the present this position seems the most probable one, according to the
characters which have been indicated in the above description.
Of species previously described the one quoted by Beyrich as Calamopora sp.,
from carboniferous beds of the island of Timor, must chiefly be compared. In that
form the calices are of about the same diameter as in the Indian specimen ; they are
also polygonal, and thorn-like processes are observable on the inside of the walls of
the single corallites here and there. The entire shape of the corallum seems also to
be more or less tuberous. An exact identification of this form with the Indian one,
however, cannot be made because the mural pores have not been observed in the
specimens from Timor.
848 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Other carboniferous species, chiefly those from the mountain-limestone, can
barely be compared with the present form. Favosites haimeana, Kon., has similarly
large cells, but the walls of the corallites are quite thin, and the corallites are very
long.
Sub-Family : MICHELINIINM
Genus: MICHELINIA, Koninck.
To the excellent characteristic of the genus, as framed by Nicholson, but very
little is to be added. All that still needs mentioning is the mode of gemmation,
which has not been taken notice of by Mr. Nicholson. As in Favosites the general
mode of gemmation is the intermural one. This can be well observed in our figure
lc on PI. XOIX, where on the upper end a new individual is seen taking its origin.
This increases very rapidly in size, causing the adjoining corallites to deviate from
their original direction.
This identity of the mode of gemmation in Michelinia and Favosites is one
proof more that the two genera are very nearly related, though this has not been
admitted by Lindstrom, Zittel, and others. The reasons for which Lindstrom places
the genus Michelinia in the Gystiphyllidce are, the cystoid condition of the tabuhe,
the existence of septa in the corallites, and of root-like appendages on the epitheca,
and the different morphological interpretation that must be given to the mural pores
in the two genera.
As regards the last of these characters we must confess that on thin sections
we could not find any difference between the mural pores of Favosites and Michelinia,
either in the figures given by Nicholson (of Pleurodictyum) or in preparations we
made ourselves. The pores show no regularity whatever in their arrangement,
and do not take any heed of the septal furrows which stretch down the walls of the
corallites. They pierce these walls directly, and in many of our preparations of sili-
cified specimens a hair can easily be passed through them. They are not all abso-
lutely of the same size ; some are larger, some smaller. They are often more clustered
together at the base of young individuals which have just ta'ken their origin by
gemmation, and thus still communicate freely with the parent individuals.
If thus the mural pores do not seem to warrant a wide separation of Michelinia
and Favosites, the other characters alluded to by Mr. Lindstrom are still less adapted to
make such a separation acceptable. The septa are never developed, but appear as very
shallow elevations, separated from each other by barely perceptible furrows, stretch-
ing down the internal sides of the walls of the corallites. Since the investigations
of Mr. Nicholson however it is known that in certain forms of undoubted Favositidm,
as in Nyctopora, the septa are at least as well developed, and thus this rudimentary
development of septa in Michelinia, which is, moreover, often entirely absent in
some forms of this genus, cannot be considered as forming a fundamental difference
between it and Favosites.
PEODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— C(ELENTERATA. 849
As to the cystoid condition of the tabulae, it must be confessed that such a
thing has never been observed in Favosiles proper ; on the other hand, in Columno-
pora a form has been described as truly transitional between Michelinia and Favosites.
In this form the tabulae are mostly convex, or even partly cystoid, the walls of the
single corallites are still more frequently pierced by mural pores than in Michelinia,
and there are traces of septa developed on the inside of the tubes of the corallites.
Thus it can hardly be doubted that Qolumnopora is about equally nearly related to
Michelinia and to Favosites, and the existence of such a transitional form goes far
to elucidate the relation of those two genera.
As a last differental character between Favosites and Michelinia the existence
of an epitheca provided with root-like appendages is quoted by Lindstrom. That in
Favosites also an epitheca is sometimes developed had been already observed by
Quenstedt (Petref. Deutschl., Vol. VI, p. 5). The root-like appendages, however,
even in the genus Michelinia, only occur in that group of forms of which Michelinia
favosa, Gdf., is the prototype. In all the other groups these appendages are
absent.
Moreover, even if the points of discrepancy are not of such a nature as to
warrant a fundamental distinction of Michelinia and Favosites, there are points of
similarity which cannot be overlooked. One of these is the mode of gemmation,
which is absolutely identical in Favosites and Michelinia. On the surface of the
corallum the new individuals appear as small, three-, four-, or five-sided calices at the
points where three old corallites come together. That the gemmation is truly an in-
termural one, and that it cannot be stated from which of the old corallites the new
one has taken its origin appears beyond doubt from the section represented in fig.
lc. PL XCIX, where the primordial wall that separates the old corallites is distinct-
ly split into two at the point where a new one takes its origin.
After all that has been said there cannot, it seems to us, remain much doubt
that Michelinia must be placed in the family Favositidce.
Very nearly related with Michelinia is Fleurodictyum, which thus cannot be
placed, as Zittel advocates, near Forites or Protarcea. Pleurodictyum, if it is at
all different from Michelinia, deviates from that genus chiefly only by the less fre-
quency of tabulae in the single corallites.
Just the contrary is the case with Chonostegites, E. & H., which has been
considered as a synonym of Michelinia by Zittel and others. The characters of the
genus have been well set forth by Nicholson ; one character has not, however, been
sufficiently brought forward by him, though it is very clearly represented in his
drawings, and also mentioned casually in the description; this is, the ''stolonal
gemmation," — as it has been called by Koch in his very important paper on the
modes of propagation occurring in corals — , which is very distinctly developed in this
genus. This " stolonal gemmation " is characteristic of the Syringoporidce and of
Tubipora, whilst it generally does not occur in the Zoantharia, and thus the genus
may perhaps have to be altogether removed from that class and placed in the
850
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Alcyonaria. If then we allow Chonostegites to remain in the vicinity of Micheli~
nia, it is only provisionally, and on account of the perforation of the walls of the
single corallites, which occurs rather frequently in this genus.
The genus Michelinia has, up to the present, been observed to occur chiefly in
the carboniferous formation ; in devonian strata also species of the genus have been
found. That the genus occurs again in permian beds has been proved by the detec-
tion of specimens by Abich in the permian beds on the Araxes.
In the Salt-range the genus is not at all rare, and occurs most commonly in the
middle division of the Productus-limestone, which is made up in a great part of
coral reefs ; also in the upper division specimens of the genus are not very rare.
In the lower division, however, it has not yet been found up to the present.
There are altogether four species of the genus contained in the Salt-range
collection. Two of them, Mich, abichi, W. & "W., and Mich, placenta, W. & W.,
occur in the upper division of the Productus-limestone, whilst the third and fourth,
Mich, indica, W. &. W., and Mich, glomerata, McCoy, are restricted to the middle
division.
1. Michelinia abichi, "Waagen and Wentzel n. sp.
1878. Michelinia tenuisepta, (Phill.) Abich: Bergkalk fauna aus der Araxesenge bei Djoulfa, p. 91, pi. 11.
fig. 11 (non Phillips).
1879. Michelinia sp. indet., Moller : Neu. Jahrb. fiir Min., 1879, pp. 238-239.
? 1883. Michelinia sp., Kayser : Fauna von Lo-Ping ; Richthofen's China, vol. IV, p. 195, pi. XXIX, fig. 15-
i— »— ~ i.: .--,
aSL&gg&gsaasWJ
Fig. 26, Michelinia abichi, Waagen and Wentzel n. sp. Silicified specimen of an entire corallum from the upper
Productus-limestone of Kafirkot North : a, lateral view ; b, top-view, both natural size ; c, some of the
calices broken and exposing their lateral faces, enlarged.
»
Corallum irregularly reversed conical in shape, with an infundibuliform base,
which is attached by the median prominence to foreign bodies and otherwise covered
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTEEATA. 851
by a not very thick concentrically plicated epitheca. Up to the present, no large
specimens of this species have been detected, and it is probable that it never
much exceeded the size of the figured specimen. Corallites spreading from the place
of attachment, ascending at the same time steeply. Their form is irregularly poly-
gonal. The marginal ones are covered by the epitheca in such a manner that their
longitudinal extension can be distinguished through it. All the corallites are in
close contact, their walls rather thin and not perfectly combined together but show-
ing distinctly in the middle the primary mural plate. Calices very irregularly
polygonal in outline, rather small, never larger than 5mm. in diameter, often very
much smaller, shallow. Septa indicated by a close but rather indistinct vertical
striation of the interior side of the walls. Mural pores not very large, numerous,
irregularly arranged. Tabulae not very numerous, about two to three within the
space of 5mm., cystoid, not very strongly vaulted, irregular, often uniting with one
another, or with smaller cysts attached parasitically on the margins of the larger
ones.
Locality and geological position. — There is only one specimen of this species
preserved in the Salt-range collection. This was collected by Mr. Wynne in the
trans-Indus continuation of the Salt-range at Kafirkot North, in the higher divisions
of the Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — We identify this fossil from the Salt-range with the one that has
been described by Abich under the name of Michelinia tenuisepta, Phill., from the
upper palaeozoic (permian) beds of Djoulfa on the Araxes. It cannot be subject of
the slightest doubt that this form is very nearly related to the true Mich, tenuisepta,
and there are perhaps many palaeontologists who would not advocate the distinction
of the Armenian and Indian fossils from Phillips's species. Already however, Moller
has drawn attention to the circumstance that in Abich's specimen the calices are
■ considerably smaller than in the typical mountain-limestone species. As the same
character is repeated in the Indian specimen, which is of similar geological age as the
Armenian one, it seems now probable that a permian form exists which is on the
whole very similar to Mich, tenuisepta, Phill., but which can be distinguished by
altogether smaller calices. To this form we have given the name of Mich, abichi.
A fossil which seems to be very similar to this Mich, abichi, but which has only
been found up to the present in a very bad state of preservation, is the one figured
by Kayser from the upper coal-measure beds of Lo-Ping in China. The size of the
calices is absolutely the same, and thus it might very easily be the case that we have
to deal here with the same species. The question can, however, not be decided before
better materials from China are available. If the identity should prove to exist
in reality, then the species would have a rather wide geological range, from upper
carboniferous to permian.
On the whole it is highly probable that Mich, tenuisepta is the direct ancestor
of Mich, abichi, and that thus both belong to one and the same developmental
series.
D
852
SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
2. Michelinia placenta, Waagen and Wentzel n. sp.
(■SCSI
EwBSH
Fig. 27, Michelinia placenta, Waagen and Wentzel n. sp. Silicified specimen from the Cephalopoda bed of the upper
Productus-limestone of Jabi : — a, top-view ; b, basal-view, both natural size ; c, some of the corallites
enlarged ; d, walls of one of the corallites strongly enlarged.
Corallum forming flatly lenticular or somewhat conical masses, with a perfectly
flat base and slightly elevated corallites. The base is free, fixed only by a small
point to foreign bodies and covered with a very thick rugose epitheca. The whole
corallum is of rather moderate size. Corallites short, springing under obtuse angles
from the flat base, essentially polygonal, and being for their whole extent in close
contact together. Their walls extremely thin and brittle, as thin as paper. Calices
distinctly polygonal, deep, very irregular in shape and unequal in size, but never
larger than 6mm. in diameter, augmenting very distinctly by intermural gemmation.
Septa indicated by a rather indistinct vertical striation of the walls of the corallites,
bat their number cannot be counted. Mural pores very numerous, not very large
and quite irregularly disposed. Tabulse not very numerous, not strongly inflated,
but rather flat, mostly complete, sometimes forming small. marginal cysts, not filling
the entire room of the corallites.
The specimens at our disposal do not exceed a diameter of 40mm. and do not
attain a greater height than 15-20mm.
Locality and geological 'position. — There are altogether two specimens of this
species preserved in the Salt-range collection, which were both found in the Cephalo-,
poda-bed of the upper Productus-limestone of Jabi.
Memarhs. — With regard to some characters the present species seems to
be again most nearly related to Mich, tenuisepta, Phill., with which species it chiefly
PKODTJCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 853
agrees in the size of the calices, and the vertical striation of the walls of the corallites.
It is, however, distinct from Phillips's species by its flat base and the therefore not
reversedly conical shape. By these characters the species rather closely approaches
Mich, favosa, Gdf ., which is, however, distinct by the root-like processes which spring
from its base.
Of other species, chiefly Mich, abichi, described above, must be compared ; the
distinction of the present species is, however, not difficult ; the flat base, the quite
different mode of growth, and the larger calices distinguish this form readily from
Mich, abichi.
3. Michelinia indica, Waagen and Wentzel, n. sp., PI. XCIX, fig. 1.
A corallum forming irregular tuberous masses of rather large size, which gener-
ally spring from a small, reversedly conical base, covered by a thick epitheca ; the
basal part is, however, mostly obliterated. Corallites tolerably long, polygonal, in-
distinctly radiating from an imaginary point; their walls are in close contact
throughout and rather thick. Calices not deep, polygonal, four-, five-, or six-sided ; on
an average 6-8mm. in diameter, rarely somewhat larger. Septa almost entirely absent,
and even the vertical striation of the walls of the corallites, by which the septa are
represented in most species of Michelinia, are barely observable. Mural pores very
numerous, rather small, and quite irregularly arranged. Tabulae very numerous, very
strongly inflated, forming highly vaulted cysts, which are very conspicuous ; they are
mostly complete, but sometimes a number of smaller cysts surround a larger median
one. The augmentation of the corallites by intermural gemmation is very distinct.
The species attains rather large dimensions. Our largest specimen is 130mm. in
diameter.
Locality and geological position. — The present species seems to be restricted to
the middle division of the Productus-limestone, where it takes part in the formation
of the large coral reefs which are to be observed at certain localities in these beds. It
has been found in this position at Virgal in the coral-limestone (1 specimen) ; east
of Katwahi in the same beds (1 specimen) ; and in the section at Khura in the top-
beds of the middle division.
Remarks. The form which seems to be most nearly related to Mich, indica is
Mich, glomerata, M'Coy, from the mountain-limestone of Europe. The general
appearance of both species is absolutely identical, but on a closer examination one
finds that the Indian coral has larger calices, 6.8mm. in diameter, whilst they are
only 5 to 6mm. in Mich, glomerata ; the tabulse also are much more numerous and
much more irregular, so that it very probably forms a different species.
Mich, tenuisepta and the two species described on the foregoing pages are also
rather nearly related to our Mich. indica,,bxit from all these the latter is distinguish-
ed by its entirely different mode of growth, which makes it resemble Mich.
glomerata.
D 2
854 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
There can be but little doubt that Mich, glomerata is the direct ancestor
of Mich, indica, but it appears difficult to adduce undoubtable proofs for such a
supposition.
4. MlCHELINIA cf. GLOMEBATA, M'Coy, PL CXVI, fig. 1.
1855. Michelinia glomerata, M'Coy : Brit, palseoz. Foss., p. 80., pi. IIIB, fig. 14.
There is a very large coral in the Salt-range collection that may perhaps be
directly united with Mich, glomerata, M'Coy. The general form of the corallum
is irregular, forming large flatly tuberous masses of 170 to 200mm. diameter.
Corallites not very long, radiating from an imaginary point. Calices polygonal, of
rather unequal sizes, but never larger than 5 to 6mm., tolerably deep ; the walls
not very thin, and without vertical striation in the specimen at our disposal.
Mural pores not very conspicuous. Tabulae rather straight, very numerous, four to
six within the distance of 5mm., sometimes with little vesicles along their margins.
Intermural gemmation very frequent and distinct.
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species in the Salt-
range collection was found by Mr. Wynne in the middle division of the Productus-
limestone at Morah. The specimen is calcareous and forms a very large coral,
although a large part of it has evidently been broken off. Its longitudinal diameter
is 170mm., its breadth 140mm., and its height 90mm.
Remarks. — The present form agrees so very nearly witb Mich, glomerata of
M'Coy, that we barely think it advisable to separate it entirely from M'Coy's species.
Yet there are some differences, which must not be overlooked. These consist in the
tabulae being nearly straight and considerably more numerous, characters which
may no doubt have partly depended upon the circumstances under which the
animals lived, but which yet constitute differences of some importance. Thus we
have preferred to introduce the present form under the designation of Mich. cf. glome-
rata, M'Coy.
From the species previously described in this work, chiefly from Mich, indica, W.
& W., it differs by its considerably smaller calices.
Family : MONT1CTJLIPORIDJE.
The family which has given us the greatest trouble in working out its affinities'
and its internal structure is that of the Monticuliporidce, not only because there had
to be taken into consideration two opposite opinions of long standing, one, supported
by Lindstrom and Rominger, regarding these fossils as Bryozoa, and another, sup-
ported strongly by Nicholson, taking them to be corals; but also, because the
family as circumscribed by Nicholson could not be retained as made to include
forms of Alcyonaria as well as those belonging to the Hexacoralla.
The first point is therefore to show the affinity of the Monticuliporidce to the
corals, in opposition to the view which considers them as Bryozoa. In our endea-
PKODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 855
vours to decide this question great difficulties were encountered on account of the
fact that no decisive characters have so far been made out, by which the stony-
abodes of certain corals and those of the Bryozoa cyclostomata could be distinguish-
ed. Both consist of minute cells, more or less tubular, often with horizontal parti-
tions or tabulae ; and even organs comparable externally to radial septa are not
entirely absent in some Bryozoa ; from all which it appears that in fossil forms
neither the general habitus of the colonies nor the internal characters of the single
cells can be made use of for the distinction of the Monticuliporidce and the Bryozoa.
Yet after careful studies we detected certain distinctive characters in the modes of
propagation which are so radically different as to affect the shape and structure of
the colonies ; the structure of the walls of the cells is also different in the Monti-
culiporidce and in the Bryozoa.
In all these considerations, however, we must exclude the genus Heteropora,
Blv. In its structure, it cannot be denied, this genus exhibits a certain affinity to
the Monticuliporidce, but there are also so many discrepancies that its real relations
must probably be looked for in other quarters. We were ourselves not in a position
to make observations on recent species of the genus, but the descriptions given by
Nicholson are so excellent that barely any new facts can be brought to light. As
far as can be judged from Nicholson's drawings, the propagation in Heteropora is
exactly like that prevailing in Monticulipora or Favosites, whereby a central and a
peripheral zone can be distinguished in the colonies of Heteropora as in Favosites.
Mural pores are very numerous, and though Mr. Nicholson thinks them to be
different from the mural pores of the Faoositidce by having proper walls, yet we
cannot but record the fact, that we have repeatedly observed distinct walls sur-
rounding the mural pores in true Favositidce, and that it appears to be only a
matter of exceptional preservation whether such walls can be distinguished or not.
In the recent form of Heteropora studied by Mr. Nicholson, tabulae occur only
sparingly in the cells properly speaking, and are entirely absent in the interstitial
tubes, whilst in fossil forms tabulae appear in numbers in all the tubes of which the
colony is composed ; as an instance of this the figure of Heterop. pustulosa, Mich., in
Zittel's Handbook Vol. I p. 611, may be compared. Lastly there occur in Setero-
pora numerous septal spines which are comparable to similar organs that very
commonly occur among the Favositidce. After all these facts we perfectly concur
with Mr. Nicholson in his final opinion " that the pore-canals, septal spines and
tabulae, which are now known to exist in some species- of Heteropora, are, at any
rate, as reconcilable with its reference to the Ccelenterata as to the JPolyzoa." We
may perhaps add that the modes of propagation observable in Heteropora are more
in favour of placing the genus with the Ccelenterata than with any other group of
animals. So long, however, as the animals inhabiting the colonies of Heteropora
are not known, it is more or less useless to speculate on the systematic position of
these objects. It may suffice to have proved that the systematic position of Hetero-
pora is by no means certain, and as Heteropora is precisely the only connecting link
856 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
between the Bryozoa and the Montiouliporidce such a demonstration goes already-
far towards elucidating the systematic position of the latter. If Heteropora, from
a careful study of its animals, should ever be proved to be a Bryozoon, then also the
Favositidce would have to be removed to the Bryozoa, and Dollfuss's views in the
matter would be perfectly justified. The relation of Favosites to Alveopora, Favo-
sitipora, and the like would, however, then remain an unsolved riddle. As the
matter now stands, we may be perfectly justified if we exclude the genus Hetero-
pora altogether.
If we turn now to the modes of propagation occurring in different groups of
animals, we find, that in the Bryozoa there is only one such mode observable, and
that is gemmation. In the corals, on the contrary, two such modes have been long
since made known — -fissiparity and gemmation. Whilst however in the Bryozoa
gemmation takes place only in a single manner, by protruding, one of the walls of
the mother-cell and afterwards partitioning off the protruded part, there are many
different ways in which gemmation has been observed to occur in corals. With
regard to the gemmation of the Bryozoa very excellent observations have been
published by Barrois (Recherches sur l'embryologie des Bryosoaires. Lille. 1877),
Nitsche, Claparede, etc: ; the mode of gemmation in the corals on the other hand has
been studied in detail by Koch, whose chief work on the subject has been published
in the Palseontographica (III Ser., Vol. V).
The difference between the animals inhabiting the colonies of Bryozoa and
those that build up the colonies of corals are extremely striking in many respects,
and must find their expression also in the mode in which the colonies are built
up. The animals of the Bryozoa are in the first place much less long-lived
than those of the corals, as they show, for by far the longest part of their
existence, a so-called latent vitality. Each animal of a colony of Bryozoans
produces one or two gems, only exceptionally more, all nearly simultaneously,
and mostly whilst it is yet in a rather juvenile state, after which it stops its
functions in this direction. The animal of a colony of corals never stops produc-
ing gems but develops them at all times of its life and at different levels.
This difference alone is the cause of a quite different growth of the colonies of the
two classes of animals. Whilst in the Bryozoa gems are produced only in the
peripheral parts of the colony, augmentation only occurs at the margin of the
whole colony, as for instance in Brenicea, or in arborescent forms only at the
apex of the branches, as in Entalophora, in the corals gems are produced all over
the colony, in great numbers if the animals are well off, well fed, etc., and
in smaller numbers if the contrary is the case. This circumstance then accounts for
the very striking contrast existing in the outward aspect of corals and Bryozoa.
Whilst in the corals everywhere small calices are intermingled with larger ones, in
the true Bryozoa (we do not speak here of Heteropora) the smaller cells are to be
found only in the peripheral parts of the colony, the cells elsewhere being all of the
same size. The internal structure as well becomes very different, as is chiefly
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 857
apparent in the arborescent forms, a mode of growth which is also most generally-
affected by the Monticuliporidce. If we make a longitudinal section through a
branch of an arborescent colony of a Bryozoon we find that all the cells take their
origin in a most regular manner at the imaginary axis, slowly ascending and bend-
ing sideways to reach the surface of the branch. There is no splitting of thes-j cells ;
the gemmation is restricted to the vicinity of the imaginary axis, and thus the dis-
tinction of a central and a peripheral part of the branch, as can always be made in
the branches of Monticuliporidce, is impossible. In forms like Cellepora in which
the colonies form a mere agglomeration of accumulated cells, the mother-cells, from
which the new ones have taken their origin, can always very distinctly be made out ;
and it must not be forgotten that for the propagation of vitality there must remain
free communication between the young feeding animals and the old ones, for the pas-
sage of the nutritive fluid, so that more or less large pores must remain open in the
walls of all the single cells by which the animals communicate with each other.
Having thus in a general way indicated the mode of propagation prevailing in
the Bryozoa on the one hand, and in the corals on the other, we may now turn
more in detail to that of the Bryozoa and of the Monticuliporidce.
After Mr. Smith's discovery of a kind of dimorphism or metamorphosis occur-
ring in the colonies of Bryozoa, whereby such a colony in the young state would
seem to belong to another genus from that presented in its more advanced state
of growth, the question of the propagation or gemmation in the Bryozoa was placed
in a new light. The endeavour on the part of Mr. Barrois to treat this subject
more in detail in his very important work on the Embryology of the Bryozoa must
be thankfully acknowledged. The point which is of the utmost value to us is that
Mr. Barrois demonstrated beyond any doubt that in the Bryozoa the mode of gem-
mation in all cases remains the same. He says in this respect (p. 77 of his work) :
"J'ai toujours observe* comme on peut le voir dans le bourgeonnemeut de la loge
primitive, que les nouvelles loges se formaient par simple renflement, suivie du cloi-
sonnement, de la loge prece*dente ; la chose m'a paru se passer de meme pour tous les
bourgeonnements successifs aussi bien chez les Phalangelles que chez les Crisies et
tous les autres cas que j'ai pu observer." This is how propagation takes place in the
Gyclostomata, that group of Bryozoa which can alone be considered as perhaps allied
to the Monticuliporidce.
Somewhat different is the mode of propagation in the Chilostomata. With
regard to this group very exact observations have been made on Flustra membra-
nacea, Linn., by Dr. Nitsche. In the beginning, so long as the colony is still very
young, the propagation resembles to a certain extent that of the Cyclostomata, but in
old colonies, the separate animals are prolonged in creeping radial tubes, which
sometimes bifurcate, and in which, at the proximal end, parts are constantly cham-
bered off as soon as they have reached the normal length of one of the animals.
These chambers are the gems in which the animals are slowly developed. In the
meantime the tube constantly augments in length at the distal end. This mode of
858 SALT-UANGE FOSSILS.
gemmation is the least important for us, as it has been observed up to the present
in the Chilostomata only ; it appears, however, more or less as a modification of that
occurring in the Cyclostomata. Another mode of gemmation, almost entirely in
accordance with that occurring in Cyclostomata, has been described by Claparede in
several arborescent forms of Chilostomata. Prom all that we can gather with regard to
the gemmation of recent Bryozoa it appears that, besides having the gemmation
restricted to a very short period in the single animal's life, the production of gems
is also restricted to one side of the animal only. It is always on the side opposite
the aperture of the cell. This can very easily be made out in the Chilostomata,
where the aperture is always more or less lateral ; but also in the Cyclostomata,
where the aperture is terminal, the apex always bends to one side, opposite to the
side on which gems are produced. We will call the gem-producing side the dorsal
one. In creeping colonies this dorsal side is turned downwards, in arborescent forms
it is turned inwards, towards the axis of the stem. If thus a creeping colony changes
into an arborescent one, the animals must turn round to a certain extent, to
bring their dorsal sides into a fitting position ; but that is all the change that takes
place in such a case.
In the corals on the contrary, gemmation takes place indiscriminately on all
sides of the animal, and therefore no linear descent of the respective animals is
observable.
In the Monticuliporidce propagation occurs in a way which deviates very far
from the modes described in the Bryozoa. As in corals two essentially different modes
of propagation are observable : gemmation and fissiparity. The first of these is
the more common one and therefore we shall consider it first in the Monticuli-
poridce. If we turn to Prof. Koch's extremely important paper on the propagation
of corals, we find that he does not retain the old opinion as to the essential differ-
ence between fissiparity and gemmation, and from a biological point of view such a
distinction may indeed not be entirely justifiable, but from a practical point of
view it appears to us as of great importance. Mr. Koch distinguishes six different
modes of gemmation, two of which would, according to former views, correspond to
fissiparity, whilst the other four would represent gemmation in the more restricted
sense. We have now observed that the modes of gemmation in the more restricted
sense are characteristic of single groups or even large divisions of the Anthozoa,
whilst fissiparity is not restricted to a single group or class, but occurs off and on in
all forms along with one or the other form of gemmation, though again on the other
hand, fissiparity becomes the rule in certain large groups of corals nearly to the exclu-
sion of gemmation. Prom these considerations it seems desirable to retain the dis-
tinction between fissiparity and gemmation, and thus we shall treat of each separately.
The four modes of gemmation are classed by Koch in the following manner : —
A — Internal gemmation : —
a, Tabular gemmation : the young corallites are produced by means of singu-
larly transformed tabulae.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTEEATA. 859
This mode of gemmation chiefly occurs in the Bugosa or Tetracoralla.
B — External gemmation : —
a, Intermural gemmation : the young corallites are produced by the splitting
of the primary mural plate (or primordial wall) of two or more adjoin-
ing corallites.
b, Coenenchymal gemmation : young corallites are produced by the fusion of
several interstitial tubes.
c, Stolonal gemmation : young corallites are produced by the budding of
one of the stolones.
The last of these modes of gemmation is entirely restricted to the Alcyonaria ;
the second seems chiefly so, whilst the first has been observed up to the present in
Favositidce and some Hexacoralla.
If we regard the Monticuliporidce as a whole, as they have been circumscribed
by Nicholson, we find that in the forms thus comprised under the name two of the
above distinguished modes of gemmation are observable — the intermural and the
coenenchymal gemmations. According to the occurrence of the two modes of gemma-
tion two different groups of forms can be distinguished within Nicholson's Monticuli-
poridce, of one of which the genus Monticulipora, whilst of the other the genus
Fistulipora, may be considered as the types. We take the two groups as forming
two different families, for the one of which we retain the name of Monticuliporidce,
whilst for the other we create the name of Fistuliporidce. The latter family must,
however, at the same time be removed to the Alcyonaria, a mode of proceeding
which will be justified later on.
In the Monticuliporidce in this restricted sense, there exists only one mode of
gemmation and this is the intermural one, which is chiefly characterised by the cir-
cumstance that the young animal formed by gemmation has no part in common
with the mother animal, so that it is impossible to say from which of the surround-
ing animals the new one took its origin. It looks as if the new animal were only
filling up a void space between several old animals.
The gemmation can very easily be made out on tangential sections of the fossils
belonging to the family. It needs only a glance at our PI. OX, figs, lc and 3c, or
PL CXIV, fig. 2c, to become convinced of this. Generally gems are developed
where three or more corallites come into contact, but also at other places they are
sometimes to be found.
Gemmation very generally commences with a thickening of the primary mural
plate or primordial wall. These thickenings can easily be recognised in this connection
when they occur where several corallites meet; but when they occur at intervals in the
extension of the primary mural plates, as is not rarely the case, then their interpre-
tation has caused much difficulty. These thickenings have then been called " "Wand-
strange " (mural strings) by Dybowsky, and have partly been considered as the so-
called spiniform corallites by Nicholson. Our figures PI. OX, figs, lc and 3c, are
chiefly instructive in this respect ; it may be useful at the same time to compare
E
860 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
PI. CXIII, figs, le, If, 3 and 4. These thickenings are of very varying extent. Some-
times they stretch over long distances before the formation of anew corallite actually
takes place, sometimes the thickening occurs only just before it makes its appearance.
Even in one and the same corallum differences in this respect can be observed at
different levels within the colonies.
After this thickening has been completed then the primary mural plate of the
new individual thus developed begins to be formed. In the middle of the originally
dark thickening, light coloured wall-substance appears, surrounded by dark lines,
indicating the primordial wall of the new individual. In this state no hollow for
the reception of the animal as yet exists. This state of development is not often to
be observed, as it lasts only for a short interval. Nevertheless it is occasionally
exhibited in our figures : for instance in PI. CX, fig. 3c, such a gem can be observed,
of a triangular shape, bearing at its corners already again thickenings, the com-
mencement of new gems. Also in PI. CXIV, fig. 2c, this state of development
can be observed.
The third and last state of development is reached when the light-coloured
wall-substance in the middle of the gem becomes perforated, thus forming the
hollow for the reception of the animal. This state of development can very easily
be seen in every tangential section, but caution is needed not to mistake it for that
produced by fissiparity, which is not very different in appearance. With some
practice, however, it will not be difficult to distinguish between the two modes
of propagation. Very frequently the two occur together in one and the same
section.
It is rather rare that all the three stages in the development of the genus can
be distinguished, as in very many cases the primordial wall has either been obliterat-
ed or otherwise altered by the process of fossilisation. Often mineral matter has
been deposited on it, and then often the primordial walls appear as if resolved into
a string of beads, and the thickenings which afterwards give rise to the formation
of gems cannot well be made out (compare in this respect PI. CX, fig. le,
PI. CIX, fig. 2a, &c). In most cases, however, the first and the last stage of deve-
lopment can be well distinguished. The difficulty of observation of the intermediate
state probably caused Mr. Nicholson to mistake such half-developed gems as singu-
larly transformed individuals, for which he introduced the name of spiniform
corallites.
The intermural gemmation cannot be so clearly discerned in longitudinal sec-
tions. The cause of this may be found in the circumstance that in such sections
more than two individuals can never be seen in close contact. Nevertheless in such
sections also the process of gemmation can be well made out, and it needs only a
look at PL CX, fig. Id, to become convinced of this. The primary mural plate, here
indicated by a dark line, ascends, and suddenly divides in two, enclosing in the acute
angle thus formed light coloured wall-substance. Higher up the hollow is formed
in which the new animal resided.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA.
861
A few schematic figures will show the process of gemmation more clearly than
any description can ; to this end we present here some such figures: —
Fig. 28. Schematic figures of the intermural gemmation of a Monticuliporid as seen in tangential sections : a, three
corallites without gems ; b, the same with the commencement of gemmation, showing thickenings of the
primordial walls where three corallites meet ; c, the primordial walls of the gems are already formed, but no
hollows for the reception of the animals are as yet present; d, the gems fully developed, but as yet of
smaller size than the mother-animals.
Fig. 29. Schematic figure showing the intermural gemmation of a Monticuliporid as seen in a longitudinal section : the
dotted lines a, b, c, d corresponding to the tangential sections represented in fig. 28, with the sole difference
that in the present figure only two corallites with only one gem between them is represented.
This gemmation, as now described in detail, is certainly very far different from
the mode of gemmation occurring in Bryozoa, as described above. The most radi-
cal difference always consists in the circumstance that in the Bryozoa the fully
developed animals do not produce gems, but only the quite young ones, which are
themselves still more or less in the state of buds. After this the next important
difference is, that in Bryozoa the mother-animal, from which the new one took its
origin, can always be made out, whilst this is not the case in the Monticuliporce.
On the other hand the gemmation which we have just described in detail in
the Monticuliporidee, is absolutely identical with that occurring in the Favositida,
and Koch's figures of the gemmation of Favosites gothlandica, Gdf., might almost
as well be taken from specimens of Monticulipora, the only difference being, that
the thickenings of the primary mural plate inaugurating the formation of gems is
more frequent in the Monticuliporidee than in Favosites, whereby results the fact
that the corallites at the surface of the colonies are of more unequal size in the
Monticuliporidee than in the Favositida.
Another mode of propagation is, as has been stated above, that which is brought
about by fissiparity. Fissiparity, however, is a mode of propagation which points
to such a low organisation of the animals in which it occurs, that, when we are able
e 2
862
SALT-RANGE "FOSSILS.
to prove its occurrence in the Moniiculiporidce, it appears absolutely impossible to
unite them with the Bryozoa.
As a fact, fissiparity is not at all of rare occurrence in the Monticuliporidce, and
there are numbers of figures in the works of Nicholson and Dybowsky which show
■very distinctly this mode of propagation. It needs only a reference to PL I, figs.
1—3 of Dybowsky, or PI. I, figs. 4c 4d, PL III, figs. Be 3/, PL VI, figs. 1/ \g,
and to the woodcuts on page 171, fig. 32 C, or page 173, fig. 33 B, of Nicholson's
work on the Monticuliporidce to confirm this assertion. Fissiparity can very easily
be distinguished from gemmation by the circumstance that the internal space of the
new animal forms part of the internal space of the mother-animaL It can more
easily be distinguished in longitudinal than in tangential sections. In longitudinal
sections this mode of propagation can easily be recognised, inasmuch as in this case
within the space of one of the corallites, which is well characterised by the two lon-
gitudinal walls stretching along, between which the tabulae are spread out — a new
longitudinal wall suddenly appears, dividing the internal room of the old corallite
into two, and thus giving rise to two new corallites. Generally such a new longi-
tudinal wall begins at one of the tabulae, and to understand this, it may be well to
accept the opinion, that only that part of the corallite above the last tabula was
occupied by the living animal, whilst all below was dead.
In tangential sections fissiparity can less easily be distinguished. One can,
however, often observe one corner of a polygonal corallite partitioned off by an ob-
lique wall, whereby a new animal of more or less triangular shape is formed, which
slowly increases in size and assumes by degrees a polygonal outline. This view, in
combination with the one represented by the longitudinal section gives a fair idea of
the manner in which fissiparity takes place ; the animal is literally split in two by a
wall, which stretches from one side of its body-cavity to the other. The radical
difference of this mode of propagation from the intermural gemmation described
above is obvious. .
Also in this case schematic figures will perhaps give a more clear idea of the
process than description can do ; we therefore give some figures representing fissi-
parity.
Fig. 30. Schematic figures representing fissiparity as occurring in the Monticuliporids : a, transverse section of a corallite
bearing at its side a young animal produced by fissiparity ; b, longitudinal section of a corallite showing
the splitting into two of the mother-animal.
It cannot be asserted that something like fissiparity has never been observed in
Bryozoa, whilst it is of very general occurrence in corals. Formerly the opinion was
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 863
entertained that Chcetetes increased solely by fissiparity, whilst in Monticulipora
gemmation alone should occur. As to Chcetetes we cannot express any opinion, as
we had no materials for observation, but with regard to Monticulipora already
Nicholson expresses strong doubts as to gemmation being the sole mode of increase.
The difficulty was always that one was not inclined to admit the two modes of
propagation as occurring in one and the same form ; but in the course of our investi-
gations we so often found that fissiparity existed together with gemmation in one
and the same colony of corals that we must consider fissiparity as a perfectly inde-
pendent mode of propagation, which occurs off and on throughout the whole class,
whilst the special mode of gemmation is characteristic of single groups.
If thus the mode of increase of the colonies of the Monticuliporce seems not to
be in favour of the supposition of these organisms being Bryozoa, there are yet other
points which also oppose such a supposition. One of these is the structure of the
walls in the Monticuliporce and in the Bryozoa. There are many forms of Bryozoa
which deposit carbonate of lime in the ectocyst of their body more or less abun-
dantly. This deposition takes place in the median layer of the ectocyst only, whilst
the outer and inner layers remain of a horny nature, which probably is the cause
that in thin sections the calcareous walls of the single individuals appear separated
from each other by dark lines. If we now consider more in detail the structure of
the calcareous substance of which the walls of the cells are built, we find that it is
composed of very thin fibres placed vertically to the surfaces of the wall, so that in
sections cutting the single cells transversely, a concentric arrangement of the fibres
can never be observed. These fibres leave interstices between them at intervals
producing numerous capillary tubes, by which the walls of the Bryozoa seem
always to be pierced in great numbers, if otherwise sufficiently well preserved.
Every work on recent or fossil Bryozoa shows this. Either these capillary tubes
occur all over the surface of the walls or they are restricted to certain places, as in
the Fenestellidce, to the so-called basal plate, or in the Petaloporidce, to the thickened
wall-substance between the single pores.
An exception to the rule seems to be made by Heterodictya, Nich., where the
walls seem to be built of parallel calcareous plates, according to Mr. Nicholson's
drawings.
Of all this there is not a trace in the Monticuliporidce. The chief element of
the walls of the single individuals is here the primary mural plate, or primordial
wall as it is called by Nicholson. This primordial wall appears in most cases as a dark
line hemmed in on both sides by light coloured masses of sclerenchyma, which
latter in itself again is made up of oblique, symmetrically arranged fibres. In the
axial parts of the colony, the walls that separate the single individuals consist
generally solely of this primary mural plate. Nicholson thinks that this primordial
wall must be made up of two thin laminae, each of which would belong to a different
individual; but though we took great trouble, had excellently preserved preparations
at our disposal, and could thus employ very high magnifying powers, we were
864 SALT- RANGE FOSSILS.
never able actually to distinguish such a duplex structure of the primordial wall, and
we are forced to the conclusion that such does not exist, and that in the axial parts
of the colonies the primordial wall is in common to two adjoining individuals.
The preservation of this primordial wall is extremely uncertain, and this great
variability in the preservation often causes very different aspects even at different
places of one and the same preparation. In the normal state, as has been mentioned
above, it appears as of a dark compact substance, and forms a dark boundary line
between the different individuals. In other cases it is replaced by light coloured
calcareous matter or resolved into a series of dark spots, as for instance in Orbipora
distincta, Eichw., as figured by Dybowsky, PI. II, fig. 10. These different modes of
preservation must, however, not be mistaken as radically different things.
This primordial wall is hemmed in on both sides, as has been stated above, by
secondary thickenings which may appear either at a rather early state of develop-
ment of the single individuals or only later on, as is chiefly the case in Dianulites
petropolitanus, Eichw., and similar forms, where the thickenings appear only quite at
the peripheral parts of the colony and never become very thick. These secondary
thickenings very easily fall off, and are the cause that natural fractures always take
place along the primary mural plate. This latter sticks to one side of the fracture,
whilst the secondary thickening on the fractured side of the primordial wall adheres
to the other side of the fracture, which causes the appearance as if the primordial
wall had split in two. In the axial zone of the colonies the fractures also take place
along the primordial walls, but the latter adheres entirely to one side of the fracture,
whilst the other side exposes the smooth internal cast of the adjoining individual,
which by the extreme thinness of the primordial wall, and the barely perceptible
difference which thus exists between the two sides of the fracture, can only with
difficulty be recognised as such.
The secondary thickenings are always composed of successive reversed conical
layers of sclerenchyma, as has been observed already by Nicholson. In tangential
sections the successive layers thus appear as concentric rings surrounding the visceral
cavities of the single corallites. But also here again preservation is of the utmost
influence on the appearance of preparations, and it is very easy to fall into mis-
takes on this account. "Very often, chiefly in cases where the primary mural plate
is not well preserved or has entirely disappeared, these rings, formed by the second-
ary thickening of the wall, are only partly visible, and then mostly only as a zone
surrounding the visceral cavity, and being of very variable thickness in different
specimens, can be clearly made out. This zone is then very distinctly limited off,
and it seems to us, that in species like Monticulipora ramosa, E. and H., or Mont,
rugosa, E. and H., &c, this zone or the outer limit of it has been mistaken by
Nicholson to be the primary wall. In all cases where such ' marginal rings ' have
been figured by Nicholson in the tangential sections, the longitudinal sections of
the same species show nothing of such an organ, but they most distinctly exhibit
the primordial wall along the middle line between two adjoining corallites : an
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 865
unmistakable indication that the appearance of marginal rings is caused solely by
the mode of preservation.
The reversed conical layers of which the secondary thickenings of the walls
consist are again themselves composed of little fibres, which extend parallel to the
layers.
The difference in the wall-structure of Monticulipora and the Bryozoa is thus
obvious. It results from the mode of growth prevailing in the corals on the one
hand and the Bryozoa on the other. The Bryozoon as an animal of rather high
organization is very short-lived; its abode is completed as soon as the gem has attained
fullsize ; the animal is only for a very short time a feeder, after which it assumes a
latent vitality in which its chief function is restricted to the thickening of the
walls of its lodge, and thus strengthening the stony parts of the whole colony. The
size of the lodge is fixed and cannot be extended beyond the length of the animal.
If tabulae really do occur in such forms, they are not a sign of progressing growth
of the zooid ; the probable explanation is that in the retrograde metamorphosis to
which the zooids are subject, a shrinking of the animal occurs, and in this shrink-
ing process the animal deposits from time to time diaphragms behind its ever con-
tracting body. Just the reverse is the case in the corals.
The animals of a colony of corals undergo constantly a certain process of
renovation. The animal deposits large masses of sclerenchyma behind itself and
thus slowly ascends within its tube, sometimes chambering off the dead and useless
parts of the corallum by diaphragms or tabulae. The animals are all self-feeding,
performing all their vital functions during their whole lifetime, at the same time con-
stantly producing new gems. The structure of the walls is in accordance with these
peculiarities. The reversedly conical layers of sclerenchyma by which the wall of
the Monticuliporce is built up indicate the ascending movement of the animal
within its tube.
The circumstance, that the greater part of the animals of a colony of Bryozoa
is in a state of latent life, the functions of taking and digesting food being per-
formed only by a few animals at the top of the branches in arborescent colonies,
brings with it the other peculiarity, that all the animals of a colony are in intimate
connection and communication together. This communication seems to be brought
about partly by the capillary tubes mentioned above ; for the most part, however,
it is effected by large openings in the walls of the lodges, by which a free com-
munication of all the animals of a colony is established. If the Monticuliporce
were Bryozoa such openings must exist and they must have been observed in
some case or other, but nothing of the kind has ever been detected.
Erom all this it appears highly probable that the Monticuliporce are no Bryo-
zoa, and as they show the greatest affinity to the Favositidce it is very probable
that they must be considered as corals and placed among the Kexacoralla.
In opposition to all this stand Mr. Lindstrom's observations, which affirm a
metamorphosis in the Monticuliporce similar to that which has been observed by
866 SALT-BANGE FOSSILS.
Smith in living ' Bryozoa. Two eases of metamorphosis are treated more in detail,
first, that of Monticulipora ostiolata, of which he states, that it hegins its career
as a Biscoporella, changes next into a Fistulipora, then into a Thecostegites, to he-
come at last a true Monticulipora; second, that of Monticulipora (IHanulites)
petropolitana, which is stated to begin as a Geramopora, and even during its growth
is off and on again changed into that genus, a case of atavism.
The latter case has been treated of already by Nicholson in his book on the
Monticuliporidce, and he adduces many reasons why such a change should be
considered as very improbable. To these we may add the circumstance that Dia-
nulites petropolitanus shows unmistakably an intermural gemmation, a character
which is absolutely prohibitory to a Bryozoan nature of the fossil. Dybowsky re-
marks, that the species here adduced sometimes appears incrustating, and the same
can be said of Ceramopo?'a. It might thus well be the case that the specimens
examined by Mr. Lindstrom showed the two forms, one incrustating the other.
The first case is, according to our investigations, still far more extraordinary.
We must confess that, among the materials at our disposal, we were never able to
detect a similar change from one form into the other, though incrustation of very
different things, one over the other, are of very general occurrence. There is
no doubt that Mr. Lindstrom was able to state similar superpositions of one form
over the other, but whether they also were not incrustations we are not able to
decide.
There are many reasons which make it probable, that also in Mr. Lind-
strom's specimens only superposition of different forms was in reality present.
That Mr. Lindstrom has been forced to compare the quite young state of Monti-
culipora to Discoporella is not a very surprising fact. Monticulipora as well as
Fistulipora, Thecostegites, and a great many Bryozoa must in their quite young
state show so much similarity to each other that a distinction will in reality be
very difficult. Each of these forms is oviparous, and the first lodge developes
out of the egg. Though this process is very different in corals and in Bryo-
zoa, yet in fossil forms certainly this difference can mostly not be made out.
Erom this first lodge the others take their origin by gemmation, but the colony
must attain a certain size before the differences of gemmation as existing in corals
and in Bryozoa can be made out in fossil forms. Thus the exact determination of
quite young specimens will always remain doubtful, and mistakes, taking Bryozoa
for corals, and corals for Bryozoa, will be unavoidable.
In more advanced stages of growth, however, an exact determination can always
be made, and then also the observations of Mr. Lindstrom point rather to incrusta-
tion than to metamorphosis. If we take only the mode of gemmation into consider-
ation, we find that Fistulipora has a ccenenchymal gemmation, Thecostegites a
stolonal gemmation, and Monticulipora an intermural gemmation. There are now
two facts which must here be taken into consideration ; first, that in the Bryozoa
the mode of gemmation is always the same, and shows much less variation than in
PRODTJOTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 867
corals, and that in corals also only one mode of gemmation occurs within one and the
same genus or even the same family. According to the mode of gemmation Thecos-
tegites and Fistulipora helong to the Alcyonaria, and Monticulipora to the Rexa-
corolla ; and it is almost impossible that one should change into the other. On the
other hand, it is a fact that Fistulipora minor, which is quoted by Lindstrom as the
Fistulipora-st&ge of a Monticulipora, is an incrustating species as stated by Mc'Coy,
so is Thecostegites incrustating, as mentioned by Quenstedt in his Petrefacten-
kunde Deutschlands, Vol. VI, part 1, p. 121. That Monticuliporce are often incrustat-
ing we can state from our own observations. How frequently incrustation occurs
in general is shown by our own plates, where PL CIX, fig. 36, PL CX, fig. 2b c,
PI. OXII, figs. 1, 3, & 5, and PL OXIV, fig. 2d & 36 shew such incrustations.
Thus, then, Mr. Lindstrom' s observations cannot change our view that the
Monticuliporce are corals.
After having settled, as far as possible, the position of the family, at least as far
as its relations to the corals in general are concerned, we can now turn to discuss
the structural characters of the Monticuliporidce. The discussion of this is for us com-
paratively easy, as in the excellent works of Nicholson and Dybowsky, the general
features of the structure have been sufficiently treated, so that we are not obliged to
repeat here all that has been said in those works. Nevertheless, we must treat some
points more in detail, as in these, we regret to say, we are not quite in accordance with
the views expressed by Nicholson.
Mr. Nicholson has expressed the opinion that all the Monticuliporidce were
dimorphic, and that they thus ought all to be considered as belonging to the Alcyo-
naria. Though there cannot be any doubt as to the fact that certain forms, which
were formerly included by Nicholson in the family, and even some of those which he
includes in the genus are in reality dimorphic, yet another part, and that the greater
number of forms included in Monticulipora, are as certainly not dimorphic, and thus
radically different from the first. The dimorphic forms are those which show a
coenenchyma intercalated between the corallites proper, composed of numerous in-
terstitial distinctly tabulated tubes, which augment by fissiparity, whilst the large
corrallites interspersed between them augment by ccenenchymal gemmation as defined
above.
Mr. Nicholson may .kindly excuse us when in this case we employ the term " coe-
nenchyma," to which he so strongly objects with regard to Dybowsky's work; but since
such an excellent observer as Mr. Koch has also applied tbe expression in Seliolites
and other true Alcyonaria, we may be allowed to employ it here for simplicity's sake.
This group of forms is chiefly typified by the genus Fistulipora, Mc'Coy, and is very
nearly related to Heliolites. Of the species described in Nicholson's large book on
the genus Monticulipora : Diplotrypa whiteavesii Nich., Biplotr. calycula James,
Prasopora selwynii Nich., Prasopora newberryi Nich., Pras. grayce Nich. and Eth.,
and Geronopora cindinnatiensis James, which all show, according to Nicholson's
drawings, a ccenenchymal gemmation, belong also to this group of forms. We shall
868 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
have occasion in the course of this work to unite all these forms under a proper
family which will bear the name of Fistuliporidce.
The forms, however, which have no ccenenchymal gemmation, are not dimorphic,
as we shall prove presently. It would be strange if an observer of such excellent
qualities as Mr. Nicholson should have overlooked all the facts which speak against
a dimorphism, and accordingly we find also in his book on page 50 the following
passage : " At the same time, there are forms, otherwise quite resembling the dimor-
phic species, in which all the corallites of the colony are apparently similar in their
internal structure and approximately equal in size, so that we are not able to assert
positively that the corallum in Monticulipora invariably consisted of two different
sets of tubes." The first character which induced Mr. Nicholson to accept the idea
of two different sets of corallites in the Monticuliporidce is the existence of differently
sized tubes, opening on the surface of the corallum, which is very striking even to
the casual observer.
It cannot, however, be denied that this character is decidedly not restricted to
the Monticuliporidce. In the Favositidce it is nearly just as striking, and has caused
Mr. Moseley to consider even these as belonging to the Alcyonaria. In the case of
the Favositidce the question seems now settled, after the detection of the near rela-
tion that exists between Favosites and some Hexacoralla of the family Poritidce ;
and notwithstanding the different sizes of the corallites very often exhibited by Favo-
sites and allied genera, these forms are now generally placed among the Hexacoralla.
Thus also in the Monticuliporidce the existence of differently sized corallites cannot
be considered as a character that absolutely requires a systematic position for these
forms, placing them in the Alcyonaria. It was chiefly Quenstedt, in his Petre-
faktenkunde Deutschlands, who remonstrated most decidedly against laying too
great a weight on the different sizes of the single corallites, and every observer who
has studied Monticuliporce in detail knows that different parts of one and the same
colony may be absolutely different with regard to the corallites of which they are
composed. Very often the central part of the colony shows corallites not very
different in size, whilst in the peripheral parts large and small corallites are mixed
together in the most irregular manner. Dybowsky has already made similar
observations ; he says of Dianulites fastigiatus on page 23 of his work : " Whilst
in the middle of the colony the polygons corresponding to the transversely cut
corallites are tolerably equal in size (PI. I, fig. 1) the same polygons in a tangential
section taken from the periphery of the colony are very unequally sized. Here
numerous small polygons are irregularly interspersed between large ones (PI. I, fig.
2)."
Though already from these considerations it becomes apparent how little system-
atic value can be put on the variable size of the single corallites, this fact becomes far
more evident by the consideration of the mode in which the differently sized coral-
lites originate. It needs only a look at any of Nicholson's, Dybowsky's, or our
own drawings to see that the smaller corallites are young ones or gems which have
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 869
not yet attained their full development, and which have been produced by inter-
mural gemmation. It is true that many of these never will attain the full size of
the mother animals, as the eorrallum generally stops growth at a certain size, and
does not go on growing for ever, but it is only accidental that a certain number of
the young individuals produced by gemmation cannot attain their full size, as all
gems produced at earlier stages of growth do so, and only those produced just
before the corallum has reached its final size, stop short before reaching their full
development. As, however, the animals inhabiting the corals never stop producing
gems, it is only natural that the gems produced just before the whole colony ceases
augmenting in thickness or length appear in very different states of development
on the surface of the corallum, some as small pores, but otherwise similar to the
mother animals, and some even only as thickenings of the primordial wall, — a state
which has been described above as inaugurating gemmation, — and projecting as
little spines above the upper termination of that wall. Thus in all stages of growth
large pores, small pores, and sometimes also little spines (spiniform corallites) will
be observable on the surface of colonies of the Monticuliporidce. There are how-
ever yet some observations to be made with regard to the frequency of gemmation.
H. v. Heider has published in the Sitzungsberichte of the Academy of Sciences of
Vienna (1881, Vol. 84, p. 636) notices regarding the gemmiferation of recent corals,
and he remarks that the frequency of production of gems varies to a great extent
with the outer circumstances under which a colony exists. If these are favourable
and the single animals get plenty of food then gems are produced in endless
numbers ; but change the outward circumstances, let food become scarce, and so on,
then the production of gems is greatly reduced. The same is observable in Monti-
culiporidce, but here this is not without influence on the outward appearance of the
colonies. If gemmiferation is reduced only for a short time to a certain extent, then
the old gems, when no longer hampered by so many new intruders, grow astonishingly
quick to the same size as the mother animals, and the surprising fact comes to light
that the whole colony, or at least part of it, consists of cells, which are nearly all of
about equal size. Such a fact was detected by Dybowsky, but was not rightly in-
terpreted : he thinks of Dianulites fastigiatus that gemmation was going on in this
species only in the peripheral parts, because only there the corallites are of markedly
different size ; but that the older parts of the colony also had been augmenting
by gemmation is shown by Dybowsky 's own drawings (PL I, fig. 3).
If thus the different size alone cannot constitute a radical difference between
the several corallites composing the colony of a Monticulipora, the mostly observ-
able deviating disposition of the tabulee, as shown by Nicholson in so many forms,
may perhaps constitute such a difference. With regard to the tabulae an observa-
tion of H. v. Heider may perhaps also be of importance. He has shown that in
Cladocora the number of septa within the calices varies greatly with the conditions
under which the animals live. If the animals are well fed they produce more septa,
than if the contrary is the case. May not then the same circumstance prevail with
p 2
870 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
regard to the tabulae ? In a great many longitudinal sections one observes that
the tabulae are of very unequal distribution within the tubes. Partly this might be
attributed to the mode of preservation of the specimens, but partly the tabulae
seem to have been in reality of very unequal distribution. We may quote in this
respect the figures given by Nicholson in his book on Monticulipora, page 112, fig.
18 D and E, page 114, fig. 19 B and D, PL VI, fig. 1#, and many others. It is
true that mostly the newly produced gems are more closely tabulate than the older
animals, but as also these vary during their lifetime in this respect, we need not be
astonished that the young animals placed more near the surface of the colony, and
probably more vigorous than the old animals, were more freely nourished, and thus
were able to deposit tabulae more frequently.
If thus one and the same animal during its lifetime can change from the
widely tabulate form into the closely tabulate one, and vice versa, and if the closely
tabulate form of the young animals occurs only in certain species, whilst in others,
as is admitted by Nicholson, it is entirely absent, it appears barely possible that a
difference in the tabulation should indicate a difference in organisation. It is quite
incredible that one and the same animal should change during its lifetime from an
antozooid into a siphonozooid, and from the latter again into an antozooid. It is
likewise incredible that for some of the Monticuliporidce the closely tabulate young
individuals should have consisted of siphonozooids, and in others, where closely
tabulate gems do not occur, the young individuals consisted solely of antozooids,
whilst in all other respects the two forms may be so nearly related to each other
that even a specific distinction may be difficult.
We can well admit, that the character of the young corallites being more
closely tabulate than the old ones is of a certain importance, and we admit
also that Mr. Nicholson very rightly has chosen this character for the estab-
lishment of sub-divisions within the genus Monticulipora, but what to us appears
very doubtful is, whether the interpretation given by Nicholson to this fact is correct,
and from the above considerations it follows, with much probability, that in reality
no dimorphism of the animals inhabiting the colonies is indicated by this fact. The
circumstance that this character can be made use of for the distinction of sub-divi-
sions, proving most evidently that it is restricted to certain forms and is not of
general occurrence, is one of the strongest proofs against the supposition that we
have to deal here with radical structural differences in the one as well as in the other
case. By the identical mode of gemmation all the true Monticuliporidce are most
intimately connected together ; and Mr. Nicholson also advocates strongly that all
these forms should remain united in one and the same genus, and that only sub-
genera should be admitted. It is now utterly improbable that in one and the same
genus dimorphic as well as not dimorphic forms should be contained, as this charac-
ter just constitutes one of the chief differences between Alcyonaria and Zoantharia.
Besides the interstitial tubes, which, as we have endeavoured to demonstrate,
are young gems in the state of progressive development, and the true corallites, there
PROD UCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTEK ATA. 871
hare been distinguished by Nicholson in the Monticuliporidce, yet another set of
bodies which he calls " spiniform corallites." These are described as being in the
beginning small, open, hollow tubes, which afterwards become filled up by scleren-
chyma and then project on the surface of the corallum as little spines over the sur-
rounding corallites. These organs are most distinctly developed in the genus
Dekayia, E. and H., but are observable in a more or less strong degree in the great-
er part of Monticuliporidce. Mr. Nicholson thinks them to be singularly modified
corallites.
"We may, in the first place, be allowed to state that these spiniform corallites ap-
pear to us to stand in a more or less close connection with the gemmation of the single
colonies, but that rather different things have been placed by Nicholson under the
name. In all the many cases in which we were able to observe the existence of spini-
form corallites, we were convinced that these bodies do not commence their existence as
little hollow tubes but are always in the beginning compact, and appear as thickening
of the primary wall, generally at the places where several corallites meet together.
A figure which is very instructive in this respect is that on PI. CXII, fig. 2d.} repre-
senting the central portion of a little stem of a Monticuliporoid coral. As is clear at
a first glance on the structure of these corals, the central portion of the colony is the
one which is first developed, and the cells in the centre show the most primitive deve-
lopment. Thus also with regard to the spiniform corallites ; the central portions of the
colony must show their first state of development, and if no hollows exist within
them there, we can safely conclude that they are compact from the beginning. The
figure quoted above shows us a number of these spiniform corallites within the
central portion of the colony as compact dark spots without hollows in the middle.
In the same figure, however, we see more towards the peripheral region of the colony,
just where the transition between the central and peripheral regions takes place,
these so-called spiniform correlates opening out and transforming themselves into
little tubes. These again become more and more widened and at last become corallites
of the common shape. Erom these observations it appears beyond doubt, that a
great part of the so-called spiniform corallites are nothing but newly developed gems.
As has been stated above, gemmation is always inaugurated by a thickening of the
primary wall, and just this first stage is that which generally has been considered by
Nicholson as the common form of the spiniform corallites. If a hollow was observed
by Nicholson within these organs, then a somewhat more advanced state of gemmation
was subject to his observation. The little spines, which very generally are obser-
vable on the surface of the colonies of Monticuliporidce between the openings of the
tubes, are nothing but the thickenings of the primary wall which, when the colony
augments in size, afterwards change into gems and at last into corallites. If the
surface is very well preserved, the primary wall projects as a high ridge in the middle
between the tube openings, and in it the little spines are placed. Some of them
are, however, always to be found in the state of opening out (see PI. CXII, fig. lc).
The preservation of the specimens is not always such that the observations just
872 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS. •
described could in every case easily be made. If the primary wall of the corallites is
preserved by a white sparry matrix, and cannot be distinctly made out, as very often
is the case, or if gemmation is so very frequent that the original thickenings of the
primary wall can no longer be followed (see PI. OXII, fig. 26, or PI. CXIII, fig. 26.)
then it is not easy to identify the spinif orm corallites with gemmation ; but if the
process has once been studied in detail then also in these latter cases the real nature
of the spiniform corallites can well be made out. One mode of preservation still
needs special mention, and this is the one which has been figured by us PI. CIX, fig.
2a. The entire primary wall seems here to be dissolved into a number of black
spots, which appear exactly like spiniform corallites, only that they are a little less
distinctly circumscribed. It seems to us that Mr. Nicholson has in some cases (for
instance, in Monticulip. tumida, Phill.) taken this mode of preservation to represent
spiniform corallites, which in reality is not the case. The real nature of these spots
becomes clear from our figure PI. CX, fig. lc, where the upper right hand corner
shows well-preserved primary mural plates between the single corallites, whilst the
remainder of the figure shows the same primordial walls resolved into an irregular
number of dark spots, the origin of which is evidently due to the deposit of mineral
matter on the original primordial wall. Such mineral deposits cannot, however, be
restricted solely to the vicinity of the primordial wall, but may appear anywhere
within the substance of the wall and may then be very misleading as to the struc-
ture of this wall.
Mr. Dybowsky has fallen into the same error, in uniting the two different
things — the spots caused by preservation and the real thickenings of the primor-
dial wall inaugurating gemmation — under the same heading " Wandstrange." For
instance, on his PI. II, figs. 8a, 10, and 10a represent the first case, whilst figs. 9a and
96 represent the second case. There is again a mingling of different things in what
he calls " Wandrohrchen :" what are represented on PI. Ill of his work in figs. 3
and 3a are certainly young gems ; whilst the " Wandrohrchen" in the genus Trema-
topora are something widely different, organs the nature of which we cannot guess
at, as we have no materials for observation.
We thus think to have demonstrated that there was only one set of animals
engaged in building up the colonies of the Monticuliporidce, and that all the differ-
ences that have been observed can well be explained by the different states of deve-
lopment of the single individuals.
There remains now only to make some remarks about certain structural peculiari-
ties of the Monticuliporidce which have not been treated of so much in detail by
Mr. Nicholson. The septa in the first place require some words. These have never
been observed in the Monticuliporidce, being here even more completely absent than
in the Favositidce. It is well known that in the latter family the septa are mostly
replaced by irregular protuberances, consisting of thickened parts of sclerenchyma
protruding irregularly into the visceral chamber. The same is, though rarely,, the
case in the Monticuliporidce. Mr. Nicholson was acquainted with but few species
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONR— (XELENTERATA. 873
which showed a slight development of this character (for instance, Mont, pavonica,
Orh.). By Dybowsky, however, there has heen figured a species which has the
character very strongly developed {Orbipora panderi, Dyb.), and we shall have to
describe another species showing the same character in a rather strong degree,
The occurrence of such rudimentary septa, absolutely identical with what has
been observed in the Favositidce, is one proof more of the near relation that exists
between the latter family and the Monticuliporidce, Also in the Ghcetetidce similar
septa are of very general occurrence, and we perfectly concur with Mr. Nicholson
when he considers the Ghcetetidce as very nearly related to the Monticuliporidce but
forming properly a family by themselves.
A last peculiarity which is shared by the Monticuliporidce and the Favosi-
tidce is the frequent occurrence of cells that are apparently closed by something
like an operculum. This organ has met with careful consideration on the part of
Nicholson as well as of Lindstrom, and on the whole there can be but little added to
what has been said on the point by these excellent observers. In the specimens
at our disposal, however, the appearance as of an operculum is very frequently
brought about by a secondary infiltration into the cells of carbonate of lime, which,
as is well known, very often assumes a spheroidal shape, and no organic structure
of any kind can be made out as closing the cells at their upper termination.
The Monticuliporidce, in the sense we apply to the name, are of a rather wide
geological range. They begin in the silurian epoch and have been so far traced up
to the permian ; it is, however, very probable that the family does not stop here but
extends largely into mesozoie formations, as many of the species of Seteropora
that have been described from such beds are in their structure absolutely indistin-
guishable from true Monticuliporidce.
It is impossible now to have a clear view over all the forms that ought to be
included in the family, as studies in this direction are still quite in their infancy.
There are some genera which can be clearly recognised and will stand criticism, but
of others this cannot be said, and thus it is extremely difficult to give an account of
the forms which should be included in the family.
Three groups of forms can be recognised for the present : first, a group in which
the walls of the single corallites are of a uniform thickness and the tabulae simple ;
second, a group with walls of uniform thickness and vesicular tabulae ; and third, a
group in which the walls of the corallites show periodical thickenings. These three
groups can well be considered as forming sub-families, as each of them comprises
several genera. For the first group the genus Monticulipora can be considered as
typical, for the second the genus Peronopora, and for the third the genus Stenopora%
Thus we get three sub-families : the Monticulipormce, the PeronoporincB, and the
Stenoporince.
Eor the distinction of genera within these sub -families several characters can be
made use of, and these characters have been selected with great ability by Nicholson.
These are : first, the condition of the young corallites, whether closely tabulate or
874 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
not ; then the circumstance whether the state of thickening of the primordial wall,
preceding gemmation, lasts for a certain time or is only quite transient ; and lastly
the mode of growth of the whole colonies.
The number of genera within the single sub-families is very small for the pre-
sent, and we are not in a position to distribute all the different forms in proper
genera. For the present the following genera may be retained :
I.— Sub-Family : MONTICULIPORINdl.
1. Monticulipora, Orb., 1850 : Prodr. Vol. I, p. 25. (Syn. : Eeterotrypa, Nicholson, 1879,
Pal. Tab. Cor. p. 293). The name Heterotrypa cannot, we regret to say, be retained, as
just the forms comprised under this sub-division must get the name of Monticulipora, if
the other sub-divisions are considered as distinct genera. The genus is characterized by
the occurrence of numerous closely tabulate young corallites. The colonies are mostly
arborescent. The geological range of the genus can for the present not even be guessed
at. Species have been described up to the present from the silurian up to carboni-
ferous strata.
2. Diantjlites (Eichwald, 1829: Zool. special. Vol. I. p. 180), Dybowsky, 1877: Chaetetid. d.
ostbalt. Silurform. p. 14. (Syn.: Diplotrypa, Nicholson, 1879, Pal. Tab. Cor. p. 312).
The name Dianulites must overrule that of Diplotrypa, even if one ignores Eichwald
altogether and considers Dybowsky as the author of it. The genus is characterized
by hemispherical or conical colonies, which bear on their under-surface a rather strong
epitheca. The young corallites are either closely tabulate or not. The genus seems
to be restricted to the silurian epoch. (That some forms placed in the genus Diplo-
trypa by Nicholson belong in reality to the Fistuliporidce has been stated above.)
3. Monotrypa, Nicholson, 1879 : Pal. Tab. Corals, p. 320. The genus has not been very fortu-
nately circumscribed by Mr. Nicholson, and we rather think that those forms that bear
an epitheca should be transferred to Dianulites, whilst those species that show thickened
walls ought to be placed in Orbipcra. The name of Monotrypa should be restricted to
the forms without epitheca, in which the young individuals are never more closely tabu-
late than the rest, and the single corallites are of an angular transverse section.
4. Orbipoka (Eichwald, 1829, Zoologia Specialis, Vol. I, p. 179), Dybowsky, 1877 : Chsetetid.
d. ostbalt. Silur., p. 57. The name can well be made use of for those forms which are in
all respects like Monotrypa, hut in which the walls of the single corallites have become
so much thickened that the transverse section of the corallites becomes oval or circular.
Up to the present only silurian species of the genus have been described, to which must
be added one species from the Salt-range.
5. Nicholsonia, Waagen and Wentzel, n. g. We create this genus to receive Mont, pavonica
Orb., and other biserial species. A central zone, as it exists in other Monticuliporidee, is
here absent. The corallites start bi-laterally from a median line. Gemmation is not
frequent, and r thus there are also no " spiniform corallites/' The typical species
Nicholsonia pavonica, Orb. sp., is from the Cincinnati group of Ohio.
6. Dekayia, Edwards and Haime, 1851 : Pol. foss. des Terr. Paleoz., p. 277. The genus is
very nearly related to Monotrypa, and is chiefly distinct from it by the extreme develop-
ment of the thickenings of the primordial wall which have received from Nicholson the
name of spiniform corallites. The genus is restricted, as far as is known up to the
present, to the silurian epoch.
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 875
II .—Subfamily : PER ON OP 0 RINM.
7. Peronopora, Nicholson, 1881 : On the struct, and AfE. of Monticulipora, p. 215. This
name has been created for forms which are composed of corallites with partly vesicular
tabulse and in which the young corallites are more closely tabulate and without vesicles.
There are biserial as well as incrusting forms contained in the genus ; but we are not
sure whether a proper genus should not be created for the incrusting forms. Species of
the genus have been up to the present solely observed in the Cincinnati group of
Ohio.
III.— Sub-family: STENOP ORWM.
8. Geinitzella, Waagen and "Wentzel, n. gen. (Syn. : Stenopora, Geinitz., Schauroth, &c, non
Lonsdale). The forms composing this genus are to a certain extent transitional between
Orbipora and Stenopora. The periodical swellings of the walls of the corallites, charac-
teristic of the genus Stenopora, are present but in a very reduced state, and differently
developed in different specimens. The genus can be termed the representative of the
Stenopora in the northern hemisphere. It has been observed up to the present only in
permian strata.
9. Stenopora, Lonsdale, 1844 : Appendix to Darwin's Volcanic Islands, p. 161 ; 1845,
Strzelecki's Pbys. Descr. of New South Wales, p. 262 ; {non Me'Coy, Geinitz, Schau-
roth) . Though it is stated by Nicholson, that Stenopora possesses mural pores, yet iD
the dozens of slides we prepared we were never able to detect such. It is thus \erj prob-
able that Mr. Nicholson's indication is only an error of observation. If, however, the
mural pores are absent, the genus cannot be placed otherwise than in the Monti-
culiporidcB. The periodical thickenings of the walls of the corallites are very conspi-
cuous in this genus. The genus is restricted chiefly to the southern hemisphere and
occurs there in carboniferous and permian strata.
These are the geneva which can be distinguished for the present. Though we
have no doubt that the number ought to be augmented considerably, yet this can-
not be done for the moment. The microscopical studies of these forms, which have
been so ably inaugurated by the magnificent works of Nicholson and Dybowsky,
will have to advance much further before a more minute distinction of genera can
be made out.
In the Salt-range the family is well represented, not so much by a great many
different forms, as by very numerous and well preserved individuals. There occur
two of the three sub-families, the Monticuliporince and the Stenoporince-, each of
which is represented by two genera, the first by Monotrypa and Orbipora, the
second by Oemitzella and Stenopora.
Sub-family : MONTICULIPORINjE.
Genus : MONOTRYPA, Nicholson.
The materials we possess of this genus are rather scanty and not in very excel-
lent preservation. We therefore are, we regret to say, not in a position to give a
more accurate description of the genus, nor to add anything new to the excellent
G
876 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
observations published by Mr. Nicholson on the subject. Only so much we must
remark, that it appears impossible to retain the genus in the extension given to it
by Nicholson, for thus circumscribed it appears to be identical with some previously
described genera. The single character that the young corallites are not more
closely tabulate than the adult ones is too wide for the characteristic of the genus :
some other features must be taken into consideration to circumscribe easily recogni-
sable generic groups. Thus it appears to us that the forms having a well developed
epitheca, placed by Mr. Nicholson under the genus, should be rather placed with
Dianulites, Eichw., instead of with Monotrypa, as just one of the most typical cha-
racter of the former genus consists in the presence of an epitheca, which is otherwise
of rather rare occurrence within the family.
As regards the name Dianulites, which has been rejected by Nicholson, we
cannot help stating that according to all rules of nomenclature it must take prece-
dence of the name Heterotrypa, as not only was it published fifty years previous to
Heterotrypa, but also its accurate re-description by Dybowsky dates two years
further back than the introduction of Nicholson's name.
Quite the same fate would, however, be in store for the name Monotrypa, if it
were attempted to retain this genus in the extension given to it by Nicholson. Not
only that a part of it is identical with Dianulites, but another much larger part
coincides with the genus Orbipora, Eichw., as redescribed by Dybowsky two years
previous to the creation of the name Monotrypa. It is the forms of Monotrypa
with thickened walls of the single corallites that have been named Orbipora by
Eichwald and Dybowsky.
If then we wish to retain the name Monotrypa at all, we must exclude from it
the forms with thickened walls, and restrict the name to those forms which have the
walls of the single corallites either not thickened at all or in which the thickening
is not considerable, so as to exhibit in the transverse section the shape of the single
corallites always somewhat polygonal, never quite oval or circular.
The number of species belonging to Monotrypa is thus very considerably
reduced, and it appears barely possible to indicate the exact geological range of the
genus. In the Salt-range a single form belonging to Monotrypa has been detected.
It occurs there in the lower division of the Productus-limestone.
1. Monotrypa mastoidba, Waagen & Wentzel, n. sp., PI. OVI, fig. 1;
PL CXV, fig. 7.
Corallum attached with a broad extended base to foreign bodies ; forming more
or less high, bluntly conical elevations, which apparently do not exceed the height of
10mm. Surface of corallum smooth, without monticules. Calices polygonal, very
small, mostly not more than 0'2mm. in diameter, very closely arranged with narrow
spaces between. The surface is too badly preserved to show whether there were
tubercles or not. Corallites tubular, either being fixed directly to a foreign body
for a short distance and then becoming erect, or radiating from a short imaginary
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CffiLENTERATA.
877
axis. Walls very thin in the interior parts of the colony, slightly thickened towards
the periphery. Tabulae tolerably numerous, irregularly distributed. Propagation
very distinctly partly by intermural gemmation, partly by fissiparity. In tangen-
tial sections, " spiniform corallites " are observable everywhere in the corners of the
corallites.
Fig. 31. Monotbypa masioidba, Waagen and Wentzel, n. sp. — Specimen from the lower Productus-limestone of
Amb : a, the entire specimen, enlarged about six times ; 6, part of the somewhat weathered surface, strongly
enlarged ; e, microscopical section, not very well preserved, showing the thickenings preceding gemmation, and
gems in different states of development, enlarged forty times.
This species is very characteristically distinguished from others by its bluntly
conical shape and very broad base of attachment. It is, however, doubtful to us if
the only specimen at our disposal shows the full development. In the whole manner
of growth the present species shows a certain affinity to Monticulipora wesenberg-
iana, Dybowsky, and as this species is partly incrusting and partly arborescent, it
is not improbable that also of the Indian species an arborescent form may exist.
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species that is
known to us was found at Amb in the Coaly sandstones at the base of the lower
Productus-limestone attached to a specimen of Derbyia regularis, W.
Remarks. — The present species cannot be compared in particular with any
hitherto described species of Monotrypa proper, but it shows a certain affinity, as
has been stated above, to Monticulipora wesenbergiana, Dybowsky, from silurian
strata of the Baltic provinces. The mode of growth of both forms seems to be
identical, but the minute structure is considerably different. Whilst Mont, wesen-
bergiana shows so strongly thickened walls of the single corallites that it must be
placed in the genus Orbipora of Eichwald, the Indian species exhibits these
thickenings only on a very moderate scale and must thus be placed in the genus
Monotrypa. Thus also the specific difference of the two cannot be questioned.
Genus: ORBIPORA (Eichwald) Dybowsky.
It is barely possible to accept Eichwald as the real author of the genus, as
nothing but the name is from him, his two diagnoses of the genus being absolutely
useless. Thus the genus can be considered as well founded only after the careful
description of it given by Dybowsky in his east-baltic silurian Chceietidce.
G 2
878 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
Dybowsky characterizes the genus in the following manner : " Corallum poly-
morphic, corallites tubular with thick walls, which are common to the adjoining
individuals, and of a lamellar structure. The lamellae are bent convexly upward ;
within the walls of the corallites are string-like, sclerenchymatic thickenings;
tabulae either present or wanting."
According to the views now prevailing in these matters, this diagnosis is again
not complete. Dybowsky says nothing of the structure and distribution of the
young individuals, a character which has been so ably made use of by Nicholson,
nor does he mention the mode of gemmation which is also absolutely required for
the right determination of such things. To find out these characters we must turn
to Dybowsky's drawings and descriptions of the species.
We then find that Orbipora is in all respects like Monotrypa, with the sole
distinction, that the walls of the single corallites are extremely thickened, whilst
they are less so in Monotrypa. The existence of " Wandstrange " which is much
insisted on by Dybowsky is of no value whatever for the classification, as it depends,
as has been shown above by us, solely upon the mode of preservation.
If this latter character, the existence of "Wandstrange," be ignored, then what
has been described by Dybowsky under the name of Monticulipora falls for the
greater part to Orbipora, and probably only a single species of Dybowsky's
Monticulipora must be assigned to Monotrypa, the one figured on Dybowsky's
PL III, fig. 3, which has received no specific designation from him.
- That Dybowsky's Monticulipora cannot be identified with D'Orbigny's genus has
been demonstrated conclusively by Nicholson, who has shown that the typical
species of Monticulipora bears the characters of Meterotrypa, and thus is something
widely different from Orbipora or Monotrypa.
Dybowsky's Monticulipora is in all respects identical with Orbipora, with the
sole exception that the primary mural plate is not resolved into a number of so-
called " mural strings," but is either not preserved at all or else is distinctly visible
as real primordial wall.
There have been figured by Dybowsky in Orbipora panderi thorn-like processes
from the interior of the walls which are identical with what has been called rudi-
mentary septa in Eavosites. We shall have occasion to describe similar organs in a
species of Stenopora.
The genus Orbipora has a wide geological range and is represented in numbers
from silurian up to carboniferous strata.
In the Salt-range we can register only a single species of Orbipora, which has
been found there in the lower division of the Productus-limestone.
1. Orbipora ambiensis, Waagen & Wentzel, n. sp., PI. CXV, fig. 2.
Corallum dendroid, branches thin, not more than 2mm. in diameter, forking at
intervals. Surface smooth without monticules. Calices roundish or oval, not
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTEEATA. 879
very small, generally about 0'3mm. in diameter. Spaces between the calices com-
paratively broad, furnished with high crests along their middle line, and rarely with
tubercles in the corners where several calices meet. Corallites tubular, irregularly
radiating from an imaginary axis. Walls of the corallites very thin in the middle of
the branches, but with very strong secondary thickenings towards the periphery.
Tabulse very scarce or even entirely absent. Gemmation not very frequent.
This species in its general appearance bears much resemblance to Geinitzella
columnaris, Schl., which will be described later on in the text. Yet the present
form cannot be placed in the genus Geinitzella, because the regular transverse
wrinkling of the internal casts of the corallites of Geinitzella cannot be observed
in the present species, and also the structure of the walls is considerably different,
as no so-called spiniform corallites are developed.
Fig. 32. Obbipoea ambiensis, W. & W. Specimen from the lower Productus-limestone of Amb, natural size, and
enlarged five times.
Locality and geological position. — A single fragment of a branch was collected
in the coaly sandstones at the base of the lower division of the Productus-limestone
at Amb.
Remarks. — It must be confessed that the materials of this species are very
scanty and barely sufficient to characterise it thoroughly, but on the other hand
the occurrence of a true Orbipora in the lower division of the Productus-limestone
is so interesting, that we thought it worth while to describe the form more accurately.
Yet we must apologise on these grounds for the briefness of the description.
Among the species of Orbipora hitherto described there are several which might
be compared to the present species. There is principally Orbipora arborescens,
Dybowsky, which bears a certain resemblance ; the branches are, however, thicker,
and the walls still more thickened than in the Indian form. Another form is
Monticulipora cedilis, Eichwald. It needs only a look at Dybowsky's drawings
of this species to be convinced that the form belongs to the genus Orbipora. In the
thinness of the branches this silurian species very much resembles the Indian one,
but the calices are much more elongately oval and placed more regularly in quin-
cunx than in our Orbipora ambiensis.
880 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
That the species, though resembling Geinitzella columnaris, Schl., can he dis-
tinguished from it has been remarked above; the absence of those thickenings
preceding gemmation that have been called by Nicholson " spiniform corallites "
forms a very striking distinguishing character, and besides there is no annular
wrinkling.
Sub-family : STENOPORINM
Genus: GEINITZELLA, Waagen aud Wentzel, n. gen.
The present genus has been founded by us not only on the investigation of
Indian but as well of European materials, which all belong to one and the same
species, the well known Stenopora columnaris, Schl., which is a common form of
the permian beds of Europe. Eor excellently preserved European materials we are
indebted to the kindness of Geheimrath Geinitz of Dresden, who sent us a number
of specimens from the Zechstein of Gera ; they have been figured for comparison
with the Indian materials on PI. CXII of the present work.
It was noticed many years ago by the excellent observer Schauroth, that the
visceral chambers of Stenopora polymorpha, as he called it, are provided with trans-
verse wrinkles which are chiefly conspicuous on the internal casts, and he figures
(Zeitschr. d. Deutsch. Geolog. Ges., Vol. VI, 1854, PI. XX, figs. 5-6) two such casts
showing this character in a most striking manner. In strongly enlarged micro-
scopical sections this character is much less conspicuous, but our Plates OXIV,
figs. 2d and 36, and CXII, figs. 2c and 2d show this peculiarity also sufficiently
well to give a fair idea of this transverse wrinkling. These wrinkles establish a
very near relation of the forms which are provided with them to Stenopora,
Lonsdale, and the character seems to us of sufficient importance to found on it a new
genus.
Otherwise the new genus agrees in its structure almost entirely with Monotrypa
or Orbipora. The first microscopical investigations of the organisms here under
consideration were published by Dybowsky in 1876 in the " Verhandlungen der
russischen mineralogischen Gesellschaft." His observations are, however, not
quite in accordance with what we have found. Dybowsky considers as the most
essential character of the genus* the existence of a central cavity (Axenrohr) which
extends longitudinally through the branches, and which is described in detail as bear-
ing a distinct wall for itself and consisting of layers of different structure, etc. This
"Axenrohr" we have also found in European specimens of Geinitsella, but there is
not the slightest doubt in our case that it consists of a foreign body, on which the
colony of corals has grown. In our case it is probably the spine of a Productus ; in
the case figured by Dybowsky it is probably a Serpula or Serpulites. That the
branches are absolutely of the same structure as in other Monticuliporida, if the
colony has not grown round a foreign body, is shown by our figure PL CXII, fig.
2d, where the central zone, as in other Monticuliporidce, is perfectly well deve-
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 881
loped. Also in our figures, where the "Axenrohr" appears, sometimes layers of
different structures can he ohserved, but they are not constant and are evidently
nothing hut products of fossilisation.
The colonies are very often not simple, hut one colony settled on another, caus-
ing the formation of concentric layers, of which the whole corallum appears then
composed. This character has heen strongly insisted upon by Keyserling, arid also
Dybowsky lays some stress on it. This composition of concentric layers is, however,
not identical, as has been rightly demonstrated by Dybowsky, with what appears in
many tabulate corals as caused by all the tabulae of the several corallites being
on the same level. The concentric layers of Geinitzella are all perfectly independent
colonies. Each colony commences with a thin basal plate of compact sclerenchyma,
which is built up of the pedal plates of the several corallites grown together.
This plate covers all the apertures of the old tubes and often enters even into their
hollows.
Some words may be needed with regard to the figures of the genus given on
PI. CVI, figs. 1, 5, 6, PL OXII, and PL OXIII. In all the figures on these plates
not representing tangential sections, the preservation of the primary mural plate
or primordial wall by a white matrix is very conspicuous. Just where the thickenings
preceding gemmation, which extend in these forms over very long distances, have
been hit by the sections, it looks as if these were open tubes or canals, but the
figure le on PI. OXIII shows clearly that this is not the case. To the right
and to the left are walls of corallites in which are no such thickenings; and in
the wall to the right the primordial wall is preserved as a dark line. The thicken-
ings indicated in white have a finely fibrous structure, and are not simply sparry or
filled with rock matrix as they should be if they were tubes. Yet more convincing
in this respect are the figures on PL CXIV: in fig. Id we see the thickenings
dissolved into a series of black spots, whilst figs. 2d and 36 exhibit in what different
manners the primordial wall can be preserved.
The thickenings preceding gemmation, which have been called spiniform corallites
by Nicholson, are also remarkable in other respects in these forms. If the wall
separating two adjoining corallites is not very thick, these thickenings can press one
side of the wall into the interior of the visceral chamber of one of the corallites, where-
by often a bi-lobed form of the corallites in the transverse section is brought about
(compare fig. 4, PL OXII), a circumstance which has been figured already by Geinitz
in his Stenopora columnaris and which has been misapprehended by Dybowsky
in his paper on Fistulipora lahnseni.
In fig. \o of PL CXIV the thickenings show a very peculiar mode of preserva-
tion, but this is quite exceptional and can be explained by comparison with the
longitudinal section, fig. Id. Again another mode of preservation causes the
dendritic figures that' have been observed and drawn by Dybowsky.
Thus we can define our new genus in the following manner: Corallum creeping
or arborescent, composed of more or less cylindrical corallites which augment
882 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
by intermural gemmation or fissiparity and are transversely wrinkled. The walls
of the corallites in arborescent forms are strongly thickened in the peripheral parts.
The thickenings of the primordial wall preceding gemmation project from the
surface of the colonies as little spines, which surround the apertures of the corallites.
Tabulae very rare or nearly absent.
The genus is most nearly related on the one hand to Orbipora (Eichw.),
Dybowsky, and on the other to Stenopora, Lonsdale. From the first of the two it is
distinct by its transversely wrinkled corallites and the greater scarcity of tabulae,
and from the second by the absence of the strong periodical thickenings of the
walls of the corallites, so very conspicuous in Stenopora.
In the Salt-range the genus is represented by two species, one of which is
identical with the well known Oeinitzella columnaris, Schloth. sp., from the
permian beds of Europe.
1. Geinitzella columnaris, Schloth. sp., PI. CVI, figs. 5, 6 ; PI. CXII, figs. 1-5
(European specimens) ; PI. CXIII, figs. 1-4; GXV, fig. 1.
1813. Coralliolites columnaris, Schlotheim: Mineralog. Taschenb., p. 59.
1820. Encrinites ramosus, (Brachia) Schloth. : Denksohr. Akad. Miinohn., Vol. VI, p. 23, pi. Ill, fig. 10.
1842. Ceriopora milleporacea, Kutorga : Verhandl. Mineralog. Ges. St. Petersburg, p. 28, pi. IV, fig. 5.
1845. Stenopora spinigera, Lonsdale : Murch. Vera. Keys., Russia and the Ural mtns., p. 631.
1848. Stenopora mackrothi, Geinitz: Verst., p. 17, pi. VII, figs. 8-10.
1848. Alveolites producti, Geinitz : Ibid., p. 19, pi. VII, figs. 28-31.
1850. Stenopora columnaris, (Schl.) King : Monogr. Perm. Foss., p. 28, pi. Ill, figs. 7-9.
1850. Alveolites huchiana, King : ibid., p. 30, pi. Ill, figs. 10-12.
1854. Stenopora polymorpha, Sohauroth: Zeitschr. d. Deutsch. Geolog. Ges., Vol. VI, p, 541.
1854. Stenopora spinigera, (Lonsd.) Keyserling : in Schrenk's Eeise, II, p. 99, pi. II, figs. ], 2.
1861. Stenopora columnaris, (Schloth.) Geinitz : Dyas, I, p. 113, pi. 21. (excl. fig. 20).
1875. Stenopora tuberosa, (Gein.) Toula: Spitzbergen ; Neu. Jahrb., 1875, p. 247, pi. X, fig. 4.
1876. Stenopora columnaris, (Schloth.) Dybowsky : Verhandl. russ. mineralog. Ges. St. Petersburg.
The external shape of the corallum is very variable, sometimes incrusting
foreign bodies, often cylindrical, and sometimes dendroid. The branches do not
often become thick, up to 5mm. diameter, but generally are much thinner, about
2mm. Calices round, oval, or polygonal, mostly of very unequal sizes. There
are no clusters of larger tubes, nor smooth spaces between the calices. The
corallites are mostly round or oval in the peripheral parts of the colony and
polygonal with thin walls in the central parts. They are distinctly wrinkled or
contracted transversely at intervals, either for their whole extent or only in the
peripheral parts where the walls become considerably thickened. The most strik-
ing character in thin sections is the remarkably compact nature of the thicken-
ings of the primordial wall, the terminations of which project as spines from the
surface of the colonies and which afterwards are transformed into gems. If the
specimens are well preserved these thickenings can be followed for a considerable
length; they are then always preserved by a white matrix and their extremely
compact nature can be well made out. If the preservation is less favourable' they
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 883
show a somewhat dendritic appearance as has been described by Dybowsky. These
dendritic masses, however, appear only when the substance of the thickening is
quite dissolved and replaced by mineral matter. That these compact thickenings
are not a product of preservation solely but are really a specific feature of the
form here under consideration, is shown most clearly by the specimens that have
been figured by us on PL CXII and CXIII, where the same character is exhibited
in absolutely the same manner by European as by Indian specimens.
When the surface of the specimens is perfectly preserved, as happens rather
rarely, these compact thickenings project as large spines. What development these
spines may attain is shown by our figure PL CXII, fig. 3, where the surface of one
colony has been covered by another newly formed colony, and where the surface of the
old colony has thus been perfectly preserved. The specific name of " spinigera"
created by Lonsdale for this form, was thus a very appropriate one.
Several varieties have been distinguished within the species by Geinitz, a pro-
ceeding that was most appropriate. The forms belonging to the species can be
brought very conveniently according to the external appearance into three groups ;
one, to include incrusting forms, another for arborescent colonies, and a third forming
tuberous masses. With this latter group Stenop. crassa, Lonsd., was united by
Geinitz, but we think that this should not be done, as we consider Stenop. crassa as
a distinct species. Some of these varieties have been found in India : we are inclined
to distinguish the following : —
a. Var. incrustans, Gein., PL OVI, figs. 5-6. Besides the peculiarity that it is
incrustating, this variety shows also generally the character that it produces very
few gems, which caused Mr. King to describe it under the name of Alveolites buchi-
ana. Exactly the same peculiarities we find in the Indian specimens figured on
PL CVI.
b. Var. ramosa multigemmata, PL CXII, fig. 2a, 2b, PL CXIII, figs. 2a, 2b, 3,
4. The variety " ramosa " of Geinitz shows very different appearances according to
the scarcity or profusion of gems, and it seems convenient to make a difference
between the two forms. The " multigemmata " has large interspaces between the
openings of the full-grown corallites, and these spaces are covered by numberless
little gems or thorns, according to the state of development. This variety occurs
also in absolutely the same manner in Europe as in India.
c. Var. ramosa sparsigemmata, PL CXII, figs, la, lc, 4., PL CXIII, figs, la, lc,
Id. In this variety the apertures of the full-grown corallites are much closer together
than in the preceding and single gems appear between them. This variety also is
common to Europe and India.
The Var. tuberosa, that was distinguished by Geinitz and that is not of very
rare occurrence in Europe, has up to the present not been detected in India.
Locality and geological position. — The species here under consideration is
about equally distributed throughout the middle and upper divisions of the Productus-
limestone. It has been found at Khura in the top-beds of the middle division, and
884 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
west of Khura in the lower beds of the upper division. At Chidru it is not rare in the
Cephalopoda-bed, whilst at Kafirkot again it has been found in the middle region of
the middle division. From the trans-Indus continuation of the Salt-range there
were also some specimens contained in Dr. Verchere's collection, but the exact loca-
lity whence they came is not known. It is not possible to give numerical indica-
tions as to the frequency of the species at different localities, as an exact determina-
tion of these things without microscopical sections is impossible, and it is at the
same time impossible to make such sections of every specimen. So much, however,
can be said that the species is rather common, and most so west of Khura.
Remarks. — The occurrence of this well known permian species in the Salt-
range is again of great geological interest. That the Indian specimens are abso-
lutely identical with the European ones is shown by our plates, where specimens of
both countries are placed side by side.
2. Geinitzella crassa, Lonsdale, sp., PL CXIV, figs. 1, 2, 3.
1845. Stenopora crassa, Lonsdale : in Miirch. Vern. Keys., Vol. I, p. 633, pi. A. fig. 12.
1846. Stenopora crassa, (Lonsd.) Keyserling : Petschoraland, p. 183.
1854. Stenopora crassa, (Lonsd.) Keyserling : in Schrenk's Reise, vol. II, p. 99 (pars).
1861. Stenopora columnaris, Schloth. var. tuberosa, Geinitz (pars) : Dyas vol. I, p. 115, pi. XXI, fig. 20
fexcl. cet.J.
1875. Stenopora ramosa (Gein.) Toula : Spitztergen ; Neu. Jahrb., 1875, p. 246, pi. X, figs. 2-3. (male).
Though the internal structure of the original specimens of this species is not
known, yet we venture to identify with Lonsdale's name a number of Indian speci-
mens which are distinct from Geinitzella columnaris by a much more robust shape
and by some internal characters.
The corallum is always arborescent with very thick cylindrical branches, which
have a diameter of mostly at least 10mm. They are sometimes, but not always, com-
posed of different colonies, which are deposited one above the other. Calices always
rounded, oval or circular, of very variable sizes, often only a few of the smaller sort
being disseminated between the larger ones, but sometimes with a great number of
smaller intercalated between the larger calices, so that also in this species a variety
with gems in profusion and another with only few gems could be distinguished. The
surface only very rarely shows projecting spines.
In thin sections the corallites appear polygonal, with thin walls in the centre of
the stems, but becoming considerably thickened towards the periphery, whereby an
oval section of the corallites is brought about. "Within the thickened part of the
walls the thickenings of the primary mural plate preceding gemmation become also
in this species conspicuous, but quite differently from those in Gein. columnaris.
They are much less compact and more or less nodular, often interrupted, and are
transformed into gems as soon as they reach the surface and find space for the
development of new individuals. Therefore the existence of spines on the surface
is of very rare occurrence in this species. Though this latter character can be
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 885
found as well on G-ein. columnaris, yet in that species it is caused by preservation
solely, whilst in the present one it is a result of the structural peculiarity of the
thickenings preceding gemmation. Septa-like processes occur sometimes in this
species.
These characters, together with the more robust shape of the whole colony, seem
to us sufficient to distinguish these forms from Gein. columnaris, Schloth.
Locality and geological position. — The greatest number of specimens (about a
dozen) of this species were collected by Mr. Wynne at Jabi in the upper division of
the Productus-limestone. Another specimen was found at Chidru in the Cephalo-
poda-bed, and besides this there is yet a doubtful specimen from the middle Produc-
tus-limestone of Kafirkot.
Remarks. — It is somewhat hazardous on our part to identify the Indian speci-
mens with Lonsdale's Stenop. crassa, which was described originally from permian
beds of N. E. Russia. Lonsdale's species has been identified by most authors with
Stenopora columnaris, Schloth., and it seems to us that this identification is quite
correct so far as specimens of S. W. Europe are concerned. The very robust form of
the true Gein. crassa, Lonsd., seems to us restricted to N. E. Europe (Russia) and
Spitzbergen and not to occur in Germany or England.
In external shape the Indian specimens are absolutely identical with the Russian
ones, and there is every probability that *slso the internal characters will prove
identical.
The evidence before us seemed not sufficient to warrant the introduction of a
new name for the Indian coral, and as the probability of its identity with Geinizella
crassa was very great, we decided on putting the Indian form under this name.
Genus: STENOPORA, Lonsdale.
Under the name of Stenopora very different things have been described. It
was thus a very meritorious proceeding on the part of Mr. Nicholson, that he
returned to Lonsdale's original description and to the study of original Australian
specimens ; from his investigations we know that all the forms described by Mc'Ooy,
Geinitz, and others under the name do not belong to the Australian genus, but must
be distributed in other genera.
In the Salt-range, specimens agreeing in all respects with the true Australian
Stenopora are not very rare, and we must admit the plentiful representation of the
genus in India.
According to our materials the diagnosis of the genus may be drawn up in the
following manner :
Corallum incrusting, arborescent, foliaceous or hemispherical, fixed by its base
to foreign bodies, composed of tubular corallites, which are nearly vertical in the
centre of the corallum and radiate thence on all sides towards the surface. The
corallites are polygonal in the centre of the corallum, with thin walls and very closely
h 2
886 SALT- RANGE FOSSILS.
packed together ; in their radiating peripheral part they become cylindrical and
their walls show regular transversely annular thickenings, which occur in the same
manner and at equal distances in a great number of adjoining corallites. These
thickenings alternate on the inside of the corallites with periodical contractions of
the walls. There are yet other thickenings that extend longitudinally within the
walls as in other Monticuliporidce ; they are the thickenings that precede gemma-
tion, and project on the surface of the corallum as little spines between the single
corallites. The calices on the surface of the corallum are partly quite open, partly
closed by a kind of hemispherical lid. They are of rather unequal sizes. Tabulae
are present within the corallites at very irregular distances, but they are either
concave or convex, not flat. Mural pores and distinct well-developed septa are
absent. The corallum is composed of several concentric layers each of which is a
separate colony. The single colonies increase by intermural gemmation chiefly.
Prom this diagnosis it appears that the structure of the genus is absolutely like
that of other Monticuliporidce, and that the only difference for instance between
Orbipora and Stenopora consists in the periodical annular thickenings exhibited by
the walls of the corallites in the latter genus, whilst in Orbipora the thickening of
the walls in the peripheral parts of the corallum is equal throughout.
These periodical thickenings of the walls must naturally cause a different aspect
in the tangential sections, according to whether they cut just through these thicken-
ings or not. In the first case the interiors of the visceral chambers appear reduced
to comparatively thin tubes, which are encircled by a ring of sclerenchyma, which
often can be distinguished as composed of concentric lamellae (PI. CIX, fig. 2a).
If however the section cuts through the intervals between the thickenings, one
sees also generally a ring of sclerenchyma within the dark lines of the primary
mural plates (PI. CX, fig. le, PL CXI, fig. 1«), but this ring is either of very
moderate thickness or is even almost entirely absent, so that the visceral chambers
appear even more or less polygonal. The whole section appears then to a certain
extent as if taken from the central part of the corallum.
The inexplicable facts mentioned by Nicholson and Etheridge with regard to the
present genus in Ann. and Mag. Nat. hist., Ser. V, vol. IV, p. 272, find a very
natural explanation in what has been said of the preservation of the walls of the
Monticuliporidce in general in the introduction to the family. The appearance in
tangential sections, as if the walls of the several corallites were not in contact
throughout, is brought about solely by bad preservation. That the walls are in
reality everywhere in contact is shown conclusively by our figures.
The fact that on natural fractures the tubes seem to be in contact for short
distances only is caused by the circumstance that in Stenopora the substance of the
walls of the corallites is very easily destroyed, and that then in natural fractures the
internal casts of the tubes are exposed and not the tubes themselves. These internal
casts show periodical constrictions, corresponding to the periodical thickenings
of the walls ; the thin parts of the walls alternating with the thickenings are
PRODUCTU S-LIMESTONE.— C(ELENTERATA. 887
then often preserved, and at these places the easts of the tubes appear to be in
contact.
Longitudinal sections in which the walls of the corallites are perfectly well
preserved show conclusively that they are in perfect contact throughout, and that
the periodical thickenings, like the thickenings of the walls of other Monticuli-
poridce, are made up of doubly conical layers of sclerenchyma, which meet in the
middle along the primary mural plates.
A most fundamental difference between Stenopora and the Monticuliporida
consists, according to Nicholson and Etheridge, in the existence of mural pores in
the former genus. Mons. de Koninck concurs in this respect with the ahove
authors, and consequently transfers the species Stenop. ovata, Lonsd., to the genus
Favosites.
As regards Mons. de Koninck's ohservations, they were made evidently on
internal casts, as his figure most distinctly exhibits. Now such casts are certainly not
very apt for the observation of such fine structures as mural pores, and an error is
very easily made. Not much better seem to have been the materials on which Messrs.
Nicholson and Etheridge operated. They state that the mural pores could be most
easily seen on the outside of the tubes, if examined with the microscope. Now the
outside of the tubes is only exposed distinctly on weathered fractures or on fractures
of specimens which have heen subject already to a certain extent to weathering;
quite fresh specimens always show fractures which either do not expose the outside
of the tubes, or on which nothing at all can be seen, except by means of a prepara-
tion of thin slides. On weathered surfaces, however, the walls of the tubes are always
so much deteriorated that openings may easily appear where originally there were
none. On weathered fractures we frequently were in a position to observe such open-
ings ; they were, however, decidedly of a secondary origin. The figure reproduced
by Nicholson on page 81 of his work on Monticulipora represents only an internal
cast, where the substance of the walls has entirely disappeared. The pores are
evidently nothing but accidental grooves. As regards the longitudinal sections
figured by Nicholson and Etheridge, in which mural pores are said to be visible,
we have a great suspicion, as they appear in the middle of the visceral chamber,
that these pores are nothing else but what we figure PI. CXI, fig. lc, that is, the
transverse section of some of those protuberances which have been called rudiment-
ary septa in Favositidce or Chcetetida. Other longitudinal sections, like those of
Stenop. howsii or Sten. tasmaniensis, show no trace of mural pores. Among the
great number of microscopical sections we prepared of species of the present genus,
there is certainly not a single one that shows a trace of a mural pore.
A word must yet be said about the tabulse. These are very scarce in the Indian
species of the genus, and at the same time they are very strongly curved. In other
species they seem to be more frequent, and in the carboniferous Stenop. howsii Nichol-
son has described incomplete tabulae which bear in the middle a round perforation.
This character is certainly not of general occurrence in the genus.
888 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The genus has been observed to occur up to the present in the mountain-lime-
stone of Europe and in beds of the age of the coal-measures of Australia. To these
are added four species in India which are mostly of permian age. One of these is
identical with an Australian form.
1. Stenopoba ovata, Lonsdale, Plate OX.
1844. Stenopora ovata, Lonsdale : in Darwin's Geol. Obs. Vole. Islands, p. 163.
1845. Stenopora ovata, Lonsdale: in Strzeleeki's Phys. descr. of New South Wales, p. 263, PI. VIII,
fig. 3a, 6.
1872. Monticulipora tumida (pars) Koninck : Nouv. Rech. Terr. Carb. Belgique, p. 143.
1877. Favosites ovata, (Lonsd. sp.) Koninck: Pal. Nouv. Gallesdu Sud., pt. Ill, p. 156, PI. Ill, fig. 5.
1879. Stenopora ovata, (Lonsd.) Nicholson and Etheridge : Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. V, vol. IV, p. 274,
PI. XIV, fig. 1.
Oorallum in the beginning incrusting, later on arborescent with cylindrical and
forking branches. Thickness of the branches very variable, according to Mons. de
Koninck varying between 3 and 15mm; but generally not more than 9mm. in
diameter. Branches often composed of several successive colonies, forming concen-
tric layers one above the other. Surface smooth without monticules or maculae.
Calices rounded with acute margins on which often little spinules in varying num-
bers are placed ; many smaller calices intercalated between larger ones. Corallites
tubular. Walls considerably thickened at intervals, and presenting in longitudi-
nal sections the appearance of a string of beads. Thickenings either narrowly
annular or broad, both sorts alternating indiscriminately. Six to ten such thicken-
ings within a length of one line (2"2mm). Tabulse present, but very scarce.
In internal casts the tubular corallites appear alternately swollen and constrict-
ed, like a string of beads, according to the impressions that have been left behind by
the periodical thickenings of the walls.
The calices on the surface of the colonies are of an extreme fineness. There
are at least three within the distance of 1mm.
Locality and geological position. — The species is not a very common one in the
Salt-range, nevertheless it has a rather large geological range. It has been found
in the middle Productus -limestone trans-Indus at Kiri, and in the upper Productus-
limestone at Nanga and at Jabi, above the Cephalopoda-bed. Everywhere the
species appears to be rather rare.
Bemarks. — The present species was originally described from Australia, from
beds which must be placed on a level with the coal-measures of Europe. Though
the Indian specimens occur in strata of permian age, yet it seems to us that they
cannot well be distinguished from the typical Australian form. It is true, there
exist some slight discrepancies, but they seem to us not quite sufficient for the dis-
tinction of a new species. Nicholson and Etheridge say that in the Australian
specimens generally there are only six swellings of the walls within the distance of
one line, whilst in our specimens very often more than six, up to ten, occur ; but as
PR0DUCTUS-L1MEST0NE.— CCELENTEKATA. 889
the number is very variable, and as it appears also from Lonsdale's original drawing
that these swellings even in Australian specimens are very unequally distributed,
we thought it not fit to consider tbis variability as a sufficient character for the dis-
tinction of a species. Another discrepancy is of still less importance ; this is the
absence of the little spines on the surface of the Indian specimens. Whoever
knows how much the appearance of the exterior of a colony depends on preservation
will readily ignore this peculiarity.
2. Stenopora nicholsoni, Waagen and Wentzel, n. sp., PL CIX.
Corallum thick, cylindrical, bifurcating, thickness of the branches about 15mm.
The cabices are mostly about 03 mm. or somewhat less in diameter. They are
generally not of very unequal size, often closed by a hemispherical calcareous mass,
in which a hole appears in the middle when weathered. There are in the specimens
at our disposal no, or only very few, small spines or tubercles surrounding the
calices. Corallites tubular, in the centre of the colony polygonal, in the peripheral
parts more or less rounded or oval. Walls thin in the centre of the branches, in
the peripheral parts irregularly thickened at intervals, and appearing in the longi-
tudinal section like strings of small differently shaped beads. There are within the
length of one line (2'2 mm.) 14 to 16 such thickenings. Thickenings of the primor-
dial mural plate preceding gemmation are not very numerous. Tabulae scarce,
very strongly vaulted.
On natural fractures of the stems the substance of the walls has generally
entirely disappeared by weathering. The corallites appear then in the centre as
angular columns separated from each other by deep furrows, and in the peripheral
parts they look like strings of beads, alternately swollen and contracted. The
swollen parts of these internal casts are generally on the same level in adjoining
corallites and approach each other very closely, whilst in the contracted parts they
recede. Now between the swollen parts very often the substance of the walls is still
partly preserved, and the adjoining corallites appear as if blended together at these
places, whilst in the intervals the wall-substance has been quite destroyed and gaps or
holes appear, and it looks as if the corallites were here not in contact but widely
apart from each other.
Locality and geological position. — This is a very rare species ; only a single
specimen of it has been detected up to the present. This was found in the upper
Productus-limestone east of Katwahi. This specimen is also so far remarkable in
being incrusted at its upper extremity by Stenop. ovata, Lonsd.; all the lower part,
however, is solely Stenop. nicholsoni.
Remarks. — The present species is most nearly related to Stenop. ovata, Lonsd.,
for which it could easily be mistaken. The chief difference consists in the number
of swellings exhibited by the walls. Whilst in Stenop. ovata as a rule only six such
swellings are observable within a length of one line, which number only exception-
890 SALT-BANGE FOSSILS.
ally amounts to 10, there are in Stenop, nicholsoni regularly 14 to 16 such swellings
within the same length. The striking difference that exists in this respect between
the two species is most clearly exhibited by fig. 3 on PI. CIX, where the interior
part consists of Stenop. nicholsoni, whilst on the outer part Stenop. ovata forms an
incrustation.
Other species can barely be compared to the present one. Stenop. tasmaniensis,
Lonsd., has a still much smaller number of swellings of the walls ; Stenop. jacki,
Nich. and Etheridge, is a far more elegant species, with much thinner branches ; and
Stenop. crinita, Lonsd., forms tuberous masses, with corallites having much less
numerous constrictions.
3. Stbnopora ch^tetipobmis, Waagen & Wentzel, n. sp., PI. CXI.
Corallum cylindrical, simple or forked, diameter of the branches 7 to 13 mm.
Calices rounded, of not very different sizes, generally about 0'3mm, in diameter.
Interspaces between the calices either carinated, if well preserved, or with little
tubercles or grooves, according to preservation or different specimens. Corallites
tubular, polygonal in the beginning, but very soon getting thickened walls and then
exhibiting a roundish or oval section ; ascending at first vertically and then very
slowly bending outward by degrees to reach the surface at about right angles.
Walls at first thin, but very soon, already in the vertically ascending part of the
corallites, showing periodical thickenings of which 9 to 12 can be counted within .a
length of one line (2*2mm.). Interiors of the visceral chambers provided with
numerous, very irregularly distributed, protuberances identical with what has been
called in Favositidce and ChcetetidcB " rudimentary septa." Tabulse scarce.
The structure of the walls is very visible in the preparations we have made of
the species. The primary mural plate is preserved as a thin black line, and the
thickenings of this plate, which generally precede gemmation, are preserved by a
white and very compact matrix, quite in the same manner as in Geinitzella colum-
naris described above. The thickenings of the walls are very distinctly composed
of doubly conical layers. The thickenings themselves are very irregular. In every
section the protuberances of the walls, or " rudimentary septa," form a very conspi-
cuous feature. They are of very variable development, sometimes short and thick,
sometimes thin, long, and straight, sometimes bent upward, but always they are of an
approximately circular section. The bent nature of these protuberances often causes
them in tangential sections to appear in the middle of the visceral chambers, without
being apparently united to any of the walls (see fig. 16 and 2c of PI. CXI). A very
strange appearance is presented by them when cut by a longitudinal section just at
the base on the surface of the wall. They appear then as small circular sharply
defined spots which might well be compared to mural pores, but one sees distinctly
that they are not hollow but that the substance of the wall passes compactly below
them (PI. CXI, fig. \c).
PRODTJCTTJS-LIMESTONE.-CCELENTERATA. 891
The distribution of these protuberances is extremely irregular. Sometimes they
are united in little groups, sometimes they are single, and there are also large stretches
of wall which bear no protuberances at all.
The tabulae are scarce in this species also, but they are less strongly vaulted
than in Sten. nicholsoni.
Locality and geological position. — This is the most common species of Steno-
pora occurring in the Salt-range. The species seems to be restricted to the upper
Productus-limestone and has been found in numerous specimens at Khund Ghat and
at Jabi, above the Cephalopoda-bed.
Remarks. — It is barely necessary to indicate how the present species could be
distinguished from its congeners, as in thin sections the difference from all other
species is extremely striking. Without thin sections, however, this species can
as little be recognised as all the others, as there are no external characters upon which
the internal ones could be judged.
4. Stenopora hemispherica, Waagen & Wentzel, n. sp., PL CVI, fig. 2.
Corallum hemispherical, forming large thick masses. Calices roundish or more
' or less polygonal, very small, generally not more than 0'2mm. in diameter, of not
very unequal sizes. Spaces between the calices narrow with a sharp edge, sometimes
with tubercles, chiefly in the corners where several calices meet. Corallites tubular,
radiating in all directions from one point, with thin walls in the middle, and slightly
thickened ones towards the periphery. Walls with periodical swellings, which
are, however, not very strongly prominent, in accordance with the moderate thicken-
ing of the entire walls. There are four to six such swellings within the distance of
one line (2'2mm.). Gemmation not very frequent. Tabulae present but scarce.
The specimen of this species is, we regret to say, in a rather bad state of pre-
servation, and we are therefore unable to give figures of the thin sections we pre-
pared. Though all the characters mentioned in the above diagnosis can be made
out, yet this can be done only with difficulty.
The specimen from which the above diagnosis has been drawn up is 24mm.
high and 21mm. broad.
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of the species that has
been found up to the present was collected at Amb, ia the dark sandstones at the
base of the lower Productus-limestone.
Remarks. — The black coaly sandstone in which this species is preserved is not
very favourable for the preservation of finer details, and thus the description of
the, species must be rather brief. The whole mode of growth indicates at once a
species entirely different from all those previously described, and reminds very much
of Favosites.
Among the species described by Lonsdale from Australia Stenop. informis seems
to be rather nearly related to the one here under consideration, as it also forms
i
892 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
tuberous or hemispherical masses, but Lonsdale says, that the diameter of the inter-
nal casts of the tubes in the Australian species is about a quarter of a line, a diameter
"which so far deviates from the diameter of the corallites in the Indian specimen,
it being nearly three times as large, that we do not think it possible to unite the
Indian specimen with Stenop. informis.
Of the other species of the genus hitherto described apparently none can be com-
pared more in detail to the present one, all of them exhibiting an entirely different
mode of growth.
Sub-order : TETRACORALLA, sive Rugosa.
Family: BXPLETA.
Sub-Family : PLEONOPHORA.
Genus: LONSDALEIA, McCoy.
The materials of rugose corals occurring in the Salt-range are very limited,
being restricted to a few species, and thus we are not in a position to add any new
facts with regard to the general classification of the whole sub-order. "We therefore
simply accept Dybowsky's classification, as tbis seems to us the most natural one
that has been proposed up to the present. It has also been introduced in Zittel's
Handbook.
As regards the genus Lomdaleia itself, there has been published a circumstan-
tial description and re-definition of it by Thomson and Nicholson in the Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist., 1876, and the statements there published, chiefly with regard to the
historical account, barely need any further remarks.
Yet with regard to the definition of the genus, it 'seems to us that the authors
confined themselves too exclusively to the facts deducible from the few species
of which they had been able to prepare thin sections ; so that if one were to adhere
strictly to the definition as proposed by Thomson and Nicholson, even the greater
part of the species described by McCoy himself under the name would have to be ex-
cluded from the genus.
The character upon which the greatest stress is laid by Thomson and Nicholson
is the circumstance, that in the species investigated by them the septa are restrict-
ed to the median tabulate portion of the calices and do not reach the outer wall, ex-
cept perhaps sometimes in a rudimentary and imperfect state ; the outer portion of
the calices being occupied by an irregularly vesicular tissue. Among the numerous
slices we prepared of the species of Lomdaleia that occur in the Salt-range, we have
however found that in different calices of one and the same corallum this character
varies greatly. In some of the calices the vesicular tissue occupying the outer zone
is well developed, and the septa stop where this tissue begins,, thus not reaching the
outer wall ; while in other calices, and this occurs in the majority of cases, the septa
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 893
very distinctly reach the outer wall. Even in one and the same calix one side
shows sometimes the vesicular tissue and short septa, whilst the other is provided with
septa reaching distinctly to the outer wall. We have figured such a case of develop-
ment on PI. C, fig. 6. This has, however, already heen very often observed; Quens-
tedt, for instance, figures in his Petrefaktenkunde Deutschlands, Ahth. I, Vol. VI,
PI. 162, fig. 32, a specimen of Cyathophyllum crenulare, Phill. (as he calls it), which
shows in some of the calices septa reaching to the outer wall, whilst in others they
are separated from this wall by a distinct zone of vesicular tissue. Thus we think
that too great stress should not be put on the character of the septa reaching the
outer wall or not. It cannot be denied that numerous vesicles, or even a vesicular
tissue, is always present in the genus Lonsdaleia, and our figures, chiefly the longi-
tudinal sections, PL 0, fig. 4 and PI. XCIX, fig. 2c, very distinctly show such, but
they are generally, in the Indian species at least, not developed in such an extreme
manner as to obliterate the septa.
Another organ which needs some consideration is the so-called accessory wall,
which very often separates the vesicular zone from the central tabulate area. In
the majority of species of Lonsdaleia this wall is very conspicuous, but in others it
is not, as has also been stated by Nicholson. Generally, the accessory wall appears
where the secondary septa terminate ; sometimes, however, it coincides with the termi-
nation of the primary septa and then approaches very close to the columella. In
all the species of Lonsdaleia septal dissepiments are of rather frequent occurrence ; if
now these are arranged so as to form a circular zone, then an accessory wall is
formed, if not, then no accessory wall is produced. This mode of production of the
accessory wall also explains the great variability that exists with regard to its posi-
tion in different species. Nevertheless, the existence and position of such an acces-
sory wall seems of greater value for classification than the existence or absence of a
vesicular tissue in the peripheral zone of the single calices. Whilst this latter
varies within one and the same corallum in the different calices, the former appears
very characteristic for certain species, and according to the development and posi-
tion of the accessory wall several groups of forms may be distinguished within the
genus. Whether the accessory wall is rather removed from the columella or in close
proximity of it, it always marks off a central zone, which is solely occupied by tabulae,
and where vesicles are absolutely absent; whilst the vesicles again appear only
outside of the accessory wall. The septa are generally not stopped by it, but extend
also outside of it.
Within the accessory wall extends the tabulate area, as it is called by
Thomson and Nicholson. This area is of very varying extent, sometimes broad,
sometimes very narrow, or even sometimes entirely filled up by the extremely thick
columella. The tabulae are mostly rather closely set, more or less horizontal or as-
cending towards the outer region of the calix, and are sometimes slightly vesicular.
The very thick columella has always a structure of its own, independent of the
remainder of the calix. Generally it is so compact that it weathers out separately,
i 2
894 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
and appears then, if separated from the rest, as a thin rod. Looked at with a lens,
this appears longitudinally striated, but the striae are sometimes twisted like the
thread of a screw, sometimes not, and in one and the same colony calices with
twisted, and others with straight, columellas may he found. If examined under
higher magnifying powers in thin sections the structure of the columella appears
very peculiar. In one and the same colony the centre is sometimes occupied by a
lamellar plate, sometimes not, from which waving lamellae in irregular numbers
radiate in all directions. These radiating lamellae are always present, and cause either
the longitudinal striation or the twisted appearance of the columella. Between these,
in transverse sections, numerous dissepiments appear, which are shown by longi-
tudinal sections to form regula tabulae, which are sometimes somewhat vesicular as
in PI. 0, fig. 4, or quite regularly arranged, as in PI. XCIX, fig. 2c or PI. CI, fig. Id,
3c (these latter figures have been by accident inverted, upside down). These
tabulae are of a conical shape with the apex directed upward towards the visceral
chamber of the animal. We see from all this how variable the structure of the
columella even in one and the same colony may be ; and under these circumstances
it may be termed a very fortunate proceeding on the part of Prof. Lindstrom,
when, in his " Index to the generic names applied to the corals of the palaeozoic
formations," he considers the names Dibunophyllum, Aspidophyllum, and -Rhodo~
phyllwm of Thomson and Nicholson as synonyms (partly with a query, partly with-
out) of Clisiophyllum.
The propagation of the forms belonging to the genus Lonsdaleia is a kind
of gemmation that comes within what has been called "tabular gemmation "by
Koch. This gemmation occurs in the ordinary manner in the astraeiform species,
but is modified to a certain extent in the fasciculate forms. Both modes of gem-
mation have been figured by us, the first PI. C, fig. Ba, the second PI. CXV,
figs. 3, 4.
In the Salt-range the genus Lonsdaleia occurs in very great numbers, but
though the individuals are plentiful yet the number of species is limited.
We can distinguish two groups of forms, both having but little affinity to
hitherto described species. In one of these groups the tabulate area is very small,
no proper accessory wall exists, nor any vesicular tissue in the peripheral parts. In
the other group the tabulate area is entirely filled up by the enormously thick
columella.
The first group is represented by two species, which both are astraeiform, and
rather nearly related to each other, forming together a little group which will best
be termed, Group of Lonsdaleia salinaria, W- and W.
The second group contains again two species, which are in many respects
quite aberrant forms.
All the species of Lonsdaleia occurring in the Salt-range have been found in
the coral-limestones of the middle Productus-limestone, only one species extending
also into the upper division.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 895
Group of LONSDALEIA SALINABIA, Waagen and Wentzel.
1. Lonsdaleia salinaria, Waagen and "Wentzel, n. sp., PI. C, figs. 1, 3, 4.
Corallum astraeiform, forming large irregular masses. Corallites prismatic, five
to seven-sided, of somewhat unequal size, generally 9 to 10mm. in diameter, separated
from each other by well developed exothecal walls. Calices in the peripheral region
but little excavated, with a more strongly deepened central part surrounding the
columella. Columella not extraordinarily thick, very strongly projecting, either
round or slightly compressed laterally, provided with numerous vertical lamellae,
which are generally not twisted. The projecting part of the columella is very easily
destroyed by weathering (PI. 0, fig. Id), and even the entire calices are often quite
smoothed down by the same process (PI. C, fig. le). Of primary septa there are
about 20 to 24 (PL C, fig. 3a), between which an equal number of secondary
and tertiary septa are intercalated, eaeh of them shorter according to its position*
None of the septa reach the columella, all stopping short of it, though approaching
it very closely. Well-preserved calices give an impression as of a secondary wall
from which the calices suddenly deepen, but in thin sections nothing of the kind
can be observed.
In thin sections it is seen that the septa extend uninterruptedly from near
the columella to the outer wall of the calices, and that no distinct peripheral vesi-
cular zone is developed as in other species of Lonsdaleia. The tabulate area is re-
stricted to a quite narrow zone immediately surrounding the columella, and outside
of this zone the tabulae very soon change into a vesicular tissue ; the vesicles, how-
ever, being restricted to the spaces between the septa and appearing more or less as
interseptal dissepiments.
The tabulae very distinctly cross the narrow tabulate area, but find their chief
development only within the space of the columella where they form somewhat irre-
gular conical elevations (PI. 0, fig. 4), but also in this region they are somewhat
vesicular.
The columella is limited off on all sides by something like a regular wall,
formed by the vertically ascending tabulae. In the interior the columella shows
many radiating plates, which either start from an imaginary central axis, or from
a median transverse lamella. The latter is chiefly the case when the columella
appears laterally compressed. Between these radiating lamellae many dissepiments
exist, which very probably have to be brought into connection with the tabulae.
Locality and geological position. — This species is, excepting Lonsd. indica, the
most common species of corals occurring in the middle Productus-limestone, and
forming there the coral reefs. It has been found in this geological position at
Viro-al (2 specimens), at Vurcha (1 specimen), at Musakheyl, and trans-Indus by
Mr. Wynne at Omarkheyl (1 specimen). In Dr. Verchere's collection there was a
specimen marked " Rotta Roh," and another " Punjab."
896 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Remarks. — The present species in its general appearance has a certain resem-
blance to Lonsd. floriformis, Mem., from the mountain-limestone of Europe ; hut
on a closer examination one finds that the relation to Fleming's species is only a very
distant one. Lonsdaleia floriformis has been examined and figured already many
times, and in all cases it has been found that there exists a distinct zone of vesicular
tissue in the peripheral parts of the corallites, that a distinct secondary wall is pre-
sent, and that there is marked off by the latter a distinct and rather large tabulate
area. Of all this there is nothing to be observed in our Lonsdaleia salinaria.
Thus there cannot be any doubt that our species is different from Lonsd. flori-
formis ; it belongs even to a quite different group of forms.
The group of forms to which Lonsd. floriformis belongs is rather plentifully
represented in the mountainJimestone, chiefly by this species itself. In the upper
carboniferous beds of Russia (Miatehkowa) Lonsd. floriformis seems to be replaced
by another but very nearly related species, which belongs to the same group, and
might best be quoted under the name of Lonsd. papillata, Fisoher sp. This species
has been well figured by Trautschold, and can be distinguished from Lonsd. flori-
formis proper by the circumstance that the septa very distinctly extend outside of
the accessory wall to the outer wall of the corallite, no vesicular peripheral zone
being developed. In this respect it approaches more closely to our Lonsd. salinaria
than does Lonsd. floriformis, but otherwise it is quite as distinct.
Of the group of forms on the contrary to which our Lonsd. salinaria belongs,
not a trace has been detected up to the present, so far as we are aware of, in truly
carboniferous strata, and thus this group seems to be restricted to permian beds ; it
has however not yet been found elsewhere than in the Salt-range.
2. Lonsdaleia wtnnei, Waagen and "Wentzel, n. sp., PL XCIX, fig. 2,
PL C, figs. 5, 6.
Corallum astrseiform, composing large irregular masses. Corallites prismatic,
five to seven-sided, with very thick compact walls. Calices large, generally of a
diameter of 11 to 16mm., irregularly inf undibuliform with a flattened peripheral and
a deeply sunk median part. Walls dividing the oalices strongly projecting. Co-
lumella thick, generally twisted, not much projecting. The calices do not, general-
ly, present the appearance as if there were a secondary wall. Septa mostly very
much thickened by a secondary deposition of stereoplasma. There are generally 20
to 24 primary septa, which are the longest, and as many secondary ones, which are
shorter ; between these a number of short septa of lower orders are intercalated.
In thin sections it can be distinctly seen that all the septa reach the outer wall
of the corallites and are not lost in a peripheral vesicular zone. Vesicles are present
in great numbers, but they all appear as interseptal dissepiments. There is not a
trace of a distinct accessory wall. The tabulate area is very small and restricted to
the space between the termination of the primary septa and the columella. None
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 897
of the septa reach down to the columella hut all stop short of it. The primary septa
terminate with a hlunt somewhat thickened end. The columella is thick and cylin-
drical, not compressed as in the preceding species ; its structure is tolerably regular ;
there are many radiating lamellse, somewhat variable, mostly twisted, as can often
be well observed in thin sections* In longitudinal sections a great number of tabulae
appear ; they are chiefly distinct within the columella and in the zone that intervenes
between it and the termination of the primary septa. Outside of this they are soon
lost between the numerous vesicles that fill the spaces between the septa. Within
the columella they form flat upright cones, in the tabulate area they are horizontal,
and outside of it they quickly ascend, forming many vesicles. The structure of
the vesicles is often singularly folded.
Locality and geological position ,^-The present species is considerably scarcer
than the preceding one. It is, however, also restricted to the middle division of the
Productus-limestone. It has been found up to the present only at a single locality,
at Katta, where two specimens were collected.
Remarks. — The present form is on the whole very nearly related to the preced-
ing one. It differs however from Lonsd. salinaria by its considerably larger
calices, by which character, even without thin sections, the two species may readily
be distinguished. According to the thin sections we have prepared it appears
that in the more intimate structure Lonsd. wynnei deviates from Lonsd. salinaria
by the mostly round form and twisted condition of the columella, and by the less
Vesicular development of its tabulse.
Por the distinction of Lonsd. wynnei from Lonsd. floriforrnis and its allies the
same characters can be adduced that have been quoted already as distinctive
between Lonsd. floriformis and Lonsd. salinaria.
Aberrant species.
3. LotiSDAiEiA indica, Waagen and Wentzel, n. sp., PL CI, figs. 1—3., PL CXV,
figs. 3, 4.
Corallum compound, composed of columnar, more or less cylindrical, tolerably
straight, perfectly free corallites, united together only at the places where one takes
its origin from the other by gemmation. Corallites only in very rare cases very
nearly approached or nearly blended together. Calices small, never more than 6 to
8mm. in diameter, regularly infundibuliform, never showing the appearance as if a
secondary wall was present, never very deep. Columella very thick, occupying not
quite one-third of the diameter of the' entire calix, never twisted, rather strongly
prominent, so compact that it sometimes weathers out and is found separately.
Septa not numerous; there are about 20 primary and as many secondary septa, all
uniting at the periphery to form a distinct outer wall, which shows a longitudinal
striation (PL CI, fig. 2).
898 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
In thin sections one sees that the primary septa only partly stop short of the
columella, whilst another part of them reaches it well, and unite even with the radiat-
ing lamellae within the columella. Between the septa a great number of intersep-
tal dissepiments are present, which, though they often occupy more or less a central
area, yet never unite to form a distinct accessory wall. In transverse sections the
columella is very distinctly marked off by a proper wall. In the middle it shows a
central transverse lamella, from which smaller ones radiate in all directions. These
are again interrupted by some concentric lamellae. In longitudinal sections one
sees that the outer wall of the columella is made up of vertically ascending tabulae,
which slowly bend towards the centre and form blunt cones, one in the other. These
are traversed by vertically ascending lamellae which correspond to the transverse
and radiating lamellae of the transverse sections. It is remarkable that in longitu-
dinal sections there can barely any tabulae be observed outside of the columella,
unless the steeply ascending lines in fig. 3c, PI. CI, on both sides of the columella
should be considered not as irregularly cut septa but as tabulae. In any case the
arrangement of the tabulae is exceptional ; and on this ground it might even be
proposed to distinguish the present form as a proper genus. Just along the outer
wall of the corallites there is a thin, irregular zone of vesicles.
Locality and geological position. — This is one of the commonest species of
corals in the Salt-range. It finds its chief development in the coral-beds of
the middle Productus-limestone, but extends also, though more rarely, into the
upper division. Specimens of it have been collected in the middle division east
of Katwahi (1 specimen), in the Chittawan (1 specimen and many fragments), at
Vurcha (1 specimen), at Chidru (1 specimen), on the road from Ohidru to Musakheyl
(4 specimens), at Virgal (many fragments), and above Nursingpohar (1 specimen).
Trans-Indus it was found by Mr. Wynne at Kiri (1 specimen), and there is also a
specimen from Dr. Verchere's collection marked " Punjab."
In the upper Productus-limestone the species occurred in the mountains east of
Katwahi, in the section at Khura (only fragments), and trans-Indus at Bilot (1
specimen).
Bemarks. — The present species so far deviates from all the others of the genus
Lonsdaleia that a more detailed comparison with any of them seems unnecessary.
The transverse lamella which forms the centre of the columella recalls to a certain
extent the genus Lithostrotion, but the whole structure of the entire very thick
columella so very nearly agrees with that of Lonsdaleia salinaria, that if we do not
prefer to consider this form as a proper genus, we must place it in the genus
Lonsdaleia.
The preservation of some specimens of the present species is singularly good,
and some of the thin sections we have prepared allow of the application of very
high magnifying powers. In consequence of this the structure of the septa can be
very well studied, a circumstance which is of some interest with regard to certain
observations made by Koch and von Heider. In PL CI, fig. 3b, we have given the
PRODUCTUS-LTMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 899
representation, of part of a section, very strongly magnified, which shows two impor-
tant points, first, that the septa are not equal in structure throughout, and second,
that the outer wall of the corallites is no proper organ hy itself but is formed only
by the lateral joining of the septa.
The septa are distinctly composed of two parts, a central one, which is of a dark
colour, and a peripheral or coating one, which is light-coloured and finely fibrous.
The dark-coloured part, which can, however, when differently preserved, appear as a
distinct white line, represents what has been called by Koch the " primordial stripe "
or primordial septum. According to Erech's observations it would appear not
improbable that this primordial septum itself is again produced by the blending
together of a number of septal spines. This bears on its surface secondary thicken-
ings which are of a different structure. The primordial septa extend to the outer
side of the corallites, here slightly projecting and causing thus the longitudinal
striation which is exhibited on the outer surface of these corals. The secondary
thickening fills the spaces between the primordial septa in the peripheral parts of the
corallites, thus completing the outer wall. Now in this outer wall, in the spaces
between the primordial septa, fine dark lines have been observed by Koch, which he
thought were the traces left behind by the sarcosepta, which thus were encased and
fixed by the sclerosepta. Heider, however, opposes Koch's views and declares these
dark lines to be cracks produced by the process of grinding down the specimens-
That this latter view is the right one is shown by our drawing, where the wall is
quite complete and no such dark line is observable within the wall between the
primordial septa. With this, moreover, Koch's views as to the growth of the corals
are refuted, and Heider's opinion, that the animals regularly ascend in their tubes
in the same degree as they deposit calcareous matter behind them, appears well
founded. Numerous observations, tending to the same purpose, have recently been
published by Dr. Erech, in the Zeitschr. d. Deutsch. Geolog. Ges. 1885, p. 928.
Another point which requires some consideration in this form is the mode of
propagation, which is a rather singular one and has been figured by us PL OXV,
figs. 3-4. Already, however, by Thomson and Nicholson, very exact figures of the
process of gemmation in a similar form (Lomdaleia rugosa, McCoy) have been given,
and they are very well in accordance with what we have seen in the Indian speci-
mens. The new corallite, as has been already observed by the above-mentioned
authors, takes its origin in the vesicular tissue forming, in most species of Lomdaleia,
a peripheral zone in each corallite. The daughter animal deviates, however, in its
direction more or less strongly from the mother animal. In Lomdaleia rugosa the
two form together an acute angle, whilst hi the Indian form the young one pro-
ceeds at right angles from the side of the mother animal. At first the young animal
is simply cup-shaped, and possesses as gifts from its mother nothing but the outer
walls and a little vesicular tissue, the septa being still quite rudimentary. Later
on the septa become well developed, mostly only after the young individual has
again bent at right angles to its former direction, now ascending vertically. In this
900 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
state the primary and secondary septa are not yet very much different in length, but
the bilateral structure of the rugose corals is developed very distinctly, a kind of
septal fossula being present, indicated by two septa which very strongly diverge,
whilst opposite there is an exceptionally strongly developed septum. Somewhat
later the columella is developed. Its first state could not be observed by us ; we
find it in our figure already in a perfect state, with its radiating lines and dissepi-
ments. Our fig. 3 on PI. CXV, represents such young corallites in different stages
of development, some of them still quite without a columella, another with a colu-
mella but otherwise not yet fully developed, all of these being badly deformed
by want of space, being crowded together between some old full-grown
individuals.
The gemmation itself, which is thus exhibited by these compound forms of
Lonsdaleia, cannot exactly be classed under any of the schemes pointed out by Koch
in his work on the gemmation of corals, and referred to above, page 858. Neverthe-
less it seems to us to be most nearly related to the mode of gemmation that occurs
in the astrseiform species of the genus, and which is absolutely identical with what
has been called by Koch a " tabular gemmation." It has been stated above that
the young individuals take their origin in the vesicular zone that is developed in the
peripheral part of most species of Lonsdaleia. Now these vesicles, wherefrom the
gems take their origin, can well, we think, be considered as singularly transformed
tabulae, and thus the gemmation may be termed a vesicular one, but as a modifica-
tion only of Koch's tabular gemmation.
4. Lonsdaleia vibgalensis, Waagen and Wentzel, n. sp., PI. CI, fig. 4,
PI. CXVI. fig. 2.
Corallum compound, composed of very thin, more or less cylindrical, tolerably
straight corallites, rather far apart from each other, with numerous transverse
wrinkles and folds and bearing a fine longitudinal striation. Calices very small,
never more than 4mm. in diameter, with traces of a secondary wall. Columella very
thick, even thicker than in the preceding species, occupying a little more than one-
third of the entire diameter of the calices. Septa very little numerous. There are
18 to 20 primary septa and as many secondary ones ; septa of a third order are never
developed.
In thin sections one can observe that the primary septa generally do not reach
the columella, though they approach it very nearly ; only in some calices one or the
other of these septa seems to touch the outer circumference of the columella, but
never in contact with one of the radiating lamellae within the latter. Between the
septa there is a great number of interseptal dissepiments, which very often for a
part are regularly arranged, so that a partial secondary wall is formed ; this secondary
wall is, however, barely ever complete, but exists generally only in a more or less
extended part of the calices. Nevertheless it has some influence on the development
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 901
of the tabulae, so that sometimes a tabulate area can be pretty clearly distin-
guished. The columella is very sharply circumscribed. It shows in the middle a
transverse and towards its periphery some radiating lamellae which are crossed by a
concentric lamellation, a structure which is absolutely identical with that of the
preceding species. In the longitudinal sections the existence of a more distinct
tabulate area causes some difference from similar sections of the preceding species
but otherwise both show the same features.
Locality and geological position. — There are only two specimens of this species
in the Salt-range collection, which were both found in the coral-beds of the middle
division of the Productus-limestone of Virgal.
Remarks. — We were a long time in doubt whether we ought to separate the
present species from the preceding one, but after some consideration we found that
the two specimens from Virgal were distinct from all the others not only by the
considerably thinner branches, but also by some internal characters. A comparison
of fig. lc and fig. 4 on PL 01, will show these differences readily. Whilst in Lonsd.
indica the interseptal dissepiments are arranged quite irregularly, they follow a more
or less circular arrangement in the present species, so that very often a kind of
secondary wall is formed. With this also a somewhat different arrangement of the
tabulae goes hand in hand, and thus we think the two species should be kept
separate. The most striking difference consists always in the thinness of the branchess
which never exceed 4mm.
Sub-Eamily : DIAPHRA6MAT0PH0BA.
Genus : AMPLEXUS, Sow.
Among the materials of corals from the Salt-range there are also a few speci-
mens of single corals, which present nearly insurmountable difficulties in the attempt
to arrive at a satisfactory determination of them.
The scarcity of specimens forbids the free use of the grindstone, and besides
this, the preservation of the specimens is for the greater part so spathic that polished
sections are of but little use ; the description must then be brief and to a certain
extent incomplete. Tet we thought it not fit to pass them over in silence, as the
proposed outlines of the entire fauna of these beds would no longer be correct if such
a large division of corals, specimens of which are not unfrequently met with, were
not mentioned at all ; thus we shall give a description of these forms as best possible
according to the materials at hand.
As far as can be made out it seems that all the single corals that are preserved
in the Salt-range collection belong to the genus Amplexus, as they possess more or
less closely set tabulae, very short septa, and a small but distinct septal fossula. A
vesicular zone in the peripheral parts of the individuals is absent, but they all are
covered with a distinct thick epitheca.
K 2
902 SALT-RANGE POSSILS.
Two forms can be made out which are also distributed in different geological
horizons. One of them is restricted to the middle division of the Productus-limestone
and seems to us to be a new species to which the name of Amplexus cristatus will
be given ; the other species occurs only in the upper Productus-limestone, and seems
to us identical with what has been described by Abich under the name of Amplexus
coralloides, Sow., from the permian beds of Djoulfa, and which has been shown by
Moller to be different from Sowerby's species, without, however, giving a name to
it. It seems to us that this form most practically would receive the name of
Amplexus abicki.
1. Amplexus cristatus, Waagen and "Wentzel, n. sp. PL C, fig. 2.
Corallum simple, elongately conical, generally curved, fixed by its apex to foreign
bodies. Surface longitudinally striated, undulating, provided at intervals with
high transverse crests, on which thorn-like processes are placed. The crests do not
show any regularity and never encircle the entire coral. Calix apparently deep but
much worn and deteriorated by pressure, provided with very short septa. Septa
not numerous, altogether, primary and secondary, not more than 28. In sections the
length of the septa is about one-third of the entire diameter of the corallum. Sep-
tal fossula distinct, deep, not large, being enclosed by two longer septa and contain-
ing only one single septum. Septa connected together by septal dissepiments not
far from their terminations. Space between the dissepiments and the outer wall
filled by rock-matter without intercalation of a vesicular tissue. Tabulae not very
numerous, very strongly convex, flattened on the top, the tabulate area occupying
the entire space of the corrallum.
The dimensions of the better preserved of the two specimens at our disposal are
as follow :
Length of the entire corallum ......... 42 mm.
Thickness at the upper extremity ........ 19 mm.
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether not more than two
specimens of this species in the Salt-range collection. One of them comes from
Kafirkot, from the middle division of the Productus-limestone, the other from
between Vurcha and Uchali out of the same beds.
Remarks. — The species which is most nearly related to the present one, and
which perhaps would be considered by some even identical, is Amplexus spinosus,
Kon., from the mountain-limestone of Tournay, etc. This interesting and well-
characterised species agrees with the Indian form in having the same number of
septa, which are of the same length, and in its possessing thorns on the lower
part of its outer surface. The difference of the two forms consists in the high
thorned crests in the Indian form, and apparently also in a much deeper visceral
chamber and more strongly convex tabulae.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 903
At all events, Amplexus spinosus must very probably be considered as tbe an-
cestor of Amplexus cristatus, which represents the former species in more recent
strata.
Of other species none is known to us which could be more particularly com-
pared.
2. Amplexus abichi, Waagen and Wentzel, n. sp.
1878. Amplexus coralloides, (Sow.) Abich : Fauna of Djoulfa, p. 84, pi. XI. fig. 10 {non Sow.).
1879. Amplexus sp., Moller: Neu. Jahrb., 1879, p. 237.
There are two specimens of a not very large, rather smooth Amplexus in the
Salt-range collection, which probably can be identified with Amplexus coralloides,
Abich {non Sow.). The specimens are, however, in much less satisfactory pre-
servation than those figured and described by Abich, and thus we have abstained
from giving a figure of them. The diagnosis of the species may run as follows :
Corallum simple, elongately conical or sub-cylindrical, straight or slightly
curved with a tolerably thick epitheca on its outer surface, which is longitudinally
striated and shows many wrinkles of growth encircling the whole corallum. Calix
apparently not very deep, with few not very strongly developed septa. Septal
fossula small, and not very distinct. Septa numbering 26 to 28 at a diameter
of the calix of 18 mm. Length of the septa little more than one-fourth of the
diameter of the calix. The septa are united towards their termination by a
row of septal dissepiments. Tabulae numerous, vaulted, largely flattened on the
top, often irregular and somewhat vesicular.
The species did not apparently attain very considerable dimensions. The
largest specimen figured by Abich has a diameter of 23mm. at its upper extremity
and may have reached a length of about 75mm. Our Indian specimens are by far
smaller, attaining a diameter of 16 and 18 mm. at the upper extremity.
Locality and geological position. — Both specimens of this species in the Salt-
range collection come from the upper division of the Productus-limestone ; one of
them was found in the Cephalopoda-bed at Jabi, the other at the limit between the
upper and middle divisions at Ktmra.
Eemarks, — There cannot be any doubt that the case has been put too
strongly by Mr. Moller, when he says : These forms have not the slightest simi-
larity with Amplexus coralloides, Sow. If this were in reality the case, we should
not know to what form else the present species should be compared. In reality we
think the species so closely related to Amplexus coralloides, that a separation
becomes rather difficult, and the mistake of having it described as identical with
Sowerby's species cannot be considered as very great.
The chief differences consist in the septa being slightly longer and somewhat
less numerous than in equal-sized specimens of Amplexus coralloides, so that the
present species can well be considered as different, but must at the same time prob-
ably be taken as a direct descendant from the lower-carboniferous species.
We know of no other form with which amplexus abichi could be more parti-
cularly compared.
904 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The identity of our Indian specimens with this Armenian permian species is
again of some geological interest.
Order: ALC YON ARIA.
Sub-Order : HELIOPORACEA.
Family: FISTVLIPORlD^l.
The Alcyonaria have an entirely stony skeleton, not internal hut covering the
body to a certain extent externally ; they can be divided in two groups. One of
these is formed by Tubipora and the allied genera, which all have a stolonal gemma-
tion ; the other is typified by the genus Heliopora, and in this group a coenenchy-
mal gemmation prevails. The number of genera which, by this character, appear
rather nearly related to Heliopora, is pretty large ; two groups can be distinguished
among them. The first has rather large polypites, having a more or less large num-
ber of pseudosepta ; to this group the genera Heliopora, Heliolites, &c, belong ; the
second group has only small tabular polypites either entirely without pseudosepta or
with only two of them, which is the highest number that ever occurs.
The first of these groups forms the family Helioporidce of Mosley, the second
the family Fistuliporidce.
Thus to bring to notice the rather near relation between the two families we
have created a sub-order, Helioporacea, for their reception.
The family Helioporidce has been excellently characterized by Mosley ; and
Zittel has in his Handbook quoted the different genera that probably can be consi-
dered as belonging to it. Nicholson also has contributed much towards the eluci-
dation of the family.
The case is different with the family Fistuliporidce. First of all it has not been
recognised to constitute a family up to the present ; on the contrary, the genus
Fistulipora was either considered to form part of the Monticuliporidce, or else it was
entirely removed to the Bryozoa and considered as only a stage of development of
certain Bryozoan genera.
When we took up our studies on the Monticuliporidce we had naturally to include
Fistulipora and allied genera, as Nicholson had treated them all together, and it
was from the beginning by no means evident that Fistulipora was so radically
different from Monticulipora as we now must consider it to be. As the case stood
we had to a certain extent to notice the characters of the Fistuliporidce in the intro-
duction to the Monticuliporidce, and we there stated that the most fundamental
difference between them consists in the mode of gemmation, which is in the latter
an intermural one ; whilst it is ccenenchymal in the former.
It has been shown by Koch and others, that ccenenchymal gemmation is charac-
teristic of Heliopora, Heliolites, and other Alcyonaria, and that it does not occur
in any of the Hexacoralla or Bugosa.
To get at a right understanding of the process of ccenenchymal gemmation, we
must take a look at the coenenchyma with which all these forms are provided
and from which gemmation takes its origin.
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTEBATA. 905
It must first be remarked that the coenenchyma in the Helioporacea is an
organ entirely different from anything that occurs in other corals. Originally it
consists entirely of parallel tubes, which are again parallel to the polypites, and
every coenenchymal tube possesses numerous tabulae. This tubulate condition
of the coenenchymal cells, so that each of them can be followed for greater distances,
and appears perfectly individualized, distinguishes the coenenchyma of the Seliopo-
racea from that occurring in other corals, as in the latter the coenenchyma is always
of a spongy nature and never composed of straight tubes, or of vesicles which have
even originated in such tubes. If, as is often the case in the later stages of
growth, the tubes are resolved into irregularly arranged vesicles, the tubes can no
longer be followed. This is caused by an excessive growth of the tabulae, as has
been already stated by Nicholson. In such cases it must always be borne in mind
that only the last layer of vesicles was occupied by living animals. The excellent
explanation given by Lindstrom of the formation of coenenchyma can apply only
to the coenenchyma of the Zoantharia but not to that of the Alcyonaria.
With regard to these coenenchymal tubes the opinion has been expressed by
Mosley that they were the dwellings of singularly transformed animals, so that a
colony of Heliopora (the living form on which Mosley made his observations) was
to be considered as dimorphic, as composed of two different sets of animals, of which
the one, the siphonozooids, dwelt in the coenenchymal tubes, whilst the others, the
autozooids, occupied the larger calices. Leukart also is inclined, induced by the
observations made on Sarcophyton, to concur with Mosley in this view, though the
siphonozooids in Heliopora have neither stomach nor mesenteries, and do not even
open on the surface.
Now with regard to the existence of such reduced animals the coenenchymal
gemmation opens out a very strange perspective.
In the coenenchymal gemmation a number of these coenenchymal tubes appar-
ently unite to form together a new autozooid, so that several reduced individuals
become blended together into a single perfect one.
The process can be very distinctly followed in recent and fossil forms and has
been figured exactly by Koch (PalEeontograph. 3 Ser. Vol. V.) in Heliopora and
Heliolites, by Lindstrom in Plasmopora, &c. Also we have given figures represent-
ing the process PI. CXV- figs. 5 and 6. In this process a group of coenenchymal
tubes becomes more distinctly circumscribed, slowly it affects a circular or, as the
case may be, a bilobed appearance, then the walls of the single tubes, lying within
the circumscribed area, become dissolved by degrees and at last the new autozooid
has attained its full development.
In longitudinal sections one sees several coenenchymal tubes with their closely
set tabulae ascending straightly, then they suddenly stop, and in their place a large
tube possessing less numerous tabulae appears.
This coenenchymal gemmation has been studied already so often and by so
many observers that there cannot be any doubt about the process itself, and the
difficulty exists only with the explanation of it.
906 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The reasons why the coenenchymal tubes are considered to be inhabited by a dis-
tinct sort of animal are two, first, the tabulate condition of these tubes', and then their
mode of augmentation. As regards the first character, it has been stated by Mosley
that in Heliopora only the uppermost part of the colony is actually alive, and that
all below the last tabula is dead, and often inhabited by parasitic animals. Now the
coenenchymal tubes develop their tabulae independently of the large tubes, and thus
it appears not improbable that they are also inhabited by independent animals. As
regards the augmentation of the coenenchymal tubes, this really appears as a kind of
propagation, as occurs in fully developed corals. Generally the tubes augment by
fissiparity, as has been shown and figured by Koch and recently by Nicholson and
Foord; but by Mosley there has been described in Heliopora a mode of augmentation
which comes very near " intermural gemmation." Quenstedt, however, long ago
made observations in this direction; he says that the new coenenchymal tubes
appear quite in the same way as do the new corallites in Chcetetes, and fragments
could even be mistaken for each other. That intermural gemmation occurs off and
on also in the coenenchyma of fossil forms is shown by Fistulipora eriensis}
Eoming, whereby, in the corners where several coenenchymal tubes meet, spiniforms
corallites, or Acanthopores as they are now called by Nicholson, are developed, a
nearly unmistakable sign of intermural gemmation. These two characters com-
bined make it appear highly probable that the coenenchymal tubes are really in-
habited of by proper animals, which display certain functions, as the production of
tabulae and gems.
Great doubts have, however, been brought forward against Mr. Mosley's view
by Lindstrom, the chief of which is that several of these tubes blend together to form
one fully developed animal, a process which does not occur besides in the whole
animal world. Though this is a point that ought to be properly worked out by
zoologists, we may perhaps suggest some view which might dispense with this most
extraordinary fact.
Mr. Koch has, in the Pennatulidce, observed the fact that sometimes one of the
sipkonozooids is transformed into an autozooid. Now with this transformation
a great change in size certainly goes hand in hand, and the new autozooid
requires much more room than formerly did the siphonozooid. It might then well
be imagined, that in reality only one of the sipkonozooids inhabiting the coenen-
chymal tubes is transformed into an autozooid, but to make room for the new
individual thus formed, the surrounding sipkonozooids die, and that the first sign of
this beginning decay is just the thickening of the outer walls, which are destined to
form together the wall of the new autozooid.
An observation which is also in favour of the view that the coenenchymal tubes
were inhabited by proper animals has been recorded by Dybowsky ; this is that the
whole colonies are in their beginning often composed of nothing but coenenchymal
cells, and only later on the larger tubes are developed. "We could ourselves very
often observe the same fact; and even the description of the very youngest indivi-
duals of Heliolites given by Linstrom says : Die jiingsten Individuen einer Helioliten-
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.-CXELENTEILATA. 907
Colonie, oder vielmehr der erste Polyp, der Grander einer solchen Colonie, hat ein
diitenformiges, spitzes Polyparium. Die kleinsten, welche ich gefunden, messen
lmm. Man sieht doeh schon die zwolf Septen, undaufder Bodenseite des Polypariums
breitet sich ein feinmaschiges Ccenenchyma aus. (Kichthofen's China Vol. IV p. 59.)
After having thus considered the ccenenchymal gemmation in general, we must
turn again to the Fistuliporidce in particular. That Fistulipora has a coenenchymal
gemmation is amply shown by Nicholson's figures of the typical species, list, minor,
M'Coy, or, as it must now be called, Fist, incrustans, Phill., and by Dybowsky's
figures of Callopora ; and that this gemmation is absolutely identical with what has
been described and figured of Eeliopora and Heliolites is so obvious, that it needs
only a look at the drawings to become convinced of the matter.
The genus Fistulipora only occurs sparingly in the palaeozoic beds of the Salt-
range, and we must rely chiefly on other genera for the particulars of the family.
These genera are, however, on the whole so nearly related to Fistulipora proper, that
what applies to them will be applicable also to Fistulipora.
The two genera we have to describe are JDybowskiella, a new genus, which will be
described presently, and Hexagonella, also a new genus allied to Fvactinopora, Meek
and Worthen. In these genera the coenenchymal gemmation has been followed by
us in detail, and it could be observed not only in longitudinal sections, where several
ccenenchymal tubes are suddenly replaced by a large tube, but also in transverse
sections, where the blending together of the coenenchymal tubes to form a new
polypite could be followed step by step (PL CXV, figs. 5, 6), that the process is abso-
lutely as in Heliolites or Plasmopora, and that the difference between those genera and
the Fistuliporidce is not a structural one, but consists only in the circumstance that the
polypites are generally smaller in the Fistuliporidce, and are either altogether devoid
of pseudosepta, or when the latter are present they never exceed the number of two.
The similarity between Fistulipora and Heliolites is a fact that has been long
since recognised, and it has been expressed very clearly by Nicholson. It often
goes so far that one has been mistaken for the other, and species of Heliolites have
been described as Fistuliporce and vice versa. Notwithstanding this, Lindstrom
considered the similarity as only external, and places the larger part of Fistuliporce
in the Bryozoa,. thus separating them entirely from the corals. We are not
prepared to assert that in every case what has been described under the name of
Fistulipora is really a coral ; but for those forms that show the ccenenchymal gem-
mation described above we must absolutely claim the coral nature, as this is a
character so intimately connected with the nature of certain forms of corals, that a
fossil which bears this character cannot possibly be anything but a coral. Thus
Lindstrom's view can apply only to forms which have a quite different gemmation,
that is to say, the gemmation that occurs in the Bryozoa as has been described above
in the introduction to the Monticuliporidce. That such forms really exist cannot be
denied ; but Fistulipora incrustans, Phill., the very type-species of the genus, does
not belong to them, so we cannot but place the genus among the corals, and not
among the Bryozoa.
L
908 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Nicholson places rather great stress on the circumstance that there are no dis-
tinct pseudo septa in Fistulipora, and considers this as sufficient reason to separate
the genus from the Eelioporidce, with which it is confessedly very nearly related,
placing it in the Monticuliporidce. Though we also think that the presence or
absence of pseudosepta can well be used as a character for the distinction of families,
yet we must separate the Fistuliporidce from the Monticuliporidce on account
of the different gemmation that prevails in the two families. The Fistuliporidce
must be placed in tbe vicinity of the Eelioporidce, as showing the same mode of
gemmation, and the Monticuliporidce in the vicinity of the Favositidce as agreeing
in their mode of gemmation with the latter,
After having thus discussed in detail the systematic position we give to the
Fistuliporidce we may safely proceed in exposing the characters of the family.
The skeleton consists of a hard calcareous mass, which does not show any sign
of being composed of sklerites. The several parts of it are arranged so as to form
distinct walls by which larger round or oval polypites and smaller ccenenchymal
cells are circumscribed. These walls show in transverse sections, as in other corals,
a dark line in the middle indicating the existence of a primordial wall. In silici-
fied specimens the dark line is replaced by a light-coloured one. Quenstedt
has observed the same dark line in the middle of the walls of species of Heliolites,
and concludes from this observation that the walls in Heliolites were double.
On both sides of this primordial mural plate secondary thickenings of the walls are
observable, but in most forms of the family these thickenings remain always very
thin, only rarely they attain a certain thickness and then are distinctly seen to be
composed of calcareous fibres, vertical to the surface. Such thickenings are often
restricted to one side of the tubes of the polypites only.
There are two kinds of cells : the larger ones, the true polypites (which, how-
ever, never attain considerable dimensions, 2mm. being about the largest diameter
they ever exhibit) show a round or oval, sometimes a bilobed, outline and only rarely
contain a trace of two pseudosepta, never more, whilst generally septa are entirely
absent ; and the smaller cells, occupying the space between the larger ones ; they are
angular and form a distinct coenenchyma, being sometimes present in great numbers.
There is no direct communication between the larger and the smaller cells,
though in some forms of DybowsMella, when they are not very well preserved, the
mistake might arise that such a communication existed.
Sometimes the cells of the coenenchyma appear somewhat incomplete, not being
perfectly circumscribed on all sides. This is probably a feature that depends upon
preservation solely, and is of no paleeontological importance.
In longitudinal sections the cells of the larger polypites are tubular and show
distant, mostly complete, tabulae, to which sometimes a vesicular tissue is added.
Also the coenenchymal cells are mostly tubular, with a great many tabulae, which
are very closely set and sometimes strongly vaulted. Often the tabulse are deve-
loped to such an excessive extent, that the walls of the tubes are quite obliterated,
and each chamber, partitioned off by a tabula, is transformed into a vesicle.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTER-ATA. 909
All the forms belonging to this family have a coenenchymal gemmation.
The number of genera that can be placed in the present family is not very
great, nevertheless some sub-families can be distinguished very conveniently.
I. Sub-family: CALLOPOR1NM.
The polypites are small, tubular, with simple tabulae, devoid of pseudosepta and
of so-called folds as described by Nicholson and Foord.
1. Callopora, Hall, 1852 : Pal. of New York, vol. II, p. 144 ; Dybowski : Die
Chaetet. des ostbalt. Silur, p. 106, 1877.— At the beginning we considered this
genus identical with Fistulipora, McCoy, following in this respect Nicholson's own
indications. But since that author has changed his views as to Fistulipora, this latter
genus cannot be considered any longer as identical with Callopora. We must take
as correct the observations made by Dybowsky, who has proved in every case a very
fair observer, and must accept the view that the silurian species described by him
were without " folds." Whether Dybowski's identification of his silurian forms with
Callopora, Hall, was correct, is another question, which cannot be solved for the
moment. We therefore have quoted also Dybowski's work. Colonies arborescent or
incrusting. Silurian.
• 2. ? Evactinopora, Meek and Worthen, 1868 : Geological Survey of Illinois
vol. Ill, p. 501. — Colonies bilateral, with polypites rising from a median calca-
reous lamella, forming lamellar expansions which are arranged regularly around an
imaginary axis, thus assuming star-like figures. Carboniferous : ? Permian.
3. Hbxagonella, Waagen and Wentzel, n. gen. — Like Evactinopora, but the
lamellar expansions never regularly arranged, often forming flattened branches ; on
the surface the polypites distributed in generally hexagonal spaces, which are divided
from each other by more or less high ridges and bear mostly maculae in the middle.
II. Sub-Family: PRASOPORINM
Polypites small, tubular, with tabulae partly transformed into a kind of vesicular
tissue, or single vesicles along the walls of the polypites. No pseudosepta developed.
4. Prasopora, Nich. and Eth. jun., 1877 : Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. IV,
vol. XX, p. 388. — Corallum concavo-convex or discoid, sometimes free with a
concentrically striated basal epitheca, more rarely attached by its base to some
foreign object. Silurian.
III. Sub-Family: FBWLIPORIBM.
Polypites small, tubular, with simple tabulae, provided with a thickening or cal-
losity on one side of the tube, which at both ends is sometimes developed into
two distinct pseudosepta, whereby the tubes get a bilobed appearance in transverse
sections.
5. Fistulipora, McCoy (emend. Nicholson and Foord), 1852 : Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. Ill, p. 130; 1885, Nicholson and Foord : Ann. and Mag. Nat-
l2
910 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
Hist., ser. V, vol. 16, p. 496. — Polypites with a little prominent callosity on one side
of the tube, forming the " folds " described by Nicholson and Foord. Colonies incrust-
ing, rarely arborescent. Silurian to carboniferous.
6. Dybowskiella, Waagen and Wentzel, n. gen. — 'Polypites with two strongly
developed pseudosepta projecting into the interior of the tube. Colonies arborescent,
polypites never arranged bilaterally on a median plane, sometimes incrusting. De-
vonian to permian.
With these genera the number that we can with safety assign to the family
is ended. A number of other genera have, however, been described and studied
in detail by Nicholson and Dybowsky, which could find no place in the list, as we
are by no means certain as to their systematic position. In all these the coenenchyma!
gemmation, the only safe criterion for the discernment of the systematic position of
these little things, could not be made out from existing drawings, and we had neither
time nor materials to make studies in that direction. Nevertheless there are in
many cases some characters observable which make a position among the corals very
doubtful, and rather suggest the thought that they should be considered as
Bryozoa. Such forms are Trematopora, Hall, as described by Dybowsky, and
Dittopora, Dybowsky. In these forms the " Wandrohrchen," as they are called by
Dybowsky, can well be compared with the " interstitial ribs " as described by Smith
in Discoporella, &c. But also in other respects these colonies are more like Bryozoa
than like corals. In the young state, that is, in the central parts of the colonies,
there is no ccenenchyma present; this is developed only later on, or is entirely
replaced by a compact ground- substance. This shows that in these forms the coen-
enchyma is not morphologically the same thing as in Fistulipora for instance, and
that it is probably to be considered identical with the interstitial substance of the
Bryozoa that often fills the spaces between the single animals, and appears only
in old colonies, when the single animals follow different directions. In Dittopora
again there is sometimes the appearance as if two different sets of animals were pre-
sent, distributed in different zones. This appearance, however, seems to be brought
about only by the circumstance, that in some of these zones the animals are more
closely packed together than in others, and therefore they appear angular and
without any interstitial substance.
The same reasons cause us also to consider Stellipora, Hall, or Constellaria, Dana,
as a Bryozoan rather than as a coral; their tnbes are united in little groups, in
which a coenenchyma is entirely wanting. These little groups project above a general
mass of interstitial substance, which is made up of the so-called coenenchyma.
But, as has been stated above, a definite judgment on these forms can only be
passed after the mode of gemmation is studied in detail.
In the Salt-range only two genera belonging to the family Fistuliporidce have
been detected up to the present, Hexagonella and Dybowskiella; both, however,
furnish rather numerous species and a multitude of specimens. To these must yet
be added one species of Fistulipora proper, according to the new definition of the
genus given by Nicholson and Foord.
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 911
Sub-Eamily : CALLOPORINM.
Genus : HEXAGONELLA, Waagen and Wentzel, n. gen.
The corallum consists of laminar expansions, which sometimes are reduced to
flattened dichotomous branches. Each lamina or branch is divided along its middle
by a thin calcareous lamella, on both sides of which the polypites are situated.
This lamella is made up of the somewhat thickened basal lamellae of the first
layer of ccenenchyma and polypites. Erom this lamella the polypites rise vertically
(to the plane of the lamella). It cannot be exactly made out whether the first
layer is not entirely made up of coenenchymal cells ; soon, however, some of these
cells unite to form larger polypites. These polypites open on both surfaces of the
lamellar expansions with round or oval calices, separated from each other by a
space of ccenenchyma which is either equal to or double the diameter of the poly-
pites. Larger spaces, entirely made up of ccenenchyma, form maculae. Ccenenchy-
mal cells always polygonal. In sections vertical to the planes of the corallum one
sees that the tabulae are often all on the same level, and thus a somewhat laminar
structure of the corallum is brought about. Another cause of an apparently laminar
structure is the partial silification of the specimens.
The surface of the corallum is provided with more or less prominent straight
ridges, which mark off polygonal, mostly hexagonal, spaces, within which the
calices of the polypites are often somewhat radially arranged. Maculae are generally
found in the middle of these spaces. These ridges are a rather superficial structure
and do not reach far inside the corallum, so that they are easily rubbed off and de-
stroyed by weathering.
We are by no means quite certain that the present genus is always a well
distinguishable one ; the genus Evactinopora of Meek and Worthen is very nearly
related, and might even perhaps be partly identical. These doubts have been greatly
augmented after the description by Hudleston of some species of Evactinopora from
Australia which can partly be considered as nearly identical with the Indian forms.
Nevertheless the original description of the genus Evactinopora is so unsatisfactory —
one cannot even make out whether there exists a ccenenchyma or not, and the
authors themselves have considered it as a Bryozoan — that the identification of other
specimens with this American genus becomes rather problematical. It is very different
with Hudleston's descriptions of the Australian specimens. The character on which
the greatest stress has been laid by Meek and Worthen in the description of Evacti-
nopora the union of the laminar expansions in an imaginary axis, so that star-
formed bodies are produced — is repeated in the Australian specimens, at least to
a certain extent by some forms, and these might rightly be identified with Evacti-
nopora ; but others are ramified and do not fit well into Meek's genus ; they rather
should be removed to our Eexagonella. All of these, however, are shown by Hud-
leston to possess large and small tubes, of which the former are sparingly tabulated,
whilst the latter show many tabulae.
912 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
In thus quoting Evactinopora among the genera belonging to the Calloporina
we rely chiefly on Mr. Hudleston's observations.
"With regard to the network of hexagonal meshes that has been described
above as being observable in the species of Hexagonella it is perhaps of less systema-
tic importance. Nevertheless it is a strange fact that all the forms occurring in the
Salt-range bear this character. A similar sculpture has been observed by Dybowsky
in a species of Dianulites, and Eichwald has made a proper genus of it, " Hexa-
porites." As in this case this sculpture is the only distinguishing character; it is
barely sufficient to found a genus upon.
The prominent ridges of which the meshes are formed are made up in the
Indian forms by parts of the walls of the adjoining coenenchymal tubes, which
together form a straight line of calcareous substance. As this singular disposition
of the walls only takes place in the superficial portions of the colony, the ridges
cannot be followed far inside, and sections taken a little below the surface either
show nothing of the ridges or only traces of them, PI. CVII, fig. 3a, 35. This
is the cause why these ridges are so easily lost in weathered or otherwise deteri-
orated specimens.
Besides Evactinopora only the genus Coscinium can come into consideration
for close comparison with the forms here under description. The species originally
described under the name are most probably Bryozoa and not at all related to the
Fistuliporidce, but there has at least one species been described by Trautsehold,
Coscinium sellceforme, Trautsch, which, according to the description and the not
very satisfactory drawings, is probably a Fistuliporid and not a Bryozoon. Prom
our Indian materials it is distinguishable by a different mode of growth and the
absence of an hexagonal network of prominent ridges on the surface.
The genus Hexagonella is represented in India by three species, one of which
very nearly agrees with Evactinop. dendroidea of Hudleston, which in fact is also
probably a Hexagonella. Nevertheless none of the Indian forms can be directly
united with any hitherto described. Two of the species are characteristic of the
middle division of the Productus-limestone, the third has its chief distribution in the
middle division but extends also into the upper division,
1. Hexagonella ramosa, "Waagen & Wentzel, n. sp., PL OVI, figs. 3, 4 ; PI. CVII.
Corallum consisting generally of flattened branches, which sometimes, however,
become nearly cylindrical ; the branches are repeatedly dichotomous, and thus the
whole corallum becomes more or less arborescent. The centre of each branch is
occupied by a broad calcareous lamella, from which the polypites diverge bilaterally.
This lamella does not always retain the same direction, but is very often subject to a
kind of torsion, which is followed also by the branches. Surface of the branches,
when well preserved, provided with slightly projecting straight shelly ridges,
forming a somewhat hexagonal network. In the spaces between the ridges the
calices are situated. They are generally surrounded by a slightly projecting
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— C(ELENTERATA. 913
margin; are of a round or somewhat oval shape, and separated from each other
generally by a space as broad or a little broader than their own diameter. "Within
the hexagonal spaces the calices are mostly arranged in somewhat irregular radial
rows, which are vertical to the sides of the hexagons. In the middle of these spaces
there occur more or less large maculae, or smooth spaces, occupied solely by coenen-
chyma. The spaces between the polypites are occupied by coenenehymal cells, of
which two to three rows between two polypites can be counted. The coenenehymal
cells are always polygonal and very considerably smaller than the polypites. They
are often irregularly penetrated by boring animals.
In sections parallel to the axis of the branches the polypites are seen as com-
paratively wide tubes, provided with very scarce tabulae. In reality, however, they
are very small, so small that within the length of 1mm. three tubes with the inter-
vening coenenchyma can be counted. The spaces between the polypites are occu-
pied by coenenehymal tubes, the walls of which often show zig-zag bends. They are
provided with very numerous tabulae, many of which are often on the same level,
thus causing a kind of lamination, parallel to the surface of the corallum. The
coenenehymal gemmation can in most sections be very clearly observed. How large
the species may grow we cannot judge, as only fragments of branches are at our
disposal. The largest fragment we have seen has a longer diameter of 28mm. and a
smaller one of 13mm., a proof that the branches have attained considerable dimen-
sions.
Locality and geological position. — The species has its chief development in the
middle division of the Productus-limestone, but extends also not rarely into the
upper division. In the middle division it has been found at Khura (3 sp.), between
Vurcha and Uchali (6 sp.), at Swds (3 sp.), at Morah (2 sp.), at Musakheyl (3 sp.),
at Kalabagh (1 sp.) and at Bilot (1 sp.).
In the upper division it has been detected at Khura (2 sp.) and in the Cephalo-
poda-bed at Jabi (6 sp.) and Chidru (2 sp.).
Erom this list, it appears that the species is a very common one.
Remarks. — There are but very few forms with which the present species cau at
all be compared. The form which seems to be most nearly related to it is Sexa-
gonella dendroidea, Hudleston sp., from Australia. That this species should be
considered as a Sexagonella rather than as an Evactinopora has been stated already
in the introduction to the genus. Erom the description, as well as from the excellent
drawings given by Hudleston, this fact is scarcely doubtful; so there cannot be
any differences of a generic nature between the form here under consideration and
the Australian fossil. The specific differences even do not seem to be very great. The
Australian form seems to have in general cylindrical branches, and only exception-
ally do these become flattened ; whilst in the Indian form just the reverse is the
case. The Australian fossil is apparently also much more robust, and the calices
seem to be larger, if the drawings are correct, as only two pores occur within the
distance of 1mm. Last not least the hexagonal network of prominent ridges, so
conspicuous in all our specimens, except in the very worst ones, is completely absent
914 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
in the Australian species, though this is, according to Hudleston's indications, very
well preserved.
Thus it seems that the Indian species is different from the Australian one,
though hoth are generically identical.
Of other species there is apparently none to which the present one could be
more particularly compared.
The preservation of the Indian specimens is, we regret to say, not very favour-
able for making microscopical sections on account of the infiltration of great masses
of silica which obscure the more minute features of the tissue. "We therefore were
not in a position to give a better figure of a longitudinal section than that drawn,
PI. CVII, fig 3c.
2. Hexagonella tortuosa, Waagen & Wentzel n. sp., PI. CVIII, figs. 1, 3, 4, 5.
Corallum lamellar, forming large, branching expansions, which bend in all
directions, dividing and anastomosing quite irregularly, but being exposed generally
only in sections, and the surface nearly always covered by rock-matter. The
lamellar expansions are divided along the middle line by a thin calcareous lamella
from which the polypites extend bilaterally. Both surfaces covered by an irre-
gular network of prominent angular ridges surrounding rather deeply hollowed
spaces, in which the calices are situated. Maculae occur only off and on in the
middle of these spaces. In transverse fractures the ridges form prominent edges,
whereby the whole body of the corallum appears as if fringed on both sides. The
calices are circular or slightly oval, showing no regular distribution whatever. They
are very small, and there are about 3 within the space of 1mm. They are about their
own diameter distant from each other. Between them a coenenchyma is developed
which consists of fine angular meshes. In transverse, or, as one may also call them,
longitudinal sections, the polypites appear as somewhat bending tubes, generally
separated from each other by three rows of ccEnenchymal cells. The tabulae are
straight and not very scarce in the polypites, but never closely set. In the ccenen-
chymal tissue the walls of the tubes generally show zig-zag bends, the tabulse are
very numerous, and the parts so tabulated off present an hexagonal outline. The
augmentation of the coenenchymal tubes by fissiparity can be very distinctly observed
as well as the ccenenchymal gemmation that obtains in the augmentation of the
polypites. The present species is, however, like the preceding one, not very favour-
ably preserved for making thin sections, as it is nearly always partly silicified, which
on the one hand, impedes the preparation of good slides, and on the other inter-
feres with the clearness of the pictures. The preparation represented on PI. CVIII
fig. lc, is, however, on the whole satisfactory.
As to the size of the species nothing can be said, as only fragments are acces-
sible to our observation ; it seems, however, that it grew to considerable dimensions.
Locality and geological position. — The present species has as yet not been
detected in the Salt-range proper ; all the materials of it were collected by Mr.
Wynne in the trans-Indus continuation of the range. It seems to occur there in the
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 915
thick coral limestones of the middle division of the Productus-limestone. The
specimens which have served for description came partly from Bilot, partly from
Gulami. There are altogether four specimens.
Bemarks. — There have been described, as far as we are aware, no species, with
which the present one could be compared more in particular. Erom Hexagonella
ramosa, described above, it is distinct by its different mode of growth and the more
irregular network that it bears on both surfaces.
3. Hexagonella laevigata, Waagen & Wentzel, n. sp., PI. CVIII, fig. 2; PI.
CXV, fig. 5.
Corallum lamelliform, forming straight leaf-shaped expansions of moderate size.
Surface smooth, with a network of very faint lines, forming hexagons, within which
the calices of the polypites are irregularly distributed. These lines do not project as
angular ridges, but are on a level with the remainder of the surface of the corallum.
At some places the surface shows fine wrinkles. Calices very small, about three
within the distance of 1mm., distant from each other generally a little more than
their own diameter. Shape of the calices round or oval, often, when they are still in
the state of development, with two lateral projections, and then somewhat resem-
bling the calices of Dybowskiella, which will be described presently. When fully
developed often rather irregular in shape, but never angular. The coenenchymal
cells are very much smaller, rather unequal in size, and always angular. There are
no spaces in which the coenenchyma alone would predominate, and thus there are
also no maculae.
In transverse sections the polypites appear as comparatively wide tubes in
which tabulae are rather scarce. In the coenenchymal tubes the walls are mostly
geniculated, the tabulae very numerous, and there are generally two to three such
tubes between two polypites. As in other species of the genus so also in this one
the polypites are arranged symmetrically on both sides of a thin, median, calcare-
ous lamella.
The coenenchymal gemmation can in this species be yet more clearly made out
than in the two preceding ones, the preservation being somewhat more favourable.
Sections parallel to the surface but not far from the median lamella show this gem-
mation in an excellent manner. Eig. 5 on PI. CXV represents several polypites in
different states of development. The median one with three sub-divisions in its
interior is the youngest of all : the walls of the coenenchymal tubes of which the
new polypite has been formed are not yet re-absorbed. Next in age come the four
upper polypites and one below : in these the re-absorption of the walls of the coen-
enchymal tubes, which originally existed in this place, has been nearly completed,
and there remain mostly two small lateral projections, though the process can also
take place in a different manner, as is shown by the polypite situated in the middle
of the upper part of the figure. The remaining three polypites, two on the lower
part and one in the middle, have nearly completed their development. The walls
of the coenenchymal tubes have already been entirely re-absorbed, but the outline of
M
916 SALT-EANGE EOSSILS.
the polypites is not yet quite regular. How typically all this agrees with what has
been described and figured of Heliolites appears on a first glance when comparing
the figures.
What size the species may have attained cannot be indicated, as no complete
specimen is at our disposal. The thickness of the lamellae varies greatly, some of
them attaining a thickness of more than 5mm., whilst others are not thicker than
between 2mm. and 3mm.
Locality and geological position. — Like the preceding species the present one
also has been found up to the present only in the trans-Indus continuation of the
Salt-range. There are only three specimens, which were all collected by Mr.
Wynne in the coral beds of the middle division of the Productus-limestone. One of
them came from Gulami, the other two from Bilot.
Remarks.— To a casual observer the present species might appear to have a
striking resemblance to what has been described by Trautschold from the upper
carboniferous limestone of Miatchkowa under the name of Coscinium sellceforme.
On a closer comparison, however, one finds that though on the whole a certain re-
semblance cannot be denied, yet there are considerable discrepancies. Both species
agree in the circumstances that they form lamellar expansions composed of two
layers of polypites, and that they possess a smooth surface. In the Indian form,
however, a faint hexagonal network exists, which is absent in the form from
Maitchkowa, and in the latter the ccenenchyma is also by far more plentiful.
According to Trautschold's indication there are at least six rows of ccenenchymal
cells between two polypites, whilst there are only three in Hexagonella laevigata.
Though thus Coscinium sellceforme may belong to the genus Hexagonella yet it
is a species certainly different from our Sex. laevigata.
From Hexagonella tortuosa the present species differs by the absence of pro-
minent ridges on the surface of the corallum, by the absence of maculae, and the
more regular mode of growth.
There is apparently no other species with which the present one could be com-
pared.
Sub-family : FI8WLIP0BINM.
Genus : DYBOWSKIELLA, Waagen and Wentzel, n. gen.1
The corallum always consists in the beginning of incrustations covering foreign
bodies. This state is, however, generally only transitory, and soon the corallum
becomes elevated and by-and-by forms massive stems, which can attain a thickness
of 60mm. and a height of 150mm., branching irregularly in all directions. But not
only in the beginning do these forms incrust foreign bodies, but also during their
growth living and dead shells are incrusted, and thus one often finds hollows in the
interior of these corals, which either were filled originally with soft bodies, or in
which the remains of shell-bearing animals are still found, as species of Strophalosia,
3 We change the name of Dylowslcia, given by us to these forms on page 771 of the present work, into
VylawsMella, after haying learnt that the name Dybow&kia has been already applied to a genus of recent Mollusks,
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 917
of Streptorhynchus, of Richthofenia, &c. Some species, however, never form
branching stems but always appear as thin crusts.
The surface is covered by numerous small calices, between which coenenchyma
is more or less abundantly developed. Maculse are generally present, but monti-
cules are only exceptionally developed.
The calices are either round and funnel-shaped or flat and bilobed. Sometimes
they are slightly projecting and separated from each other by furrows.
In thin sections it appears that the polypites are provided with two strongly
projecting septa, extending along the entire length of the polypites and producing
the bilobed appearance of the calices. Sometimes they stop short of the mouth and
thus the round calices are produced.
The coenenchymal cells are always polygonal in tangential sections. They
generally do not open on the surface but are closed by a thin calcareous lid. It is,
however, very difficult to say whether this is caused solely by preservation or
whether it is an original feature.
In longitudinal sections the tubes of the polypites are provided with rather
distant, straight, complete tabulse ; the coenenchymal tubes on the contrary have
vaulted tabulae in very great numbers.
The most characteristic feature of the present genus is the existence of the two
septa which are very conspicuous in all the species. It cannot be denied that forms
with bilobed or trilobed apertures have been known already for a considerable time,
but it had not been recognised that the projecting shell parts producing the bilobed
appearance of the apertures were to be considered in reality as septa-like organs.
Such species have been described partly as Alveolites, partly as Fistuliporce, by
Rominger, Schliiter, and Dybowsky. In the paper containing his description, the
latter expresses already the opinion that these processes had to be considered as
septa ; nevertheless he did not distinguish between Fistulipora and the species under
his notice, but called the species Fistulipora lahnseni.
That we have really to deal here with septa, which extend through the whole
length of the polypites, is demonstrated clearly, for instance, by our fig. 3 on PL CII,
where the polypite to the left is cut just at the place where the two septa extend
from both sides into the interior of the tube, and are distinguishable as thin shelly
lamella? running along both sides of the tube. The presence of septa is, however, a
fact of such importance, that the forms possessing them must certainly be separated
at least generically from those without them. Thus also Fistulipora lahnseni, Dyb.,
cannot remain in the genus Fistulipora, but has to be removed to our present genus,
Dybowshiella.
The circumstance, however, that this species was originally described as a Fistu-
lipora is already sufficient proof how nearly the present genus is related to Fistuli-
pora. In fact, on a closer examination one finds that DybowsMella .is in all respects
identical with Fistulipora, except in the existence of these septa. How strangely the
tubes of the polypites are transformed by these septa is shown by a look at any of
our plates. It often appears as if the wall of the tube were made up of two parts
M 2
918 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
which do not entirely meet each other, 'but leave a little space free, by which the tube
would communicate with the adjacent coenenchymal cells : this appearance is figured
PI. CII, fig. 2 a, c, &c. That such openings do not exist in reality, but that this ap-
pearance is probably only brought about by a singular mode of preservation, is shown
by other figures as PI. CIV, fig. 6, PI. CIII, fig. Id, &c. Also otherwise the mode
of preservation influences much the appearance of the tubes, which appearance, how-
ever, seems to depend also partly upon the age of the colonies. In young colonies
apparently the walls of the tubes are simple, forming a single dark line. In some-
what older tubes secondary thickenings of the walls appear ; these are first restricted
to the smaller lobe of the tube connecting the two septa (PI. CII, fig. 2a,) ; later on
also the other parts of the tubes show such thickenings, which always exhibit a fine
radially striated structure, PL CIV, fig. 16. How far these thickenings were origin-
ally present, or have been caused by preservation only, is very difficult to decide.
The occurrence of two septa within these polypites is not quite without interest
with regard to Lacaze Duthier's observations on the embryology of the Ccelenterata,
in which it is shown that the young of some of the Actinia and Madreporaria first
develop two septa, | which are situated exactly like the septa in the polypites of Dy-
bowskiella. Though the latter genus belongs to the Alcyonaria yet this point may
just as well not be lost sight of, as perhaps in the future it might be proved that
Dybovoskiella is a persistent juvenile state or a case of atavism.
That the position of the genus Dybowskiella in the Alcyonaria is the right one
cannot well be doubted, considering the mode of gemmation prevailing in the genus.
In every longitudinal section it can be seen how the polypites develop out of several
coenenchymal tubes; also in transverse sections this can sometimes be observed.
We have figured PI. CIV, fig. 2c, a thin slide in which the process of formation of
polypites can be well distinguished, and in PL CXV, fig. 6, we see the process of re-
absorption of the coenenchymal walls going on within the newly formed polypite.
The question of the relation of Dybowskiella to Fistulipora has been placed in a
new light by Nicholson's most recent paper on the genus Fistulipora, We must con-
fess that it would have saved us an enormous amount of trouble had Nicholson's
former figures of Fistulipora minor, now Fistulipora muscosa, shown any traces of the
" folds" that are now stated to exist in all the species of Fistulipora. These folds,
or more properly speaking, one-sided thickenings of the walls of the tubes, are the
beginnings of the bilobed development of the tubes of the polypites, as is exhibited
in an extreme manner in Dybowskiella. The explanation of this feature that has been
suggested by Mosley and Howes is of the utmost importance, and throws also some
Light on the circumstance, that in other forms of the Fistuliporidce, as in Eexa-
gonella described above, the existence of a certain propensity to assume a bilobed
appearance of the polypites cannot be denied.
Erom Nicholson's and Eoord's definition of the genus Fistulipora it would seem
as if there were no difference between that genus and Dybowskiella. It appears to us,
however, that there is some difference between a one-sided thickening of the tube,
causing barely any prominence to be formed on the interior of the tubes, and the exist-
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— C(ELENTERATA. 919
enee of two well-developed far projecting pseudosepta such as exist in Dybowskiella.
If one looks through the figures accompanying Nicholson and Eoord's paper on
Fistulipora, it is very easy to make a distinction between those forms which in reality
must be included in the genus Fistulipora, and some others that must be considered
as belonging to Dybowskiella. To the first must be assigned all the species described
in that paper, with the exception of two, Fist, utriculus, Homing., and Fist, trifoliata.,
Schliit., which on a first glance can be recognised as forming part of the genus Dy-
bowskiella. It is perhaps true that the limits between the two genera cannot be
easily drawn, as some transitional forms will probably exist, but then this is the general
rule obtaining in palaeontology. The designation of a certain form to one or the other,
of allied genera is always a matter of tact and taste, as the existence of a genus,
though perhaps founded in nature by descent, cannot be established in the minds of
scientists except on a certain sum of variable characters. The variability of the
characters already forbids the exact circumscription of any genus, and thus it is abso-
lutely impossible that no transitional forms should exist.
This is also the case in the two genera, Fistulipora and Dybowskiella, There is,
on the one hand, a great number of forms which have developed no pseudosepta,
though rudiments may sometimes exist, and there is, on the other hand, a great num-
ber of forms in which distinct pseudosepta are present, for the one the name Fistu-
lipora, for the other the name Dybowskiella, may be used, and everybody will know
what is meant by the name, and this is what is chiefly required for the moment.
Before we can found genera on unquestionably established descendental grounds
there will yet elapse a good deal of time, if we ever shall arrive at such a point.
Nicholson and Foord state the fact, that in well-preserved specimens the thick-
ened part of the tubes project slightly above the general surface of the corallum in
the species of Fistulipora, and thus forms a kind of lid. We could not observe any-
thing similar in our specimens of Dybowskiella. The specimens were probably not
sufficiently well preserved.
The name Dybowskia was applied by us already a year ago in the introduction to the
Bryozoa {supra, p. 771), and it was then stated that the forms belonging to the genus
possessed two septa, a fact that has been overlooked by Messrs. Nicholson and Eoord.
In the Salt-range the genus is very plentifully represented, but the species are
new and cannot be identified with any hitherto described. It is chiefly the number of
individuals that is so great, the number of species does not exceed two. These are more
or less nearly related to Dybowskiella lahnseni, Dyb., from permian beds of Russia.
All the species occur in the middle and upper divisions of the Productus-lime-
stone ; none has been found up to the present in the lower division.
1. Dybowskiella gbandis, Waagen & Wentzel n. gen. et sp., PL CII ; PI. CIII ;
PI. CIV, figs. 1-4, 7 ; PI. CVI, fig. 7 ; CXV, fig. 6.
1863. Alveolites septosa ? (Flem.), Koninck : Quarterly Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., Vol. XIX, page. 4, pi. II, fig. 1.
„ (Flem.), Koninck : Foss. pale"oz. de 1' Inde, p. 22, pi. II, fig. 1.
Corallum massive, forming thick cylindrical stems and branches, which fre-
quently and quite irregularly divide, becoming thus arborescent. Height of the
920 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
entire corallum up to 200mm., thickness of the stems and branches up to 60 or
70mm., but very often thinner.
Surface of the corallum generally smooth, only exceptionally, when strongly
weathered, with monticules, which are very irregularly distributed. Maculae gene-
rally present.
Calices mostly slightly elevated, sometimes separated from each other by fur-
rows, which form an angular network. Always very small, barely more than
04 mm. in diameter, whilst the distance between two calices is considerably smaller.
There are generally two calices within a length of 1mm. Almost always the bilobed
nature of the polypites can be recognised also in the calices, where the two septa are
very well distinguishable. Only in strongly weathered specimens, such as have
been figured by Koninck, and are represented on our PI. CIV, fig. 4, the calices
appear sometimes deeply funnel-shaped and nearly circular.
Ccenenchymal cells angular, and very considerably smaller than the calices.
There are generally not more than one or two rows of coenenchymal cells between
two calices, only in the maculae larger masses of cells are united together.
In tangential sections the walls of the coenenchymal cells often appear incom-
plete, but this is probably caused solely by a singular mode of preservation.
In transverse sections, vertical to the surface of the branches, the polypites
appear as comparatively wide tubes, with not very numerous complete and mostly
straight tabulae. The coenenchymal tubes are much narrower, with extremely
numerous vaulted tabulae and geniculated walls.
It can be very well observed that the coenenchymal tubes augment by fissiparity
and the polypites by coenenchymal gemmation.
Very often it can be observed, that the colonies are interrupted in their growth,
and new colonies grow on them quite independently, so that several layers are ob-
servable, one above the other.
In the young state the species is always incrusting, and selects chiefly bodies
which are elongated or acutely conical, as the larger valve of RicMhofenia, of Strep-
torhynchus, &c, or even soft bodies. As has been stated in the introduction to the
genus, foreign bodies are also incrusted during the progress of growth. The speci-
men figured PI. Oil, fig. 1 seemed to form one compact mass, but when chipping off
some fragments for the preparation of slices, we suddenly came upon the large cavi-
ty represented in the figure. This cavity was probably originally occupied by some
soft body. One of the most strange incrustations is represented by the specimen
figured PI. CIII, fig. 1. It is pierced by several irregularly bending holes, which
very probably served for the dwelling of some Annelid. The head of those animals
certainly projected above the surface of the coral, and its tentacles caused a whirling
current of water which was not without effect upon the animals around. They
deviated from their straight direction and followed the direction of the current to a
certain extent, so that they now appear as if spirally arranged.
Locality and geological position. — This is the commonest species of the genus
and is found as frequently in the middle division of the Productus-limestone as
in the upper division. In this latter position the species has been collected
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 921
in the Cephalopoda-bed at Jabi (3 sp.) and in the same bed at Chidru (2 sp.), in
the mountains east of Katwahi (2 sp.), and at the base of the upper division at
Khura (1 sp.).
In the middle division it has been found at Vurcha (3 sp.), on the road
between Vurcha and Uchali (1 sp.), at Morah (1 sp.), at Khura (1 sp.), and at
Kafirkot (1 sp.).
Remarks. — The present species can be compared to two forms that have been
previously described. One of them has been comprised by Dybowski under the
name of Fistulipora lahnseni, the other has been described by Beyrich in the genus
Alveolites.
Dybowski has described, under the name of Fist, lahnseni, two forms, one which
grows in lamellae and another which has been found to form dichotomous stems of
the thickness of 10 to 12mm. It seems to us that the two cannot possibly belong
to one and the same species ; as the differences in the microscopical structure is general-
ly very small in all these fossils, the different species must chiefly be distinguished
according to the different mode of growth assumed by the different colonies. The
name DybowsJtiella lahnseni, Dyb. sp., must be restricted to the lamellose forms»
whilst the arborescent ones must receive a new name. It is to this arborescent form
thafr our Dyb. grandis seems to be most nearly related, and we even are not quite
certain whether the two must not in reality be considered identical. It is true our
Indian fossil attains generally by far more considerable dimensions, but if this is the
only difference, it can barely be considered sufficient for the distinction of a proper
species. So long, however, as detailed figures and descriptions of the Eussian fossil
are not forthcoming nothing can be decided as to the identity of our Dybowskiella
grandis and the Eussian permian species.
The other form that must be compared is Alveolites mackloti, Beyrich, from
Timor. The calices of this species are not dissimilar to those of the present species,
but one can say no more of the matter. It is not known whether a coenenchyma
exists or not, and thus comparison is fruitless.
A species that perhaps belongs to the present genus is Fist, incrassata, Nich.,
but as a species it cannot be compared to the present one as it grows in lamellar
crusts.
2. Dybowskiella expansa, Waagen and Wentzel, n. gen. et. sp., PL CIV,
figs. 5, 6, 8.
Corallum forming flattened branches or lamellar expansions, and on the whole
very irregular in its growth. Size apparently much less considerable than in the
preceding species but not exactly known, as only fragments are available. Surface
smooth, without monticules. Maculae of very rare occurrence. Calices slightly
projecting, separated from each other by shallow furrows, somewhat smaller than in
the preceding species, of a diameter of about 03mm., often very closely arranged
so that there are frequently three calices within the distance of 1mm. The shape of
the calices is either distinctly bilobed or nearly circular. Spaces between the calices
922 SALT-BANGE FOSSILS.
occupied by angular coenenchymal cells, which are however barely distinguishable
on the surface.
In tangential sections the polypites show very clearly the two septa, except
when they are not yet fully developed. The polypites are often so closely arranged,
that no coenenchyma intervenes, and the shape of the polypites is greatly altered.
This is, however, only partly the case ; in other parts of the same individual some-
times the coenenchyma is developed as in the preceding species. Transverse sections
show the same characters as are exhibited by other forms and have been described
already in the introduction to the genus.
If the species appears in lamellar expansions, the lamellse attain a rather consi-
derable thickness, at least 4 to 5mm., and seem to bear calices only on one side. In
the flattened branches the calices cover the entire surface, and there is no middle
line from which the polypites would start, but a middle zone as in cylindrical branch-
es. The branches are, however, mostly drawn out on one side into wing-like
expansions, forming lamellse, but they are mostly broken off. These lamellee also
bear calices only on one side. The largest branching specimen is 37mm. in its larger
diameter, and only 16mm. in the opposite direction. Its length is 61mm.
Locality and geolbgical position. — The present species is a rather rare one and
has also a rather limited geological range. It begins in the uppermost layers of the
middle Productus-limestone, in which position it has been found in the section at
Khura (1 sp.). It is more numerous in the lowest beds of the upper division, where
it has been collected in the same section at Khura (3 sp.) ; another specimen was
found by Mr. Wynne at Bilot.
Remarks. — -The species here under consideration is very nearly related to the
preceding one, and in microscopical structure there is no great difference to be found,
except perhaps the more reduced development of the coenenchyma. The mode of
growth is, however, entirely different. Whilst Dyb. grandis, W. & W., forms always
cylindrical or branching masses in which the branches are again approximately so,
and the young individuals are always parasitical, inerusting foreign bodies, in the
present species the branches are always flattened and tortuous, and the young indivi-
duals are always lamellar, not parasitical, only changing slowly into the branching
form. This entirely different mode of growth is, we think, sufficient for the distinc-
tion of a proper species and thus we introduce a new name for it.
There has no form been described up to the present with which our Dyb.
expansa could be compared more in particular, as Dyb., lahnseni, Dyb. sp., which is
also lamellar, has by far thinner lamellae.
Genus : EISTTJLIPORA, McCoy.
It is only after the new definition of the genus Fistulipora by Nicholson and
Foord, that we must admit the existence of a species belonging to it in the Salt-
range. The descriptions of the genus in the former publications of Mr. Nicholson
gave no hint as to the existence in this genus of organs more or less similar to the
PRODTJCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTEBATA. 923
pseudosepta occurring in Dybowskiella, and thus nobody had an idea of the real
characters of the genus. We had therefore not considered any of the species occur-
ring in the Salt-range as belonging to Fistulipora but had them all placed in Dybow-
skiella. Now the case is different. The genus must now be denned in the follow-
ing manner.
Oorallum consisting of two sets of tubes, smaller ones that occur in great
number and form a kind of ccenenchyma (" mesopores " Nicholson and Foord), and
larger ones which are less numerous ("autopores" Nicholson and Foord). The smaller
tubes, forming the ccenenchyma, are generally polygonal, provided with number-
less tabulae and the walls. are often geniculated or so much deformed by the inflated
tabulae that the whole forms a mass of vesicles. In this vesicular ccenenchyma,
only the uppermost layer, above the last set of tabulae, was probably inhabited by
living animals. These ccenenchymal tubes augment generally by fissiparity ; only
exceptionally an intermural gemmation seems to take place.
The larger tubes, the autopores, are the dwellings of the fully developed animals,
the autozooids. They are mostly round or oval in their transverse section (gener-
ally not bilobed) and bear on one side a kind of callosity, which at its terminations
projects slightly into the interior of the tubes, forming prominent edges which ex-
tend all along the tubes. These tubes augment by ccenenchymal gemmation.
The species belonging to this genus are generally incrusting.
, According to this diagnosis one of the species occurring in the Salt-range must
be considered as a Fistulipora. On the whole the difference between Fistulipora
and Dybowskiella is very small. Both belong to the same type, and it is somewhat
doubtful whether we shall meet with general approval in retaining the distinction
even after Mr. Nicholson's recent paper. Yet we think the name Dybowskiella which
we introduced already a year ago, trusting in Mr. Nicholson's former publications,
may be retained, as the typical species of Fistulipora in transverse sections never
appear as if the tubes of the polypites were composed of two separated and distinct
parts which is generally the case in Dybowskiella.
The Salt-range form appears to be a new one, though it is more or less related
to several of the species of Fistulipora described by Nicholson and Foord.
The species occurs in the middle division of the Productus-limestone and is
therefore of a permian age.
1. Fistulipora parasitica, Waagen and Wentzel, n. sp., PI. XLV, fig. 6 ; PL CV,
figs. 1-4.
Corallum always forming thin incrusting lamellae, never appearing in free
lamellae or branches. Surface provided with numerous monticules, but rarely with
maculae. Oalices small, deep, apparently round. Their diameter is about 0'2mm,
and there are about three of them within a length of 1mm. They are generally a
little less than their own diameter distant from each other. The space between them
is, when well preserved, occupied by a fine network, in the middle of which thin
shelly crests run along, forming a network of larger meshes which encircle each of
N
924 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
the calices. These crests, if not well preserved, are transformed into fine granules,
and then the spaces between the calices appear finely granulated.
In sections parallel to the surface the polypites show a pyriform outline, with
two very small projections on the broader end. The ccenenchyma between them is
well developed, being composed of numerous angular cells, the walls of many of
which are thickened on one side in such a manner that many such thickened walls
produce together calcareous lamellae which surround the single polypites and form a
polygonal network.
On account of the thinness of the colonies, it is extremely difficult to make trans-
verse sections, in order to expose the polypites longitudinally. Our fig. 36, PI. OV,
represents such a section ; it is however very defective. One can only distinguish
that the polypites have few straight complete tabulae, and the septa-like projections
are also partly distinguishable as thin dark lines. The coenenchymal tubes are rather
irregular, with geniculated walls and numerous tabulae.
The materials at disposal were too scanty to make studies as to the gemmation
of these fossils. Prom the transverse section represented in fig. 36, however, it be-
comes highly probable that a coenenchymal gemmation prevailed.
The size of the species was considerable, and chiefly the thickness of the lamellae
always remained very small, barely ever exceeding 1mm. The largest specimen
known to us forms an incrustation on a specimen of Spirifer musukheylensis, Dav.,
and has been figured together with this latter specimen on PI. XLV.
Locality and geological position. — There are altogether only three specimens of
this species preserved in the Salt-range collection. All three were found in the
middle division of the Productus-limestone ; one forms an incrustation of a Productus
musakheylensis from Ohidru ; the second envelopes the branching stem of a Geinit-
zella and comes from the highest beds of the middle Productus-limestone at Khura ;
the third incrusts a fragment of the shell of some Brachiopod and was collected by
Mr. Wynne at Bilot.
Memories. — This is one of those species which are to a certain extent transi-
tional between Fistulipora and Dybowskiella. The shape of the polypites is that
generally occurring in the former genus, whilst the existence of two pseudosepta,
though they are rather rudimentary recall to a certain extent the latter. Yet the entire
habitus of the form, its creeping mode of growth, and the not bilobed appearance of
the polypites, are, as it seems to us, more in favour of its union with Fislutipora than
with Dybowskiella, and thus we have decided on the former position for the species.
Among the species described by Nicholson and Poord in the genus there are
several that are rather similar to the form here under consideration, but from all of
them our Fist, parasitica is different by more distinctly developed pseudosepta
and those prominent ridges that encircle the polypites.
Of other species hitherto described only Fistulipora tuberosa, Kays., shows a
certain external similarity, as it also bears monticules ; but the mode of growth of this
form is entirely different, and the polypites seem to be devoid of any trace of pseudo-
septa, so that Kayser's species must be considered as a true Callopora.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONB.— CCELENTERATA. 925
Class : HYDROZOA.
Order: HYDROIDA.
Sub-Order : HYDROCORALLINA.
Family: C(ENOSTBOMIDM, Waagen & Wentzel.
In taking up the study of the Hydrozoa, we encountered nearly insurmountable
difficulties, as everything we took in hand would in no way agree with things
already described ; even after we had extended our studies to devonian specimens
of true Stromatoporidce, we were not much better off, as several of the characters
which had till then been considered essential to the Stromatoporidce could not be
so recognised by us. In Zittel's Handbook, as well as in Nicholson and Murie's
long paper on the subject, the Stromatoporidce are described as composed of com-
pact concentric lamellae, supported on vertical pillars or rods, and leaving between
them room for the sarcodic substance of the animal. Though it cannot be denied
that in certain forms, such as Mlipsactinia, Parkeria, Loftusia, etc., such laminae
occur, yet in Stromatopora proper we failed to detect them. We must confess to
having felt very uneasy on this account, and with great reluctance we accepted the
fact which presented itself to us, and which could not be denied, though we made
preparations over and over again and examined all our materials repeatedly.
We must then divide all the forms that are considered to be more or less nearly
related to Stromatopora into two large groups ; viz., forms whose skeleton consists in
reality of more or less compact concentric lamellae, which are irregularly but not too
frequently perforated, and are supported on vertical pillars ; and, on the other hand,
forms whose skeleton is composed of variously bent trabeculge, disposed more or less
distinctly in concentric layers, and leaving between them a system of reticulate or
more or less vermiculate canals.
It is only the latter that we consider as belonging to the Stromatoporidce in a
wider sense, whilst the former compose a group that we consider with some hesita-
tion as perhaps related to a certain extent to the Hydractinidm and allied forms.
The observation that the skeleton of Stromatopora is not composed of compact
lamellae, but of successive sets of trabeculse arranged more or less in one plane, so
that in sections vertical to the surface of the hydrophyton a distinct lamination
appears, which, however, does not exist in reality, but is only an apparent one, has
been recorded already by Carter (hexactinellid structure), Bargatzky, and chiefly by
Eugenia Solomko, who in her description of the " Stromatoporen des russischen
Devons " says that the Stromatoporce (which are taken by her to be Pharetrones)
consist of horizontal, wavy, concentrically arranged rods which send out offshoots in
a vertical direction and are thus united, leaving irregular spaces between them.
B
926 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
(Stromatopori Devonskoi Sistemi Rossii, page 11). This definition comes very near
the truth, as we shall presently have occasion to demonstrate.
We start in the description of the different parts of the Stromatoporidce from
Stromatopora concentrica, of which species excellently preserved specimens are at our
disposal. This species is on several accounts of great importance in this question ;
first, because it is the typical species of the genus (and not Str. polymorpha Gdf., as
indicated by Nicholson) ; and, second, because in this species the so-called lamellae
deviate but very little from the horizontal plane, and can be brought easily within
the plane of a section for tolerably large distances. In our considerations we have not
laid so much stress on natural surfaces as on microscopical sections ; as in the former
the original condition seems to be in great part considerably affected by the process
of fossilisation. As we had already occasion to state in the description of the Monti-
culiporidce, the minute openings of the single cells are very frequently closed on the
surface by an accumulation of sparry calcareous matter, which mostly presents a
somewhat convex or hemispherical outline, and of which it is up to the present not
certain whether it is of organic or inorganic nature, though the latter is more
probable. Quite the same peculiarity we find again repeated in the Stromatoporidce.
The spaces between the single trabeculse, which ought to appear as pores on the
natural surfaces, are mostly closed by such a secondary deposit, and this is the same
in calcareous and silicified specimens.
A peculiarity of the Stromatoporidce that presents a great obstacle to the right
interpretation of microscopical sections is the great difficulty experienced in the dis-
tinction between the matrix and the different parts of the skeleton, which difficulty
originates in the circumstance that the matrix presents in most cases nearly abso-
lutely the same pattern as the trabeculse of the skeleton, and it depends solely on the
mode of preservation, or on the level taken by a section, whether the one or the other
is more conspicuous. Even the most acute observers (as for instance Quenstedt)
seem to have fallen into errors in this respect, and to have described as skeleton
in one section what has been taken to be the matrix in another (compare : Quen-
stedt, Petref. Deutschl., Vol. IV; part 1, pi. 141, figs. 10-11). There is one character
by which the trabeculse can be unmistakably recognised, which is, however, only
rarely preserved, this is their minute structave. Already Baron Rosen has drawn
attention to black points within the substancd of the different parts of the skeleton
of a Stromatopora, between which extend very fine dark lines, forming an extremely
fine net-work of irregular meshes. Nicholson seems not to have observed these
features, and also Bargatzky has only a very incomplete idea of them. As far as
can be made out from his figures, he in some cases apparently mistook these dark
structural parts, imbedded in the substance of the trabecule, for the trabeculse
themselves, and came so to very curious conclusions. Baron Rosen took these
things to be the remnants of horny fibres, and therefore considers the Stromatoporidce
as horny sponges, whilst Zittel in his Handbook describes cracks within the substance
of the skeleton in the section he examined as minute canals, and identifies them
with Rosen's horny fibres. We have ourselves found these objects preserved in a
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 927
beautiful manner in a specimen of Stromatopora concentrica from the Eifel, of which
we have figured horizontal and vertical sections, PL CXX, figs. 4 & 5. The real
nature of them did not become quite clear to us. It does not seem that they are
canals, as the matrix of the whole specimen is a white calcspar, and there is no reason
why just these extremely fine canals should have been filled by a black matrix. It
rather appears to us that these fines are parts of the substance of the skeleton, either
of a darker colour, or different in density. It is now very remarkable that we have
found absolutely the same structure to exist within the substance of the skeleton of
a recent Millepora, preserved in the Zoological Museum of the University of Prague
(PL XXI, fig. 4). But in this case also we are unable to state anything particular
about the nature of these objects. They appear black and but little granular even
with the strongest magnifying powers, and do not appear to be canals. Also in this
case it seems to us most probable that they are composed of calcareous matter of a
different colour. The remainder of the skeleton is of a finely granular texture.
However this may be, even if these lines were produced by boring animals or plants,
they are always an unmistakable sign of the parts bearing them being really trabe-
cule, or parts of the skeleton (and not of the matrix).
With the aid of this character, we are now in a position to positively assert, in
our sections of Stromatopora concentrica, what is matrix and what is skeleton. The
section, PL CXX, fig. 4, extends parallel to the surface of the hydrophyton, and just
cuts one of the so-called concentric lamellae, so that the lamella itself falls within
the plane of the section, and we see that the lamella is no real lamella, but that it
is composed of variously curved meandering trabeculse, leaving irregular spaces
between them filled by matrix, which again exhibits about the same character as
the trabeculse but forming more isolated spots. If such a section is ground down
a very little further, the whole aspect is changed. The spaces which formerly were
occupied by the trabeculse are now taken up by the matrix, and where formerly the
matrix was observable the trabeculse are now found. In other words, whilst with-
in the horizontal layer of trabeculse (generally taken to be a lamella) the trabeculse
are all continuous, and the matrix occupies separated masses ; in the spaces below and
above this horizontal layer of trabeculse the matrix is continuous, and the trabeculse
appear as isolated spots. The picture remains nearly the same, but the substances
have changed. It is quite the same in sections vertical to the surface of the hydro-
phyton. "We have figured such a section in PL CXX, fig. 5 ; we must, however, remark
that the figure has not been placed in the right position by the artist. The horizontal
layers of trabeculse extend in the direction of the large black spots, placed vertically
in the drawing. The section is again placed so that as many elements of the skele-
ton as possible fall within it. We see the horizontal layers of trabeculse extend over
the whole length of the section only rarely interrupted by ascending canals, filled
by white matrix. The so-called interlaminar spaces appear as more or less isolated
white spots of matrix. If again this section were ground down a very little, the whole
aspect would be changed ; the white matrix would then form continuous masses ;
i.e., the " interlaminar spaces " would appear as continuous horizontal layers, con-
is 2
928 SALT-KANGE FOSSILS.
nected together by vertical canals, whilst the trabeculae, of which the skeleton is
composed, would appear as isolated gray spots within the white matrix.
From this it appears beyond doubt that the matrix can assume absolutely the
same features as the skeleton, and that it is often almost impossible to distinguish
between the two.
As the result of the whole consideration, it follows that the entire skeleton of
the Stromatoporids is composed of irregularly bending trabeculae, arranged at inter-
vals in concentric layers, producing in vertical sections the appearance of a frame-
work of square meshes. There is not a trace of compact concentric lamellae. Now
this composition of the skeleton of the Stromatoporids by numerous trabeculae
exactly agrees with what we have learnt from Moseley as existing in recent species of
Millepora, which also consists of concentric layers, though not so distinct as in
Stromatopora, and each layer is composed of numerous variously bending trabeculae,
leaving between them canals of the same description, occupied by the ccenosarc.
The minute structure of these trabeculse we have found in at least one species of
recent Millepora to be the same as in the Stromatoporids.
What has been said up to the present applies chiefly to those forms of Stromato-
porids which show a " rectilinear structure," as it has been termed by Carter. The
forms that bear " curvilinear structure " are still far more easy to bring into accord-
ance with Millepora. The trabeculse extend in these forms in all directions, and
so agree in every respect with what we see to occur in recent Millepora. Like the
latter, the Stromatoporids with curvilinear structure also show an indistinct strati-
fication within the skeleton. The forms with rectilinear and with curvilinear struc-
ture are, however, not fundamentally different, as both modes of structure can
occur sometimes in one and the same specimen (see our PI. CXVII, figs. 1 c, d).
The curvilinear structure can also take an extreme form, when the skele-
ton appears as a compact calcareous mass without any trace of stratification, and
pierced by winding or vermicular canals in all directions (see our PI. CXVIII, figs.
1 a, d). But even this mode of structure has its representative in a recent species
of Millepora, the one figured by Moseley from Zamboangan (Phillipines), of which
figure we have given a copy, PI. CXXI, fig. 3 o.
Also Sporadopora has a similarly disposed skeleton. (A copy of Mr. Moseley's
figure is given in PL CXXI, fig. 2.)
After having thus found that there is no fundamental difference in the trabe-
cular structure between the skeleton of the Stromatoporidce and that of the recent
Milleporce, we must now direct our attention more particularly to the canals which
are occupied by the coenosarc in recent forms. We can learn only the condition
of the ccenosarc in fossil forms by the study of the matrix now occupying the space
that was formerly taken up by it.
In the description of the trabecular part of the skeleton, we have seen that there
remain between the several trabeculae free spaces which in general shape exactly
resemble the trabeculae themselves, only that they are often somewhat more slender.
These form canals which have served for the reception of the coenosarc and compose
PRODTJCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTEKATA. 929
a system of regular or irregular meshes, as the case may be, being exactly simi-
lar to what has been figured by Moseley for Millepora. At the places where several
branches meet, these canals show not rarely slight expansions of a round outline,
which might be termed ampulla-like (compare PL CXVII, 1 e,f). Similar expan-
sions, though perhaps not in the same degree, are to be found in the canal system
of the Stylasteridcs, as figured plentifully by Moseley, and also to a certain extent in
Millepora. This tortuous, either reticulate or vermiculate, canal system is common
to all forms of Stromatoporids, as we have circumscribed the group above, and it
shows clearly that all these forms must be more or less closely related to each other.
Nevertheless there exist, on the other hand, differences more or less noteworthy
between single forms, and these chiefly find expression in the canal-system ; as in
certain forms at the side of the reticulate or vermiculate minute canals there appear
also larger ones which are absent in others. These larger canals, which exist in a
great many forms, are of the utmost systematic importance, and require more par-
ticular consideration at our hands. The first who recognised the extreme import-
ance of these canals was Carter, whose ingenuity in the definition and comparison
of fossil remains with living forms has already often led to discoveries of the utmost
interest, and who also in this case hit again on, or very near, the truth. Nobody
before him had dreamed of associating the Stromatoporids with the Hydrozoa ; and
no sooner had Moseley published his admirable papers on Millepora and the Stylas-
teridce than Carter recognised the near affinity that existed between these forms and
the Stromatoporids, and gave up his old opinion that the latter were related to the
Hydractinidce.
These larger canals, which are to be found in most of the Stromatoporids, have
very appropriately received from Carter the name of "Astrorhiza," and it is to these
that we now wish to draw the attention of the reader.
The astrorhiza were first exactly described in a species from the devonian lime-
stone of Dartington to which Carter gave the name of Stromatopora dartington-
ensis.
The figure accompanying Carter's memoir is very instructive : it shows the
astrorhiza to be composed of successive series of radiating branching canals,
which unite in successive centres, of which one follows directly above the other,
whereby an irregular vertically ascending tube is formed. The radiating canals are
not horizontal but sloping, slightly ascending towards the centre of union. Similar
canals had been already observed and described by Nicholson and Murie, but these
authors state that only in some cases a median, vertically ascending canal is formed.
Also Dawson mentions these canals, and affirms that in the centre of the radiating
groups they are connected by vertical " tubes or groups of tubes, penetrating the
whole mass." Afterwards, however, he falls into the error of bringing these verti-
cally ascending canals into connection with his supposed hollow pillars — a supposition
which is absolutely wrong, as in the whole skeleton of a Stromatoporid there is no
part that is not solid. Erom all this it appears that vertically ascending canals are
by no means of rare occurrence in the Stromatoporids, and that these are mostly
930 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
situated in the centre of astrorhiza. We were able to make the same observation
in the materials from the Salt-range, where all the species possess such vertically
ascending canals. The radiating canals are in some cases not so distinctly developed
in the Salt-range species. Though Mr. Carter on the whole adheres to the opinion
that the Stromatoporids are allied to the Milleporce, yet he returns off and on to his
old opinion of these fossils being Hydractiniee, and thus compares the radiat-
ing canals of the astrorhiza to the grooved venation of Eydr actinia. "We think
that such a comparison cannot take place, though Bargatzky also advocates it.
The grooved venation in Mydractinia is occupied by the ccenosarcal - stolon tubula-
tion, from which, at the points of division, the different sorts of zooids arise. This
stolonal tabulation forms part of the skeleton of Hydractinia; it is composed of
tubes with compact walls, and the greater part of the ccenosarc is enclosed in these
tubes. All this is different in the radial tubes of the Stromatoporids. They are
tubes without walls, ramify indiscriminately, becoming at the same time thinner and
thinner, and are very often at last entirely dissolved in the general tissue of the
ccenosarc, which on its part forms winding canals around the different parts of the
skeleton, as has been stated above. They form the means of inter-communication
between the single zooids projecting from the hydrophyton, and either unite the
radiating tubes of adjacent centres directly by their finer ramifications, or by
means of the reticulated canals of the general coenosarc.
If we restrict the term astrorhiza to the single type that has been described
by Carter under the name, it would not embrace all the modifications which are
presented by similar organs in the Stromatoporids. In the forms from the Salt-
range there occur two other types, which are not of less importance. There is first
a type represented by our new genus Disjectopora, having vertical canals connected
at intervals by horizontal, not sloping, canals. These latter are not arranged in
groups on the same level and thus forming star-like figures, but are placed singly at
different levels, and having different directions. The second type, represented by
our new genus Irregulatopora has, besides the ccenenchymal tubes, large winding
canals, of which it is very difficult to decide what are vertical tubes and what lateral
canals. Star-like figures are also not produced in this case.
Yet another case seems to occur, which has, however, not been observed by us
in nature; it is that of star-like canals without the presence of a vertical canal
uniting the successive centres. This seems to be the case in Strom, astroites
Rosen, according to Bargatzky's indications.
Lastly, in some forms, like Stromatopora concentrica, every trace of large
canals is absent, and the whole hydrophyton consists of nothing but coenosarcal
tissue.
If we wish to ascertain the nature of the organs represented by the different
canals, we can best start from the genus Disjectopora mentioned above and repre-
sented on our PI. CXVII, figs, la— -f. The vertical section drawn in fig. le shows in
the left hand corner one of the vertical tubes cut longitudinally. About in the
middle of its extent we see a kind of tabula, and to the left of it one of the hori-
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.^-CCELENTERATA. 931
zontal canals that unite with the vertical tube. Higher up another of the horizontal
canals is visible, but here already the vertical tube falls out of the plane of the
section. If we now compare this section with the copy of Mr. Moseley's figure of
Millepora, given on our PL CXIX, fig. 4, for comparison's sake, we find almost com-
plete identity. The vertical tube corresponds to the tube of the mouthed zooid in
Moseley's figure and the horizontal canals to the " main canals," as they have been
called by Moseley ; we think then it can no longer be doubted that in general the
vertical tubes in the Stromatoporids correspond to the abodes of the zooids, and the
star-like canals of the astrorhiza to the " main canals " of the Milleporidce. The
analogy between our genus Disjectopora and the other genera of Stromatoporids
is very striking. If we take our new genus Carterina, figured in PL CXVIII, fig. 1,
and PL CXX, fig. 3, we see on the first of those plates in fig. 16 and on the second
in fig. 3, one of the astrorhiza as well developed as it can be seen in a section.
They are in all respects identical with what we see in Disjectopora, with the
sole exception that the lateral canals are horizontal in the latter genus and
strongly sloping in Carterina. It is quite the same in all those Stromatoporids
which bear astrorhiza, but which show at the same time a regular rectangular
framework of trabecule, and which have received from Winchell the name of
Ccenostroma. Irregulatopora is somewhat more removed from the general type, as
in this form vertical tubes and lateral canals can barely be distinguished. Never-
theless this also belongs to the same type, and the whole number of forms we have
mentioned up to the present belong to one compact group, which is as a whole more
or less nearly related to Millepora, and must thus be considered as forming part of
the BZydrocorallma.
In all these cases we have not yet spoken of the tabulee, which are said to exist
in the tubes of the zooids of Millepora, and which off and on are also observable in
fossil forms. "We have figured such tabula-like things in Disjectopora (PL CXVII,
fig. 1 e) and in Carterina (PL CXX, fig. 3), but we regret to say that we were con-
vinced that they are generally not tabulse in the proper sense, but more or less like
trabecules which cross the cavity of the tube and have fallen by chance within the
plane of the section. Nevertheless it is probable that these trabecular structures
have served for the same purpose as the tabulse in the tabulate corals, that is, to
shut off the lower part of the living animal from the dead parts of the skeleton.
"We are not quite certain whether or not in Millepora itself the so-called tabulse are
also of a trabecular nature, at least to a certain extent.
In recent species of Millepora the living part of the hydrophyton is extremely
thin, not more than 0*5mm. If then the zooids at each stage of progress of growth
of the hydrophyton were to deposit a tabula behind them, these ought to be ex-
tremely numerous. This is however not the case, neither in Millepora nor in the
fossil forms, so it seems that only exceptionally are such formed.
If we thus consider the vertical tubes of the astrorhiza as the cavities into
which the zooids retreated, we must bear in mind that only the uppermost parts of
932 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
these tubes just below the surface of the hydrophyton were occupied by the living
animals, whilst all the remainder of the skeleton was dead.
This goes far towards the explanation of the remaining forms of Stromatoporids,
in which vertical tubes do not exist.
There are two groups distinguishable among these forms, one with star-shaped
canals {Strom, astroites Rosen) and one without these canals.
That these forms are most intimately connected with those previously treated
of, nobody will deny. They possess absolutely the same trabecular skeleton, only
the vertical canals are absent. Thus, it is extremely probable that animals of the
same class have built up both sorts of skeleton — in this case animals very nearly
related to Millepora, — and that the difference between the two classes of Slromato-
porids consisted solely in the circumstance that in the one group with vertical tubes
the single zooids could be retracted within these holes, whilst in the other group,
without vertical tubes, the zooids could not be retracted within the skeleton, and
were only imbedded in soft tissue at places where groups of coenosarcal canals
united (see PI. CXXI, fig. 16). Prom this consideration, however, the extreme sys-
tematic importance of the astrorhiza and corresponding organs is obvious. Every
one who wishes to sub-divide the Stromatoporids into minor groups must start from
this cardinal point.
According to what has been said up to the present, the Stromatoporids can be
divided into two families : the Ccenostromidce with vertical tubes, into which the
zooids could retract, and the Stromatoporidce, without such vertical canals, consist-
ing only of a trabecular skeleton.
It is only natural that other observers, starting from other considerations, came
to quite different results, and that their systematic arrangement of the different
forms must be changed to a certain degree, to fit our sub-divisions. Since Baron
Rosen's admirable paper on the structure of the Stromatoporids, several classifica-
tions have been published, as by Nicholson and Murie, by Bargatzky and by Euge-
nia Solomko. The first have considered the Stromatoporids as calcareous sponges,
the second as Hydractince, and the last as Pharetrones.
The first and the last of these opinions are not fundamentally different, as the
Pharetrones are generally also considered as calcareous sponges of a certain sort.
Howsoever this may be, Nicholson and Murie were not very confident in their
identification of the Stromatoporids with calcareous sponges. They say, p. 231 of
their paper in the Linnean Society : " In all the known Caloispongics the skeleton
consists of free spicules, which are never amalgamated or fused with one another,
and which, therefore, never form a continuous frame-work, however densely they
may be packed together. In no Stromatoporid, however, have free calcareous spi-
cules ever been detected by any observer, and the skeleton is undoubtedly a more
or less continuous one. If then we were to accept the view that the Stromato-
poridce were really referable to the calcareous sponges, we should have to assume that
they constitute a special, peculiar group bearing a relation to the typical Calcispon-
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 933
gi<B somewhat similar to that which the Lithistidce or Hexactinellidce of the pre-
sent day bear to those silicious sponges in which the spicules are not united or
soldered together (Sarcohexactinellida of Carter, Lyssakinaoi Zittel)." The opinion
expressed in these sentences is perfectly sound, so long as the skeleton of the Stro-
matoporids cannot be brought into accordance with any other group of animals
without another assumption, but as soon as an affinity can be directly established,
Messrs. Nicholson and Murie's assumption must fall, and the similarity between
the Calcispongice and the Stromatoporids can only be considered as an apparent one,
and not as existing in reality. Now, we have 'endeavoured to show on the foregoing
pages that there exists a real affinity between the Stromatoporids and the Mille-
porae. This affinity is not only supported by similarities in the structure of the
skeleton, but also by the discovery of transitional forms between the two groups in
the .Productus-limestone of the Salt-range.
Under the same head falls also Miss Eugenia Solomko's opinion, that the
Stromatoporids were Pharetrones. She also was not in a position to give proof of
the existence of calcareous spiculse in the Stromatoporidcs, a character which is
essential according to Zittel and Dunikowsky.
More difficult is it to disprove the opinion formerly held by Mr. Carter, and
lately accepted by Bargatzky, that the Stromatoporids were Hydractinice, though
the difference between the two is in reality very great. The hydrophyton of the
Hydractinice commences with a fine tissue of chitinous tubes, in which the coeno-
sarc is enclosed. These tubes, or stolons, which can in some cases also be calcareous,
are separated from each other by wide spaces ; in the Stromatoporids, on the con-
trary, the canals containing the coenosarc are kept separate by solid calcareous
trabecule, forming a continuous skeleton just as in the Milleporids and Stylasterids.
Allman's indication that the outer side of the chitinous skeleton of Hydrac-
tinia was covered by soft naked ectoderm has been refuted by Grobben (Sitzgsber.
Wien. Acad. d. W. 1875) in much detail, and he has proved that in the stolonal
parts, as well as in the large and small spines, the ectoderm is contained within the
chitinous covering ; even the interlaminar spaces are probably without coenosarc.
The large and small spines are considered by Grobben as the dwellings of singularly
metamorphosed zooids, which have received from him the name of skeleton zooids.
All this does not obtain in the Stromatoporidcs. If Bargatzky compares the poly-
gonal reticulation, which appears sometimes within the trabecule of the Stromato-
porids, and which we have figured, PI. CXX, fig. 5 b, as equivalent to the polygonal
meshes produced by the stolonal tubes of the hydrophyton of Hydractinia the
error is obvious. In Stromatopora this dark reticulation is probably occasioned by
differences in structure or colour of the calcareous masses composing the skeleton,
perhaps made visible only by secondary processes, and the spaces between the dark
parts are filled with the calcareous substance of the skeleton, whilst in Hydractinia
the stolons are separated from each other by empty spaces, or a fine film of chitinous
substance. Erom all this it appears that the difference of the Stromatoporids
934 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
and the Eydractinice is very considerable, whilst on the other hand the similarity
to the Milleporids is striking.
If then the general opinion held by the above-mentioned authors cannot be
retained, the sub-divisions of the whole group founded on such erroneous supposi-
tions can only be accepted with great caution ; and thus also the genera introduced
by Nicholson and Murie, as well as by Bargatzky, can apparently be only partly
retained. By Nicholson and Murie the greatest stress is laid on the condition of
the reticulated part of the skeleton, whether it is composed of distinct layers or
not, &c. We have seen above that the lamination is of minor importance, and
that even in one and the same specimen the trabeculse can be partly arranged
in distinct concentric layers, partly not ; and thus we cannot accept the distinction
as drawn between Stromotopora and Qlathrodictyon. The genus Pachystroma we
had ourselves occasion to examine closely, as, if we are not much mistaken, the
specimen of Stromatopora concentrica we have figured in PL OXXI, fig. 1, must be
considered as belonging to this genus. We have found that the singular structure
of Pachystroma is simply produced by a peculiar preservation of certain specimens
of different species of Stromatopora, inasmuch as in such specimens certain zones
of the skeleton are either entirely or partly converted into a ferruginous matter,
whilst the remainder consists of grey limestone. The transformation has been most
complete along the margins of the specimens, and less so in the interior. Thus, in
the vicinity of the margins, the small zones separating the calcareous layers from
each other consist exclusively of ferruginous matter, which very easily decom-
poses by weathering ; and in consequence of this the lateral surface of such speci-
mens acquires a plaited appearance, as has been figured by us, PL CXXI, fig. 1 a, or
by Nicholson and Murie in the Journal of the Linnsean Society, 1879, PL 4, fig. 2.
In sections, in these marginal parts of the specimens, these ferruginous zones appear
either entirely empty or only occupied by a compact ferruginous layer, so that the
thick calcareous parts appear as if not united by vertical pillars. More towards the
interior of the hydrophyton, however, the ferruginous layers become less continu-
ous, they are often traversed by calcareous trabeculse, and one easily recognises that
originally the ferruginous layers were of the same structure as the remainder of the
skeleton, and that they only have been brought into existence by a secondary trans-
formation of the mineral substance by which the whole hydrophyton was fossilised.
Now, it is not absolutely necessary that such transformation should result in a ferru-
ginous substance ; other changes may supervene ; but in every case, by such chemical
processes, the appearance is brought about as if the specimen were composed of thick
rather compact calcareous layers, separated from each other by thin laminae, in which
nothing, or very few elements, of the skeleton can be observed, thus giving to the whole
the appearance that has been described under the name of Pachystroma by Nichol-
son and Murie. This is distinctly demonstrated by our figures PL OXXI, fig. 1 c,
and PL CXX, fig. 5 a. Thus, it appears that Pachystroma is not a genus of independ-
ent value, but must be merged partly into Ccenostroma partly into Stromatopora.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CtELENTERATA. 935
Another genus created by Nicholson and Murie is Stylodictyon. According to
the figures given in the Linnsean Society's Journal, it seems that very different
things have been subsumed under the name. The species that has been quoted as
type species is rather imperfectly known, as the figures given are drawn on too
small a scale to allow of a distinct reproduction of the characters. We think that,
so far as can be made out from these drawings, the figures 4 and 5 of Stylodictyon
eolumnare represent something of which we cannot judge, but which looks very much
like Labechia, whilst the other figures, chiefly those of Stylodictyon retiforme (fig.
1 — 3, PI. 3, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., Vol. XIV, 1879) point to quite different affini-
ties. In this species appear real concentric plates supported on vertical pillars as in
Ellipsactinia or Circopora, which we shall have to describe later on in the text, and
thus this Styl. retiforme belongs to that group of forms which we have separated
above entirely from the Stromatoporids and which we have designated as perhaps
somewhat related to the Hydr actiniae.
Of the remaining two genera of Stromatoporids emended or described by Nichol-
son and Murie, Stromatocerium Hall, and Dictyostroma Nicholson, we cannot judge,
as figures and descriptions are not sufficiently explicit. We shall, however, recur
to the latter genus in discussing Solomko's classification of the Stromatoporids.
Only Cannopora, Phillips, with its allies, Diapora, Bargatzky, and Parallelo-
pora, Bargatzky, require yet some notice. P. Roemer has already, some time ago,
expressed the opinion that Cannopora was nothing but a Syringopora encrusted by a
Stromatopora, and Bargatzky's figure of Cannopora placenta does not quite re-
move such a suspicion. We had ourselves no occasion to investigate the minute
structure either of Cannopora or of Diapora, and therefore we cannot pass a definite
judgment on these things; but if one considers the observations published by
Baron Rosen on the incrustation of foreign bodies, and on the power of dissolving
these bodies by the animals of the Stromatoporce, also that the recent Milleporce
and Hydractinioe are encrusting animals that dissolve the calcareous bodies on which
they grow, Prof. Perd. Roemer's opinion gains much in probability. This applies
as well to Diapora as to Cannopora, the difference between the two genera being in
fact very small. As regards Parallelopora, . Bargatzky, we must confess that we
cannot find any difference between Bargatzky's figures and a Eeliolites.
The genus Stachyodes, ' published somewhat later by Bargatzky, might be a
Stromatoporid, but the figures are so bad that it is impossible to decide the ques-
tion. If Stachyodes represents a Stromatoporid, it then might perhaps be some-
what related to our Irregulatopora.
There remains yet to say a few words on LabecMa. This genus has been long
since recognised by Lindstroem as not belonging to the corals, with which it had
been united by Edwards and Haime. But Lindstroem believed these things to be
Eydractinics, an opinion which has been refuted by Nicholson on good grounds.
A question that appears to us not yet settled beyond doubt with regard to LabecMa
is, what, in the thin section figured by Nicholson, is to be regarded as parts of the
c2
936 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
skeleton, and what as the matrix. If we should judge from the appearances general-
ly presented by thin sections of Stromatoporids, we should regard the dark parts as
matrix and the light-coloured parts as skeleton, as such distribution of the different
colours can very often be observed. The explanation of Labechia would then be
very simple. The "calcareous columns " were the tubes, in which the zooids were
located, and which intercommunicate freely by thin curved canals. The skeleton
would consist of thick curved trabecular, separated from each other by the canals.
That the so-called " calcareous columns " project as blunt spines above the general
surface presents no difficulty to such an explanation if one considers the widely spread
peculiarity which is of general occurrence in the Monticuliporidce, the Bryozoa, etc.,
that such thin tubes get closed by a secondary deposit of calcspar which mostly pro-
trudes from the tubes as a blunt hemispherical mass. "We had not sufficient mate-
rials of Labechia at our disposal to make sure of this conjecture, but we wish to
draw the attention of further observers to this point.
The first attempt at a thorough classification of the Stromatoporids was made
by Miss Eugenia Solomko (St. Petersburg, 1886), and though she has given no names
to the several groups distinguished by her, yet this attempt must be considered as of
some importance. As the paper appeared in the Russian language, it will perhaps be
gratefully accepted if we give a short sketch of her system before entering into
details with regard to it.
She considers the skeleton of the Stromatoporids as built up of concentric
layers, which are composed of horizontal and vertical rods, and in the most complete
development each such layer possesses above and below such a series of horizontal
rods, which are united by vertical rods or pillars.
This fundamental type is, however, only rarely to be observed ; generally it is
more or less stongly modified, and it most frequently occurs that one of the systems
of horizontal rods is absent. According to these peculiarities Miss Solomko distin-
guishes two types : —
Type I.
Species with a true stratification of the skeleton, which is brought about by
interspaces between the several layers.
1. Group: DILAMELLATA.
The layers consist of a series of horizontal rods above and below, connected by
vertical pillars ; the layers are separated from each other by empty spaces.
2. Group]: MONOLAMELLATA.
The layers are very dense in consequence of the small development or entire
absence of the vertical pillars, whereby the upper and lower systems of horizontal
rods unite, forming one compact lamella. The canal system is formed : —
(«) either by off-shoots sent out by each layer (Glathrodictyon, Nicholson and
Murie), or
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONR— C(ELENTEEATA. 937
(b) by absen3e of any communication between the single layers, which in their
turn are pierced by vertical canals {Stromaiocerium, Hall, Pachystroma*
Nicholson and Murie).
Type II.
Species with false stratification of the skeleton, formed by interspaces between
the .vertical rods or pillars. The skeleton consists in reality only of horizontal rods,
which bear thickenings at intervals appearing as vertical pillars.
1. Group: (DICTYOSTROMA, Nicholson).
The pillars are not united with the horizontal rods above them. According to
the distribution of the pillars, several sub-groups can be distinguished : —
(a) The pillars are irregularly distributed ; thickness of the horizontal rods
varies : Stromatapora dentata.
(b) The pillars are arranged regularly in superposed rows, such forming
vertical columns {Strom, ungerni, Rosen).
(c) The pillars are grouped at certain places, forming double rows (Stromat.
geometrica, Solomko).
2. Group.
The pillars are entirely united with the horizontal rows above :—
(a) There are groups of horizontal canals forming star-like figures,
(5) Such canals are absent (Strom, concentrica, Gdf).
This is the essence of Miss Solomko's classification.
"What we most strongly object to in this essay is that the author does not
adhere strictly to her own definition of the skeleton of the Stromatoporids, as com-
posed of horizontal and vertical rods. We see in her classification suddenly appear
the expressions " Dilamellata and Monolamellata," indicating a return to the old
opinion that the skeleton of Stromatoporids was built up of concentric lamellse.
If we stick firmly to the definition that the skeleton consists of a mesh-work of
trabeculse, the true stratification as defined by Solomko becomes a very problematic
affair. The inter-spaces between the several layers are then nothing but longitudi-
nal canals within the substance of the horizontal trabeculse. Even if such canals
existed, this would not be of very much importance, as they are decidedly absent
in the majority of cases ; and when they are present, they must somewhere com-
municate with the remainder of the cavities containing the coenosarc. We must,
however, confess that Solomko's figure of Cannopora perforata does not remove
the strong doubts that we have already expressed with regard to the empty inter-
spaces that are said by her to constitute the true stratification of the skeleton.
These spaces look in her figure very much like cracks or fractures, and in this
respect extremely like the cracks represented in Zittel's woodcut ; only that in this
case also the vertical pillars have been traversed by them. According to our
experience such cracks are very easily produced in grinding down the specimens.
But there is yet another cause, which often gives the appearance as if canals were
938 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
present ; this is the peculiarity of preservation which we have observed in a great
number of microscopical sections in the Moniiculipondce, as well as in the Stromato-
poridce, and which consists in the circumstance that the central parts of the several
calcareous elements, of which a skeleton is composed, very often present a different
colour from the peripheral parts of the same elements. This has already led Mr.
Nicholson to consider his so-called spiniform corallites as open tubes, which they
never were, and it may have led Miss Solomko to see canals, where there never
were any. At least Mr. Nicholson has not observed these canals in his investigation
of Cannopora perforata.
If considerable doubts are thus raised as to the real existence of the. first group,
the Dilamellata, this is in a far higher degree the case with the Monolamellata. In
these Miss Solomko considers the layers of which the skeleton is composed as compact,
inasmuch as the upper and lower series of horizontal rods of each layer have been
united, and the vertical rods have entirely disappeared. The mesh work, which is
nevertheless exhibited by many of these forms, she explains by inflexions of the layersj
so that at last one layer is united to the other, as is to be observed, according to her
views in Clathrodictyon. In other eases these inflexions are entirely absent, and one
compact layer follows above the other, without being united, as in Pachy stroma. Of
this latter genus we have shown above that it has probably no real existence, that it
is nothing but a modification caused by a singular mode of preservation of Stromato-
pora. Thus, this case of the Monolamellata is certainly invalid. But the other case
also is highly doubtful, as there exists not the slightest proof that the horizontal trabe-
culse in Clathrodictyon must be considered as morphologically different from the
trabeculse in Stromatopora concentrica, which forms part of Solomko's second type.
This distinction then, which is thus introduced into the matter at discretion, is
wholly artificial, and not founded in nature.
Thus we see that the so-called " true stratification" of Miss Solomko does not
exist in reality, or at least cannot be distinguished from the " false stratification "
as it occurs in Stromatopora concentrica, and we come to the conclusion that there
exists in reality only one mode of stratification in the Stromatoporids, which is
brought about by the reticulated canals which once contained the eoenosarc.
One point of Solomko's classification is, however, of importance : this is the
distinction of the group containing Dictyostroma. The forms brought together in
the different groups united under the above heading are chiefly Strom, unqerni
Rosen, Strom, dentata Eos., Strom, geometrica Solomko, and Strom, inostranzewi
Solomko.
The first two of these species have been commented on already by Carter who
thinks them to bear an evident similarity to HydraGtinia, and it cannot be denied
that the spines which are in great number distributed on the surface of these
species, as well as apparently in large cavities, look very similar to like organs of
Bydractinia and Podocoryne. It must, however, be remarked that in these recent
genera the spines are mostly hollow and filled with eoenosarc, and have been con-
sidered by Grobben to contain a particular sort of zooid, the skeleton zooids. In
PRODTJCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 939
the fossil forms, on the contrary, as is evident from Solomko's figures, these spines
are solid, and thus the similarity to the spines of Hydractinia is only an apparent
one.
That all these forms can be comprised in one natural group, which may best
receive the name of Dictyostroma, Nicholson, is evident. Also their general dif-
ference from Stromatopora cannot be much doubted, but to say more on the matter
is not possible at present. "We have had no specimens of this group at our disposal,
and can therefore not judge of it ; for the moment we place it somewhere in the
vicinity of Stromatopora.
We have thus seen that the classifications of the group hitherto proposed
cannot be applied without precautions. Nicholson and Murie have proposed to
form a proper family, the Stromatoporidae, which, on the whole, can be retained
though it has been considered by those authors as forming part of the Oalcispon-
gicB ; but there must be removed from it those forms that are more nearly related
to Millepora than Stromatopora itself. We have demonstrated in the course of
our investigations that the forms subsumed by Nicholson and Murie in the family
Strornatoporidce must be divided into three parts : first, the gsnus Stylodictyon
Nicholson and Murie, which does not comprise any form belonging to the Hydro-
corallina, and which thus must be altogether eliminated ; second, forms in which
vertical tubes for the retraction of the zooids do not exist, but in which the whole
skeleton is only composed of a. more or less reticulated mass of trabecule, some-
times traversed by horizontal canals ; and, third, forms in which the whole
skeleton is traversed by vertical or winding tubes destined for the reception of the
animals. -
The non-existence of such tubes in certain forms is of the utmost morpho-
logical importance ; and it appears impossible to leave in one and the same family
forms with and without such tubes. We thus cannot but consider the two groups,
above indicated as forming two different families.
Thus we arrive at the following classification of the Hydrocorallina : —
I. Family: STYLASTERID^l, Grey.
Hydrophyton consisting of a coenosarc composed of reticulated canals, which
are separated from each other by a trabecular skeleton, in which large tubes are
imbedded for the reception of the zooids. The tubes of the mouthed zooids are
nearly always provided with a median columella and mostly show a series of
pseudosepta all round. The pseudosepta are generally united by their internal
margins, and thus form interseptal loculi. The external appearance of the skeleton
is very variable, depending chiefly on the more or less strong development of the
trabecular parts of the skeleton in different forms.
Of the genera belonging to this family, only Stylaster has been found in a
fossil state up to the present.
The genus Sporadopora, Moseley, forms to a certain extent a connecting link
between the Stylasteridce and the Milleporida. From the Salt-range we shall have
940 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
to describe the genus Carterina, which can be considered more or less as a connect-
ing link between the Stylasteridce and the Ccenostromidce.
II. Family : MILLEPORIM, Moseley.
Hydrophyton composed of an irregular mesh-work of fine canals separated from
each other by a trabecular skeleton. Within this trabecular mass, vertical tubes
of two sizes are distributed into which the differently shaped zooids can be re-
tracted. The tubes are generally arranged in groups, one larger, surrounded by a
number of smaller ones. From these tubes larger canals are sent off in a horizon-
tal direction. "Within the tubes a columella and pseudosepta are absent, but they
are mostly provided with tabulae.
The general appearance of the entire hydrosoma is either encrusting or form-
ing flattened branches, mostly with slight elevations or tubercles on which the
openings of the tubes for the reception of the mouthed zooids are placed.
Besides the genus Millepora, which occurs also in a fossil state in tertiary
strata, there are quoted in Zittel's Handbook three other genera as belonging to the
family : Axopora, E. and H., Porosphcera, Steinm., and Cylindrohyphasma, Steinm.
Of these the first might perhaps belong to the family, the second must certainly be
excluded, and the third is a quite problematic thing, the description of which is too
short to allow of any conclusion. As far as the macrostructure of the fossil can be
judged from the figures, it does not appear quite improbable that it should belong
to the Milleporids, but the microscopical section figured by Steinmann is so
singular, not showing any of the larger tubes in connection with the general tissue
of the skeleton, that all comparison with Millepora ceases.
III. Family : CCENOSTROMID^!, Waagen and Wentzel.
The calcareous skeleton of the hydrophyton forms polymorphous masses of
generally more or less tuberous outline. Surface of the hydrophyton wavy or
covered with little tubercles, and strewn with small apertures, which are mostly
distributed irregularly and only sometimes united into little groups. They form
the entrances to vertical tubes, into which the zooids were able to retract. These
vertical tubes inter-communicate either directly by mostly sloping or horizontal
canals, the branches of the astrorhiza, or this communication is not direct, inasmuch
as between the astrorhiza of adjacent centres a mesh-work of fine canals is inter-
calated. Sometimes the communication between the vertical tubes is entirely takens
up by these small winding or reticulated canals, which traverse the entire trabecular
skeleton. The vertical tubes, and even exceptionally the lateral canals snow some-
times trabecular tabulae. The whole mass of the skeleton is made up of solid,
anastomosing, calcareous trabeculse, which are either arranged in parallel zones, so
that in vertical sections a rectangular mesh-work appears, or the trabeculse extend
irregularly in all directions, whereby the mesh- work becomes also irregular.
The trabeculge contain black-coloured, polygonal, intersecting calcareous fibres,
which are mostly thickened at the points of intersection, qjc they possess a simply
PKODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— C(ELENTERATA. 941
granular structure. The coenosarc forms in general a net- work of fine canals, which
at the points of intersection show mostly ampulla-like dilatations.
On the whole, this family is very nearly related to the preceding one, and for
long we were much in doubt whether it was altogether possible to distinguish it
from the Milleporidce. The reasons which led us at last to the distinction are the
following : —
1. The absence of a distinct grouping of the tubes of the zooids.
2. The absence of a difference in size between the tubes of the mouthed and
those of the mouthless zooids.
3. The arrangement of the trabeculse in a regular quadrangular framework.
4. The very characteristic fashion in which the radiating canals are distributed
round the vertical tubes of zooids.
All these points together seemed sufficient to distinguish the group of the
Ccenostromidee, as a proper family, from the Milleporidce.
Which of the genera hitherto described may belong to the family is rather diffi-
cult to indicate, as just the most important characters have been generally neglected
in the distinction of genera up to the present. The most typical form of the family
is, as far as we can make out, apparently represented by the genus Coenostroma
Winchell. It is however very much to be regretted that the papers in which
Winchell has established the genus are apparently very rare, so we also were as
little in a position to examine their contents personally as Nicholson and Murie had
been. As, however, it is known that the genus has been founded on the presence
of astrorhiza, that is of star-shaped canals on the surface, and that, if such occur,
they generally are connected by a central tube, we consider the genus Coenostroma
to comprise such of the Stromatoporids as possess vertical tubes into which the
zooids were able to retract, surrounded by sloping radial canals. These characters
are most strikingly developed in Stromatopora dartingtonensis Carter, and therefore
we should like to introduce this one as the typical species.
The genus Coenostroma has generally been considered identical with Stromato-
pora, and it apparently is so, if one takes Stromatopora polymorpha Gdf., to be
the type. Against this, however, there can be adduced that Strom, polymorpha is a
true mixtum compositum of different forms (Bargatzky has shown that there were not
less than five different species comprised under the name), and that in reality it is
Strom, concentrica Gdf., which must be considered typical of the genus Stromato-
pora. Not only that Strom, concentrica is figured on an earlier plate (VIII) of
Goldfuss's works than Strom, polymorpha (which is figured on PI. LXIV), but also
the first figure, fig. 8 a, of the latter, which ought to retain the name " polymorpha "
if the other figures are recognised to represent other species, is identical with Strom,
concentrica, so that there is no escape but to take Strom, concentrica as the typical
species of the genus Stromatopora. Now, it is well known that this latter species
possesses no astrorhiza, and thus it is evident that the name Stromatopora must be
applied to forms without such. So we must distinguish generically between Coeno-
stroma and Stromatopora.
D
942 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
We thus Lave as the first genus of the family to quote—
1. Cojinosteoma, Winchell, 1866 : Proceedings, American Association ; —
Nicholson and Murie : Jour. Linn. Society, Zoology, Vol. XIV, 1879, pp. 191,
217. — Hydrophyton polymorphous; the skeleton composed of traheculae forming
mostly a rectangular mesh-work, and being arranged more or less distinctly in
concentric layers. Surface generally provided with tubercles, on which mostly the
centres of the astrorhiza are situated. In these centres vertical tubes open, into
which the zooids were able to retract. Typical species, Coenostroma dartmgtonense
Carter, sp.
The genus seems to be restricted to upper-silurian and devonian strata.
It is doubtful whether those species which show several vertical tubes grouped
together, like Strom, polyostiolata Bargatzky, or Strom, typica Rosen, ought not to
be considered as generally different.
2. Carterina, Waagen and Wentzel, n. gen. — Hydrophyton reversed conical ;
skeleton composed of trabeculae, forming a quite irregular mesh-work, showing no
stratification whatever. Tubes for the retraction of the zooids numerous, irregularly
bending, provided with trabecular pseudosepta, and thus in transverse section mostly
star-shaped ; lateral canals very strongly sloping, about of the same width and the
same description as the principal tubes, arranged radially round the latter ; trabecular
tabulae, of very rare occurrence.
Typical species : Carterina pyramidata "Waagen and "Wentzel, n. sp. The
genus has been found up to the present exclusively in the Productus-limestone of
the Salt-range.
By the existence of pseudosepta though in a trabecular form, the present genus
recalls to a certain extent the characters of the family Stylasteridce.
3. Disjectopora, "Waagen and "Wentzel, n. gen. — Hydrophyton reversed
conical ; skeleton composed of trabeculae which form a tolerably regular, rectan-
gular mesh-work and are arranged in concentric layers. Tubes for the retraction of
the zooids rather far distant from each other, tolerably straight, sometimes provided
with tabulae ; lateral canals generally narrower than the main tubes, horizontal not
sloping, radiating singly at different levels.
Typical species : Disjectopora milleporceformis Waagen and Wentzel, n. sp.
The geuus is restricted to the Productus-limestone of the Salt-range.
In general arrangement of the several parts the present genus comes very near
Millepora.
4. Irregulatopora, Waagen and Wentzel, n. gen. — Hydrophyton lamellar or
flatly conical ; skeleton composed of irregularly arranged trabeculae, forming an
irregular mesh- work ; no stratification ; tubes for the retraction of the zooids very
irregularly bending and barely distinguishable from the lateral canals, which
probably also exist. Trabecular tabulae sometimes present.
Typical species : Irregulatopora undulata Waagen and Wentzel, n. sp.
The genus has been found up to the present only in the Productus-limestone
of the Salt-range.
PRODUCTTTS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 943
These are the forms we can assign, for the present with certainty to the
family. We regret to say that we are unable to introduce any of the generic names
applied by Nicholson and Murie. We have already stated our reasons in this
respect. The only genus which is certainly a distinct one, Dictyostroma, belongs
to the next family. On Cannopora, Diapora, and Stachyodes we cannot judge,
having not studied them in nature. If their structure is a feature belonging
originally to them, then they must be placed in the present family.
IV. Family: STBOMATOPOBID^.
The calcareous skeleton of the hydrophyton forms polymorphous masses of a
partly laminar, partly tuberous outline. It consists of solid trabecule, which are
mostly arranged in regular concentric layers, and form thus a framework of rectan-
gular meshes ; sometimes, however, they are also arranged irregularly. The trabeculse
are sometimes swollen at the points of intersection, and sometimes their horizontal
branches send out processes which do not reach the next following horizontal layer.
Between the trabeculse extend canals of the same appearance as the trabecule, which
either form also a rectangular network, and then at the points of intersection they are
often widened, or they are vermiculate and very irregular. Larger radiating canals,
which are not in connection with vertical tubes, are present in some forms. The
zooids were either placed at the centres of these radiating canals, or, where these
are absent, at places where a greater number of the canals of the ccenosarc come
together (PL OXXI, fig. 1 b). These are then also arranged in a more or less radiat-
ing manner. There were no openings for the retraction of the zooids within the
skeleton.
The intimate structure of the trabeculse is as in Ccenostroma : they contain
fibres of a dark calcareous mass, forming a network and being swollen at the points
of intersection, or the whole mass of the trabeculse is simply finely granular.
The genera belonging to this family are not numerous, though it is probable
that they can be augmented considerably. At present we can distinguish the
following genera : —
1. Stromatopora, Goldf., 1826 : Petref. Germ. I., p. 13, PL VIII, f. 5.— The
hydrophyton attaining considerable dimensions, mostly tuberous in shape ; trabeculse
forming a more or less regular network, where a distinct stratification of the
skeleton is attained ; radial canals are absent.
Typical species : Strom, concentrica Goldf.
The genus seems of an exclusively devonian distribution.
2. Rosenia, Waagen and Wentzel, n. gen. — We introduce this name for those
forms which are, like Stromatopora, devoid of vertical tubes, but which at the same
time possess radiating canals. The skeleton is generally composed of a regular
network of trabeculse.
Typical species : Rosenia astroites Rosen, sp. (Bargatzky : Verh. d. naturhist.
Vereins d. Preuss. Rheinl. u. Westph., 1881, p. 284).
d2
944 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The genus seems to occur in silurian and devonian strata.
3. Pokosphjeba, Steinmann, 1878: Palseontographica, Vol. XXV, p. 120,
PL XIII, fig. 812. — Hydrophyton sphseroidal, never very large. Trabeculge of the
skeleton forming a very irregular network, a stratification of the skeleton is not
observable. Sometimes, hut not always, there appear radiating canals.
Typical species : Porosphcera globularis Phill., sp.
The genus is restricted to cretaceous beds.
It is somewhat doubtful whether this genus is rightly placed here, but for the
moment the present position seems the most probable one.
4. Dicttostboma, Nicholson, 1875 : Palseont. of Ohio, Vol. II, p. 254.' — This
genus represents a rather far deviating type, in which the trabecular parts of the
skeleton have experienced a strange modification. There is chiefly the horizontal
part of the trabeculge developed, whilst the vertical extensions are transformed into
thick protuberances, which only partly unite with the following horizontal layer.
Vertical tubes for the reception of the zooids are absent.
Typical species : Dictyostroma undulatum Nich. (other species : Dictyostr. un-
gerni Rosen, dentatum Rosen, etc.).
The chief distribution of the genus seems to be in upper silurian strata.
With this genus the number of generic types we can at present assign to the
family is at an end.
Of all these genera and families only one family, the Ccenostromidce, is repre-
sented in the Salt-range. Three of the genera we were able to quote in this family
have up to the present been exclusively found in the Salt-range, and they are of
special interest as transitional forms between the old Ccenostromids and the recent
Milleporids. It was mainly this intermediate position that led us to a right under-
standing of the Stromatoporids at large, and we could not abstain from exposing the
results of our studies on the other forms in this place, as they bore also on the
position of the Salt-range forms. This intermediate position, however, is also in
accordance with the geological position of the beds in which these things occur, and
constitutes a highly interesting instance of the degree of accuracy with which one
can judge on the age of a bed by the analogy of its organic contents with geologi-
cally older and more recent forms of life.
Genus : CARTERINA, Waagen & Wentzel, n. gen.
"We can be brief in the description of the genera, as well as of the species, as the
most important points of the organisation of these forms have been already men-
tioned above.
In this genus the hydrophyton is massive and of considerable dimensions. It
is composed of trabeculae which form a very irregular network, leaving winding,
more or less vermicular, canals between them, in which the ccenosarc was contained.
A regular, more or less rectangular network, as is observable in many of the other
genera of Ccenostromids, does not occur in this genus. The canals sometimes show
PKODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 945
irregular widenings, a sort of lacunae, as also sometimes exist within the skeleton of
Sporadopora, a genus of the Stylasterids.
This trabecular skeleton is traversed in all directions by larger tubes, which
show a characteristic arrangement. There is, as in Ccenostroma darting tonense, a
central tube, which we consider as the dwelling-place of the mouthed zooids. This
central tube is surrounded by a number of sloping radial canals of nearly the same
width as the central tube, which in an irregular way approach more and more the
latter, and at last unite with it from opposite directions at the same time. This
takes place repeatedly at different levels.
The central tubes, as well as the radiating canals, are often traversed by trabe-
cule, which are either single or gathered in groups, and which perhaps have had
the functions of tabulae.
The central tubes, and perhaps also the radiating canals, are provided with a
small number of trabecular pseudqsepta, which give to the transverse section of
these tubes, in the plane of the pseudosepta, a singular star-shaped appearance.
The present genus is very nearly related to Ccenostroma Winchell. It has
the same distribution of the calices, or central tubes, with regard to the radiating
canals, but the trabecular skeleton is more irregular, the canals of the ccenosarc
often form small lacunae as in Sporadopora, and the calices possess distinct trabe-
cular pseudosepta, all characters which do not occur in Ccenostroma and which make
absolutely necessary a generic distinction between these and the Indian fossils.
It has been remarked already above that the present genus possesses certain
characters which approach it more or less to the Stylasterids. These characters
are the existence of pseudosepta and the extreme irregularity of the trabecular
skeleton, which on the whole more resembles that of Sporadopora than that of
MiUepora. But though we cannot deny these facts, yet we think it improbable
that Carter ina should be united with the Stylasteridce instead of with the
Ccenostromidce, as just the most important point of its organisation, the distribu-
tion of the larger tubes and canals, is so absolutely identical with that occurring in
Ccenostroma that the real affinity with the latter genus cannot be mistaken, and
its position in the Ccenostromidce becomes absolutely necessary.
The genus is represented in the Salt-range by a single species — Carterina
pyramidata. From other localities the genus has as yet not been reported.
1. Carterina pyramidata, Waagen and Wentzel, n. gen. et sp., PI. CXVII, fig.
2, PI. CXVIII, fig. 1, and PI. OXX, fig. 3.
The general form of the hydrophyton is massive and apparently reversedly
conical, though we are not quite certain what the natural position of the specimen
may have been. We place it so that the pointed end of the conical mass is below,
and we believe that it was fastened by this end to the bottom of the sea. The
reversedly conical shape is, however, very irregular, the apex being bent to one
side.
946 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
The natural surface seems to be nowhere quite intact, being everywhere de-
teriorated by weathering. As it is, the surface is strongly undulating and even
lamellose on the lateral parts of the conical mass, and is entirely covered up by
rock matter at the base of the cone, where however the specimen is terminated by
a fracture, and not by the natural surface. The wrinkles on the lateral faces are
approximately concentrically arranged round the apex.
If examined with a very strong lens, or with low magnifying powers of the
microscope, the surface appears partly covered with round star-like openings, partly
with winding canals, both different aspects of the calices, or tubes, into which the
zooids were able to retract. These tubes open for the most part on the upper frac-
ture of the specimen, but on account of their irregular bending some also open on
the lateral surfaces, and are then also seen sideways on the upper fracture.
These calices are quite irregularly distributed and are never arranged in any-
thing like regular groups, as is the case in the recent Milleporce.
The most peculiar feature of these tubes is the existence of trabecular pseudo-
septa, which give to the whole a quite singular appearance. They are mostly to
the number of seven to eight all round the tubes and bear a little thickened point
at their terminations. They are rather regularly distributed in the vertical, as well
as in the horizontal direction, and united together all along the outer limits of the
tubes by trabecular parts of the skeleton. The spaces left between them are, how-
ever, rather large, and thus in microscopical section it mostly happens that not the
pseudosepta, but the spaces between, are cut.
"We have given on PL CXVIII figures both by reflected and by transmitted
light. It must, however, be remarked that the colouring of the different parts is
just the reverse in the different modes of light : what appears white in reflected
light is all black in transmitted light, and vice versa. This must be well remem-
bered for the right understanding of our figures.
Fig. 1 a is a part of the upper fracture of the specimen as seen in reflected
light. A little below the centre of the figure one sees several of the calices cut
transversely and exhibiting very clearly the pseudosepta. Towards the margin of
the figure several of the tubes are cut longitudinally, and one sees distinctly that
one central tube is surrounded by several sloping ones. The large hole filled with
grey matrix is either the work of some boring animal, or perhaps corresponds also
to the " cavity or ampulla of a male gonophore," as occurs in the recent Sporado-
pora, as figured by Moseley, a copy of which figure we have given, PL CXXI, fig. 2.
Fig. 1 d is a part of the lateral surface, also seen in reflected light, showing several
tubes cut longitudinally. In both these figures the trabecular parts of the skeleton
appear black, whilst the matrix filling the spaces between the trabeculse and occu-
pying the place of the coenosarc shows a whitish colour.
Figs. 1 b and c are microscopical sections as seen by transmitted light. One
represents a transversal, the other a longitudinal section. In both, the pseudosepta
do not fall within the plane of the section. The trabecular parts of the skeleton are
white, whilst the matrix appears black or grey and granular. None of the calices
PRODTJCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 947
is cut quite straightly across, but in fig. 1 b at the left hand upper corner, a central
and two sloping tubes are seen very distinctly on the point of uniting. The same
is seen in Fig. 3, PI. CXX, a microscopical section in transmitted light showing a
central tube cut obliquely and three of the radiating canals uniting with it. In all
these sections drawn by transmitted light, the quite black round spots indicate
ccenosarcal canals cut transversely by the plane of the section.
If very strong magnifying powers are employed, the substance of the trabe-
culse appears as if intersected in all directions by dark lines. Traces of these can
be seen in different places on our figures. We have satisfied ourselves that these
lines are nothing but fine cracks, produced in the preparation of the sections
within the sparry substance of the trabeculse.
The measurements are as follow : —
80'0 mm
850 „
0-25— 0-3
»
0-2 -
- 0-25
5
0-03-
- 0-1
J
0-07-
- 013
»
Height of the hydrophy ton so far as preserved, about ....
Greatest transverse diameter ........
Width of the vertical tubes ........
„ radial canals ........
Diameter of the ccenosarcal canals .......
„ „ ampulla-like enlargements ....
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species preserved
in the Salt-range collection was found in the middle Productus-limestone of Ohidru.
Remarks. — The fossil that has been described by us here under the name of
Carterina pyramidata shows so very singular characters that it is barely possible to
compare it to any other form described up to the present. There are some things
bearing a distant similarity, but this is certainly only superficial and does not imply
a real affinity of them to our species. There is, for instance, Heliolites dubia, Fr.
Schmidt, from silurian strata, as figured by Dybowsky, which on a first glance seems
to be somewhat similar to the Indian fossil, as also in this species the pseudosepta
are of a trabecular nature, rather far distant from each other and separated by in-
tervals of a rounded outline, and also bearing a rounded knob at their terminations,
so that in transverse sections the tubes of this Heliolites look nearly identical with
the ealices of our Carterina pyramidata. But on a closer examination one finds
that the walls of the tubes of that Beliolites are solid, and that there exists no
trabecular skeleton, so all comparison ceases.
To similar results one comes also in other cases, and one must admit that Car-
terina pyramidata is a quite singular fossil which bears only family similarities to
the Ccenostromids.
Genus : DISJECTOPORA, Waagen and Wentzel, n. gen.
Hydrophyton massive, of not very large dimensions, composed of trabeculse,
which partly form a regular network, partly are irregularly arranged. At the points
of intersection they are thickened, and on the surface these thickenings often pro-
ject as little knobs. If a regular network prevails, the horizontal trabecule form
distinct zones, whereby a concentric lamination of the whole skeleton is produced.
Between these trabeculse canals extend, which also either form a regular network
948 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
of the same description as that produced by the trabeculse, or are irregular according
to the distribution of the trabecular mass. These canals show ampulla- like widenings
at the points of intersection and are on the whole of a roundish outline ; in the liv-
ing state they contained the coenosarc.
In this network composed of trabeculee and the intervening canals, larger tubes
are imbedded which served for the reception of the zooids. They are tolerably
straight, not very strongly bending, arranged very irregularly and not numerous.
Their width is about twice that of the ccenosarcal canals. At intervals these tubes
send off horizontal canals in radial directions, but at different levels ; they are not
much narrower than the tubes themselves. It cannot be made out whether the
canals belonging to one tube directly unite with the other adjacent vertical tubes,
or whether a communication is only effected by means of the ccenosarcal canals.
The vertical tubes are in their transverse section rather irregular, not round,
and change readily in shape, as the ccenosarcal canals open into them from different
directions. At intervals the tubes are traversed by tabulae which are apparently
not quite of a trabecular nature, but somewhat more solid.
From this description it appears that the present genus is rather nearly related
to the living Millepora, and in fact the relation is so very close that we for a long
time were in doubt whether we should not regard the present form as directly form-
ing part of that genus. The chief similarities consist in the vertical tubes being
provided with distinct tabulae, and sending off horizontal canals at different levels ;
these however do not merge directly into the tubes in Millepora, as they do in the
present form. Though these similarities exist, we have yet decided not to place the
present form too closely near Millepora, but to remove it even altogether from the
family and to put it in the Coznostromidce. The reasons for thus proceeding are,
that the tubes of Disjectopora are not arranged in groups ; that there exists no
difference in size between the tubes containing the mouthed and those destined for
the reception of the mouthless zooids ; and, lastly, the conditions of the trabecular
skeleton, which forms for the most part a regular network, as generally occurs in
the fossils hitherto considered as forming the family of the Stromatoporids, and
not a network exactly similar to that occurring in the recent Milleporce. These
peculiarities seemed to us sufficient to indicate a systematic position of the fossils
totally different from the Milleporids, whilst they all are such as generally occur in
the fossils belonging to the family Ccenostromidce ; we accordingly felt justified in
considering the genus Disjectopora as forming part of that family.
In the Salt-range the genus is represented by a single species, Disjectopora
milleporceformis. As far as is as yet known, the genus has not been observed to
occur at any other locality.
1. Disjectopora MiLLEPOEiEFORMis, Waagen and Wentzel, n. gen. et sp., PL
CXVII, fig. 1.
The hydrophyton forms apparently a reversedly conical mass of not very
large dimensions. It is, however, difficult to decide what may have been the original
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— C(ELENTEEATA. 949
position of the fossil, as the broad part of the cone is occupied by a plane of
fracture, and the calices which served for the reception of the zooids open also
everywhere on the lateral faces of the cone. Nevertheless it has somewhat the
appearance as if the blunt apex of the cone bore something like a place of insertion,
by which the whole hydrophyton was attached to a. foreign body, and therefore we
consider that the apex was below, and the broad part of the cone above.
The natural surface of the specimen is partly well preserved on the lateral
faces, whilst it has entirely disappeared at the upper termination. As far as
the surface is preserved, it shows a more or less regular network of trabeculse
interrupted from time to time by a compact epidermal tissue, of which it is,
however, not quite certain whether it is an original feature, or of a secondary
origin produced by the process of fossilisation (PL CXVII, fig. 1 c). The
trabeculse themselves have somewhat suffered by the process of weathering at the
surface, and consequently appear there much thinner in general than they do in
the interior of the specimen when seen in microscopical sections. We have figured
in PI. CXVII two different parts of the surface. One of them shows a rather
regular net- work, in which horizontal and vertical branches of the trabeculse can
be clearly distinguished, whilst the other shows a quite irregular net- work, where
such a distinction is impossible. In both pictures, chiefly in the latter one,
numbers of calices are distributed ; but on account of the alteration the surface has
suffered by the process of weathering, the distinction is rather difficult. We consider
the larger of the holes circumscribed by the trabeculse as calices, that is, as entrances
to the tubes into which the zooids were able to retreat. These calices are in these
cases but little distinct from the remainder of the ccenosarcal tissue ; in microscopical
sections, however, where the tissue has not been altered, the distinctness is easily
traceable (PI. CXVII, fig. 1 /).
The trabeculse thus exposed at the surface show several peculiarities. Pirst
we see that at the points of intersection, where several branches of the trabeculse
meet, they are considerably swollen ; partly there even appear at these places small
prominent knobs or obtuse spines (PI. CXVII, fig. Id). In the same figure we
also see that of the trabeculse which radiate from the points of intersection in all
directions, all the branches are not joined to other branches of an opposite direction,
some remain free and extend within the meshes of the trabecular net-work.
In microscopical sections, of which we have made several, the trabecular part
of the skeleton shows two peculiarities ; first, that the central parts of the single
trabeculse are often differently coloured from the peripheral parts, and second that
often a strange mode of preservation obtains, which either altogether obliterates the
trabeculse or at least changes them considerably in aspect.
As regards the first of these peculiarities, this very often gives the impression
as if the trabeculse were hollow, and traversed in the centre by a fine canal. After
comparison of many sections, and after much painstaking, we arrived with perfect
certainty at the conclusion that the trabeculse were never hollow, and that this
appearance was brought about by exactly the same circumstances as have been
E
950 SALT-KANGE FOSSILS.
observed by us on a large scale in the Monticuliporidse, where the walls of the single
corallites also seemed often as if traversed by a longitudinal canal, whilst this
appearance was solely brought about by a singular mode of preservation. We are in
consequence of this absolutely certain that hollow trabeculse never occur.
The second peculiarity does not influence the description of the species, and
therefore will be treated of later on.
The large tubes with their horizontal radiating canals have been described
already above in the description of the genus. Their distribution is extremely
irregular, as can be seen in Eigs. 1 e and 1 /, PL CXVII. On the whole, it appears that
their direction is approximately vertical in the centre of the specimen, and slowly
bending laterally in the vicinity of the periphery. The tabulae are not numerous,
but apparently of a more compact nature than in other allied forms.
The measurements are as follow : —
Height of the hydrophyton as far as preserved .... 50"0 mm.
Greatest transverse diameter ....... 58-0 „
Width of the vertical tubes 0'25— 0-33 „
„ „ radial canals ....... 02 — 0-25 „
Diameter of the ccenosarcal canals ...... 0"1 „
„ „ ampulla-like enlargements ..... 0"1 — 0'13 „
,, „ trabecular ....... O'l „
Locality and geological position. — There is a single specimen of this species in
the Salt-range collection ; it was found by Mr. Wynne in the middle Productus-
limestone of Morah.
Bemarks. — The specimen here under description shows a very peculiar preserva-
tion, inasmuch as its real structure is visible only at certain places ; at other places,
on the contrary, the real structure has been entirely obliterated and has given place
to a kind of mock structure which might very easily be misleading. In fig. 1 e, PI.
CXVII, we see at both ends and in the middle of the figure certain places in which not
a trace of trabeculse can be made out, but where only meandering black lines can be
distinguished. Such a spot has been represented, more strongly magnified, in Eig 1 g.
One sees in this figure that here the skeleton has been transformed into one com-
pact calcareous mass in which ferruginous parts, probably occasioned by the
presence of the organic matter, have been secreted. These secretions may once
have had some relation to the distribution of the solid skeleton ; but as they appear
now such a relation can no longer be made out, and thus we have a quite
irregular distribution of ferruginous particles, partly grouped together in meandering
lines, partly in isolated spots which allow of no conclusion as to the original con-
dition of the fossil. Had the whole mass of the specimen been subject to a similar
process of transformation as we see appear now in certain isolated places, a
proper determination of the fossil would have been absolutely impossible.
The first beginning of this mode of preservation is represented by the dark lines,
traversing the substance of the trabecules in different parts of the same figure (le)
and giving somewhat the impression of dark canals.
The species is most nearly related to Millepora alcicornis of our present seas,
but we have stated already above why it should neither be considered as forming part
PEODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 951
of the genus nor of the family. To other forms, recent or fossil, the present species
is much less nearly related, and we know of none to which it could be more closely
compared.
Genus : IRREGULATOPORA, Waagen and Wentzel, n. gen.
Hydrophyton massive or lamellar, composed of a finely trabecular skeleton, in
which larger tubes, some vertical, some horizontal, are imbedded.
The trabecular part of the skeleton is very irregular, the trabeculse themselves
very thin, and the canals between so much the larger. Neither the trabeculse nor
the coenosarcal canals form a regular network, both being quite irregularly distri-
buted. The canals very often show ampulla-like widenings at the points of inter-
section.
A concentric lamination or stratification is also absent.
The larger tubes, which have served for the reception of the zooids, are also
very irregularly distributed. They are three to four times as wide as the coenosar-
cal canals, and open everywhere on the surface of the hydrophyton. They are
sometimes traversed by trabeculse which are either single or in groups, and have
probably the functions of tabulae. The transverse section of these tubes is also very
irregular; they are only very indistinctly marked off from the coenosarcal tissue.
On the whole they are more or less round, but in the single microscopical trans-
verse section this round shape is more or less obliterated by the numerous coenosarcal
canals which enter the tube from all sides, and are not distinctly marked off from
the tubes, properly speaking.
Between these vertical tubes, that served for the reception of the zooids, there
extend irregularly horizontal tortuous canals of about the same width as the tubes,
not traceable to any of the vertical tubes, but winding between them to and fro,
and being in connection with the tubes solely by the coenosarcal canals. In this
respect they remind one much of the similar canals that have been figured of Mille-
pora by Moseley, which figure we have copied for comparison's sake on PL CXXI,
fig. 3 a. The whole arrangement is only much more irregular in Irregulatopora
than in Millepora. These tubes can be seen in our fig. 2 c, PL CXVIII at different
places. They are, however, exposed only for short distances within the section
there figured, as they bend in the horizontal direction, and thus fall only for short
distances within the plane of a section.
Erom this description it appears that the present genus is about as nearly relat-
ed to Millepora as to the preceding one, or perhaps still more closely. This is
chiefly expressed in the distribution of the horizontal canals, which are isolated,
not merging directly into the vertical tubes, but connected with them only by means
of coenosarcal canals ; they are not arranged in any way radially round the tubes.
This arrangement of the horizontal canals is almost exactly as in Millepora nodosa,
only that it is far more irregular in the present genus, and consequently a distinc-
tion between the horizontal canals and the vertical tubes is much more difficult.
e2
952 SALTJLANGE FOSSILS.
Though, thus, in this respect the relation between Irregulatopora and Millepora is
very close, there are on the other hand considerable discrepancies.
In the first place, these so-called horizontal canals are not, properly speaking,
horizontal. They do not extend approximately in one plane, as is the case in
Millepora, but bend irregularly up and down. While thus by these canals in Mille-
pora an indistinct concentric stratification of the skeleton is produced, not a trace
of such stratification can be observed in the present genus. The trabecular skeleton
is far more irregular than in Millepora, and thus the whole forms a porous mass of
very irregular tissue. In the tubes of Millepora rather compact tabulae are de-
veloped, whilst in Irregulatopora these are replaced by trabeculse, either singly or in
groups.
Thus we see that in the present genus great similarities to Millepora go hand
in hand with as great discrepancies. Notwithstanding this near afiinity to Millepora,
we have decided on placing the present genus in the family Ccenostromidce rather
than in the Milleporidce, chiefly on the grounds of analogy with other forms,
especially with Disjeotopora.
The points of discrepancy between Irregulatopora and the Milleporidce con-
sist chiefly in the arrangement of the calices, which are not placed in groups ; in the
absence of a difference in size between the calices of the mouthed and mouthless
zooids ; and in a greater irregularity in the arrangement of all the parts of the
hydrophyton.
Among the Ccenostromidce the present genus forms certainly the most strongly
deviating type.
Of the forms belonging to this latter family, the genus Disjeotopora described
above, is most nearly related to the present genus. The differences between Ir-
regulatopora and Disjeotopora are, however, rather obvious. The skeleton, which
forms a tolerably regular network in Disjeotopora, is quite irregular in Irregulato-
pora. The tubes for the reception of the zooids are irregular in their arrangement,
as well as in their direction, and are apparently not in direct connection with the
horizontal canals, which are at the same time very large and irregularly bending in
the latter genus, whilst all this is not the case in the former. So it seems that the
two genera are easily distinguishable from each other, whilst their afiinity on the
other hand is so great, that both must very likely be placed in one and the same
family.
The genus has been found up to the present only in the Salt-range, and is there
represented by a single species, for which we introduce the name Irregulatopora un-
dulata.
1. Ireegtjlatopora tjndtjlata, Waagen & Wentzel, n. gen. et sp., PI. CXVIII,
fig. 2.
Hydrophyton lamellar, or somewhat irregularly cup-shaped. Upper surface
alone exposed, undulating but otherwise smooth, not rugged as in the two preceding
PEODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTEEATA. 953
genera and species, finely porous. The calices can only be distinguished with diffi-
culty ; they are strewn all over the surface, but very irregularly distributed. The
trabecular skeleton only distinguishable with a powerful lens, very irregular, show-
ing nowhere any attempt at forming a regular network.
The dimensions of the hydrophyton are rather considerable.
The real structure of the specimen can only be recognised in microscopical sec-
tions. One can then observe that the substance of the hydrophyton is built up of
a trabecular skeleton, in which the substance of the several trabeculge is rather irre-
gular in thickness, but generally comparatively thin. They leave room between
them for canals, which are considerably thicker than the trabeculse and which are
chiefly characterised by round ampulla-like widenings occurring at all points where
several branches of these canals meet. In these canals the ccenosarc was enclosed.
They are altogether vermicular in their arrangement.
In this trabecular skeleton two sorts of larger tubes are inserted, but are only
distinguishable with difficulty. The most important of these are the so-called verti-
cal tubes, which open as calices on the surface of the specimen. These are best seen
in the vertical section, represented PI. CXVIII, fig. 2 d, where they are cut longi-
tudinally. Some of them are nearly straight, others bending very irregularly ; the
preservation of the specimen is, however, not sufficiently good to follow them for
any greater extent. They are ofteu, and very irregularly, traversed by trabeculse.
In fig. 2 c, which is a horizontal section, parallel to the surface, several of these
tubes are cut transversely. Also here they appear very irregular in every respect.
Some of them appear larger, some narrower, some of them are more oval, others
more circular, all are very indistinctly circumscribed, because of the circumstance
that so many of the coenosarcal canals open into them that the outline of the tubes
themselves is nearly obliterated. Another cause of this indistinctness are the several
trabeculse which traverse the tubes obliquely, and thus happen sometimes to be cut
transversely just in the middle of the tubes.
In the same figure there appear between the more roundish tubes, cut trans-
versely, strongly elongate winding black bands, representing the so-called horizontal
canals. These also are very indistinctly defined, as countless coenosarcal canals
open into them. We see that these canals are nowhere in direct communication
with the tubes, but are joined to them only by the narrow coenosarcal canals.
The measurements are as follow : —
Greatest length of the lamellar hydrophyton 52'0 mm.
„ breadth 46'0 „
„ thickness 13"° »
Width of the vertical tubes 0-5— 1*0 „
„ „ radiating canals 05 „
Diameter of the coenosarcal canals 0"1 — 0'15 „
„ „ ampulla-like widenings O'l— 02 ,,
Locality and geological position.— The only specimen of this species existing in
the Salt-range collection was found by Mr. Wynne, Trans-Indus at Bilot, in the mid-
die Productus-limestone.
954 SALT- RANGE FOSSILS.
Remarks.— Also in this species, as in the preceding one, the preservation
causes some difficulty in the attempt to interpret the pictures one sees under the
microscope. The specimen, after its deposition in the rock, has evidently been in-
filtrated with much calcareous matter, which so intimately united with the calcare-
ous trabecule that a distinction is no longer possible. We thus find that great parts
of the fossil are composed of nothing but a compact mass of limestone, which, in the
sections prepared for inspection, become generally traversed by numerous little
cracks, which form a fine reticulation that could easily be misleading. In our
figures 2 c, d, of PI. OXVIII, these fine reticulations can be everywhere observed
within the substance of the calcareous parts, and it must be borne in mind that they
are nothing but cracks, and not structural features.
There is but little else to be remarked. The species is, in its general structure,
not very far distant from Disjectopora milleporceformis described above. How-
ever, already the outward appearance of the entire hydrophyton suggests the idea
that the two are specifically different. The whole shape is reversed, being conical,
in the one, and more or less lamellar in the other. The surface is rugged in the
first, and smooth, only slightly undulating, in the second of the two species, and
thus, even if the generic differences were not present, the two had to be considered
as different species.
Of other forms none is known to us which could be compared more closely
with the present species. As in its general appearance Irregulatopora undulata has
much similarity to some forms of sponges ; something allied to it may have been
described under that head, but we are not aware of it, as the intimate structures of
such things are only partly known.
Sub-Order: TUBULARI^.
Family : SPH^RACTINID^l, Waagen & Wentzel.
The forms belonging to this sub-order are chiefly different from those of the
preceding sub-order ; in that the essential parts of which the hydrophyton is built up
are little stolon-like tubes, which torm a network, and from which the different
sorts of zooids are developed. These tubes are mostly chitinous or of a horny sub-
stance, and it is doubtful whether they ever are built up of calcareous matter. The
spaces between these tubes are filled with laminar expansions, either of a horny or
of calcareous substance, which expands at intervals into little cones or spines,
containing in their cavities the so-called skeleton zooids of Grobben.
The stolonal tubes are often of a boring nature, penetrate the calcareous sub-
stance of shells, and slowly dissolve the calcareous matter altogether.
The lamellar expansions extend in concentric layers, one supported on
the spines of the other, thus forming a concentric laminated mass, which in a
vertical section appears to form an irregular network.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 955
In fossil forms, it seems the stolonal tubes are never preserved, and thus it
becomes doubtful whether they were ever of a calcareous nature. The impressions
of them, however, are visible in fossil species, forming furrows composing hexagonal
meshes on the surface of the hydropbyton, which give to the whole a very character-
istic appearance. These furrows are, however, characteristic only of certain forms,
whilst in others they are apparently absent, and in these we have no signs of the
former existence of stolonal tubes, though they may have been present. Neverthe-
less, as these stolonal tubes are just the most important part of the hydrophyton of
the TubularicB, the zooids always taking their origin from them, the systematic po-
sition of the forms in which the former existence of such stolonal tubes cannot be
proved, must remain somewhat douHf ul ; such forms at least cannot be directly
united with Sydractinia and its allies, which have the stolonal tubes most distinctly
developed.
In former days, when all the Stromatoporidce and similar things were considered
as more or less nearly related to Sydractinia, a more close distinction between the
several forms was not necessary ; but now, after we have recognised that a great part
of these fossils could not be compared to Sydractinia, but were rather nearly related
to Millepora, the remaining forms must also be subjected to a more close scrutiny,
in order to learn how far the old opinion as to their affinity to Sydractinia can still
be sustained.
We regret to say that the materials in the Salt-range collection belonging to
this latter group are very limited, and did not admit of any accurate judgment as
to the real affinities of these forms. We, therefore, are unable to advance any
definite opinion as to the real systematic position of these things, or to add anything
really new to our knowledge of them. Only so much we are able to state, that in a
certain number of fossil genera every trace of the former existence of stolonal tubes
is absolutely wanting, whilst in others at least the impressions of such can be ob-
served. The affinity of the latter to Sydractinia is above any doubt, but whether
the former are rightly placed in this vicinity must remain doubtful. According
to Mr. Steinmann's indications, this possibility is, however, not excluded, and thus
we let them remain in this position with all reserve.
The two groups, however, must certainly be made apparent, and thus we dis-
tinguish two families, the one of which bearing stolonal tubes will contain Sydrac-
tinia and its allies, the other without distinct stolonal tubes, we create to receive
Sphceractinia and similar forms. We thus have —
I. Family: SYDBACTINIDJ8.
Hydrophyton, horny or calcareous, consisting of stolonal tubes connected by
lamellar expansions in successive layers ; between these layers hollow interlaminar
spaces ; surface with larger and smaller spines, between which furrows extend.
1. Htdractinia, van Beneden. — Always encrusting, only sometimes forming
small branches ; recent, and fossil in tertiary and cretaceous beds.
956 SALT-EANGE EOSSILS.
2. Thalamina, Steinmann, 1878: Palaeontographica, vol. XXV, p. 112, pi.
XII, figs. 8, 9. — Hydrophyton more or less arborescent or polymorphous, consisting
of laminae which, are partly vertical, partly horizontal, thus forming a network
of more or less rectangular meshes. Structure otherwise very similar to that of
Hydr actinia. Typical species : Thalam. cottaldina, Orb. sp. The genus occurs
not rarely in Jurassic and cretaceous strata.
II. Family : SPH^RACTINIDuE, Waagen & Wentzel.
Hydrophyton always calcareous, consisting of concentric lamellae supported on
vertical pillars, which are sometimes also developed in a lamellar shape. Lamellse
and pillars are mostly pierced by more or less frequent openings. Stolonal tubes
have not been observed up to the present.
The general outline of the hydrophyton is roundish, spheroidal, elliptic or
cylindric.
1. Sph^ractinia, Steinmann, 1878 : Palseontographica, vol. XXV, p. 115, pi.
XIII, figs. 3, 7. — Hydrophyton spheroidal. Surface of the lamellae provided with
tubercles on which rather large canals open; smaller pores are disseminated
between them, the openings of which are placed on smaller tubercles. Vertical
pillars mostly alternating regularly. Typical species: Sphceract. diceratina,
Steinm. Jurassic of Stramberg.
2. Ellipsactinia, Steinmann, 1878 : Palseontographica, Vol. XXV, p. 116,
PI. XIV, Eigs. 1 — 7. — Hydrophyton ellipsoidal sometimes branching. Concentric
lamellae of somewhat variable thickness, pierced by numerous pores on their surfaces
sometimes with a network of grooves. Pillars very few, always oblique. Typical
species : Ellipsactinia ellipsoidea, Steinm. Erom the Jurassic deposits of Stramberg.
3. Pahkeria, Carpenter, 1870 : Philos. Transact., Vol. 159, pt. 2, p. 721, Pis.
( 72-76. — Hydrophyton more or less spheroidal, on the whole somewhat similar to
Sphceractinia, but the pillars are described as being hollow : cretaceous.
4. Lopttjsia, Brady, 1870 : Philos. Transact., Vol. 159, pt. 2, p. 743, Pis. 77-
80. — Hydrophyton ovoid. Lamellae not quite concentric, but more or less spirally
arranged, on the outer side compact, on their inner surface traversed by labyrin-
thine canals, which are also present in the pillars : eocene of Persia.
5. Sttlodictyon, Nicholson and Murie, 1879 : Journ. Linn. Soc, Zoology, Vol.
XIV. p. 221, PI. 3 figs. 1—3, nonfigs.4— 8.— Hydrophyton massive, having mastoid
processes, in which the lamellae are concentrically arranged, the centre of the pro-
cesses occupied by reticulated tissue. Lamellae and pillars traversed by numerous
openings. Typical species: Stylodict. retiforme, Nich. and Murie. Devonian
(Hamilton group) of North- America.
We have shown already that the two species subsumed by Nicholson and Murie
in the genus represent two very far deviating types, of which the first, Stylod.
columnare, Nich., according to the figures, appears to be something like Labechia,
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CXELENTERATA. 957
whilst the second, represented by Stylod. retiforme, Nich. and Murie, belongs to the
Sphceractinidce. We have ignored here in a provisional manner the first type, as
really intelligible figures of it do not exist, and have restricted the name to the
second type, as the figures of this are well intelligible, pending better information.
6. Circopoea, Waagen, and Wentzel, n. gen.— Hydrophyton cylindrical with
rare lateral protuberances. Single lamellae of a hemispherical shape supported on
radial pillars of about the same thickness as the lamellae. Both elements fre-
quently but irregularly perforated. Typical species : Circop. faveolata, "Waagen and
Wentzel, n. gen. et sp. Middle Productus-limestone of the Salt-range.
These are the forms belonging to the sub-order Tubularice which have been
found up to the present in a fossil state. We see that the family Bydractinidcc
commences in upper-mesozoic times and extends from there up into the actual seas,
where it has its greatest development. The family Sphosractinidce commences
already in the devonian epoch, has a single representative in permian times, and
finds its chief development in mesozoic strata, where not less than three genera
exist, to be at last extinguished in the lower tertiary beds.
In the Salt-range only the family Sphceractinidce is represented by a single
genus.
Genus : CIRCOPOEA, Waagen & Wentzel, n. gen.
The general shape of the hydrophyton is elongated, more or less irregularly
cylindrical, provided at intervals with large rounded blunt tubercles which ap-
parently sometimes develope into short lateral branches. The upper termination was
probably hemispherical, whilst the lower end was apparently more or less pointed,
whereby the general shape in smaller specimens becomes also very elongately re-
versedly conical.
The skeleton consists of a series of numerous hemispherical lamellae, all arrang-
ed concentrically in the direction of the longer axis of the hydrophyton. The
convex side of the lamellae is directed upwards, the concave side downwards. These
lamellae are connected together by numerous straight pillars or partitions, which are
all vertical to the surface of the lamellae. They are either narrow, and of equal
thickness throughout, or they are somewhat broader and thickened at both ends,
where they unite with the lamellae, also somewhat of a laminar nature.
The lamellae as well as the pillars are traversed by numerous pores, which are,
however, very irregularly distributed. They are somewhat more numerous in the
lamellae than in the partitions, and are in the former position often united in
groups.
The interlaminar spaces are very considerably broader than the laminae and are
subdivided in more or less rectangular or roundish chambers by the partitions or
pillars. These chambers communicate with those above and below through the
pores by which the lamellae are traversed, but also laterally they are mostly in com-
munication by the pores which traverse the partitions.
958 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The skeleton is riot always so regular as has been here described. Chiefly
when one of the tubercles mentioned above is being formed, the concentric lamellae
begin to become irregular and suddenly bend out strongly, so that two systems
of concentric lamella? are slowly formed, bending round two different centres.
Often also the partitions of several successive layers are placed approximately in
the same position and direction, and then form long, more or less straight, conti-
nuous calcareous walls, which often traverse the skeleton for rather long distances.
Other irregularities, which are also visible in our figures, cannot be satisfactorily
explained. They are probably also due partly to preservation.
In our figures (PL OXIX, fig. 2 a, b. and PL OXX, fig. 2 a, b.) we see also that
the cut edges of the lamellae as well as of the pillars often show a dark line in the
middle. This dark line corresponds to a structure which very generally occurs in
the corals proper, and which has been termed there the primordial wall.
The genus is rather nearly related to several of those genera which are enu-
merated above as belonging to the family Sphceractmidce. There is Sphceractinia
itself which must be compared. Pirst, the general shape of the hydrophyton in
both genera is different. Then, the structure is, on the whole, much more regular
in Steinmann's genus that it is in the Salt-range form. The pores on the lamella?
are much more numerous in our Circopora, and are not placed on warts, as is the
case in the Jurassic fossil. Thus, the difference between the two genera is rather
obvious.
Yet more nearly related than Sphceractinia is Mlipsactinia. In this genus
also cylindrical forms of the whole hydrophyton appear, and sometimes an attempt
is made towards the development of branches as in our fossil, but the internal
structure is considerably different. The concentric lamella? are much thicker, the
partition walls or pillars much more scarce and always oblique, and the canals
traversing the laminae much scarcer and larger, so that also in this case the distinc-
tion is not difficult.
The genus is represented in the Salt-range by two species, which will receive
the names of Circop. faveolata and Circop, tubulosa. In other parts of the world
the genus has not yet been detected.
1. Circopora faveolata, Waagen & "Wentzel, n. gen. et sp., PL CXIX, figs. 1, 2 ;
PL CXX, fig. 1.
Hydrophyton irregularly cylindrical or very elongately reversedly conical, ter-
minated at the upper extremity by a hemispherical outline, with the other end
probably attached to foreign bodies.
Lateral surface of the hydrophyton rather rugged, apparently covered with a
kind of epitheca, which has transverse irregular, but more or less parallel wrinkles,
but on the whole very badly preserved. There are at intervals large blunt tubercles,
the beginning of ramifications, which are, however, apparently never developed into
real branches.
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— C(ELENTERATA. 959
If the epitheca is worn off by weathering, as generally happens, the whole
surface is covered with more or less parallel lines, all somewhat vaulted towards the
upper end of the hydrophyton, and separated from each other by narrow furrows.
These lines are the edges of the lamellse of which the skeleton is composed, and
which are on the whole of a hemispherical shape. They are connected together by
vertical walls, which traverse the furrows, and thus form parallel series of little
cells, to which the name ought to allude. This structure is, however, well visible
only for short distances on the specimens that serve for description. Generally the
action of weathering has worn away a more or less considerable part of the skeleton,
and then this natural section is all covered with highly arched concentric lines,
between which off and on the little cells can be distinguished.
At the upper extremity of one of the specimens the last terminal lamella is
partly preserved, and one sees that the surface is rather smooth, without tubercles
and provided with numerous fine pores, which are rather irregularly distributed and
gathered here and there in irregular groups.
Otherwise there is but little to be said of the outward appearance of these things.
They are mostly rather badly preserved, and their real structure can generally only
be made out by microscopical sections.
In such sections one sees that the substance of the lamellse is very thin and
compact, often showing in the middle a dark line, a structural peculiarity which
can often be observed in the different parts of the skeleton of the Ccelenterata.
Horizontal and vertical sections do not look markedly different with regard to these
lamellae. They always form more or less concentrically arranged lines, according
to their approximately hemispherical shape. In both cases we see that they are
frequently perforated by small pores, in which case the cut edges of these lamellse
are resolved into dotted lines.
The partition walls, vertical lamellse or pillars, as one also may call them, look
on the contrary rather different in vertical and in horizontal sections. Chiefly they
are not contiguous as are the concentric lamellse ; and though of a lamellar nature,
they are mostly of very moderate extent. They are arranged more or less radially
in a horizontal as well as in a vertical direction, and are generally vertical to the
surface of the concentric lamellse. In horizontal sections (PL CXIX, fig. 2 a) they
generally do not traverse more than one interlaminar space, are very thin and of
equal thickness for their whole extent and are joined at sharp right-angles to the
substance of the lamellse. Sometimes, but not always, they show perforations. In
vertical sections (PL CXIX, fig. 2 b) they are, if possible, even still more irregular
than in horizontal ones. Por comparatively large distances they appear to be almost
entirely absent, whilst at other places they are rather thick and traverse obviously
four and five interlaminar spaces in succession. In other places again, these parti-
tion walls are restricted to a single interlaminar space. This irregularity is further
augmented by the mode of perforation that prevails. There are often for long dis-
tances no pores at all, whilst in other cases, chiefly when the partition walls are
F 2
960 SALT-EANGE EOSSILS.
restricted to a single interlaminar space, pores are of regular occurrence, and there
are even cases, where such walls are resolved into a series of dots.
Though this great irregularity prevails, yet the general arrangement of the
different parts of the skeleton can he deduced with sufficient certainty from the facts
ascertained from the microscopical sections.
The measurements of the specimens at our disposal are as follow : —
Entire length of the hydrophyton unknown.
Greatest thickness 15 to 18 mm.
Width of the interlaminar spaces 0'21 „ 0"28 „
Thickness of the lamellae about 0'°7 »
Locality and geological position.— There are altogether two specimens of this
species preserved in the Salt-range collection, which were both found by Mr. Wynne
in the middle Productus-limestone of Morah.
Remarks. — As regards the preservation of these fossils, it must be remarked
that, as in Mlipsactinia, so in the present species foreign bodies are very often
enclosed in the substance of the hydrophyton and a part of the irregularities of growth
are certainly caused by these.
It has already been stated above that the forms belonging to the genus Circo-
pora bear a more or less close resemblance to Sphceractmia and Mlipsactinia, and
this is chiefly in a high degree the case with the present species. Sphceractinia has
similarly thin lamellae, which on the whole are also rather similarly arranged. But
whilst these lamellae are pierced by numerous holes in our Circopora faveolata, they
are nearly compact in Steinmann's genus, and canals or holes piercing the lamellae
are only rarely to be observed, and thus the similarity is only an apparent one.
Quite the same is the case with Mlipsactinia. Here the similarity is yet a more
distant one. The lamellae are much thicker, of an entirely different structure, and
the partition walls are very rare and always strongly oblique. The perforations of
the lamellae, on the contrary, are similar in both fossils.
With regard to other forms, as Parkeria or Lqftusia, there also exists a certain
similarity, which is however only quite surperficial.
2. Circopora TTJBULOSA, Waagen & Wentzel, n. gen. et sp., PL CXX,
fig. 2.
Hydrophyton irregularly, elongately, cylindrical ; not quite straight but various-
ly bending; provided at intervals with blunt tubercular processes, giving the
impression of a commencing ramification. Upper end hemispherically rounded ; the
lower extremity is not preserved.
Lateral surface of the hydrophyton very rugged, bending out and in the most
irregular manner, but not sufficiently well preserved to observe whether an epitheca
was present or not,
If the surface is somewhat worn, the same lines appear as have been described
in the preceding species, but everything is of a coarser nature. The substance of
PRODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTEEATA. 961
the lamellse is much thicker, and their distances much larger. Otherwise they are
similarly arranged. If the weathering only just touches the surface, the lines
appear more or less straight, though rather irregular. If the weathering proceeds
deeper, the lines become more and more vaulted, until towards the centre they are
semi-cireularly arched. The lamellse are connected together by partition-walls or
pillars, which cause a reticulated appearance of the weathered surfaces.
The surface of the uppermost terminal lamina cannot be observed, as it is covered
up by rock matter.
The true characters of the species can only be recognised in microscopical sec-
tions. We have figured such sections on PL CXX, fig. 2 a, b, of which fig. 2 b
is a horizontal and fig. 2 a a vertical section. "We see at once in these sections that
the solid parts, forming the skeleton, are rather robust, and exhibit generally not
straight, but to a certain extent rounded outlines ; this is caused by the circumstance
that the median portion of each single part of the skeleton is attenuated, whilst both
ends are more or less swollen, whereby rounded pores and canals are circumscribed,
quite different from those described in the preceding species. The lamellse forming
the concentric layers, of which the whole skeleton is composed, are well distinguish-
able in both sections. They are of tolerably equal thickness for longer distances, often
traversed by pores and frequently joined by partition- walls, which are strongly broad-
ened at the points of junction and considerably attenuated in the middle. Also there
appears often in the middle of these hard parts a dark line or else a dark mark,
which is caused either by structural peculiarities or by a singular mode of preservation,
but never indicates the existence of fine canals in the centre of these parts.
The interlaminar spaces are of considerable width, but rather irregular in their
extent, often interrupted or displaced, but on the whole following a concentric
arrangement. The partition-walls or pillars are still far more irregular, and often
absent for longer distances. , At other places they are again more numerous, and
then often continued through a series of successive interlaminar spaces. They are
not perforated by pores so frequently as the lamellse. Where their distribution is
somewhat more regular, rounded canals or chambers are partitioned off by them,
which acquire a nearly circular outline by the singular development these partition-
walls have attained.
In the horizontal section (PI. CXX, fig. 2 b) one sees a number of successive
concentric lamellse which show there a singular diverging arrangement, which is
caused by the circumstance that the figure represents that part of a section where
one of the external tubercles is just on the point of developing. Between these con-
centric lamellae the partition-walls or pillars extend here in a tolerably regular
manner and circumscribe nearly circular canals or chambers.
In the vertical section (PL CXX, fig. 2 «) which is taken not far from the
centre of the hydrophyton, the interlaminar spaces appear much wider, and inter-
rupted by but few partition-walls, which are partly incomplete. Towards the right
of the figure the skeleton becomes irregular on account of the intrusion of a foreign
body (Dybowskiella).
962 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The measurements are as follow : —
Entire length of the hydrophyton unknown.
Greatest thickness 21-0 mm.
Thickness of the concentric lamellse ........ O'l — 0'12 „
Width of the interlaminar spaces ........ 0"4 — 0'5 „
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species, preserved
in the Salt-range Collection, was found by Mr. Wynne in the middle Productus-lime-
stone of Morah.
Remarks. — As in the preceding species so also in this one, the regular growth
of the hydrophyton is often interrupted by foreign bodies that are included in the sub-
stance and have been overgrown by the colony. In this respect a certain similarity
to Ullipsactmia cannot be denied, but whilst in Steinmann's genus these foreign
bodies do not influence the growth of the whole hydrophyton, in the present
form this influence is rather considerable, as appears from our figures.
The nearest relation of the present species is beyond doubt the species previous-
ly described under the name of Circop. faveolata, "W . and W. The external shape
of the two species is nearly identical, and it would be impossible to distinguish
between the two ; but in microscopical sections a difference would soon become appa-
rent. In fact, in the intimate structure the two forms are as different as they are
similar in external appearance. If we compare the microscopical sections of the two
species, drawn on PI. CXIX, and PL OXX, we see immediately that this difference
chiefly lies in the different structure of the skeleton. Every part of this species is
more robust than in the preceding one : the thickness of the coneentric lamellse is 0*1
to0"12mm. in Circopora faveolata, the same is 0"6to 0"Smm. in the present species.
The interlaminar spaces, which are 0*21 to 0'28mm. in the first species, are 0-4 to
0-5mm. in the present one ; this difference is so considerable that on weathered surfaces
it can be observed even with the naked eye or with a common pocket-lens. But also
the shape of the different parts of the skeleton shows considerable differences. The
partition-walls, or pillars, are considerably broadened at the points of junction with
the concentric lamellse, and thus circumscribe round holes or tubes, to which cir-
cumstance the name Circopora tubulosa is meant to allude. Thus, we see that the
two certainly represent different species, but on the other hand they are also again so
much in accordance with each other, that they certainly belong to one and the
same genus,
There is, however, yet another fossil with which the present species must be
compared ; this is Stylodictyon retiforme, Nichols, and Murie. The transverse or
horizontal section represented on PI. Ill, fig. 3 of Nicholson and Murie's paper shows
towards the centre similar rounded cells, but more towards the periphery this character
soon disappears, and the whole becomes more similar to Circop. faveolata, though
somewhat more irregular. On the whole there is no doubt a certain similarity of type
between Stylodictyon and Circopora, but the reticulated tissue in the centre of the
columns and the massive form of the hydrophyton in Stylodictyon make a generic
distinction between the two absolutely necessary, and thus also the specific similar-
ity between Styl. retiforme and Circop. tubulosa is only an apparent one.
PBODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BRYOZOA. 963
SUPPLEMENT TO THE BRYOZOA.
Eamily: BETALOBORIDJE, Waagen.
In the course of investigations regarding the corals of the Salt -range, we had
occasion to study in detail two small fossils, which to all appearance belonged to the
genus Rhombopora of Meek, and at first we took them to be corals. But after we
had made several sections, as many as the very scanty material would allow, we soon
found, that the mode of gemmation prevailing in these Rhombopora was not in
any way similar to that occurring in the corals, but was absolutely identical with
what we generally found to be the case in the Bryozoa ; thus, we could not de-
scribe these two fossils among the corals, and having recognised them to be Bryozoa
we are obliged now to give a supplement to this class for the description of these
two little species.
After having shown the probability that a great many of the fossils formerly
described under the names of Ceriopora or Seteropora are in reality corals and not
Bryozoa, it is impossible to employ either of these names any longer for the desig-
nation of a family composed of organisms belonging to the Bryozoa, so we are
obliged to look out for another name.
There exists beyond doubt a group of forms among the Bryozoans, in which all
the cells are not of the same size, but in which there occur so-called interstitial tubes
between the larger cells. Among these forms the genus Petalopora, Lonsd., has been
studied most in detail as to its mode of gemmation, and is shown beyond any doubt
to belong to the Bryozoans. Thus, we have chosen this genus for the formation of
a family name.
We comprise in this family arborescent colonies of Bryozoans in which small
interstitial tubes are intercalated more or less frequently between the proper cells.
All the cells take their origin in the centre of the branches and are there produced
by gemmation, in the mode characteristic of Bryozoans. According to this definition
the genus Rhombopora falls also within the scope of the family. It is represented
in the Salt-range by two species.
Genus: RHOMBOPORA, Meek.
Meek characterises the genus in the following manner : —
" Small ramose corals, with non-septate short tubular cells, radiating obliquely
outward and upward on all sides from an imaginary axis ; cell-mouths rhombic or
rhombic-oval, and very regularly arranged in longitudinal and oblique spiral rows,
the former of which are sometimes separated by more or less flexuous longitudinal
ridges ; interspaces usually rather thick, and not pierced by transverse pores, but
occupied by very minute non-septate longitudinal cells that are closed and repre-
sented at the surface by minute granules or spinules."
964 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
To this definition but very little need be added. It should be at once remarked
that the present genus does not belong to the corals but to the Bryozoa, as is shown
most clearly by Mr. Meek's own figure, where the longitudinal section most clearly
exhibits the mode of gemmation prevailing in the latter.
As regards the little granules mentioned in Meek's diagnosis, it is worthy of
notice that this is only a secondary character, caused by preservation, though it
may be present in most species. The cause of this character is the accumulation of
sparry matrix at the mouths of such very narrow canals, which often protrudes in
hemispherical masses and is of very general occurrence in widely different fossils.
The genus Hhombopora is most nearly related to Petalopora, Lonsdale, but is
distinct from it by the more or less regular arrangement of the cells in oblique rows,
and by the absence of those longitudinal ridges which subdivide the surface of most
species of Petalopora, causing an arrangement of the cells in more or less regular
vertical rows.
The genus is represented in the Salt-range by two species, which are both new.
1. Rhombopoka obliqtta, Waagen, n. sp.
Fig. 31, Ehombopoea obliqtta, Waagen, n. sp. Specimen from the middle Productus-limestone of 'Eafirkot : (a) lateral
view of the fragment ; (b) transverse section of the lateral bianch, badly preserved, both enlarged ten times.
The entire colony is arborescent, composed of small straight stems which bifur-
cate at intervals, and which have an approximately circular, or only very slightly
compressed, transverse section. The thickness of the branches is 2 to 3 mm.
They are composed of short tubes, which originate in a single line in the centre
and extend thence upward and outward. They are separated from each other by
rather thick walls in which the interstitial tubes are imbedded. The latter are about
ten times thinner than the other tubes.
The openings of the tubes on the surface are generally oval and arranged regu-
larly in quincunx, so as to form very steeply ascending oblique rows. They are
comparatively rather large, each of them about 025 mm. in the transverse, and 05
mm. in the longitudinal direction. There are five to seven cells within one oblique
row.
PEODTTCTUS-LIMESTONE.— BEYOZOA.
965
The spaces between the cells are occupied by little granules, which surround the
cells on all sides, and do not mark off very distinctly rhombic spaces ; on the whole
they are, however, arranged in single rows. The granules are made up of spary
matter and indicate the position of the interstitial tubes. There are none more
conspicuous than the rest by greater size or in any other way.
Locality and geological position. — The only fragment of this species in the Salt-
range collection was found by myself in the middle Productus -limestone at
Kafirkot (Trans-Indus).
Remarks. — The present species belongs to that group of forms which bear a
rich ornamentation, and to which belong, of other species, Rhomb, lepidendroides,
Meek, Rhomb, interporosa, Phill., and Trematop. granulifera, Hall, which is
probably also a Rhombopora. The form which is most similar to the Indian fossil
is the last of the three mentioned. It comes from the Niagara group of Indiana
and has been described by Hall in the twenty-eighth Annual Beport of the New York
State Museum. It is distinct from the species here under description solely by the
more sparingly distributed granules between the cells and by the more slender
branches. This all, however, applies only to the outward appearance. The internal
structure of the American species is not known, and it may well be that it is not
a Rhombopora at all, but some form belonging to the Monticuliporidce.
Next in similarity comes Rhombop. interporosa, Phill., from the mountain -lime-
stone of Yorkshire. This species has much more slender branches, and the cells are
much smaller, and comparatively further distant from each other.
Rhomb, lepidendroides, Meek, is much more regular in its sculpture, and the
oblique rows of cells are much less steep.
2. Ehombopoba polyporata, Waagen, n. sp.
Fig. 32, Rhombopoba polypobata, Waagen, n. sp. Fragmentary specimen from the topmost beds of the upper
Productus-limestone of Virgal: (a), lateral view; (J), transverse section of another specimen, both enlarged
ten times.
966 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
The shape of the entire colony is apparently arborescent, but only fragments are
known to me. They represent small straight branches, which sometimes bifurcate.
The transverse section is mostly not circular, but more or less oval or compressed,
chiefly at the spots where a bifurcation takes place. The diameter of the branches
is on an average 2mm.
The branches are composed of little tubes which originate at an imaginary axis,
and diverge thence upward and outward. They are present in great numbers, and
give to the branches somewhat the appearance as if belonging to Geinitzella or the
like. But on a closer examination one soon finds, that the mode of gemmation is
that characteristic of Broyozoa. The walls between the tubes are rather thick,
and pierced by numerous very thin interstitial tubes.
The surface of the branches is remarkably smooth, without distinct subdivision
into rhombic spaces, nor are there any granules surrounding the cell -openings.
The cell-openings are very small and of an oval shape. Their longer diameter
is about 02mm., the shorter one 0-lrnm. They are about their own diameter
distant from each other. These distances are occupied by numerous interstitial
pores, which are very fine, all of about equal size and generally arranged in single
rows. The cell-openings are distributed rather indistinctly in quincuncx, so that
more or less regular vertical and oblique rows can be distinguished. There are
thirteen to fourteen such openings within one of the oblique rows.
Very rarely there occur a kind of maculse, where no large openings are present,
but the whole is occupied solely by interstitial tubes.
Locality and geological position.— There are two fragments of this species
preserved in the Salt-range collection, which were both found by myself in the
topmost beds of the upper Productus-limestone of Virgal.
Remarks. — This species also is again more or less nearly related to Rhombop.
interporosa, Phill., as the entire arrangement of the cells and distribution of the
pores between them is very similar in both species. On a closer comparison, however,
one finds again that the branches are much more robust and the cells more
numerous, as there are up to 14 cells contained in one oblique row. Another
peculiarity consists in the circumstance, that the pores between the cells are in the
present species often arranged in vertical rows, as in Retalopora.
From the species described above, the present one is distinct by the much
smaller cells.
On the whole, it is remarkable how much the present species resembles a true
Retalopora, and one might even be doubtful whether it should not be rather de-
scribed in that genus. I have left it in the genus Rhombopora on account of the, on
the whole, quincuncial arrangement of the cells and of the absence of vertical
prominent ridges on the surface. It cannot, however, be denied, that this species
forms to a certain extent a transitional link between the geologically older Rhombo-
porce and the more recent Petaloporce.
PRODUCTtTS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 967
Class: AMORPHOZOA.
Order: PHARETRONES.
Sub-Order : SPHINCTOZOA.
Family: SPHJEBOSIPSONID^.
In treating of the present class of animals, we rather prefer to use the name
of Amorphozoa, introduced by Blainville, than that of Spongitce or Spongiaria applied
by Grey, Fleming, or Milne-Edwards. The latter name seems to us too concrete,
applying chiefly to the bath-sponges, whilst very many other and widely different
things must also be included in the class. Then the name Amorphozoa is so very
appropriate to the organisms here under consideration that it would be a pity that
such an excellent name should not be made use of. Moreover, the name Amorphozoa
is more in accordance with the names applied to the other classes of Ccelenterata,
and Amorphozoa, Hydrozoa, Anthozoa sound very well together.
This, however, implies that we consider the Amorphozoa as belonging to the
Ccelenterata. There are many reasons for doing so, as will be explained later on,
but all, or most, of these are not so much founded on their general organization as
on their minute structure ; and it is well known, and has been adduced already by
SteinmanD, that the skeleton elements of certain Amorphozoa are astonishingly
similar to those of the Alcyonaria.
If, however, they are Qozlenterata they are a very degenerate set, which have
even altogether lost their stomach, the chief criterion of the Gcelenterata. The
chimney-like cavity which is present in the centre of many forms can certainly not
be considered as such, as it is only of accidental occurrence. This degeneration has
been brought about by the fundamental mistake committed by these animals, that
they attach themselves as Oastrulce by the oval end of their body to foreign bodies,
whereby the mouth and stomach could be of no further use to them and so
became entirely obliterated. Naturally the animals must make up as best they can
for this deficiency, but a real stomach they never attain. There is a cavity often
developed on that end of the body opposite the mouth, and this cavity corresponds
probably to the chimney-like cavity of certain forms ; but as there is no real mouth
there is no real stomach, the cavity serves only for the ejection of water, and the so-
called osculum at the end of it must rather be considered as anus than as mouth.
The means of nutrition are probably chiefly effected by the numerous canals
that traverse the body of these animals.
That in their essence these organisms are related to the Coelenterata and only
degenerate by quite abnormal circumstances, is shown partly by the mostly radial
arrangement of these canals, by the similarity of the elements of their skeleton to
g2
968 SALT-EANGE FOSSILS.
those of the Alcyonaria, and by the close approximation of certain forms to the
Corals, as will be demonstrated later on.
It is impossible to begin the description of any form belonging to the sponges,
without recurring to Zittel's most important papers on the structure of the animals
belonging to this class.
Zittel in his Handbook distinguishes seven orders within the class ; of which,
however, only five have been found up to the present with certainty in a fossil state.
The last of these is made up of the Calcispongice, of which the Pharetrones form
only a family.
The living forms of the Calcispongice, which are found in rather great numbers
in our present seas, are all characterised by a skeleton, which is made up numerous
simple or three-radiate or four-radiate calcareous spicules, which are often packed
together in great numbers, forming thick walls, which, however, always remain free
and are never blended together, nor forming a meshwork, as in the Hexactinellidce,
nor in any other way.
The Pharetrones are a group of forms that occur in a fossil state only, and
which possessed a calcareous skeleton, as is amply proved by Zittel's investigations ;
and by the more recent studies of Dr. Steinmann, who re-affirms Mr. Zittel's results
in this respect in all details. Nevertheless, the structure of the Pharetrones deviates
rather widely from that generally occurring in living Calcispongice, so much so that
the opinion has been expressed, that they should not be considered as belonging to
the Amorphozoa, but rather as some other form of the Ccelenterata, perhaps Alcyo-
naria.
The difference of all the Pharetrones from the Calcispongice consists chiefly in
the circumstance that either spicules are of rare occurrence, or can at least not be
distinguished, the entire walls consisting of a rather compact, perforated, calcareous
mass; or if spicules can be distinguished in greater numbers, then they are blended
together in different ways, but always forming a kind of fibres, in which they are
either entirely or only partly imbedded.
Nevertheless, we are far from asserting that there existed no connection what-
ever between the Pharetrones and the recent Calcispongice. On the contrary, we
believe that a line of continuous development can be established from the Phare-
trones to the Calcispongice. This development manifests itself in several ways.
First in the development of the spiculse. In the palseozoic genera and species of
Pharetrones only simple fusiform spicules occur ; in the cretaceous species tri-radiate
spicules are of frequent occurrence ; and in the recent Leucones tri-radiate and four-
radiate forms by far predominate. As the last remnant of the fibres of the Phare-
trones is to be considered probably the plaster-like substance called " Stabchen-
Mbrtel " by Hackel, occurring in the Leucones. Second, in the development of the
canal-system. This is very simple in the palaeozoic Pharetrones, more developed
in the cretaceous ones, and of an extreme degree of development in the recent
Leucones. Now we think it not quite impossible that the hard parts may have
degenerated, the compact shelly parts and fibres being dissolved into spicules, in
PR0DUCTUS-L1MEST0NE.— CCELENTEKATA. 969
favour of the development of the canal-system. Though all this may have been
the case, the Pharetrones must yet have been in their general structure very far
deviating from the recent Calcispongice ; and the tissues that secreted the compact
shelly layers and fibres in the Pharetrones must have been more similar to those of
the corals than the tissues of the recent Calcispongice. It appears thus more or less
doubtful if such a development could be termed a progressive one. It is only so in
a certain sense.
The materials contained in the Salt-range collection (all Sphinctozoa) are
tolerably extensive, though not representing a great number of genera and species,
but, we regret to say, these materials are rather indifferently preserved, and the
substance of the walls is always transformed into a sparry mass, in which it is im-
possible to distinguish any structure. Thus, we are not in a position to add many
new facts to those already made known with regard to these organisms by Zittel,
Steinmann, and Dunikowsky.
The latter has more recently treated in detail some of the Pharetrones ; but,
though his work is otherwise so excellent, it seems to us that with regard to the
fibres he has caused the questions here at stake rather to be obscured than cleared
up, as he considers the fibres of which the skeleton of the Pharetrones is generally
made up to be secondary elements, produced only by the process of fossilisation.
Dunikowsky must admit that these fibres are of very general occurrence in the
Pharetrones, and that there are no forms among the whole order in which they
would be absent, and which would be composed of more or less free spicules. If
the fibres were of secondary origin and produced only by the influence of the
decomposing organic matter upon the calcareous spicules and the fossilising sub-
staDces, it would be difficult to understand how in all cases the same effect was
attained, resulting in the formation of compact fibres. According to Dunikowsky's
views the fibres are really of inorganic nature and include only fragments of organic
substance, i.e., those parts of the spicules which have not entirely been dissolved.
If this is the case, then it is very strange how the whole fibres have been replaced
by silica in silicified specimens, as it is the rule in the process of silicification that
only the organic tissues are replaced by silica, whilst all that is not organic remains
of a calcareous nature. That the entire fibres are transformed into silica is amply
proved by Zittel's own observations, and thus it becomes highly probable that they
are of organic nature, and not of secondary origin. Besides this, there is sometimes
a distinct structure distinguishable within the fibres, and sometimes even something
like a primordial fibre can be observed comparable to the primordial walls in corals,
and followed on both sides by secondary thickenings. From all this it becomes
highly probable that the fibres are an original feature of the Pharetrones, restricted
to the order and distinguishing it from all the rest of the Amorphozoa. Thus,
though the skeleton elements of the Pharetrones are of a calcareous nature, yet
these organisms cannot be placed together with the Calcispongim of our present seas.
The fibres of the Pharetrones are of very different development in the different
forms : in some their original composition of spicules, melted together by organic
970 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
calcareous substance, is very conspicuous ; whilst in others this composition almost
entirely disappears, the fibres being transformed into porous calcareous walls or
even into compact lamellae, which in every respect can be compared to the lamellae
forming the vesicular tissue in corals.
The most remarkable forms in this latter respect have been described by
Steinmann under the names of Amblysiphonella, Sebargasia, Qryptococlia, Sollasia,
&c. This group is largely represented in the Salt-range, and we had good means for
studying the structure of the skeleton. As in all the Sphinctozoa, it is composed of
a series of hemispherical or shortly cylindrical pieces. Sometimes there is a central
tube, sometimes not. Each piece has a thick strongly porous wall covering the
peripheral and upper parts, and lining the central tube, if there is one. The lower
surface remains free, and is occupied by the upper part of the wall of the preceding
piece. In this manner a series of chambers is formed, and specimens in which a
central tube is present are not unlike the shell of an Orthoceras with a wide central
siphon. The chambers thus formed are filled with a very irregular vesicular tissue,
not dissimilar to the vesicular tissue of some Tetracoralla, such as Cystiphyllum,
Strephodes, &c, the single vesicles being chambered off by irregularly curving
shelly lamellae.
Regarding the finer structure of the elements of the skeleton, the outer wall is
pierced by two sets of very numerous pores, larger and smaller, as in a sieve. The
larger ones are easily perceptible with the naked eye, arranged more or less in quin-
cunx ; the smaller ones are extremely numerous, and well distinguishable with a
common pocket-lens. The walls of the vesicles on the contrary appear, even if
strongly magnified, as thin compact shelly lamellae. So far no spicules have been
detected by us within these parts of the skeleton. The rock, however, that surrounds
these parts, often swarms with small, single, fusiform spicules, which have often a
thorny surface, and sometimes have the central canal preserved. As spicules are
not of very general occurrence in the calcareous rocks of the Salt-range, it is some-
what surprising to meet them here so frequently, and the supposition appears not
very hazardous that these spicules were originally imbedded in the soft parts of the
animals that also produced the other hard parts of these bodies.
The evidence of the features we have exposed up to the present is of a some-
what conflicting nature. The greater part, it must be confessed, is not entirely in
favour of the opinion that these fossils should be considered as Amorphozoct , but the
compactness of the hard parts and the existence of a vesicular tissue rather points
to the conclusion of these organisms being real corals, perhaps Alcyonaria, as
advocated by Steinmann, rather than Amorphozoa. On the other hand, there are
some features which forbid their being placed with the true corals. This is chiefly
the great porosity of the walls, which are like a sieve, and must have allowed a free
percolation of the sea-water. We must admit such a supposition, as in forms with
hemispherical pieces or segments the water would have had no access to the interior
of the animals, the chambers being closed all round, except by these pores, and thus
these cannot have been closed by organic matter. But then the body of these
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE,— CCBLENTERATA. 971
Sphinctozoa must have been very differently constructed from that of real corals and
must have been much more similar to that of the Avnorphozoa.
Another feature that is not developed in the Indian materials, but which is
otherwise of frequent occurrence, is the existence of numerous ostia on the surface
of many forms, such as Enoploccelia, Steinm., Sollasia, Steinm., Celyphia, Pomel,
&c. These in connection with the central tube with its osculum, as in Enoploccelia,
give an appearance to these things so entirely amorphozoic that their real nature
can barely be doubted.
To these features must be added the occurrence of spicules, either imbedded
in the soft parts or forming part of the fibres.
All this taken together, the greatest probability seems to be that the Tharetrones
are in reality sponges, though they cannot be united with the Calcispongia of our
present seas, but deviate rather far from them.
On the other hand, it cannot be denied that they are rather nearly related also
to the real corals, chiefly the Alcyonaria, This proves two things : first, that the
Amorphozoa form most probably part of the Ccelenterata, and not of the Protozoa ;
and second, that the Tharetrones are the most highly organized of all the Amor-
phozoa, approaching in their structure very near the true corals, thus obliterating
more or less the fundamental difference that exists in the development of corals and
sponges, the former fixing themselves in the gastrula state by the closed ab-oral end
of their body to foreign bodies, the latter doing the same by the mouthed end.
Only later on, the latter develop at the opposite end a central cavity which is
probably to be considered as morphologically different from the gasteral cavity of
the corals. Nevertheless, it seems that both can develop into forms which approach
each other very closely.
We thus may be justified in considering the Pharetrones as an order of sponges
by themselves ; forming to a certain extent a transitional link between sponges and
corals, distinct from the first by a more solid skeleton and from the latter by per-
forated walls of the body allowing the sea- water to enter laterally.
Steinmann distinguishes among the Sphinctozoa four families, of which two,
the Sphcerosiphonidce and the Sphceroccelidce, are represented in the Salt-range.
Steinmann (Neu. Jahrb. f. Min. 1882, II. p. 163) characterises the family
Sphcerosiphonidce in the following manner. The family is distinct from the " Sphce-
roccelidce by the presence of a more or less perfect central tube, from the Vertieilli-
tidce by the absence of a fibrous tissue filling the interior of the segments. "Walls
pierced by straight or but little curved canals; a central osculum present. Only
Enoplocozlia is covered with a thick epitheca, which is perforated by a greater num-
ber of small ostia. Fibres of the skeleton, as far as their structure can be made out,
consisting of long, slender spicules, without an axial canal."
To this definition we may perhaps add that in the forms of the Salt-range a
vesicular tissue is present, occupying the interior space of the segments.
In the Salt-range only a single genus, belonging to the family, has been found
up to the present.
972 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Genus: AMBLYSIPHONELLA, Steinmann.
As Mr. Steinmann has not formulated a real diagnosis of the genus, but de-
scribed only the single species at his disposal, we must try to find out such charac-
ters as appear of importance for the characteristic of the genus.
It may, we think, best be characterised in the following manner : —
Body elongated, more or less cylindrical, with many transverse successive fur-
rows, by which the entire body is divided into single segments. Each segment shows
a rather thick solid outer wall, which is slightly convex on the outer side, then bends
inwards, becoming approximately horizontal, and then again bending down, forming
thus an inner wall, and giving a ring-shaped appearance to all these segments. In
such a manner a wide central tube is formed, which traverses the body for nearly
its entire length and terminates at the upper extremity in a comparatively large os-
culum. At the base of the body of the sponge it terminates on a shelly vesicular
tissue, the same tissue with which also the hollow space of each segment is either
partly or entirely filled up.
The wall which thus covers the outer upper and inner side of each segment
shows everywhere on its surface pores of two kinds ; smaller ones which are present
in very great numbers, and larger ones which are less numerous, arranged somewhat
in quincunx and easily visible to the naked eye. These pores form the entrances to
little canals, which pierce the substance of the wall, are mostly straight, and general-
ly simple, only rarely bifurcating. The smaller pores also are in connection with
canals, but these are mostly obliterated by the process of fossilisation. The sub-
stance of the wall is finely granular, but we were not able to distinguish any spicules.
Besides this, Steinmann describes a network of dark bines between the pores and
surrounding them, which we were able to observe only in a very imperfect manner.
The walls of which the vesicular tissue is made up show, on the contrary, no
structure whatever. Steinmann had already observed this fact. We have figured
numbers of sections, highly magnified, but there were never any pores observable.
The whole wall consists of a compact shelly mass, without a trace of spicules or any
other structure.
The only spicules we observed were contained in the rock that surrounds the
fossil, and it is probable that they were originally imbedded in the soft parts of the
animal. They are all simply fusiform spicules, sometimes curved, and often with a
thorny surface. An axial canal can be distinctly observed in some cases.
One of the strangest facts in the Indian species is the existence of a kind of
tabula? within the central tube. We shall have occasion to recur to this fact.
The genus has up to the present only been found by Barrois in the carboniferous
beds of Sebargas, in Asturia.
In India species belonging to the genus are of very general occurrence and have
been described already by Koninck. Among the materials at our disposal we can
distinguish four different species, which were all found in the middle Productus-
limestone.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 973
1. Amblysiphonella vesiculosa, Koninck, sp., PL CXXII, fig. 1.
1863. Orthoceras vesiculosum, Koninck : Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Lond. Vol. XIX, p. 15.
1863. Orthoceras rachideum, Koninck : ibid. p. 16.
1863. Orthoceras rachideum, Kon. et.
1863. Orthoceras vesiculosum, Kon. ; Fossiles pal£oz. de l'lnde, p. 5.
Already on page 67 of the present work the species here under description has
been mentioned, and it was stated there that it probably belonged either to the
sponges or to the Foraminifera. Upon a closer examination of the fossil we have
now decided on placing it with the former.
Mons. de Koninck's description is rather incomplete and must be replaced by
a new one, as the characters of the species are rather complicated.
None of the specimens at our disposal is complete. , The largest of these, being
but a fragment, has been figured by us, PI. CXXII, fig. 1. It is damaged at the
upper extremity as well as at the lower, but on the latter there are indications that
not much is wanting. The specimen consists of about 10 or 11 segments, of rather
unequal height, each very shortly cylindrical with slightly convex sides. In general
they are rather regularly placed one on the other, but some are somewhat more pro-
jecting, others are placed somewhat obliquely, so that the whole specimen becomes a
little curved. The height of the segments varies between 6 and 12 mm., but the
latter height is the rule. Towards the lower extremity the segments become indis-
tinct, and the whole is transformed into one vesicular mass, becoming at the same
time rapidly pointed. With this lower pointed extremity the specimen was either
attached to foreign bodies or inserted into mud or sand.
If we make a longitudinal or transverse section through the specimen, we find
that the centre is occupied by a large cylindrical tube, whilst each segment forms a
circular chamber around it. This structure led Mons. de Koninck to consider the
fossil as an Orthoceras, and it must be confessed that the similarity is very great.
The tube is traversed at intervals by calcareous lamellse, which look somewhat
like tabulae, as found in the tubes of corals ; but it is rather doubtful whether in
the present case these lamellse are not of a secondary nature, cracks, caused by the
drying up of the mud that once filled the tube, and afterwards infiltrated by carbo-
nate of lime.
The central tube is lined with a rather thick wall, consisting of pieces that cor-
respond to each single segment. The walls that separate the segments from each
other are common to two successive segments and somewhat thinner. The outer
wall of the segments, and thus the outer wall of the whole specimen, has been en-
tirely lost by weathering.
In most of the chambers an irregular number of vesicles can be distinguished,
which are generally attached to one of the walls or to each other; sometimes
however, strange to say, they appear to be quite free. Mostly the general
matrix occupies also the interior of the vesicles ; in some cases, however, they are
filled with a sparry matrix. Towards the base of the specimen these vesicles
H
974 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
augment in number, and the segments as well as the central tube are more or less
obliterated.
The structure of the different parts is characteristic. The thick wall of the
central tube is pierced by numerous mostly straight canals, which hare a width of
0"5 to l-5mm. The walls that separate the segments from each other are also fre-
quently perforated, and the canals are generally l'3mm. in diameter. The walls of
the vesicles, on the contrary, are nearly always without pores, but rarely here also
porous walls can be observed.
Under the microscope the walls appear always of a sparry nature and a minute
sjtucture cannot be observed.
In the rock, however, that fills the chambers, spiculse, as well as the shells of
foraminifera, are found. The spiculse are fusiform or curved, always simple, some-
times with an axial canal.
The measurements of the largest specimen are as follow : —
Entire length of the specimen . . . . . . . . .110 mm.
Breadth at the upper extremity ........ 38 „
„ „ lower „ 32
Average height of the chambers ........ 9 „
Width of the central tube 10-13 „
Locality and geological position. — The present species is restricted to the middle
Productus-limestone, and has been found at the following localities : — At Khura in
the grey limestones forming there the upper region of the middle division (2 sp.) ;
and at Bilot in the compact marbly silicious limestones composing chiefly the middle
region of the same division. From the same beds came apparently the specimens
contained in the Geological Society's collection.
Remarks. — From Mons. de Koninck's descriptions alone it would have been
rather difficult to decide what was meant under the names of Orthoceras vesiculosum
and rachideum, and I should not have been able to suggest anything in this direc-
tion, had not the Geological Society of London by the liberal loan of the specimens
from the Salt-range in its possession given me the opportunity to examine speci-
mens which were labelled in Mons. de Koninck's own handwriting, and which were
identical with what is now here described under the name. As the originals from
which Mons. de Koninck's description was drawn up have been lost, those specimens
in the Geological Society's collection may now be considered as such.
That I unite the two species distinguished by Mons. de Koninck into one, will
not appear very surprising, considering the fact that the variation in the outward
appearance of the several species is much greater in sponges than it is in Cephalo-
poda, and that thus the same fossils, if considered as the latter, can be easily separated
into different species, whilst they have to be taken as forming only one species if
considered as sponges. The differences indicated in Mons. de Koninck's descriptions
as existing between the two forms cannot be considered as sufficient for the distinc-
tion of two different species in this case, and thus we have united them under the
name of Amblysiphonella vesiculosa.
PRODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTER ATA. 975
The most characteristic features; of this species are that the specimens occur
always simple and seem not to have grown in colonies; that the central tube is very
large, and that this is enclosed by shelly parts which are very considerably thicker
than the remainder of the shelly coverings occurring in the fossil. Already Mons.
de Koninck has remarked this circumstance and mentions it in his description of
Orthoceras rachideum.
The only European species of Amblysiplionella that has been described up to the
present is Ambl. barroisi, Steinm., from carboniferous beds of Sebargas, in Spain.
This species cannot, however, be compared to any of the Indian forms, as on a first
glance its comparatively very small size distinguishes it sufficiently. But the struc-
ture is also considerably different.
2. Ambltsiphonblla radicifera, Waagen & "Wentzel, n. sp., PL CXXIII,
PL CXXIV, fig. 1.
The single individuals are more or less cylindrical and of a considerable length.
There are, however, no specimens at our disposal, which are entirely free ; all of
them are imbedded in a compact limestone and only sections of them are exposed to
view. These however are sufficiently instructive to give a complete idea of the
whole fossil.
Each individual is built up of single segments, which are on an average 8mm in
height and marked off from each other on the outer side of the specimens by shallow
furrows. The centre of the individual is occupied by a wide central tube, which
is rather irregular in its width, but which, on an average, measures also about 8mm. in
diameter. Thus each segment becomes ring-shaped, its wall is fastened by its lower
margin to the preceding segment, ascends for a little distance either straightly or
curving a little outwards, then bending rather straightly inside and again descending
to form the wall of the central tube. The thickness of the walls of the segments is
everywhere the same, not more thickened along the central tube, as is the case in the
preceding species. Within the hollows of each segment, vesicles of a most irregular
and variable shape are developed, which either occur singly or in groups, sometimes
filling the entire interior space of a segment and forming thus a regular vesicular
tissue.
The structure of the individuals is not the same everywhere. The central tube
disappears at a certain distance above the base, the segments become more and more
irregular and are at last dissolved into a mass of irregular vesicular cells, composing
often root-like appendages, and serving at the same time as a common base to several
individuals, spreading out in the most irregular manner. Thus two, three, or four
individuals may rise from the same basal mass of cells and diverge in different
directions. Irregularities of growth can often be otherwise observed. Sometimes
one sees at the upper end of an individual a second smaller tube inserted into the
original central tube, which thus attains quite an irregular shape, whilst it is other-
wise generally circular.
h2
976 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
The intimate structure of the different parts is the same as in other species.
The walls of the segments are everywhere pierced by numerous pores, which are 0"2
— 0"4mm in diameter; the vesicles, on the contrary, have mostly solid walls. In
some parts of the best preserved specimen a very singular structure obtains, which
has been represented on PI. CXXIII, fig. If. Most of the walls and partitions
appear as if double, divided in the middle by a dark stripe. This recalls very much
the condition of the walls in the Monticuliporidce, or of the septa in certain asteroid
corals. In these latter cases the dark line has been termed " primordial wall " or
" primary plate." "Whether in the case of the present Amblysiphonella this fact has
to be interpreted in a similar manner is very difficult to decide, and more observations
are necessary to make out whether or not only a singular mode of preservation
here obtains.
The species can attain very considerable dimensions and the single individuals
may grow to a length of 150 to 200mm. ; the specimens at our disposal are, however,
too badly preserved to give exact measurements. The general dimensions are
exactly represented by our figures.
Locality and geological position. — There were fragments of a large colony, con-
sisting of two individuals springing from the same basal heap of cells, in Dr. Ver-
chere's collection. The entire specimen was not sufficiently well preserved to give
figures of it ; a portion of it, however, has been figured by us on PI. CXXIII. The
specimen comes from the Trans-Indus continuation of the Salt-range, probably the
Rotta R.oh, and its rock matter shows unmistakably that it was found in the com-
pact marbly layers of the middle Productus-limestone. Another specimen, com-
posed apparently of only one large basal part or root from which several indivi-
duals took their origin, was collected at Virgal in the coal-beds of the middle Produc-
tus limestone.
Remarks. — The present species is rather nearly related to Ambl. vesiculosa
described above. The differences from that species consist chiefly in the basal heap
of cells and the root-like appendages it bears, in the altogether more irregular
growth, and in the walls, which are throughout of equal thickness in the species
here under description.
It cannot be compared to any other form,
3. Amblysiphonella multilamellosa, "Waagen & Wentzel, n. sp., PI. CXXIV,
fig. 2.
It is only a comparatively small fragment that serves for the description and
definition of the present species, but this shows such peculiar features that it must
be considered as a distinct species.
The fragment consists of two segments, and parts of a third. Each segment
is about 10mm. high and 30mm. in its transverse diameter. The fragment is traversed
by a very large central tube, terminating at the upper extremity in a large round
osculum, which is about 13mm. in diameter. The segments thus become of the shape
of rather narrow rings of about equal height and breadth,
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 977
On the outer and upper sides of the fragment, the -walls of the segments have
entirely disappeared by weathering. Only where the segments are in contact with
each other and along the inner side of the central tube the walls are preserved. In
consequence of the absence of the outer walls, the contents of the segments are ex-
posed to view, and it can be seen that they are crammed with vesicles. The inter-
nal structure of the fossil can, however, be better observed if sections are prepared,
and we have thus figured several. The central tube appears then partly filled with
rock matter, partly with crystals of carbonate of lime. The vesicles are extremely
irregular, in shape as well as in size, mostly quite independent of the outer and inner
walls of the segments, more or less irregularly globular. They all possess solid
walls, without pores. The walls of the segments, on the contrary, are all over per-
forated, the pores being about 0*2 to 0'3mm. in diameter.
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of the species available
for description was collected by Mr. Wynne in the middle Productus-limestone of
Morah. Another fragment, which however only doubtfully can be considered as
belonging to this species, comes also from Morah.
Remarks. — The present species is rather nearly related to the two previously
described, but yet shows peculiarities which forbid its union with one of these. The
most characteristic features of the present form consist in the enormously wide cen-
tral tube, in the comparatively thin walls that surround it, and the enormous
numbers of vesicles by which the interior of the segments is filled. By these pecu-
liarities the present species can be readily distinguished from Ambl. vesiculosa, as
well as from Ambl. radicifera.
Erom Ambl. barroisi, Steinm, it can be immediately distinguished by its much
larger size.
4 Ambltsiphonei^la sociax,is, Waagen & Wentzel, n. sp., PI. CXXV, fig. 2,
PI. CXXII, fig. 2.
There are only fragmentary specimens of this species at our disposal, but these
show very peculiar characters.
The individuals are either single or grown together in pairs for their whole
length. On the outer surface the division of the single individuals into separate
segments is not distinguishable ; they appear more or less smoothly cylindrical, with
irregular transverse folds.
In transverse sections or natural fractures, however, the walls separating the
segments from each other are often exposed to view, and it can easily be seen that
in general the structure of the present species is the same as that of the previously
described forms.
Peculiar to the present species are the enormously thick walls, which attain their
maximum chiefly in those lining the central tube. Here the wall attains a thick-
ness of 3'5mm., whilst the outer wall and the walls that separate the segments from
each other are only 2mm. thick, The enormous development of the wall of the cen-
978 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
tral tube causes the tube itself to become very narrow, and this is another peculiarity
of the species, which can be very easily recognised.
As in other species the single segments are here also hollow, and these hollow
spaces are partly and irregularly filled with vesicles.
A very strange thing occurring in this species is the union of two individuals
for their entire length, being laterally grown together. Where this is the case, the
outer wall is common to the two individuals, so that the two can only be dis-
tinguished by deep longitudinal furrows, which run along the whole fossil on op-
posite sides. In transverse sections one sees that in the interiors the two indivi-
duals are separated from each other by a separate piece of wall extending from one
furrow to the opposite one.
The minute structure of the walls is well distinguishable in sections, as well as
on the surface of the fossils. It consists in very numerous pores, larger and smaller,
of which, however, apparently only the former ones are the entrances to canals that
pierce the whole wall. These have a diameter of 0'2 to 0 3mm. Very much larger
are the pores that pierce the thick wall of the central tube ; their diameter being
from 0'75 to 1mm. The walls of the vesicles are mostly solid, as in other species.
In longitudinal sections there can be observed within the central tube some cal-
careous lamellae which look like irregular tabulse, but of which it is impossible to
state whether they are original features, or whether they have been produced by the
process of fossilisation.
As only fragments are at our disposal it is somewhat useless to give measure-
ments. As, however, the dimensions are somewhat variable, we shall at least give
the transverse measurements.
In the specimen, in which two individuals are grown together, we shall desig-
nate the larger individual as I and the smaller as II, whilst the single individual
receives the number III.
I.
II.
III.
29 mm
22 mm
Diameter of the central tube with the wall
• 13 „
12 „
6 „
„ „ „ „ without the wall
7 „
4 „
3 „
Locality and geological position. — The larger of the specimens, in which two
individuals are grown together laterally, is from the middle Productus-limestone
(coral beds) of Virgal, where such specimens seem not to be rare (2 sp.) ; whilst
smaller, single ones, were found at Morah and at Virgal, also in the middle Pro-
ductus-limestone.
Remarks. — It is very easy to distinguish the present species from all its allies
by the very narrow central canal, which is often surrounded by extremely thickened
walls.
A character which is not so apparent, but which is also very peculiar,, is the exis-
tence of comparatively very large canals, which pierce the wall of the central tube.
This character approaches the present species to a certain extent to the genus Sebar-
yasia of Steinmann. The characters of this genus are, however, still somewhat
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CKELENTERATA. 979
uncertain. Steinmann distinguishes it from Amblysiphonella by the presence of
somewhat wider canals in the walls of the central tubes, but though this character
alone is barely sufficient for the distinction of a genus, yet even this is not made out
with certainty, but Steinmann says that apparently such canals are present. Of
greater importance seems to us the circumstance that in Sebargasia the vesicles,
which are situated in the interior hollow space of the segments, and are of very
general occurrence in Amblysiphonella, are entirely absent. If we take this to be
the chief character of the genus, then the species here under consideration must
decidedly remain with Amblysiphonella and cannot be placed into Sebargasia, as
here the entire interior space of the segments is occupied by vesicles.
Family: STSJEHOQ(ELII>M, Steinmann.
Steinmann characterises the family in the following manner : —
" It consists of Pharetrones, composed of hollow segments, which are only oc-
casionally filled up in a peculiar manner. A central tube is absent. Walls either
solid or perforated. Structure of the walls simple or double. There exists either
only one large central osculum, or several smaller ones, or a large central and some
smaller ones."
In this definition the indication of the walls being sometimes double has not
been" confirmed by our o wn observations. In the Salt-range there are forms very
nearly related to Sollasia, Steinmann, which is said to possess double walls. In the
Indian forms, however, not a trace of such a double structure can be observed. The
irregular distribution of the black layer lining the two lower oscula in Mr. Stein-
mann's figures of Sollasia, whilst it is absent in the last one, &c, makes it not im-
probable that this is only a mineral deposit of a secondary origin on the inside of the
walls, as we have amply figured similar things in several species of Amblysiphonella,
for instance PL CXXIV, fig. 2g.
Mr. Steinmann quotes four genera in this family, but none of these is re-
presented in the Salt-range.
The forms represented there belonging to the family compose a new genus,
more or less nearly related to Sollasia, perhaps also to SphcBroccelia. We introduce
for this genus the name of Steinmannia.
Genus : STEINMANNIA, Waagen and Wentzel, n. gen.
The individuals belonging to this genus are composed of spheroidal segments,
which are all arranged in one line forming thus elongated bodies, which are gene-
rally not straight but curved in various directions. Each segment is on the outside
distinctly marked off from the adjoining ones by deep furrows, so that the whole
body takes an appearance like a string of large beads. If the upper surface is pre-
served or if a fracture just hits the line of junction between two segments, one sees
that each segment is nearly quite closed on the upper side and that only a compara-
980 SALT-RANGE POSSILS.
tively small round osculum remains in the centre, by which the chambers formed
by the single segments communicate with each other.
The chambers are either entirely or partly filled with vesicles.
The walls are perforated. The pores are of two sizes, smaller and large.
The individuals grow either singly or they are laterally united two or three to-
gether for their entire length.
It has been remarked above that the genus is rather nearly related to Sollasia,
Steinm. Like the present genus, Sollasia also consists of a series of spheroidal
chambers, in communication with each other by rather narrow oscula, which are
in the centre on the top of each chamber. The distinction of two different layers
within the substance of the shell, on which character great stress is laid by Dr.
Steinmann, does not seem to us of great importance, as it appears rather prob-
able that the inner layer is nothing but a mineral deposit. Nevertheless, there exists
a very fundamental difference between Sollasia and our Steinmannia ; as in the
former genus rather numerous small ostia are irregularly distributed over each seg-
ment, which are entirely absent in the latter. Moreover, the chambers in Sollasia
are empty whilst they are filled with vesicles in Steinmannia. It cannot thus be
doubted that the Indian fossil must be considered as forming a different genus.
On the same plate on which Sollasia is represented by Dr. Steinmann yet
another genus is figured which required some notice. This is Gryptocoelia, Steinm.
This genus is in so far somewhat similar to our Steinmannia, as the more or less
hemispherical segments are here filled with a network of somewhat radially ar-
ranged meshes, which perhaps might be compared to the vesicles occurring in the
interior of the chambers of the Indian forms. The similarity is, however, only a
distant one. Whilst in Steinmannia the vesicles have generally compact shelly
walls, which are in their structure quite different from the general wall of the seg-
ments, the walls of the meshes in Cryptoccelia are of the same description as the
outer wall of the segments, and appear more or less like processes sent out by that wall,
causing the entire segments to be filled with a spongy mass. This gives a quite
different character to the latter fossil and makes it necessary to place it in an
entirely different family from that to which our- Steinmannia belongs.
The genus is represented in the Salt-range by two species only, of which one
occurs in the upper, the other in the middle Productus-limestone.
1. Steinmannia salinaria, Waagen & Wentzel, n. gen. et sp., PI. CXXIV,
fig. 4, PL CXXV, fig. 1 a. b.
The whole body is of a more or less very elongate reversedly conical, or nearly
cylindrical shape, never quite straight but always slightly curved. It bears at
intervals deep contractions, so that the whole appears subdivided into nearly
spheroidal segments, which very slowly increase in size from bottom to top. The
lowest segment is the smallest one, and it was probably attached to some foreign
body.
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE.— CCELENTERATA. 981
The upper end is not known to us ; but on a natural fracture that terminates
our specimen in that direction, one sees that the last segment preserved almost en-
tirely, is closed at the upper extremity, and pierced only in the centre by a small oscu-
lum. It can thus be taken for granted that each segment is similarly provided with
such an osculum, and that the actual terminal segment showed an osculum on its
upper extremity.
By making a longitudinal section through the specimen one sees, that each
segment is closed all round, with the sole exception of the median osculum, forming a
spheroidal chamber. Within these chambers vesicles, very irregular in size and shape,
are more or less densely distributed, occupying, however, only rarely the entire
space.
The outer surface appears ever to the naked eye densely porous. Under a
lens one sees that there are two sets of pores, finer and larger, of which the former
are by far more numerous. Only the latter are visible to the naked eye.
In sections, the general walls of the segments are seen to be of considerable
thickness, 1*5 to 2mm. Only these are distinctly perforated, whilst the walls of the
vesicles appear to be compact. Under the microscope the substance of the walls
appears finely granular, but spiculae cannot be distinguished.
It is difficult to give measurements, as only a fragment is at our disposal, in
which not more than two segments are intact. The measurements of these are,
however, as follow : —
Height of the first (uppermost) segment ....... 25 mm.
Diameter „ „ „....••• 19 „
„ „ „ segment at lower end ....... 14 „
Height of the second segment ......... 12 „
Diameter „ „ ........... 17 „
Diameter of the osculum .....••••■ 3 „
Locality and geological position. — There is only a single specimen of this
species at our disposal. This was collected by Mr. Wynne north of Katwahi, in
the upper Productus-limestone.
Remarks.— The rather scanty materials are barely sufficient to describe the spe-
cies thoroughly. Chiefly the general shape must remain rather doubtful. If one
considers the section PL OXXIV, fig. 46., at the upper extremity, an irregularity of
growth is observable. To the right there is apparently a small lateral osculum and
at both sides of it the commencement of a small hemispherical chamber. If this is
really the case, then the species must have been arborescent, and we see here the
development of a new branch. The specimen is, however, so fragmentary that one
cannot become sure of the matter, though on the whole there is no great improbabi-
lity that these things were really arborescent.
There is no occasion to compare the present form with any other species, as up
to the present, so far as we are aware, nothing has been described that would
necessitate a closer comparison.
I
982 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
2. Steinmannia gemina, Waagen & Wentzel, n. gen. et sp., PI. CXXIV,
fig. 3. .
The whole fossil is elongated, laterally compressed, composed of numerous
spheroidal segments in two rows, which are laterally united and in which each seg-
ment is marked off by deep furrows.
"We consider the specimen as composed of two individuals, each row of segments
representing one ; they are laterally grown together in such a manner that the
lateral wall of one of the individuals is entirely absent, this part being in common to
the two.
The several segments are apparently sometimes in communication with each
other by small oscula, which are, however, only rarely observable.
The interior spaces of the segments are either entirely or partly filled up by
very irregular vesicles.
As in the preceding species, the walls are densely porous. The species must have
attained rather considerable dimensions, but it is very difficult to make out its exact
shape and extension, as it is always enclosed in massive, compact limestones, where
the shape of the fossils can only be studied in sections. As far as the measurements
can at all be taken, they seem to be as follow : —
Average height of the segments ........ 10 mm.
Greatest diameter „ „ ........ 14 „
Smallest „ „ „ 10 „
Diameter of the oscula (if present) ........ 2
Diameter of the two individuals ........ 27 „
Locality and geological position. — The only specimen of this species from the
Salt- range is preserved in a piece of compact limestone from Dr. Verchere's collection ;
it is probably from the Rotta Poh, and evidently came from the middle division of
the Productus-limestone.
Memarks. — The materials of the present species are yet by far more inadequate
than those of the preceding one, but as this form occurs at certain localities in
great numbers, though it be never possible to detach it from the rock, and takes
part in the formation of the coral reefs that are met with here and there in the
middle Productus-limestone, we thought it not advisable to pass it entirely in
silence.
Individuals up to two, three, or perhaps even more, are laterally united, forming
thus thick, vertical lamellar expansions, which curve in various directions, and
apparently sometimes send off branches. Thus complicated colonies are formed,
which can attain considerable dimensions.
Prom the preceding species, the present one is distinct by the more slender
shap e of the single individuals and by the remarkable lateral union of several such
individuals.
Sub-Kingdom: PROTOZOA.
By Dr. Conrad Schwagee, of Munich.
Class : RHIZOPODA.
Order : FORAMINIFERA.
Family: flUMMTJLINIDjfi.
Sub-Family: FUSULININj®.
Genus: FUSULINA, D'Orb.
Of the names quoted at the head of this paper, only the one belonging to the
order requires some remark, in explanation of my having used the name Foraminifera
of D'Orbigny in preference to others. By other authors the name Thalamophora is
generally used, but this seems to me a very inadequate one, as it could just as well
be employed for Cephalopoda with a chambered shell. The same remarks may be
applied to the term Beticularia, which has also been used by some. Thus, among
the names given to the order of old the one introduced by D'Orbigny, when calling
it Foraminifera, is the least objectionable. But even this one is not in all cases
quite appropriate, and I rather feel inclined to propose a new name, Thalamoprotista,
which more adequately than the others expresses the peculiarities of the order.
As regards the systematic arrangement of the forms more or less nearly related
to Fusulina proper, it is rather difficult to decide what way of proceeding ought to
be adopted. For the present it seems best to follow the arrangement used by H. B.
Brady, who characterises the genus Fusulina in the following manner : —
" Test fusiform or subglobular, chambers entire, or only subdivided by the in-
folding of the septal wall, aperture an elongated central fissure."
If the diagnosis is framed so, those forms that have been separated from Fusu-
lina under the name of Schwagerina do not fall within the scope of it, but must be
kept separate. The relation between the two groups is, however, a very close one,
and even the infolding of the septal walls occurs in certain species of the last genus
at the umbilical ends. Nevertheless, a distinction of the two genera can always be
effected without great difficulty, partly by the general aspect exhibited by the
different forms of Schwagerina, partly, as has been indicated already by Brady, by
the existence of true secondary septa. The latter character is, however, not always
equally strongly developed, and just the globular forms, which are otherwise the most
characteristic ones, show it only in a rather rudimentary state. Even Schwagerina
lepida, Schw., at the first glance, rather similar to Fusulina robusta, Meek, can
easily be recognised as belonging to the genus, if both forms be put side by side.
The case is a different one with Fusulinella, Moller, another form most nearly
related to Fusulina proper. According to Moller, this genus is chiefly characterised
Schwager ■ Carbonische E oraminiferen aus China u. Japan : Kichthofen's China, Vol. IV, pp. 109—118.
I 2
984 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
by the external wall simply bending down to form the septal walls. Brady has
taken Fusulinella to form nothing but a subgenus of Fusulina ; but it seems to me
that such a position would not quite rightly indicate the real affinities. There are
certain forms of Fusulinella which in their general habitus can barely be distin-
guished from Schwagerina. At the same time, there exist in some of the species at
both sides of the aperture, which are otherwise similar to the aperture of Fusulina,
thickenings which are extremely similar to those most characteristic for Schwa-
gerina, and thus it seems to me more advisable to approach Fusulinella to Schwa-
gerina rather than to Fusulina.
Though we thus arrive at satisfactory results with regard to the distinction of
genera, the same can hardly be said with regard to the distinction of species. The
question might even be raised in this respect whether different species can be at all
distinguished, and, if so, what limits ought to be given to them.
We all agree that in Nature real limits to the single forms do not exist, and
that all distinctions we introduce are to a certain extent of a more or less artificial
kind. The more we become acquainted with the different forms of organic life, the
more we get convinced that all is chained together in the most manifold manner,
the links running sometimes parallel, sometimes crossing each other, but always one
joining the other. If we now, in such a net-work of chains, want to make distinc-
tions,— and distinctions we must make for practical purposes, — this cannot possibly
be done without cutting the links to the right and left ; that is to say, without ignor-
ing the transitional forms that link our species to those to the right and the left.
Thus the species will always be abstractions to a certain extent ; but what part of
natural science can do without abstractions ? Even mathematics, as soon as they are
applied to natural objects as in geometry, astronomy, or natural philosophy, cannot
do without them. Even these start from the supposition of the equality of things
which are not equal in reality. They ignore to a certain extent variations that must
occur in nature and arrive at such abstractions just as well as other branches of
natural science do. But as, nevertheless, those mathematic disciplines have arrived
at such irrevocable results, so we may hope that also biology, if proceeding in the
same way, may at last arrive at results, which may be of similar value. Just as the
laws, by which nature is governed, have been detected in prosecuting those mathe-
matic disciplines, so the laws which are followed in the development of organisms
will at last be unravelled by biology. But long and consequent labour in compara-
tive anatomy, physiology, and palaeontology will be needed before those laws can
be fixed in so far as to be put into ruling sentences.
I have exposed in one of my former publications my views in this respect, and
have tried to show that each species can be considered as forming a mathematic
formula, in which the components are the forces which have been at work for the
formation of the species. These forces must, however, from the beginning be divided
in two different sets, the morphogenetic and the physiological forces, and this dis-
tinction is absolutely necessary if we want to arrive at formulae, which ought to be
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE— PROTOZOA. 985
of any value. The first which find their expression in the characters of the species
are of overwhelming importance, whilst the latter are only of secondary value. In
the formulae, which we thus suppose to exist, some of the components appear as
variable, others as constant, and the constants will evince more or less considerable
resistance if the form of any organic being is attacked, be it by the influence of out-
ward circumstances or other causes.
If, however, the external influences are stronger than the constants existing in
the organism, then these must give way. But at the same time the equilibrium
of forces which beforehand existed in such an organism is then considerably shaken,
a new arrangement must take place, and it not rarely occurs that just one of those
characters, which up to then had to be considered as variable, now takes up the
place of one of the constants, or that one or all of the former constants are reduced
to the rank of variables. In the meantime, before a new state of equilibrium of
forces be attained, a species will be subject to manifold variations, whilst the
variations will be by far less considerable if equilibrium is again established.
Starting from such considerations, we cannot overestimate the local influences the
organisms are subject to, and any system that wishes not only to register the single
forms but to treat them in their natural affinities, as well as in their distinctive
characters, must take heed of their local relations in time as well as in space. To illus-
trate this by an example, I may adduce the fact that, if we put — to return directly
to the forms here under consideration— the Fusulince, a species from Russia, at the
side of one from North America, join to these again one from China and one of
Texas, we may compose in such a way a line of perfect transition from one extreme
to the other, but it is very doubtful whether a natural affinity is so established.
If, on the contrary, we consider each of the above forms with regard to their local
surroundings, each appears as a perfectly separated form, which is most easily
recognisable.
I am thus of opinion that the local relations of the single forms must never
be neglected in the description and separation of species, and chiefly in forms like
the Fusulince. Where an external sculpture is entirely absent, these local rela-
tions are of the utmost importance. The more minutely the distinctions are made
in local faunas, without of course ever neglecting also the general affinities, the
more safe will be the conclusions we will be able to draw from such minutely
described fossils in regard to geological questions, and from this point of view
also I have treated the species of the Salt-range.
1. Fustjlina Kattaensis, Schwag. n. sp., PI. CXXVI, figs. 1—11 ; PI. CXXVIII,
fig. 4.
Shell straightly sub-fusiform, laterally slightly tapering, with twisted and more
or less rounded ends. Proportion of the greatest length to the greatest breadth in
general 10mm : 2 -2mm. Septal plane at both sides spreading out and upraised in the
986 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
midst ; at the base strongly plicated, so that neighbouring folds join tightly to-
gether. Chambers narrow in the median part, somewhat bent to the front ; in
young specimens nearly quite flat, in full-grown ones generally rather vaulted.
Sutural lines well marked, in the beginning less so. Average number of chambers
in the last volution 25. Embryonal chamber larga, globular, or ellipsoidal. Series of
altitudes of the volutions 2-22, 2, x 7"5, 12, 21, 23, 25. Average increase of the
diameters of the shell wall 2, 2 1, 4, 6, 7, 8. Average diameter of the pores in the
last whorl 0*12 to 016mm. The measured width of the orifice in the last turn is for
the most part ^ of the length of the shell.
Locality and geological position. — As type of this species I consider those
specimens that come from the upper region of the lower Productus-limestone of
Katta, and which have been represented in figs. 1 and 2 of PI. CXXVI. Specimens
from Chidroo, also from the lower Productus-limestone are most probably iden-
tical with the typical form. It is not the same with other specimens from Katta
which have been found somewhat lower down in the series. These, if more extensive
materials were procurable, could, perhaps, be considered as a distinct variety or
sub-species, for which the name sub-Kattaensis might do.
Remarks. — Among all the species of Fusulina hitherto described there is none
with which the present species could specially be compared, except that perhaps
the not yet full-grown more slender specimens have a certain similarity with the
typical Fus. cylindrica from Miatschkowa. If however one does not use only
single select specimens for comparison, but lays the greater stress on the general
appearance of the majority of specimens, it will be seen that the great frequency of
nearly cylindrical forms is a character which is never to be found among specimens
of the Miatschkowa species. A comparison also of the microscopical sections of
the present species as drawn by me, with those represented by Moller of Fus. cylin-
drica will show directly that there cannot be any doubt about the distinctness of
the two species. A third point of importance is the average size, which is very
different in the two species.
We have indicated above that at Katta there exist two different layers con-
taining Fusulince. The specimens from the upper layer we consider as composing
the typical Fus. Kattaensis, whilst the specimens from the lower layer seem to de-
viate from the typical form to a certain extent. These latter are, however, mostly
more or less deformed by pressure, and thus a close comparison is made difficult.
The one point, however, can always be ascertained, that both ends are generally
more paraboloid in their outline, whilst they are more abbreviated in the typical form.
Also the increase of the whorls is a different one.
In mentioning these Katta fossils we must lastly also point out a peculiarity
of the pores, which first struck us on these things, but was afterwards also detected
on the typical specimens. This peculiarity has been figured, PL CXXVI, figs. 10
1 These first three numbers indicate always the reciprocal diameters of the walls and the interior space of the
embryonal chamber.
PEODUCTTJS-LIMESTONE— PROTOZOA. 987
and 11, and consists in the fission observable in the external walls of the last
chambers of the canals that communicate with the pores, which occurs often
with such regularity that one must suppose it to be the normal state. Pig. 10 has
been drawn with the utmost care by means of the camera lucida, and there cannot
be any doubt about the matter.
2. Ftjstjlina Pailensis, Schwager, n. sp., PI. CXXVII, figs. 1—7.
Shell elongately fusiform, or transversely elliptic in outline, with blunt and
moderately twisted ends. Proportion of the length to the breadth of the shell 13mm.
to l"7mm. Chambers in the middle part of the shell rarely considerably arched,
recurved towards the ends, in the beginning nearly flat, the rest but little vaulted.
Sutural lines clearly visible on the last whorl, shallow, but sharply defined. Septal
plane tolerably enlarged towards the ends. Embryonal chamber remarkably small.
Relative proportions of the embryonal chamber and succeeding whorls generally
1-2, 9, 1-2, 3-2, 4-2, 5, 7, 23. The increase of the shell-wall is as follows : 1-2, 1-4,
1*5, 2*2, 3 5, 4*8. Diameter of the pores in the last whorl 008mm. Aperture sub-
elliptical, and occupying x\ of the entire length.
Locality and geological position. — This species has, up to the present, been
detected only at a single locality, Pail, where it fills the whole rock with millions
of specimens. It occurs there towards the upper region of the lower Productus-
limestone associated with Spirifer Marcou, W.
Remarks. — There are only rock-specimens of a very hard nature in which the
present species is enclosed. The whole rock is crowded with specimens, which
are in very good preservation, though, on account of the hardness of the surrounding
rock-matter, it is mostly only possible to detach the fossils in a quite fragmentary
condition from the matrix. Nevertheless, the preservation is so excellent that it
was not found difficult to distinguish the present species from the preceding one.
In its general outline and its size the present species shows a certain resem-
blance to some forms from the upper carboniferous limestone of North America,
which are generally quoted under the name of Fusulina cylindrica. The form
from Missouri seems most similar, though this one is also slightly more slender.
With the typical Fusulina cylindrica from Miatchkowa in the Moskow basin, there
exists only a rather distant similarity. These external similarities might arouse
some doubts whether it was quite justifiable to make a new species out of the
Indian fossils. These doubts are, however, dissipated as soon as we compare the
internal structures of the different forms. In opposition to all the others, the
Indian form is characterised by an extraordinarily small embryonal chamber. By
this character it can also be easily distinguished from Fus. Eattaensis described
before. Besides this, there is also the general outline, a different form. Pig. la,
PI. CXXVII, represents the normal state, the shape which most frequently is met
with ; whilst fig. lc represents a shape which is of comparatively rare occurrence.
988 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
As in all fusulina, so also in this species the range of variation chiefly finds its
expression in the relative length of the shell. On the whole, it seems not very
difficult to distinguish the present species from Fus. Kattaensis ; but according to
my view the species cannot as yet be considered as fully established as long as its
geological relations t o Fus. Kattaensis on the one hand and Fus. longissima on the
other are not yet quite distinctly made out.
3. Fusulina longissima, Moller, PL OXXVII, figs. 7—12 ; PL CXXVIII, figs.
1—3.
3878. Fusulina longissima, Moller: Die spiral gewundenen Foraminiferen des mssiscben Kohlenkalks : M&&.
Acad. imp. St. Petersb. VII, Ser. Tome XXV, Mr. 9, p. 59, PI. I, fig. 4, PI. II, fig. 1, PL VII, fig. 1.
Shell, in the young state, mostly lengthened fusiform ; when full-grown nearly
cylindrical, often crooked, with rounded sometimes slightly inflated ends. Chambers
numerous, unequal ; in the beginning almost flat, at last vaulted. In the midst,
they are a little arched, coiling at the considerably twisted ends. Size of the septal
plane at the lateral ends variable. Mean rate of increase of the whorls 3, 25, 3,
6 5, 11*5, 16, 20'5, 28, 33. Mean rate of increase of the thickness of the chamber-
walls, 3, 2-6, 3-2, 5, 6-5, 7*2, 78. Aperture in general ^ of the length of the
shell. Diameter of the pores in the last whorl 012mm.
Locality and geological position. — The typical form of this species has been
represented by us on PL CXX VII, and the specimens which are there figured all
come from the lowest beds of the lower Productus-limestone of the Verala scarp.
Together with the typical form, specimens also occur in the same locality which
are more tapering towards the ends, or others which more resemble fig. 1 on PL
CXXVIII. The originals, which are represented on this latter plate, are taken
from a red sandstone, collected by Mr. Wynne at Omarkheyl, and which beyond
doubt forms there also part of the lower Productus-limestone. Further specimens
have been procured from the lower Productus-limestone of the Mia, Wan, and
Pail.
Of all the species of Fusulina occurring in the Salt-range this one holds the
lowest geological position, occurring in the first fossiliferous beds above the lavender
clays of the speckled sandstone (Wynne), or even yet followed by a certain thick-
ness of these clays.
Memarks. — Though the present form shows some slight differences from the
typical Russian specimens found at the Shiguli mountains, &c, yet these seem
to us not sufficiently large to warrant a specific distinction between the two forms.
The chief character, which is, however, well developed in the full-grown state, only
consists in the very great length of the shell in comparison to its breadth, and
this character is most distinctly exhibited by many of the Indian specimens. Never-
theless it cannot be denied there are also other specimens which show a less strong
elongation, though also in these the specific character can always be recognised.
PROD TTCTUS-LIMESTONE— PROTOZOA. 989
The various curving of the shell, a character peculiar to the Indian specimens,
gives to these bodies somewhat the appearance of a caterpillar ; and if in time,
perhaps, a specific distinction of the Indian form should be necessary, the name of
Fus. erucaria would be a very appropriate one. Among the Indian specimens, the
range of variation chiefly finds expression in the conformation of the lateral ends,
which are sometimes paraboloid, sometimes more shortly rounded. Size and general
appearance are, however, always approximately the same.
By far more difficult is the distinction of the not yet full-grown specimens, as a
considerable proportion of these approaches Fus. Pailemis rather nearly. From the
outward appearance, a distinction would be nearly impossible ; but the inner struc-
ture of the two species is entirely different. Notwithstanding the great variability
of the internal characters of Fus. longissima, which has been noticed already by
Moller, there is one character which constantly holds good ; this is the size of the
embryonal chamber. This latter organ is always considerably larger in Fus. longis-
sima than it is in Fus. Pailensis, and thus there is no difficulty in distinguishing
them. Another fact is that Fus. longissima grows to a much more considerable
size than is ever the case with Fus. Pailensis ; and, as in the Fusulince, the size is
of great importance for the distinction of species ; this character must be considered
as an important one.
Among the Indian materials there are specimens which reach quite extraordi-
nary dimensions. There is a specimen from Omarkheyl in which the proportion of
the longitudinal to the transverse diameter is 16mm., 2-2mm ; another specimen
from Verala scarp shows the proportion 12mm., 2 -4mm. The transverse diameter
of 3mm. exhibited by the specimen represented fig. 9, PI. CXXVII, suggests even
yet larger dimensions. These are considerably larger sizes than have been observed
by Moller, whose largest specimen showed the proportions of 11mm., 2'5mm.
4. Ftjstjlina, sp., indet., PI. CXXVIII, fig. 5a. b.
"With even greater right than the preceding one, the present form should
perhaps bear the name of Fus. longissima ; but the materials at hand were too scanty
to decide the question. As far as the characters of the present form can be made out,
they seem to be the following : shell long, nearly cylindrical, straight, with toler-
ably twisted and shortly rounded ends. Average dimensions probably 9mm., l-2mm.
Chambers nearly straight up to very near the ends ; the folds of neighbouring
chambers fused together. The average number of chambers in one volution is
probably 15.
Locality and geological position.— The few specimens procured of this species
were collected at Bhal in beds very low down in the lower Productus-limestone
series.
Remarks. — In general appearance, the present form is very near the preceding
one • it can, however, be distinguished by its greater slenderness and the straightness
990 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
of its shell, which is very marked in comparison with the curvature of Fus.
longissima.
Sub-genus: FUSULINELLA, Moller.
This group is, as has been already remarked in the introduction, very well
characterised by the circumstance that the outer wall passes uninterruptedly into
the septal walls. At the same time, the present sub-genus possesses the greatest
vertical distribution among the forms belonging to the family Fusulinidce. The
range of variation of form within the genus is also rather great.
1. Fustjlinella Waageni, Schwager, n. sp., PI. CXXVIII, figs. 10a — c.
Though but a single specimen of this species was discriminated by my inves-
tigations, it is nevertheless so singularly well preserved that I can venture to found
the distinction of a proper species on this single individual. As far as the characters
could be observed by me, they might serve for the drawing up of the following diag-
nosis.
Shell lenticular in general out-line, with rounded margins and subconical lateral
faces. Chambers but little vaulted, only the final ones more strongly arched. Centre
of the disc as well as the septal lines covered by an umbilical callosity. Orifice un-
known. The specimen measures from margin to margin (longitudinal diameter)
0'9mm., and from one lateral face to the other (transverse diameter) 0-44mm.
Locality and geological position. — The specimen was procured by me from
some chips that were taken by Dr. Waagen off a specimen of Prod. Indicm, collec-
ted by Mr. Wynne at Khoond Ghat in the middle region of the upper Productus-
limestone.
Remarks. — The present species shows a very close affinity to Fusulinella
Struvi, M., a well-known species of the lower carboniferous beds of Russia. This
affinity is a remarkable one, the Indian form being of so very much more recent
geological age. But though [such an affinity exists, a distinction between the two
forms is not difficult. The chief distinctive character is the absence of a depression
along the margins, which is so strongly marked in Fus. Struvi, without speaking of
the umbilical callosity and the callous covering of the septa, which give Fus.
Waageni form a characteristic appearance.
Family: LAGENIDj®.
Sub-Family : NODOSARINM
Genus : LINGULINA, D'Orb.
It is not without interest to meet with a representative of the present group of
Foraminifera in the Indian beds, though in the Bellerophon beds of the Southern
Alps several similar forms have been already observed, yet it is not before the Lias
PEODUCTUS-LIMESTONE— PROTOZOA. 991
that the chief development of the genus takes place ; whilst only later on a strict
difference between the Irondicularince and the Lingulincs is developed. The pre-
sence of a species of Lingulina in the India palaeozoic strata is so much the more
remarkable as typical forms of Nodosarince do not generally make their appearance
before Perrcian times.
1. Lingulina decipiens, Schwager, n. sp., PI. CXXVIII, figs. 11a— d.
Shell, viewed laterally, broadly wedge-shaped ; with a more or less strongly
prominent rounded crest along the middle, from which the shell descends slightly
and evenly towards the margins. The lateral contours, caused by a slight protruding
of the chambers are provided with wavy indentations. The upper termination prob-
ably forms a kind of parallelogram with rounded corners and sides. The chambers
are tolerably broad ; in the beginning nearly flat, later on somewhat vaulted ; in the
middle but little elevated, the last ones even somewhat depressed. Laterally the
chambers bend considerably downward. The sutures are in the beginning barely
perceptible, but later on become strongly denned.
The measurements are as follow : —
Greatest length (W^mm.
„ breadth 0031mm.
„ thickness ......... 0'006mm.
The shell is pierced by large rather closely arranged pores. The orifice was not
visible on any of the specimens at our disposal.
Locality and geological position. — The specimens were detected by me in some
fragments of rock that came from the upper Productus-limestone of Khoond Ghat.
Remarks. — The name L. decipiens has been employed for this species on
account of the circumstance that the general outline, as is shown by the drawings,
if alone taken into consideration, would easily cause an observer to consider it as a
Textularia. As soon as the internal structure, however, is known, its position with
Lingulina cannot be subject to any doubt. The upper termination, as it has been
drawn on the plate, has not been directly observed, but has been restored according
to analogy.
On account of the range of variation within the species it is not possible to say
much, as only few individuals are at my disposal. So much, however, might perhaps
be said that the proportion of the length to the breadth is somewhat, though not very,
variable. In the height of the chambers slight differences are also observable.
Family: LlTNOLID^l.
Sub-Eamily : ENDOTHYRINJE.
Genus : INVOLUTINA Terqnem.
This genus also is not generally met with earlier than the Lias. So much
the more interesting is it to find a species of the genus here in palaeozoic strata.
K 2
992 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
Its preservation is not quite excellent, but always sufficiently so for recognition
of the genus with certainty : hence we have thought it worthy of description.
1. Involtjtina carbonica, Schwager, n. sp., PI. CXXVIII, figs. 7 — 9.
If I give a special name to the specimens hereunder consideration, it is chiefly
on account of their geological position, because otherwise these bodies are barely
distinguishable from Involutina liassica, Terg. What makes the distinctness chiefly
probable is the absence of similar forms in the intermediate formations.
Locality and geological position.— The specimens of this species were procured
by me from some fragments of rock that adhered to a specimen of Bellerophon,
collected by Mr. Wynne in the upper Productus-limestone of Khoond Ghat.
Genus : MARGARJTINA, Schwager, n. gen.
We let this new genus follow here without asserting either that it belongs to
the Foraminifera or even to the Protozoa ; but as these forms had been united
by former describers with those groups, the materials were sent to me, and now I
am obliged to give a description.
The present form has been always compared to Saccamina carteri from lower
carboniferous beds, and it can barely be denied that there exist very near relations
to that fossil form, at least in outward appearance. The genus Saccamina has
lately been excellently described from recent specimens and figured by Brady in
his admirable description of the Foraminifera collected by the Challenger-expedition.
That learned author has, however, already expressed the opinion that the Indian
fossils were something very far different from the recent genus, and I perfectly
concur with him in this respect. My minute investigations of the Indian materials
have brought to light many facts pointing in this direction ; but, at the same time,
the very near analogies with Saccamina, which nevertheless exist, are very re-
markable.
As far as I could make out the characters, they can be comprised in the follow-
ing diagnosis : —
Shell consisting of more or less fusiform or barrel-shaped pieces, which, chiefly
in the young state, are ranged one behind the other, like a string of beads, assuming
such an appearance, very much like the shell of a Nodosaria. In the full-grown
state the single pieces are mostly separate. Each of them is provided with two orifices,
which are situated at the opposite ends in the longer axis. The substance of the
shell is pierced by more or less regularly arranged pores. In a normal state the shell
seems to be made up entirely of calcareous matter ; but this does not prevent that —
exceptionally perhaps in some forms —also foreign bodies should be made use of for
the completion of the shell, and thus be embodied in the shell substance. The
thickness of the shell is comparatively moderate ; but it must be remarked that it
is somewhat unequal, which would indicate the existence of some ruggedness
or unevenness on the interior shell-surface. Whether any kind of hard tissues
PRODUCTUS-LIMESTONE— PEOTOZOA. 993
partly filled the interior space of the fossil cannot for the present be decided ; but
we shall see in the description of the species that such a thing is not improbable.
1. Margabitina Schwageri, Zittel, sp., PI. CXXVIII, figs. 12—15.
1876. Saccamina Schwageri, Zittel : Hand b. d. Palaeontologio I. 1. p. 76, fig. 8 Nr. 5.
There were, on the whole, only single examples of the fossil at disposal for descrip-
tion; only in a single case, in preparing a slide for microscopic inspection, was
it observed that several such pieces, gradually diminishing in size, were strung
together, forming a body very much like the shell of a Nodosaria. The single
pieces that otherwise generally occur are either thickly fusiform or sometimes also
somewhat more elongated ; rarely they are barrel-shaped. The two largest diameters
of these pieces show on an average the proportion of 7"5mm., 5mm. There are,
however, also specimens, which measure 8* 5mm. in height and 9,5mm. in breadth.
Very characteristic of these bodies is the relief with which the outer
surface of the shell is covered. It consists of generally six, rarely five sided
pits, separated from each other by little edged ridges, and bearing in the middle
a small pore (compare fig. 13 f). The diameter of these pores may, in young
specimens, be as small as 0'025mm. ; in full-grown specimens it is generally
0'09mm. Only in the specimen represented in fig. 15, PI. CXXVIII, which we
consider as a separate variety ; the diameter of the pores is as much as 0"13mm.
That the shelly surroundings of the pores are of a thoroughly calcareous nature, and
that the centre of the six-sided spaces is really occupied by a pore, can easily be
ascertained by treating the specimens with dilute acid, whereby the calcareous
shell-substance is dissolved, and the rock-matter by which the pores were filled then
shown in relief. In this way it was also possible to ascertain that the pores pierce
the shell-substance directly and straightly.
In a specimen that has been figured, PL CXXVIII, fig. 13e, I found a concave
plate closing the orifice. This plate is distinguished from the remainder of the shell
by its large pores, the diameter of which is about twice the diameter of the pores
of the remainder of the shell. This plate is the immediate continuation of the outer
wall of the whole fossil, and the direct union of the two could be observed with all
possible distinctness. There remains only some doubt whether towards the centre
of this plate the pores have been rightly observed.
By far more problematic are those substances that seem to occupy and partly fill
the interior space of the shell. I have tried to represent some of my observations
in figs. 136, c, and d, but must confess that these seem to me barely definitive, and it
will be necessary to make new studies on better preserved materials. Just as it has
been observed by Brady in his Saccamina, so also I found most of the specimens
simply filled with rock-matter or with calc-spar. There are, however, other cases,
which are not quite so exceptional, in which a calcareous substance fills the
whole shell, which on a closer examination manifests itself as of a cystoid nature.
In this, however, the walls of the single cysts are only distinguishable by a some-
994 SALT-RANGE FOSSILS.
What darker colour. That this appearance is not accidental is shown by the inti-
mate connection of the walls of the cyst with the outer walls of the shell and chiefly
with the plate that closes the orifice. Even yet stranger is the further observation,
that in specimens which are somewhat impregnated with oxide of iron, one can,
under very high magnifying powers, distinguish within the walls of the cysts some-
thing like the spicules of sponges, which seem to be mostly arranged in ring-like
groups. If such preparations are treated with dilute acid, the spicules become
yet more distinctly visible. In making such observations the circumstance
must never be lost sight of, that in the rather unsatisfactory condition in which
fossils generally are, parasitic organisms are very easily taken as forming original
features of fossil bodies ; also that in Margaritina such parasitic organisms exist.
This is beyond doubt in some cases, but with regard to the facts expounded above, such
an explanation seems barely admissible, as the great regularity with which the spicules
have been observed to occur in several specimens, and the distinctness with which
they are arranged and distributed make it highly probable that we have to deal
here with original features of these organisms. A further affirmation of this view
is obtained by the study of the specimen represented in fig. 14, in which the
interior of one of the pieces is exposed to view by weathering and in which a
singular structure is observable, on the whole not in contradiction to what has been
observed by me in thin sections. To follow the matter further is impossible for the
present. We must await the inspection of better materials, which are more strongly
impregnated with oxide of iron, before all these questions can be finally decided.
In the meantime, the structure, as it has been described by me, appears at least so
far deviating from the type of the Foraminifera, that the position of ,the genus
Margaritina even among the Protozoa must be strongly doubted.
Locality and geological position. — The species is not at all rare in the upper
division of the Productus-limestone. The greatest number of well-preserved speci-
mens has been collected by Dr. Waagen in the top beds of the upper Productus-
limestone of Virgal and Chidru. A piece of rock, containing numbers of specimens
of this species, were brought by Mr. "Wynne from Khoond Ghat out of the lower
beds of the upper Productus-limestone. The geologically oldest specimen was
found by Dr. Waagen in the Lower Productus-limestone of Katta. This specimen,
however, shows several peculiarities, chiefly exceptionally large pores, and I there-
fore consider it as constituting a different variety.
Remarks. — If the present species, as has been stated above, does not belong to
the Protozoa, the question arises, where else ought it to be placed ; but this question
is much more easily raised than answered. The occurrence of spicules in the inte-
rior tissues of the fossil seems to point in the direction of the [sponges ; but before
we can be sure in this respect, yet many other facts ought to be ascertained. On
the whole, the greatest analogy seems for the moment to be with the Pharetrones,
Sub-order Sphinctozoa, with which these fossils may, perhaps, be placed in a pro-
visional way.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
OF
GENEEA AJSTD SPECIES.
Acanthocladia, King, 811.
anceps, Schloth., sp., 812.
Allobisma, King, 192.
dubium, Waag., n. sp., 196.
perelegans, Waag., n. sp., 193.
pleuromyoides, Waag., n. sp., 195.
sp. indet., 196.
Amblysiphonella, Steinmann, 972.
multilamellosa, Waag. & Wentzel, n. sp., 976.
radicifera.Waag. & Wentzel, n. sp., 975.
socialis, Waag. & Wentzel, n. sp., 977.
vesiculosa, Koninck, sp., 973.
Amplexus, Sow., 901.
abichi, Waag. & Wentzel, n. sp., 903.
cristatus, Waag. & Wentzel, n. sp., 902.
Antaib, Aldrovand, 182.
sp. indet., 182, 183.
Ab2Bopoba, Nicholson, 837.
ramosa, Waag. & Wentzel, 839.
tuberosa, Waag. & Wentzel, 838.
Akcestes, Suess, 26.
antiquus, Waag., n. sp., 28.
priscus, Waag., n. sp., 30.
Astabte, Sow., 211.
ambiensis, Waag., n. sp., 211.
Athtbis, M'Coy, 471.
acutomarginalis, Waag., n. sp., 482.
ambiguseformis, Waag., n. sp., 473.
capillata, Waag., n. sp., 479.
cf. pectinifera, Sow., 485.
cf. royssii, Le'veille-, 478.
globulina, Waag., n. sp., 484.
grossula, Waag., n. sp., 474.
royssii, Le'veille, 475.
semiconcava, Waag., n. sp., 481.
subexpansa, Wai>g., n. sp., 478.
Atomodbsma, Beyrich, 273.
indicum, Waag., n. sp., 274.
Auiosteges, Helmersen, 661.
dalhousii, Davidson, 662.
medlicottianus, Waag., n. sp., 663.
Avicuia, Klein, 289.
chidruensis, Waag., n. sp., 290.
Avicuxopectbn, M'Coy, 300.
asiaticus, Koninck, 316.
crebristriatus, Koninck, sp., 311.
derajatensis, Waag., n. sp., 304. 'I
jabiensis, Waag., n. sp., 303.
katwahiensis, Waag., n. sp., 313.
morahensis, Waag., n. sp., 308.
pseudoctenostreon, Waag., n. sp., 306.
squamula, Waag., n. sp., 315.
subexoticus, Waag., n. sp., 309.
Belieeophon, Montfort, 133.
affinis, Waag., n. sp., 141.
blanfordianus, Waag., n. sp., 142.
cf. blanfordianus, Waag., 144.
Bellebophon — continued.
impressus, Waag., n. sp., 139.
jonesianns, Koninck, 135.
orientalis, Koninck, 147.
politus, Waag., n. sp., 148.
squamatus, Waag., n. sp., 138.
Bucania, Hall, 150.
an gust i fuse iata, Waag., n. sp., 152.
integra, Waag., u. sp., 153.
kattaensis, Waag., n. sp., 151.
ornatissima, Waag., n. sp., 155.
Camebophobia, King, 435.
globulina, Phill., 443.
humbletonensis, Howse, 440.
pinguis, Waag., n. sp., 441.
purdoni, Davidson, 437.
superstes, Verneuil, 445.
Cabdinia, Agassiz, 209.
conjungeus, Waag., n. sp., 209.
Cabdinocbania, Waag., n. gen,, 745.
indica, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 746.
Cabdiomobpha, Koninck, 190.
indica, Waag., n. sp., 191.
Oabtebina, Waag. & Wentzel, n. gen., 944.
pyramidata, Waag. & Wentzel, n. gen. et sp., 945.
Chonetella, Waag., n. gen., 657.
nasuta, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 658.
Chonetes, Pisch. v. Waldh., 614.
sequicosta, Waag., n. sp., 639.
ambiensis, Waag., n. sp., 618.
avicula, Waag.,n. sp., 622.
bipartita, Waa?., u. sp., 624.
compressa, Waag., n. sp., 630.
deplanata, Waag., n. sp., 637.
dichotoma, Waag., n. sp., 633.
grandicosta, Waag., n- sp., 638.
morahensis, Waag., u. sp., 620.
semiovalis, Waag., n. sp., 632.
squama, Waag., n. sp., 626.
squamulifera, Waag., n. sp., 634.
strophomenoides, Waag., n. sp., 628.
trapezoidalis, Waag., n. sp., 623.
Cibcopoba, Waag. & Wentzel, n. gen., 957.
faveolata, Waag. & Wentzel, n. gen. et sp., 958.
tubulosa, Waag. & Wentzel, n. gen. et sp., 960.
Cleidophobtjs, Hall, 224.
striatulus, Waag., n. sp., 228.
trapezoidalis, Waag., n. sp., 227.
Ctathocbinus, Mill., 822.
goliathns, Waag., n. sp., 823.
indicus, Waag., n. sp., 826.
kattaensis, Waag., n. sp., 828.
virgalensis, Waag., n. sp., 825.
Ctoxoiobtjs, Waag., n. gen., 21.
oldhami, Waag , 24.
Ctthebe, Muller, 20.
cf. elongata, Miinster, 21.
996
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Davidsonella, Waag., n. gen., 762.
linguloides, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 764.
squama, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 766.
Debbyia, "Waag., n. gen., 591.
altestriata, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 600.
grandis, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 597.
hemisphEerica, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 604.
plicatella, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 601.
vercherei, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 602.
regularis, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 594.
„ „ var. minor, 597.
Dielasha, King, 336.
acutangulum, Waag., n. sp., 353.
biplex, Waag., n. sp., 349.
breviplicatum, Waag., n. sp., 356.
elongatum, Schloth., sp., 342.
guttula, Waag., n. sp., 340.
itaitubense, Derby, sp., 348.
minor, Waag., u. sp., 346.
nummulus, Waag., n. sp., 344.
problematicum, (Dav.) Waag., n. 8p., 351.
truncatum, Waag., u. sp., 345.
Dielasmin a, Waag., n. gen., 359.
plicata, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 360.
Discinolbpis Waag., n. gen., 749.,
granulata, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 750.
Disjectopoea, Waag. & Wentzel, n. gen., 947.
milleporseformis, Waag. & Wentzel, n. gen. et sp., 948.
Dolabba, M'Coy, 257.
arcina, Waag., n. sp., 258.
corbina, Waag., n. sp., 259.
Dtbowskiella, Waag. & Wentzel, n. gen., 916.
expansa, Waag. & Wentzel, n. gen. et sp., 921.
grandis, Waag. and Wentzel, n. gen. et sp, 919.
Entaus, Gray, 180.
hereulea, Koninck, sp., 181.
Enteletes, Fisch. v. Waldh., 550.
acuteplicatus, Waag., n. sp., 562.
ferruginous, Waag., n. sp., 556.
kayseri, Waag., a. sp., 653.
laevissimus, Waag., n. sp., 554.
latesinuatus, Waag., n. sp., 559.
pentameroides, Waag., n. sp., 561.
sublsevis, Waag., n. sp., 558.
Eocidabis, Desor., 818.
forbesiana, Koninck, sp., 819.
Er/CHABis, Recluz, 188.
grandaeva, Waag., n. sp., 189.
Euchondbia, Meek, 326.
sub-pusilla, Waag., n. sp., 326.
Etjmeibia, Hall, 487.
grandicosta, (Dav.) Waag., 491.
indioa, Waag., n. sp.,493.
Euomphalcs, Sow., 86.
parvus, Waag., n. sp., 89.
pusillus, Waag., n. sp., 91.
Euphemus, M'Coy, 163.
apertua, Waag., n. sp., 168.
indicus, Waag., n. sp., 166.
lsevis, Waag., n. sp., 169.
lentioulari", Waag., n. sp., 170.
Fenestella, Lonsdale, 776.
jabiensis, Waag. & Piohl., n. sp., 778.
perelegans, Meek, 777.
sp. indet.
Fistulipoba, M'Coy, 922.
parasitica, Waag. & Wentzel, n. sp., 928.
Fusulina, D'Orb., 983.
kattaensis, Schwager, n. sp., 985.
longissima, Mailer, 988.
pailensis, Scliwager, n. sp., 987.
sp. indet., 989.
Ftrsr/HNELLA, Moller, 990.
waageni, Sch wager, n. sp., 990.
Geinitzella, Waag. & Wentzel, n. gen., 880.
columnaris, Schloth., sp., 882. »
crassa, Lonsdale, sp., 884.
Goniocladia, E. Etheridge, jun., 804.
indica, Waag. & Piohl., 805.
Gottldia, Adams, 212.
primseva, Waag., n. sp., 213.
Gtboceeas, Koninck, 64.
medlicottianum, Waag., n. sp,, 65.
Helodopsis, Waag., n. gen., 13.
abbreviata, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 15.
elongata, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 14.
Hemipttchina, Waag., n. gen., 361.
crebriplicata, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 374.
himalayensis, Davidson, sp., 368.
inflata, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 372.
spareiplicata, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 366.
sub-laevis, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 364.
Hexagonella, Waag. & Wentzel, n. gen., 911.
laevigata, Waag. & Wentzel, n. gen. et sp., 915.
ramosa, Waag. & Wentzel, n. gen. et sp., 912.
tortuosa, Waag. & Wentzel, n. gen, et sp., 914.
Holopblla, M'Coy, 93.
trimorpba, Waag., n. sp., 94.
Htdbioobinus, Trantschold, 829.
sp. indet., 830.
Htolithes, Eichwald, 175.
orientalis, Waag., n. sp., 177.
sp. indet., 178.
Involtjtina, Terquem, 991.
carbonica, Schwager., n. sp., 992.
iBBEGr/LATOPOBA, Waag. & Wentzel, n. gen., 951.
undulata, Waag. & Wentzel, n. gen. et sp., 952.
Lepmina, Dahn. (emend. Davids.), 609.
indica, Waag., n. sp., 609.
Liebea, Waag., n. gen., 292.
indica, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 295.
Lima, Brag., 297.
footei, Waag., n. sp., 298.
Lingula, Bruguiere, 768.
kiurensis, Waag., n. sp., 768.
warthi, Waag., n. sp., 769.
Lingclina, D'Orb., 990.
decipiens, Schwager, u. sp., 991.
Lithodomina, Waajj., n. gen., 264.
abbreviata, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 267.
typa, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 266.
Lithodomus, Cuvier, 268.
atavus, Waag., n. sp., 269.
Lonsdaleia, M'Coy, 892.
indica, Waag. & Wentzel, n. sp., 897.
salinaria, Waag. & Wentzel, n. sp., 895.
virgalensis, Waag. & Wentzel, n. sp., 900.
wynnei, Waag. & Wentzel, n. sp., 896.
Loeipes, Poli, 206.
atavus, Waag., n. sp., 207.
proavius, Waag., n. sp., 208.
Lucina, Brug., 203.
tombifrons, Waag., n. sp., 205.
progenitrix, Waag., n. sp., 204.
Ltthonia, Waag., n. gen., 396.
of. richthofeni, Kays, sp., 403.
nobilis, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 398.
tenuis, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 401.
Macbocheiltts, Phillips, 96.
avellanoides, de Koninck, 97.
Macbodon, Lycett, 254.
geminum, Waag., n. sp., 255.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
997
Macbotheca, Waag., n. gen., 178.
wynnei, Waag., n. gen. et sp, 179.
M abo abit a, Leach, 111.
prisoa, Waag., n. sp., 111.
Mabgabitina, Schwager, n. gen., 992.
schwageri, Zittel, sp., 993.
Mabginifeba, Waag., n. gen., 713.
eclimata, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 727.
excavata, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 715.
ornata, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 721.
ovalis, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 723.
transversa, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 725.
typica, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 717.
Maetinia, M'Coy, 528.
cf. glabra, Martin, sp., 531.
chidraensis, Waag., n. sp., 535.
elongata, Waag., n. sp., 532.
semiplana, Waag., n. sp., 636.
warthi, Waag., n. sp., 533.
Mabtiniopsis, Waag., n. gen., 524.
inflata, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 525.
subpentagonalis, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 527.
Michelinia, Koninck, 848.
abichi, Waag. & Wentzel, n. sp., 850.
cf . glomerata, M'Coy, 854.
indica, Waag. & Wentzel, n. sp., 853.
placenta, Waag. & Wentzel, n. sp., 852.
Modiola, Lamk., 270.
transparens, Waag., n. sp., 270.
Mogulia, Waag , n. gen., 156.
regularis, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 157.
Monotetpa, Nicholson, 875.
mastoidea, Waag. & Wentzel, n. sp., 876.
Mubchisonia, Arch. & Vern., 122.
conjungens, Waag., n. sp., 125.
Myophobia, Bronn., 241.
cardissa, Waag., n. sp., 244.
praecox, Waag., n. sp., 243.
sub-elegans, Waag., n. sp., 246.
Mytilus, Linn., 271.
patriarchalis, Waag., n. sp., 272.
Naticopsis, M'Coy, 99.
indica, Waag., n. sp., 101.
khurensis, Waag., n. sp., 100.
Nautilus, Linn., 42, 85.
connecteus, Waag., u. sp., 60.
convolutus, Waag., n. sp., 62.
flemingianus, Koninck, 48.
goliathus, Waag., n. sp., 50, 85.
latissimus, Waag., n. sp., 56.
multituberculatus, Waag., n. sp., 51.
ophioneus, Waag., n. sp., 58.
peregrinus, Waag., n. sp., 47.
transitovius, Waag., n. sp., 53.
wynnei, Waag., n. sp., 55.
Nbobolus, Waag., n. gen., 756.
warthi, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 758.
wynnei, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 759.
Nbeitomopsis, Waag., n. gen., 106.
minuta, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 107.
ovulum, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 108.
Notothtbis, Waag., n. gen., 375.
djoulfensis, Abich., sp., 379.
inflata, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 384.
lenticularis, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 385.
minnta, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 386.
multiplicata, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 388.
simplex, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 389.
subvesicularis, Davidson, sp., 378.
warthi, n. gen. et sp., 382.
Nucula, Lamk., 250.
trivialis, Eichwald, 253.
ventricosa. Hall, 251.
Nuculana, Link , 248.
sub-acuta, Waag., n. sp., 248.
Oldhamista, Waag., n. gen., 403.
decipiens, Koninck, sp., 406.
Oebipoea, (Eichwald), Dybowsky, 877.
ambiensis, Waag. & Wentzel, n. sp., 878.
Oethis, Dahn, 563.
corallina, Waag., n. sp., 572.
derbyi, Waag., n. sp., 565.
incisiva, Waag., n. sp., 574.
indica, Waag., n. sp., 568.
janiceps, Waag., n. sp., 570.
marmorea, Waag., n. sp., 566.
pecosii, Marcou, 573.
Oethoceeas, Breyn, 66.
cyclophorum, Waag., n. sp., 68.
ohlique-annnlatum, Waag., n. sp., 69.
punjabiense, Waag., n. sp., 71.
sp. indet., 72.
Oethothetes, Fischer v. Waldheim, 607.
semiplanus, Waag., n. sp., 608.
Oxytoma, Meek, 286.
atavum, Waag., n. sp., 287.
Pachtpoea, Lindstrom, 844.
curvata, Waag. & Wentzel, n. sp., 846.
jabiensis, Waag. & Wentzel, n. sp., 847.
Palanatina, Hall, 198.
indica, Waag., n. sp., 200.
Pecten, Klein, 317.
flemingianus, Koninck, 325.
prsecox, Waag., n. sp., 318.
prototextorius, Waag., n. sp., 321.
sub-granosns, Waag., n. sp., 323.
wynnei, Waag., n. sp., 320.
Petaloehynchub, Agassiz, 17.
inHicus, Waag., n. sp., 17.
Phasianella, Lamk., 109.
arenicola, Waag., n. sp., 109.
Phiiocbinus, Koninck, 832.
cometa, Koninck, 833.
Phyllopoba, King, 796.
cribellum, Koninck, 798.
haimeana, Koninck, 799.
jabiensis, Waag. & Pichl., n. sp., 797.
Piatystoma, Conrad, 103.
indicum, Waag., n. sp., 105.
Pleubophobcs, King, 214.
acuteplicatus, Waag., n. sp., 223.
complanatus, Waag., n. sp., 220.
imbricatus, Koninck, sp., 217.
sub-ovalis, Waag., n. sp., 219.
Pleueotomabia, Defr., 113.
durga, Waag., n. sp., 119.
kattaensis, Waag., n. sp., 121.
punjabica, Waag., n. sp., 115.
sequens, Waag., n. sp., 118.
Pcecilodus, Agassiz, 11.
paradoxus, Waag., n. sp., 12.
Poiypoba, M'Coy, 781.
biarmica, Keyserling, 791.
gigantea, Waag. & Pichl., n. sp., 786.
koninckiana, Waag. & Pichl., n. sp., 783.
megastoma, Koninck, sp., 785.
ornata, Waag & Pichl., n. sp., 788.
sykesi, Koninck, sp., 789.
transiens, Waag. & Pichl., n. sp, 795.
vermicularis, Waag & Pichl., n. sp., 793.
Potebiocbinus, Mill, 830.
sp. indet , 831.
Peoductus, Sowerby, 666.
abichi, Waag., n. sp, 697.
aratns, Waag., n. sp., 684.
asperulus, Waag., n. sp, 693.
bhalensis, Wang., n. sp, 704.
compressus, Waag., n. sp, 710.
cora, Orbigny, 677.
cylindricus, Waag, n. sp, 702.
998
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Pbodttcttjs — continued.
gratiosus, Waag., n. sp., 691.
humboldti, Orbigny, 695.
indicus, "Waag., n. sp., 687.
lineatus, Waag., n. sp., 673.
mytiloides, Waag., n. sp., 711.
opuntia, Waag., n. sp., 707.
purdoni, Davidson, 705.
semireticulatus, Mart., 679.
serialis, Waag., n. sp., 700.
spiralis, Waag., n. sp., 681.
subcostatus, Waag., n. sp., 685.
tumidus, Waag., n. sp., 708.
vishnu, Waag., n. sp., 690.
Psammodus, Agassiz, 16.
sp. indet., 16.
Psephodus, Agassiz, 73.
depressus, Waag., n. sp., 75.
indicus, Waag., n. sp., 73.
Psettdomonotis, Beyrich, 276.
deplanata, Waag., n. sp., 285,
garforthensis, King, sp., 278.
gigantea, Waag., n. sp., 283.
inversa, Waag., n. sp., 284.
kazanensis, Vern., 281.
radialis, Phillips, sp., 280.
Eeticttiaeia, M'Coy, 538.
elegantula, Waag., n. sp., 545.
indica, Waag., n. sp., 542.
lineata, Mart., sp., 540.
Rhombopoba, Meek, 963.
obliqua, Waag., n. sp., 964.
polyporata, Waag., n. sp., 965.
Rhynchonella, Fischer v. Waldheim, 430.
morahensis, Waag., n. sp., 433.
sp. indet., 434.
wynnei, Waag., n. sp., 432.
Richthopenia, Kayser, 733.
lawrenciana, Koninek, sp., 736.
sinensis, Waag., 742.
Sagecebas, Mojsisovics, 37, 81.
hauerianum, Koninek, 39.
primas, Waag., 39.
wynnei, Waag., n. sp., 81.
Schizodus, King, 230.
compressus, Waag., n. sp., 240.
dubiiformis, Waag., n. sp., 238.
pinguis, Waag., n. sp., 236.
rotundatus, Brown, sp., 233.
Schizopholis, Waag., n. gen., 752.
rugosa, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 753.
Septifee, Kecluz, 261.
squama, Waag., n. sp., 262.
Sebpt/lites, Murchison, 816.
indicus, Waag., n. sp., 817.
Sigmodtjs, Waag., 9.
dubius, Waag., u. sp., 10.
Spenglebia, Tryon, 185.
vetusta, Waag., n. sp., 187.
Sph2Bbiola, Stoliczka, 201.
grandseva, Waag., n. sp., 202.
Spieifee, Sowerby, 507.
alatus, Schloth., sp., 519.
ambiensis, Waag., n. sp., 515.
marcoui, Waag., n. sp., 510.
tnusakheylensis, Davidson, 512.
niger, Waag.,n. sp., 522.
oldhamianus, Waag., n. sp., 518.
striatus, Martin, sp., 509.
wynnei, Waag., n. sp., 517.
Spibifebina, Orb., 498.
cristata, Schloth, 499.
multiplicata, Sow., sp., 502.
nasuta, Waag., n. sp,, 504.
Spibifebina-
ornata, Waag., n. sp., 504.
vereherei, Waag., n. sp., 506.
Spieigeeella, Waag., n. gen., 450.
alata, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 470.
derbyi,Waag., n. gen. et sp., 453.
„ „ var, acuteplicata, 456.
fusiformis, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 467.
grandis, (Davidson), Waag., 461.
hybrida, Waag., n. gen., et sp., 459.
media, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 465.
minuta, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 460.
numismalis, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 469.
ovoidalis, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 466.
prselonga, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 457.
Spieoebis, Daudin, 814.
helix, King, 815.
Stachella, Waag., n. gen., 171.
bifrons, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 173.
semiaurita, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 174.
Steinmannia, Waag. & Wentzel, n. gen., 979.
gemina, Waag. & Wentzel, n. gen. et sp., 982.
salinaria, Waag. & Wentzel, n. gen. et sp., 980.
Stenopoea, Lonsdale, 885.
chaeteliformis, Waag. & Wentzel, n. sp., 890.
hemisphseriea, Waag. & Wentzel, n. sp., 891.
nicholsoni, Waag. & Wentzel, n. sp., 889.
ovata, Lonsdale, 888.
Stbeptobhynchus, King, 577.
capuloides, Waag., n. sp., 582.
deltoideus, Waag., n. sp., 585.
distortus, Waag., n. sp., 590.
lenticularis, Waag., n. sp., 581.
operculatus, Waag., n. sp., 583.
pectinif ormis, Davidson, 587.
pelargonatus, Schloth., sp., 579.
Stbophalosia, King, 640.
costata, Waag., n. sp., 655.
excavata, Geinitz, 642.
horrescens, Vern., 643.
indica, Waag., n. sp., 648.
nodosa, Waag., n. sp., ,652.
plicosa, Waag., n. sp., 650.
rarispina, Waag., n. sp., 645.
tenuispina, Waag., n. sp., 654.
Stnocladia, King, 801.
virgulacea, Phill., sp., 802.
Teeebbatuloidea, Waag., n. gen., 413.
davidsoni, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 416.
depressa, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 419.
minor, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 420.
ornata, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 423.
Thamnataoanthtts, Waag., n. gen., 78.
blanfordi, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 79.
Thamnisctjs, King, 807.
dubius, Schloth, sp., 808.
serialis, Waag. & Pichl., n. sp.s 810.
Uncineixa, Waag., n. gen., 494.
indica, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 495.
Uncint/ltjs, Bayle, 424.
jabiensis, Waag., n. sp., 427.
posterus, Waag., n. sp., 428.
theobaldi, Waag., n. sp., 425.
Wabthia, Waag., n. gen., 158.
brevisinuata, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 161
lata, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 162.
polita, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 160.
Xenodisctts, Waag., n. gen., 32.
carbonarius, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 35.
plicatus, Waag., n. gen. et sp., 34.
Xtsteaoanthus, Leidy, 18, 76.
giganteus, Waag., n. sp., 76.
gracilis, Waag., n. sp., 19.
major, Waag., n. sp., 19.
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